Article(id=1242150814207254567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150809505444351, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.05.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1701273600000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774081432152, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1716134400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774081432152, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774081432152, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081432152, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242150809505444351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='5', pageStart='637', pageEnd='802', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774081431031, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081700138, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242151938268143729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150809505444351, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242151938272338034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150809505444351, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=787, endPage=802, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242150814442135592, articleId=1242150814207254567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Review on the research status and development of floating structure mooring systems with new energy on water, columnId=1242150510002775025, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Comprehensive Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the continuous development and consumption of traditional land resources, the development and utilization of new water energy has become a new trend, and a large number of various floating structures have appeared. As the key to ensure the safe and stable operation of floating structures, mooring systems have always been the focus of the industry. In this paper, a large number of literature review and research were carried out on the existing floating structure mooring systems, the types of floating structures were summarized, the mooring system structures were analyzed from the aspects of the classification of the mooring systems, the way of chain distributions, the bottom anchorage foundation types and the new mooring systems, and the characteristics and advantages and disadvantages of various mooring cable materials were discussed. The static characteristics and dynamic response of the mooring systems were analyzed according to a large number of existing literatures, and the applicability evaluation and recommendation of various mooring methods were given through a comprehensive analysis of the water depth, seabed topography, geology, platform function, wind and wave conditions, economy and other aspects of the mooring engineering, and the shortcomings of the existing research were pointed out, and the current research direction still needs to be further developed.

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随着传统陆地资源的不断开发消耗,水上新能源的开发利用成为新的趋势,由此出现了大量各式各样的水上浮式结构物。系泊系统作为保障水上浮式结构物安全平稳作业的关键,历来是业界重点关注的研究内容。本文针对目前已有的水上浮式结构物系泊系统进行大量的文献综述研究,归纳了水上浮式结构物的类型,从系泊系统的分类、布链方式、水底锚固基础型式和新型系泊系统方面分析了系泊系统的结构型式,讨论了各种系泊缆材料的各方面特点和优劣,根据已有的大量文献分析了系泊系统的静力特性和动力响应,综合根据系泊工程的水深、海底地形、地质、平台功能、风浪流条件、经济性等方面因素,给出各种系泊方式的适用性评价和推荐,并指出现有研究存在的不足,提出当前仍需进一步发展的研究方向。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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石子永(1997-),男,硕士

贝耀平(1981-),男,硕士,高级工程师,通讯作者,E-mail:

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Comparison of basic type characteristics of different floating wind turbines[4]

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基础型式通常适用水深优点缺点
单立柱式≥100 m吃水深,垂荡性能好,系泊稳定性强横摇和纵摇响应较大,整体尺寸大,制造安装较为困难
半潜式≥50 m适宜水深范围广,制造和安装方便,稳定性强,运行稳定结构尺寸较大,波浪荷载和运动响应都较大
张力腿式≥50 m稳定性能好,对波浪的响应小张力腱张力受海流影响较明显,系泊复杂且造价高
), ArticleFig(id=1242150828283339184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150814207254567, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同浮式风机基础型式特性对比[4]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基础型式通常适用水深优点缺点
单立柱式≥100 m吃水深,垂荡性能好,系泊稳定性强横摇和纵摇响应较大,整体尺寸大,制造安装较为困难
半潜式≥50 m适宜水深范围广,制造和安装方便,稳定性强,运行稳定结构尺寸较大,波浪荷载和运动响应都较大
张力腿式≥50 m稳定性能好,对波浪的响应小张力腱张力受海流影响较明显,系泊复杂且造价高
), ArticleFig(id=1242150828363030963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150814207254567, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of performance parameters of different mooring materials

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系泊材料公称直径/mm最小破坏载荷/kN在空气中的质量/(kg·m-1在水中的质量/(kg·m-1
R4锚链766000128110
钢索77380024.721.5
HMPE8043003.9-0.2
PET132500013.33.4
), ArticleFig(id=1242150828467888573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150814207254567, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同系泊材料性能参数比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系泊材料公称直径/mm最小破坏载荷/kN在空气中的质量/(kg·m-1在水中的质量/(kg·m-1
R4锚链766000128110
钢索77380024.721.5
HMPE8043003.9-0.2
PET132500013.33.4
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水上新能源浮式结构物系泊系统研究现状和发展综述
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石子永 3 , 贝耀平 1, 2 , 袁丙青 1, 2 , 汤建军 1 , 程大利 2
船舶力学 | 研究综述 2024,28(5): 787-802
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船舶力学 | 研究综述 2024, 28(5): 787-802
水上新能源浮式结构物系泊系统研究现状和发展综述
全屏
石子永3, 贝耀平1, 2 , 袁丙青1, 2, 汤建军1, 程大利2
作者信息
  • 1.中国三峡新能源(集团)股份有限公司,北京 101100
  • 2.三峡新能源淮南光伏发电有限公司,安徽 淮南 232091
  • 3.天津大学 建筑工程学院,天津 300072
  • 石子永(1997-),男,硕士

    贝耀平(1981-),男,硕士,高级工程师,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Review on the research status and development of floating structure mooring systems with new energy on water
Zi-yong SHI3, Yao-ping BEI1, 2 , Bing-qing YUAN1, 2, Jian-jun TANG1, Da-li CHENG2
Affiliations
  • 1.China Three Gorges New Energy Limited Liability Company, Beijing 101100 China
  • 2.Three Gorges New Energy Huainan Photovoltaic Power Generation Limited Company, Huainan 232091, China
  • 3.School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
出版时间: 2024-05-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.05.014
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随着传统陆地资源的不断开发消耗,水上新能源的开发利用成为新的趋势,由此出现了大量各式各样的水上浮式结构物。系泊系统作为保障水上浮式结构物安全平稳作业的关键,历来是业界重点关注的研究内容。本文针对目前已有的水上浮式结构物系泊系统进行大量的文献综述研究,归纳了水上浮式结构物的类型,从系泊系统的分类、布链方式、水底锚固基础型式和新型系泊系统方面分析了系泊系统的结构型式,讨论了各种系泊缆材料的各方面特点和优劣,根据已有的大量文献分析了系泊系统的静力特性和动力响应,综合根据系泊工程的水深、海底地形、地质、平台功能、风浪流条件、经济性等方面因素,给出各种系泊方式的适用性评价和推荐,并指出现有研究存在的不足,提出当前仍需进一步发展的研究方向。

浮式结构物  /  系泊系统  /  系泊缆材料  /  静力特性  /  动力响应

With the continuous development and consumption of traditional land resources, the development and utilization of new water energy has become a new trend, and a large number of various floating structures have appeared. As the key to ensure the safe and stable operation of floating structures, mooring systems have always been the focus of the industry. In this paper, a large number of literature review and research were carried out on the existing floating structure mooring systems, the types of floating structures were summarized, the mooring system structures were analyzed from the aspects of the classification of the mooring systems, the way of chain distributions, the bottom anchorage foundation types and the new mooring systems, and the characteristics and advantages and disadvantages of various mooring cable materials were discussed. The static characteristics and dynamic response of the mooring systems were analyzed according to a large number of existing literatures, and the applicability evaluation and recommendation of various mooring methods were given through a comprehensive analysis of the water depth, seabed topography, geology, platform function, wind and wave conditions, economy and other aspects of the mooring engineering, and the shortcomings of the existing research were pointed out, and the current research direction still needs to be further developed.

floating structure  /  mooring system  /  mooring material  /  static characteristics  /  dynamic response
石子永, 贝耀平, 袁丙青, 汤建军, 程大利. 水上新能源浮式结构物系泊系统研究现状和发展综述. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (5) : 787 -802 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.05.014
Zi-yong SHI, Yao-ping BEI, Bing-qing YUAN, Jian-jun TANG, Da-li CHENG. Review on the research status and development of floating structure mooring systems with new energy on water[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (5) : 787 -802 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.05.014
随着全球碳中和概念的日益深化,世界各国迫切优化能源结构,对新能源的开发热情高涨。其中水上新能源如风能、太阳能、波浪能、潮汐能等以其丰富的能源储量和不占用土地资源的优势展现出广阔的开发前景,由此建造出诸多用于开发水上新能源的水上浮式结构物,如浮式风机、水上漂浮光伏和浮式波浪能、潮流能结构物。
这些浮式结构物在特定的水上环境作业时会在风、波浪和水流等环境荷载的作用下产生运动位移,直接影响浮式结构物的正常工作运行,严重时甚至会破坏结构物,对整体结构产生重大安全威胁。而系泊系统通过系泊缆一端与浮式结构物相连,另一端与水底锚固基础相接,依靠系缆张力作用限制浮式结构物的运动,将浮式结构物控制在允许范围内,以保持整体的平稳运行。因此,系泊系统对水上浮式结构的安全稳定至关重要,深入研究浮式结构物的系泊系统将为水上新能源的进一步开发提供坚实的技术支撑。
目前全球正在大力开发的水上新能源主要是风能和太阳能,以及相对较少的波浪能、潮汐能、温差能等其他新能源。为服务于水上新能源开发,需设计建造浮式风机基础、水上漂浮光伏以及其他水上新能源浮式结构。除了风能与太阳能外,海上新能源还主要包括波浪能、潮汐能、潮流能、盐差能和温差能,但其开发技术和开发程度各不相同。全球范围内,波浪能开发已发展到工程样机实海况测试阶段,潮汐能开发已发展到商业运行阶段,潮流能开发已发展至全比例样机实海况测试阶段,温差能发展至比例样机实海况测试阶段,而盐差能技术尚处于实验室验证阶段。目前的水上新能源开发形式中,漂浮式技术是未来的重点发展方向[1]。综合考虑各种新能源类别开发程度和使用浮式结构基础的情况,现介绍浮式风机基础、水上漂浮光伏、漂浮式波浪能结构和漂浮式潮流能结构。
目前海上风电基础大多采用的是固定于海底的贯穿桩结构,但当水深超过50 m时,风力机基础的整体成本将随着水深的增加急剧上升,严重限制海上风电向深海开发。于是,海上浮式风机基础概念的提出为海上风电发展突破深海限制提供了思路方法。现今具有一定研究基础的浮式风机基础主要有单立柱式基础、张力腿式基础、半潜式基础,以及从这几种基础发展出的其它基础类型[2-3],如图1所示。
(1)单立柱式风机基础。通过压载舱调整结构的重心,使其低于基础的浮心,以此实现整体基础的稳定,再利用向四周分布的系泊缆控制基础的水平位置。
(2)半潜式风机基础。通常的组成部分有立柱、横梁、压水板和系泊系统等。它通过安装在每个立柱底部的压水板来减缓基础的垂荡运动,通过系泊系统控制基础的位置。同时,较大的水线面积为整体基础提供足够大的复原力矩,能够保证其良好的稳性。
(3)张力腿式风机基础。张力腿式基础浮力大于重力的部分使得张力腱产生预张力。当基础重心变化时,各个张力腱的张力自动调整以维持基础稳定,因此其垂荡和摇摆性能较好,但其系泊复杂、安装费用高,而且张力腱的张力受海流影响大。
(4)其他型式浮式风机基础主要有船型基础、混合型基础等。驳船型基础尺寸大、受力均匀、稳定性好,但对环境载荷比较敏感。混合型浮式基础一般由多种基本浮式风机基础型式组合而成,其中浮式风机主要基础型式的特性对比[4]表1
陆上光伏的规模化发展受土地资源的限制只能往荒漠、荒山等地发展,难以在一些土地资源紧缺的地区开发,漂浮光伏概念的提出为该问题提供了解决思路。水上漂浮光伏的开发一方面能节约土地成本,另一方面由于水的冷却作用,其发电效率比陆上光伏更高,同时还可以减少水分的蒸发和抑制藻类植物的生长,具备广阔的前景[5]
漂浮光伏电站由浮式支撑结构、光伏阵列、逆变器、避雷器、汇流箱、金属框架以及系泊系统等组成,浮式结构物是其它各种光伏发电系统的安装基础。根据漂浮光伏电站浮式支撑结构的材料和安装形式特征可以分为HDPE浮管和铝材组合式、纯浮块连接式、薄膜垫式和沉没式[6],如图2所示。
(1)HDPE浮管和铝材组合式
该种型式浮式支撑结构由最底层的多根间隔排列的圆形高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)浮管提供整体的浮力,浮管上纵向铺设铝材制成的检修通道和光伏阵列支撑结构。这种型式的浮子制作比较简单,光伏组件之间的波动变化较小,从而减少连接组件和导线的磨损。位于意大利苏瓦雷托的一个200 kW水上漂浮光伏项目采用的便是这种浮式支撑结构,自2011年接入电网以来,至今持续稳定运行。
(2)纯浮块连接式
纯浮块连接式支撑结构由具有一定倾斜角度的主浮块和副浮块用销钉或螺栓连接而成,主浮块和副浮块都是采用高密度聚乙烯材料。在主浮块上安装光伏板,副浮块作为检修通道同时也把不同列阵光伏分隔开,整个阵列以模块化的方式制造安装。这种结构型式安装方便,大大降低了安装成本,在目前已经建成和在建的漂浮光伏项目中取得广泛应用。然而,由于整个支撑结构都是由高密度聚乙烯制成的,整个漂浮光伏电站在风、浪和流等环境载荷的作用下,结构内部特别是浮夸连接处会产生复杂的应力变化,对结构的稳定存在威胁,该种支撑结构的动力响应还有待进一步研究。
(3)薄膜垫式
挪威的Ocean Sun公司在其海上漂浮光伏平台上借鉴了海上渔场的漂浮技术,使用圆形漂浮结构作为光伏组件的支撑结构。薄膜可以拉伸到直径72 m以上,大面积的薄膜可以安装较大容量的光伏面板。薄膜始终与水相接触,这使得光伏板能够充分地散热,有效降低组件的工作温度。此外,薄膜具有较高的强度,可以支撑维修人员在上面行走,便于安装和维护,同时薄膜的柔性特点可以适应波浪的冲击,但对于雨雪天气下的防护还没有足够的设计考虑。
(4)沉没式
这种类型光伏组件直接安装在水面下,极大地降低了光伏组件的温度,提高了发电性能和发电量。但由于该系统是刚性的,不能随着波浪起伏,为了抵御恶劣的海况,它被设计成能够潜入水下2 m,这可以减小风和波浪载荷作用以及波浪运动引起的内应力。该光伏阵列的下沉和漂浮是通过周围密封式浮标的吸水和排水来实现的。在正常条件下,光伏组件只能潜在水下2 mm深,但根据Scintec公司的研究,即使沉入水中2 m也不会阻止太阳有效辐射在光伏面板表面上。这种简单的型式极大地简化了系泊,但光伏组件容易受潮,系统运行的长期可靠性仍是一个很大的问题。
海洋波浪能是由风能转化而来的一种能量,由风的作用将能量转化为波浪的势能和动能。波浪能发电是依靠波浪直接或者间接推动发电装置切割磁感线运动,将波浪能量转化为电能。主要的浮式波浪能结构型式有单体式、双体式和阵列式[7],结构如图3所示。
单体式波浪能装置结构简单,其中直线电机垂荡浮子WEC的上部使用绳子和海面浮子相连,底部通过弹簧与结构的系泊系统相连,底部的弹簧可在波浪作用下保持整体结构在一个稳定位置。波浪冲击浮子,带动发电机切割磁感线运动,从而完成波浪能转化成电能。
双体式波浪能装置通过两个振荡浮子产生的相对运动来转化波浪能,其中Power Buoy WEC底部设置有水平阻尼板,可以利用周围水的附加质量来增加惯性,通过两浮子的相对运动把波浪能转变为电能。
采用阵列式布置可以吸收更多的波浪能,还可以共用一个平台框架和动力输出系统,有利于汇聚能量,减小能量损耗。其中PPC WEC是一种松弛系泊的漂浮式WEC,其浮子可连接配重,用以平衡浮力。浮子在波浪作用下发生振荡运动,将波浪能转化为电能。
在月球和太阳的引力作用下,海水进行周期性往复运动,从而形成潮流能。潮流能发电是将水流的动能转化为电能。各类潮流能装置按其载体平台的形式可以分为漂浮式、桩基础式和座海底式。漂浮式潮流能结构的制造技术较为简单,成本较低,且便于安装运输和维护检修,具有广泛的应用前景。
漂浮式潮流装置主要由浮体、发电机组和升降结构三部分组成。整个平台呈“中”字型,如图4所示。图中1为纵向浮体,2为横向浮体,3为升降柱,4为动力箱,5为控制箱,6为安装维修井,7为升降齿,8为机舱壳,9为叶片,10为导流帽,11为轮毂,12为行走台阶,13为锚链[8]
漂浮式潮流能发电装置耦合运动分析目前还没有特有的成熟理论,主要参考海上浮式风机的经验。但与浮式风机不同的是,水轮机不仅提供流体载荷和振动,还会使整个浮体的水动力系数发生改变[9]
浮式结构物位置的固定形式可以分为系泊缆固定式和垂直导桩固定式这两种形式。其中通过系泊缆固定的系泊系统又可分为多种型式,根据锚绳与浮体连接点数量的不同可分为单点系泊系统和多点系泊系统;根据锚绳形态的几何特征可分为悬链式和张紧式系泊系统,如图5所示。
单点系泊系统:依靠单个连接点进行系泊,在风、浪、流等环境载荷下浮体可以绕着某个轴自由转动,通过浮筒提供水平回复力以保持浮体的稳定。这种系泊型式对来自不同方向的较大环境外力有着很强的适应性,且单点系泊系统操作简单方便,紧急情况下便于拆卸系泊连接,但是其技术较为复杂且制造成本较高。
多点系泊系统:通过缆绳连接浮体的多个点来控制浮体的位置,使其在允许范围内运动,具备较高的定位精度。但当环境荷载很大时,系泊系统将承受较大的系泊张力,这对系泊缆以及连接构件提出了较高的强度要求。对于多点系泊系统,系泊张力和运动响应是系泊研究需要重点考虑的两个方面。
悬链线式系泊系统:其顶部由系泊缆与浮式结构物相连,中部在自重作用下自然下垂成悬链状态,底部部分趟底,尾部固定在水底锚固基础上。系泊缆常采用大重量锚链,当浮式结构物受外荷载作用偏离平衡位置后,系泊缆的悬链段长度也相应发生改变,通过各悬链段锚链自重的差值给浮式结构物提供回复力和回复力矩。
张紧式系泊系统:其由张紧的系泊缆连接水上浮式结构物和水下锚固基础,对于顶部和底部等较容易发生摩擦和磨损的区域采用耐磨的锚链,而中间段采用钢缆或者合成缆以减轻系泊系统的自身重量。当浮式结构物受外荷载作用偏离平衡位置后,张紧式系泊系统的一侧系泊缆拉伸,另一侧系泊缆收缩,两侧不同的拉力水平给浮式结构物提供回复力和回复力矩[10-11]
垂直导桩固定式适用于水深较浅的海域,它是将导桩柱垂直穿过浮体,导桩柱另一端则插入海底地基中,使得浮体只能在桩柱方向移动。在海浪作用下,浮体会沿着导柱桩做垂荡运动,而由于桩柱的限制,不会发生水平向运动和转动。导柱桩结构如图6所示。
垂直导桩固定式相比系泊缆固定式能够更好地约束浮体的平动,消浪效果好,同时不会出现断缆等事故,提高了浮体的安全可靠性。但也因为导桩柱对浮体的约束较强,当环境载荷很大时,浮体和导桩柱产生的荷载响应也很大,为确保安全,对导桩柱的固定要求较高,成本也随之上升[12]
系泊系统的布链方式有很多,基本的方式主要有四种,分别为“八字型”、“交叉型”、“人字型”和“平行型”,如图7所示。目前对这些基本布链方式已经有了较为成熟的研究。
陈徐均等[13]研究了影响锚链所提供的横摇和艏摇回复力矩的主要因素,认为锚链是控制浮体艏摇的主要因素,其回复力矩的大小决定了艏摇幅值的大小,而锚链不是控制横摇的主要因素,因此认为“交叉型”是更好的布链方式。王烨等[14]应用光滑粒子流体动力学方法,分别模拟计算了采用平行布链方式和交叉布链的双方箱浮式防波堤的水动力特性,发现两者的垂荡特性相近,但采用交叉布链方式的横荡、横摇和系泊力数值都要大于采用平行布链方式。梁家铭等[15]得出当主要关注艏摇或者横荡时,采用“交叉型”布链方式更好;主要关注横摇时,“八字型”布链更好;主要关注纵摇或者纵荡时,“平行型”布链更好;主要关注垂荡运动时,“人字型”布链更好。“八字型”布链方式各自由度运动响应都较小,是综合性能最好的系泊布链方式。赵晶等[16]采用AQWA对比计算浮式栈桥不同布链方式锚固系统的运动响应和系泊力,得出布链方式对浮箱的横荡和纵荡影响明显,平行式布链不适合锚固浅海浮式栈桥,张开角度太大或太小的八字布链同样不适合锚固浅海浮式栈桥。
系泊系统系缆的一端连在浮式结构物主体上,另一端则连在水底锚固基础上。要想控制浮式结构物在环境载荷下始终在允许的定位范围内,必须要求水底锚固基础自身能够抵抗环境载荷和缆绳的作用力而不发生较大位移。常用的锚固基础有嵌入锚、桩基础、吸力筒和重力锚这四种形式[17-18],如图8所示。
(1)吸力锚
吸力锚是一个上端封闭、下端开口的圆形吸力筒。在沉放吸力锚时,首先依靠自身重力下插入海底土壤内,然后抽取筒内水体使结构在筒内外压差作用下沉至设计深度。吸力锚设备安装简单高效,能够重复使用,对海底土壤的影响小,但不适用于疏松的沙土和硬质土海床。
(2)重力锚
重力锚常用混凝土浇筑成体积和质量较大的块状,依靠自身的重力给系泊缆提供拉力同时抵抗其它环境载荷。重力锚适用于中等硬度和硬质土海床,其安装方法简单,但由于体积和重量较大,对吊机等设备的载重性能要求较高。
(3)桩锚
桩锚常用于张力腿式平台的系泊系统中,是一种较为可靠的锚固基础,其水平向的抗拉性能弱于竖直向的抗拔性能。桩锚水下打桩的成本随着水深的不断增加而急剧上升,故桩锚不适合水深较大的系泊系统。
(4)嵌入锚
嵌入锚通过系泊缆尾部连接的倒勾构件嵌入到水底土壤中,依靠倒勾勾住土壤来提供系泊缆拉力。嵌入锚施工操作灵活便捷,且设备可以多次重复使用,成本很低。但是其施工精度难以把握,只适用于临时性或者对系泊要求较小的系泊系统。
随着工程实践不断深入发展,传统的系泊系统常会受到各有适用条件的限制,在面对一些新的环境条件和新要求时,会出现不相适应的情况。因此,有学者和工程师提出一些具有新特点的系泊系统型式和锚泊技术并作了相应研究论证。
吴洵[19]结合桩锚式与漂浮式系泊系统提出一种新型系泊系统,如图9所示。在浮式结构物下布置桩基,通过系泊缆连接浮式结构物与桩基,缩短了系泊缆的长度,更好地限制了浮式结构物的运动,还可以减小多个浮式结构物的排列间距,提高水域利用率,比较适用于水深较小和水面受限的环境。相比悬链式与张紧式系泊,采用这种系泊型式时浮式结构物的运动响应更佳。
袁培银等[20]提出一种由“平台-连接体-锚链-张力腱”组成的多浮体系泊系统,如图10所示。全时域耦合分析得出,这种多浮体系泊系统设计对浮式结构物的垂荡影响最显著,对纵摇的影响次之,对纵荡作用最小。
DTP平台是一种新型深水浮式结构物,主要由甲板、浮箱、立管和系泊系统四部分组成,如图11所示。邓小康等[21]采用实验和数模相结合的方法研究DTP平台的运动响应、系缆力和断缆响应得出:相比传统的半潜式平台,DTP平台下浮箱和垂荡板的布置增大了平台的垂向附加质量,有效减小了平台的垂荡运动;当某一根系泊缆发生断裂时,平台水平运动和系缆力立即增大,但对垂荡和摇动作用很小。
系泊缆绳通常采用的材料为锚链、钢索和合成纤维绳。由于钢材强度稳定可靠和在运输过程中的强度损耗很小等特点,由钢材制成的锚链、钢索和锚链、钢索组合结构成为早期系泊工程中主要的系泊缆材料。但随着合成纤维材料的不断发展,在其各方面力学性都能够满足系泊工程要求的同时还具有自重小的显著优势,在新的系泊工程中得到广泛发展和应用。下面将分析各系泊缆材料的应用特点[22]
锚链是使用最为广泛的系泊材料,由多个有档链环或无档链环连接而成,常应用于深海资源开采平台系泊系统。在同种尺寸下,有档锚链的强度比无档的约高出五分之一,锚链变形更小,而且堆放时不易发生缠绕情况,因此海上工程较多采用有档锚链。其性能特点为:
(1)制造简单,应用成熟。锚链生产工艺成熟,制造成本低,货源供应充足,长期以来为大量工程所使用,积累了丰富的经验。
(2)力学性能优异。锚链具有质量大、强度高、伸长率小的显著特点,锚链的全钢结构有很好的可靠性,不容易破坏。但随着水深的增加,过大的锚链质量将降低浮式结构物的承载力。
(3)耐磨性能强。钢材制成的锚链耐磨性能突出,运输和安装过程中磨损很小。
由于长期处于水下环境,锚链的腐蚀成为系泊工程运行的重点关注问题。锚链在特定环境下发生化学或者电化学作用而导致的破坏或变质,即为锚链腐蚀。海水环境下,锚链表面产生的腐蚀碎屑因锚链运动不断磨损抛光,加速了锚链的腐蚀。实验表明腐蚀作用能够促进锚链裂纹扩展,直至锚链断裂,进而导致系泊失效[23]
对此,工程上常采取以下措施来保护和减小锚链的腐蚀[24]
(1)在锚链中添加一些稀有元素等其它材料,把钢制锚链做成不易腐蚀的合金,增强其防腐性能,但是这种防腐成本巨大,很少使用。
(2)使用油漆或者喷涂热喷铝、镀锌涂层。通过涂层可有效地将锚链与腐蚀环境隔绝开,达到防腐的目的,其中在表面喷涂更活泼的金属涂层也可以起到阴极保护作用。
(3)通过外加电流和牺牲阳极等阴极保护方式来防腐蚀,常用在锚链完全处于海水之下时。阴极保护是由替代它的阳极或者阴极电流来进行氧化反应,使得锚链不参与氧化还原反应,以此进行防腐蚀。
锚链在海水环境下无可避免会造成腐蚀,引起锚链不同程度的损伤,使得锚链抗拉能力受到削弱。因此,有效监测锚链的系泊张力对掌握锚链安全工作状态至关重要。监测锚链的张力可以采用两种方法:第一种方法为直接法,直接把拉力传感器安装在锚链上,或者把应力传感器贴在锚链上获取应力后再换算成张力;第二种方法为间接法,通过测量水域某一深度下锚链的悬链形状,再通过锚链受力与悬链形状的关系计算出此时锚链的系泊张力。通过软件集成系统,结合监测到的数据和理论分析,可以实时了解到整根锚链的工作状态,但对整体监测系统的工作稳定性、数据高效存储和传输,以及功耗大小提出了更高的要求[25]
钢索主体由钢丝组成,可分为硬钢丝绳、半硬钢丝绳和软钢丝绳三种。硬钢丝绳是由若干股钢丝股捻搓在一股钢丝股芯上形成的,这种钢丝绳由于没有纤维芯,其强度最高也是最硬的;半硬钢丝绳是由若干股钢丝股绕着一股纤维芯捻搓成的,强度和柔软度适中;而软钢丝绳是由若干根带有纤维芯的钢丝股绕一根纤维芯捻搓成的,其最为柔软。钢索中的纤维芯常常涂抹有润滑剂,这不仅能改变钢索的柔软性,也能减小钢索内部各钢丝间的摩擦。常见的钢索有裸钢丝绳和套胶钢丝绳,在水下环境下常用耐磨性和抗腐蚀性较好的套胶钢丝绳,其性能特点为:
(1)生产工艺复杂,材料成本高。由于钢索自身复杂的结构,制造工艺更加复杂,相应的成本也将大幅提高。
(2)单位质量强度高。相比锚链,钢索单位质量的强度是锚链的4~5倍,在同等设计强度下,使用钢索系泊将明显减轻系泊缆自身质量。
(3)抗腐蚀性差,易缠绕。钢索在没有胶套保护时易受海水腐蚀破坏。自然状态下钢索很难伸直,而是缠绕扭结在一起导致钢索难以分开,增加了施工安装的难度。
随着海洋工程向深水发展,传统锚链和钢索系泊会出现自重过大的问题,系泊性能也因水深的增加而变差,探索新的具备优异性能的系泊材料成为当时之需。自20世纪60年代,就有学者提出可以利用具有更小系泊半径、更轻自重和更好的综合系泊性能的合成纤维材料作为系泊缆。
常用的合成纤维绳材料有芳香族尼龙(Aramid)、聚酯纤维(PET)和高强聚乙烯(HMPE)等,它们各自具有以下特点:自20世纪50年代就在海洋船舶的拖运工程中使用到尼龙缆绳,但其在海水环境下易出现蠕变和疲劳破坏等情况;另一种芳纶缆绳则在抵抗轴向压缩疲劳方面性能不足;而聚酯缆绳相比尼龙缆绳不易出现蠕变破坏和轴向压缩疲劳破坏,拥有更好的力学性能。1997年,巴西石油公司(Petrobras)首次成功地将聚酯缆绳应用于P-27半潜式平台的系泊系统中。在同一破断强度情况下,高强聚乙烯缆绳相比聚酯缆绳具有更大的刚度、更小的直径和自重,而且更易运输和安装,但也有其不足,就是易发生蠕变甚至蠕变破断[26]
合成纤维系泊缆与传统锚链和钢索系泊缆相比,具有以下鲜明的特点[27]
自重小,强度高。合成纤维绳单位质量的强度远远高于锚链和钢索,表2为锚链、钢索和部分合成纤维绳性能参数对比。使用合成纤维绳能极大地减少系泊缆自重,减轻对浮式平台的竖向载荷。
系泊性能优异。锚链用作系泊缆是利用重力和悬链线形状的改变来储存和释放能量,而聚酯纤维系泊缆则是由自身的张力提供平台回复力。因此,使用张紧式合成纤维系泊缆可以显著缩小系泊长度,减少材料成本,又由于张紧式系泊缆没有趟底部分,故不用考虑水底地形的影响。
抗疲劳性能强。由于系泊缆抗拉不抗压,在海洋周期性载荷的作用下,系泊缆将出现松弛和张紧状态交替的情况,因此缆绳容易出现疲劳破坏,而相比锚链和钢索,合成纤维绳的抗疲劳性能更加显著,减小了系泊缆疲劳破坏的风险。
合成纤维缆绳在其使用过程中,疲劳破坏导致的系泊失效是系泊设计中重点关注的问题。其疲劳破坏机理与钢链或钢缆有所不同,主要具有轴向压缩、内部磨损、蠕变破坏和热量累积这四种疲劳破坏形式,而且这四种型式会发生相互影响。
(1)轴向压缩:合成纤维缆绳在几乎不承受拉力时,缆绳内部一些纤维由于轴向受压或扭绞而发生疲劳。当缆绳内部纤维受轴向压缩疲劳较多时,会降低合成纤维缆绳整体的强度。
(2)内部磨损:在循环载荷作用下,合成缆绳内部纤维之间会发生相对运动而磨损,进而出现疲劳破坏。大直径合成缆内部纤维活动空间较大,相对运动更剧烈,内部磨损情况也更为严重。
(3)蠕变破坏:在长期载荷作用下,缆绳变形随时间累积出现蠕变。长期性的蠕变将造成缆绳强度下降,到达一定限度后则会发生缆绳破坏。
(4)热量累积:合成纤维缆绳内部反复的相互摩擦碰撞,产生热量,在缆绳热量的不断累积下,出现纤维融化和强度下降等情况,并且会促进其它疲劳形式的发生[28]
随着新的工程实践的深入开展,复杂的环境增加了水上结构物系泊系统的分析难度,许多新的问题接踵而至。于是,为解决这些问题,不断发展出多种分析系泊缆绳受力的数学模型,其中主要有集中质量-弹簧模型、悬链线模型和细长杆模型,其模型示意图如图12所示。
(1)集中质量-弹簧模型。把系泊缆当作由各个质点通过无质量的理想弹簧连接组成,组成质点-弹簧系统,对平衡控制微分方程进行有限差分求解可得到各质点的动力学特性[29]。其中系泊缆上第i个质量的运动方程[30]
式中,mi是第i段缆绳的质量,ai是它的加速度,ei+1/2和ei-1/2分别是结点ii+1和ii-1之间被拖曳流体的虚质量,aiN丨(i+1/2)和aiN丨(i-1/2)是加速度ai在这两段上的法向分量,力向量Fi包括两段缆绳中的张力、重力、拖曳力、浮力和其他外力。相比其它方法,集中质量-弹簧模型更适用于不稳定状态、不均匀系泊缆、非线性等情况,且具有较高的计算效率[31]
(2)悬链线模型。该模型认为系泊缆在外力作用下没有发生几何形态上的变化,将系泊线当成一个理想的悬链曲线。同时认为水底基础锚固点无位移变化,且锚链和水底无摩擦。悬链线模型的数学方程[32]
式中,lw为缆绳自然状态下的长度,l'为缆绳拉伸后的长度,h为水深,TH为缆绳张力,P为单位悬链线在水中的重力。
(3)细长杆模型。这是Garrett[33]首次提出的理论模型,他认为细长杆可以承受拉力和水下其它载荷。载荷q包括重力和因杆的运动和外部流体运动而引起的水动力,如图12(c)所示。此后,Arcandra把该方法推广到非线性系泊力计算中[34]。细长杆模型的系泊缆运动方程为
其控制方程为
式中,r为杆的位置向量,Bs)=EsIs为系泊缆的弯曲刚度,vfs)和分别为s点流体的速度和加速度,vs)和分别为s点系泊缆的速度和加速度,M=ρsAsI+ρfAfCmN为有效质量矩阵,λ[T+ρfAf]-Bk2 ≈ [T+ρfAf]为有效张力,N =I-(r'r'是一个产生系泊缆法向分量的算子,I是单位矩阵,k是杆的局部弯曲曲率。
随着不断增长的海洋工程系泊设计分析市场需求和计算机技术的不断发展,各类软件厂商研发出了多种系泊分析商用软件,其中AQWA、MOSES、OrcaFlex、Ariane、Flexcom、Mimosa等软件的市场占有率较高,被广泛用于浮体系泊分析。
AQWA软件通过去除不规则频率和抑制驻波的方式来提高复杂水动力分析的精度。它有两种时域分析方法:第一种是基于平均湿表面的时域求解,这种方法可以分析浮体在风、流、一阶和二阶波浪载荷作用下的运动响应和连接部件的响应状态;第二种是基于非线性瞬时湿表面时域分析,这种方法既能够考虑因浮体瞬时湿表面变化产生的影响,还可以添加系泊缆、铰、护舷、绞车、滑轮等多种连接部件进行复杂的系泊分析。
MOSES软件采用的理论方法为三维势流理论、切片理论和莫里森方程,能够简单便捷地进行浮体频域分析。但在进行浮式平台系泊分析、多体耦合水动力分析等复杂水动力分析时表现较差。
Orcaflex软件擅长海洋细长体结构的动力学分析,可以设置多种海底条件。它可以使用浮体的RAO计算浮体运动响应,还可通过波浪力求解浮体运动。它采用浮体和系泊系统全耦合的系泊分析方法,并考虑了系泊缆索的动态效应,由于其方法全面,具有较高的计算精度。
Ariane软件可以对浮体进行半耦合系泊分析,其计算理论较为简单。因为其计算理论的局限性,它的计算结果精度一般,不适用于较复杂的系泊分析。它的优势是数据输入较为方便、计算快,可作为初期设计和进行大量工况的粗略分析。
系泊系统的静力特性分析是确保整个水上浮式结构物受力安全和运行稳定必做的研究。目前对于多种型式系泊系统的静力特性已有较为全面而成熟的研究。
袁培银[35]提出系泊缆的参数对系泊系统的静力特性影响显著。系泊缆在水中的单位长度重量和系泊缆长度会对系泊缆的张紧状态产生重要影响,其中较轻的系泊缆和较短的系泊缆更快进入张紧状态,能提供更大的水平回复力。陈涛等[36]基于弹性悬链线理论,利用AQWA软件较为全面地分析了各系泊缆张开角度、系泊半径、系泊缆材料、预应力大小等因素对多点系泊系统静力特性的影响,分析得出:增大系泊半径、使用合成纤维索和增加预张力,都能够减小浮式平台的运动响应,实现更加精准的系泊定位,但同时也增大了系泊缆张力的大小,这对系泊缆的强度提出了更高的要求。李效民等[37]研究了浮筒设置对静水平衡状态下系泊线的响应,发现是否布置浮筒、浮筒吃水深度、浮筒布设位置、浮筒布置数量都将显著影响系泊张力。其中规则布置浮筒相比不设置浮筒能有效降低系泊缆顶部的张力;浮筒吃水深度也明显影响系泊张力大小;浮筒布设位置越靠近系泊点,对张力的减小作用越明显。
赵晶瑞等[38]研究分析了浮筒布设位置、海流速度和净浮力值因素对系泊缆静力特性的影响规律,得出在水下布置浮筒能够改善系泊性能,显著减小系泊力与缆绳预张力,增大水平回复刚度,但也将导致最大系泊张力出现在浮筒与系泊缆的连接处。浮筒布置更靠近导缆孔处能够提高系泊刚度,浮筒位于缆绳的中部位置则能更好地控制系泊张力。当浮筒的净浮力达到最优时,系泊缆所需的预张力最低,水平恢复性能最强,各个系泊缆张力也最为均衡。陈阳波等[39]结合迭代法和二分法给出了基于悬链线模型的深水单根忽略弹性的多成分系泊缆的静力分析方法,计算得出系泊缆形态并绘成系泊悬链线图。该计算方法能够快速计算系泊水平力,符合一定精度要求,这将便于深水单根多成分系泊系统的静力分析。
随着新建浮式结构物工作环境的困难程度上升,系泊系统和环境载荷中的非线性作用越加显著,水上浮式结构物的系泊分析也越来越复杂。只进行静力分析已不能满足系泊系统分析的需求,还应在静力分析的基础上进行动力响应的研究。
程晗怿和朱峰[40]研究了船舶在不同波浪周期和方向下的动力响应。大质量船舶在中长周期波浪作用下运动响应增长显著,波浪方向与船艏呈145°时,系泊系统的动力响应最小,系泊缆最大张力仅为120°方向波浪作用时的五分之一。冷述栋[41]在最危险工况下对单点系泊系统进行了时域动力响应分析,分析得出非共线的环境载荷组合可能会使浮筒偏移量和系泊缆张力数值保持较高水平;相比满载重工况下,施加压载时浮筒的偏移量和锚索张力将出现最大值。
刘应中等[42]研究了风、浪、流共同作用下两点系泊系统的运动响应和动力特性,分析得出水流力和二阶波浪力对系泊缆张力作用最为显著,当水深变小时,水流力和波浪二阶力将增大,系泊缆张力将随水深变小而增大。运动响应和系泊缆张力随波高增加而增加,当到达一定值时非线性效应与线性理论发生显著差异。李鸿等[43]对多浮体进行了全耦合系泊时域分析,计算得出浮体的运动响应规律和系泊缆张力变化规律。其中系泊缆顶部出现拉力最大值,迎浪侧系泊缆张力显著大于背浪侧。当只有波浪作用时,浮体横向运动很小,系泊作用下浮体只在原位置往复运动;当波浪和水流同时作用时,浮体产生前后摆动,在水流前进方向运动响应较大,水流作用下无法回到原位置。王翔等[44]基于三维源汇分布法分析了波浪频率和浪向对浮体波浪荷载和运动响应产生的影响。低频或浪向在30°~45°时,波浪荷载出现最大值;低频时,系泊缆张力将出现最大值;系泊缆张力随浪向的增大而增大,波浪垂直浮体时系泊缆张力最大。
系泊系统布置的关键是在满足浮体定位精度要求的同时合理分配各个系泊缆的张力,保证系泊缆强度符合要求且经济可行。随着浮式风机、水上漂浮光伏、浮式波浪能、浮式潮流能等海(水)上能源开发工程的大规模开展,有关水上浮式结构物的诸多系泊系统相关问题得到了大量实践探索与研究。但由于具体工程的复杂性,面对各有特点的浮式结构系泊系统仍有不少问题需要进一步深化研究和解决,以下列出了目前水上浮式结构物系泊系统研究中存在的部分问题和需要深化研究的发展方向[3145-46]
(1)系泊缆由于抗拉不抗压,会不断出现松弛和张紧交替变化情况。工程实践中常出现因为松弛和张紧交替变化而导致荷载突变超过系泊缆抗拉强度的危险状况,进而导致系泊失效。出现这种突变难以避免,且对系泊安全威胁极大,需要进一步深入研究、掌握系泊缆因松弛和张紧交替变化导致的系泊缆张力突变的变化规律以及该种现象对整个系泊定位和运行安全的影响机理。
(2)合成纤维材料以其优异的性能在海洋系泊工程中得到广泛应用,虽然目前对合成纤维系泊缆力学参数的测量试验研究比较多,但对其力学性能全面的评价标准体系还未建立。因此,需要进一步全面地开展全尺寸合成纤维系泊缆力学性能研究,建立合成纤维系泊缆评价标准体系,推进合成纤维系泊缆的发展应用。除此以外仍需继续探究合成纤维系泊缆在长期循环载荷作用下的损伤演变机理和全寿命服役安全评估方法。
(3)由于陆上光伏受土地成本的限制,水上漂浮光伏成为热门方向。然而,目前对于水上漂浮光伏的系泊系统却鲜有研究,现有的研究都把浮块连接而成的漂浮阵列简化成整体的刚体进行分析,因而不能得出阵列内各浮体的相对运动和各浮体连接处的受力情况,无法分析漂浮阵列和系泊系统耦合作用下内部的应力变化,如若考虑水上结构物内各部分的柔性连接又会给数值模拟带来巨大的计算量,因此仍需在多浮体铰接阵列和系泊系统的耦合动力响应计算方法方面深入研究。
(4)目前海上新能源得到大力开发,海上风光联合开发拥有巨大前景。考虑借助海上风电基础,实现与海面漂浮式光伏系泊系统锚固基础共用,这能有效促进海上风光联合开发,节约建设成本。但这方面业内尚没有开展研究,需要进一步研究强风-浪-流载荷以及局部系泊力耦合作用下风-光结构体系传力规律、应力分布与局部和整体安全性。
(5)对于一些长期海上浮式平台,使用年限可能在50年以上,而且有些处于远海岸,检修维护很不方便,迫切需要开发一套完善的智能化监测预警系统来实时监测环境载荷、系缆力、结构内部应力、运动响应等数据,并综合分析其是否影响系泊安全和工程的整体安全性,做出安全提示,以便高效地运维,缩减运维成本和保障工程运行安全。目前少数工程已有部分实时监测预警系统,但成套的整体智能监测分析系统还有空缺,仍需进一步开发探索。
具体工程面临的系泊条件和系泊要求不尽相同,各有特点,只有充分考虑各种系泊条件才能保障系泊的安全可靠,满足具体工程的安全和经济性要求。现从系泊工程中的水深、海底地形、地质、平台功能、风浪流条件、经济性等方面,提出一些关于各系泊方式的适用性评价和推荐。
(1)当系泊工作水深超过1500 m,且海床平整度较差时,如采用悬链线系泊方式将造成锚链重量过大,严重减小平台载重量,而且在长周期波浪作用下,锚链与海底的切点变化显著,连续的撞击将影响锚链的构型与张力。该种情况下,适宜采用张紧式系泊,并使用合成纤维作为系泊缆材料以减轻系泊缆质量,减小平台有效荷载的损失,综合缩减系泊成本,同时因为较小的系泊半径,还可减小海域使用面积。
(2)当系泊工作水域较深、风浪流条件恶劣,又对系泊定位和平台工作平稳性要求较高时,采用张紧式多点系泊,可以较好约束浮式平台的运动,定位效果更好,可显著改善浮式结构物的工作条件,但对系泊缆的破断强度和海底锚固基础抗拔力会有更高的要求,不适合海床地质条件差的水域,且系泊成本也将显著上升。
(3)当工作水域风、浪、流等环境条件恶劣,且对平动范围内的定位要求不高时,使用单点系泊能够适应来自不同方向的较大环境外力,且操作简单方便,紧急情况下便于拆卸系泊连接,但是其技术较为复杂且制造成本较高。
(4)当平台在浅水深工作,海底地形和地质对系泊影响不大时,使用悬链线多点系泊能够满足系泊要求,而且技术简单可靠,经济性好。但悬链线系泊的锚链较长、系泊半径较大,海域面积占用较大,会影响该水域的其他用途。
(5)当工作水域水深较浅时,使用垂直导桩固定相比缆索系泊能够更好地约束平台的平动和转动,抗风浪能力强,不会出现断缆事故风险,提高了系泊安全可靠性,但当风浪流环境载荷较大时,对导桩柱的固定要求很高,相应的成本也随之增加。
随着水上浮式结构物应用越来越广泛,系泊系统作为水上浮式结构物安全运行的重要保障受到业界高度重视。本文针对目前已有的水上浮式结构物系泊系统进行了大量的文献综述研究,归纳了水上浮式结构物的类型,从系泊系统的分类、布链方式、水底锚固基础型式和新型系泊系统方面分析了系泊系统的结构型式,讨论了各种系泊缆材料的各方面特点和优劣,根据已有的大量文献分析了系泊系统的静力特性和动力响应,综合根据系泊工程的水深、海底地形、地质、平台功能、风浪流条件、经济性等方面因素,给出了各种系泊方式的适用性评价和推荐,并指出现有研究存在的不足,提出了当前仍需进一步发展的研究方向。
  • 中国长江三峡集团有限公司科研项目资助(34007171)
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2024年第28卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.05.014
  • 接收时间:2023-11-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-30
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中国长江三峡集团有限公司科研项目资助(34007171)
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    1.中国三峡新能源(集团)股份有限公司,北京 101100
    2.三峡新能源淮南光伏发电有限公司,安徽 淮南 232091
    3.天津大学 建筑工程学院,天津 300072

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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