Article(id=1242150812349182512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150809505444351, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.05.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1700496000000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774081431710, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1716134400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774081431710, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774081431710, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081431710, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242150809505444351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='5', pageStart='637', pageEnd='802', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774081431031, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081700138, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242151938268143729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150809505444351, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242151938272338034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150809505444351, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=697, endPage=704, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242150814014321212, articleId=1242150812349182512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=New 3D Boussinesq-type model for water waves on permeable seabeds, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to consider the attenuation effect of the pore medium on the wave propagation deformation, linear resistance, nonlinear resistance and inertial force are introduced in the governing equations of the permeable medium fluid. The exact kinematic and kinetic boundary conditions are used on free surface, and the exact kinetic boundary conditions are adopted on the underwater boundary conditions, and the vertical velocity satisfies the continuity and the horizontal velocity satisfies the momentum equality condition between the free water and the water in permeable medium. Firstly, the three-dimensional Boussinesq-type water-wave equations expressed in two sets of computational velocities with the highest spatial derivative of 3 were derived to suit the wave motion of single-layer permeable seabed. Secondly, Fourier analysis was performed on the newly-presented equations, and the phase velocities and decay rates of the equations were compared with the analytical solutions of Stokes linear waves. The analytical solutions of the equation are in good agreement with the analytical solutions of Stokes linear waves in the range of a dimensionless water depth of h1/L< 1.0 (deep water wavelength L=gT2/(2π)) at 1% error with a relative water depth of h2/h1=0.1-10, which exceeds the range of applicability with any Boussinesq-type model in history. Further, a numerical model of the two-dimensional flume was developed and the numerical model was solved using a prediction-correction-iterative finite-difference method, and a composite fourth-order Adams-Bashforth-Moulton scheme was chosen for time iteration. Finally, the wave evolution over the permeable terrain was simulated and numerical simulations were carried out. Comparison with the relevant experimental results shows a good agreement.

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为考虑孔隙介质对波浪传播变形带来的衰减效应,在渗透介质流体的控制方程中引入线性阻力、非线性阻力和惯性力。自由表面采用精确的运动学和动力学边界条件,水底边界条件采用精确的动力学边界条件,自由水体和渗透介质水体之间满足垂向速度连续、水平速度满足动量相等条件。首先推导最高空间导数为3的以两组计算速度表达的适合单层渗透海床波浪运动的三维Boussinesq型水波方程。其次,对新给出的方程进行傅里叶分析,并将方程的相速度及衰减率与Stokes线性波的解析解进行比较。在1%误差下,相对水深h2/h1=0.1~10,方程的解析解在无因次水深h1/L<1.0(深水波长L=gT2/(2π))范围内与Stokes线性波的解析解都有较好的吻合,这超过了历史文献中任一个Boussinesq型水波方程的适用范围。进而建立立面二维水槽数值模型,并利用预报-校正-迭代的有限差分方法对数值模型进行求解,在变量对时间的导数求解中选择混合四阶Adams-Bashforth-Moulton格式。最后,利用数值模拟再现波浪在渗透地形上的传播变形,并与相关试验结果进行比较,二者吻合程度较高。

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通讯作者,Email:
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刘忠波(1976-),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,通讯作者,Email:

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刘忠波(1976-),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,通讯作者,Email:

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刘忠波(1976-),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,通讯作者,Email:

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适合渗透海床波浪运动的三维Boussinesq型方程
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刘忠波 1 , 韩沛秀 1 , 房克照 2 , 刘勇 3
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024,28(5): 697-704
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024, 28(5): 697-704
适合渗透海床波浪运动的三维Boussinesq型方程
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刘忠波1 , 韩沛秀1, 房克照2, 刘勇3
作者信息
  • 1.大连海事大学 交通运输工程学院,辽宁 大连 116026
  • 2.大连理工大学 海岸和近海工程国家重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116024
  • 3.中国海洋大学 工程学院,山东 青岛 266000
  • 刘忠波(1976-),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,通讯作者,Email:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,Email:
New 3D Boussinesq-type model for water waves on permeable seabeds
Zhong-bo LIU1 , Pei-xiu HAN1, Ke-zhao FANG2, Yong LIU3
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Transportation Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
  • 2.National Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
  • 3.College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266000, China
出版时间: 2024-05-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.05.006
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为考虑孔隙介质对波浪传播变形带来的衰减效应,在渗透介质流体的控制方程中引入线性阻力、非线性阻力和惯性力。自由表面采用精确的运动学和动力学边界条件,水底边界条件采用精确的动力学边界条件,自由水体和渗透介质水体之间满足垂向速度连续、水平速度满足动量相等条件。首先推导最高空间导数为3的以两组计算速度表达的适合单层渗透海床波浪运动的三维Boussinesq型水波方程。其次,对新给出的方程进行傅里叶分析,并将方程的相速度及衰减率与Stokes线性波的解析解进行比较。在1%误差下,相对水深h2/h1=0.1~10,方程的解析解在无因次水深h1/L<1.0(深水波长L=gT2/(2π))范围内与Stokes线性波的解析解都有较好的吻合,这超过了历史文献中任一个Boussinesq型水波方程的适用范围。进而建立立面二维水槽数值模型,并利用预报-校正-迭代的有限差分方法对数值模型进行求解,在变量对时间的导数求解中选择混合四阶Adams-Bashforth-Moulton格式。最后,利用数值模拟再现波浪在渗透地形上的传播变形,并与相关试验结果进行比较,二者吻合程度较高。

渗透地形  /  衰减率  /  相速度  /  数值模型

In order to consider the attenuation effect of the pore medium on the wave propagation deformation, linear resistance, nonlinear resistance and inertial force are introduced in the governing equations of the permeable medium fluid. The exact kinematic and kinetic boundary conditions are used on free surface, and the exact kinetic boundary conditions are adopted on the underwater boundary conditions, and the vertical velocity satisfies the continuity and the horizontal velocity satisfies the momentum equality condition between the free water and the water in permeable medium. Firstly, the three-dimensional Boussinesq-type water-wave equations expressed in two sets of computational velocities with the highest spatial derivative of 3 were derived to suit the wave motion of single-layer permeable seabed. Secondly, Fourier analysis was performed on the newly-presented equations, and the phase velocities and decay rates of the equations were compared with the analytical solutions of Stokes linear waves. The analytical solutions of the equation are in good agreement with the analytical solutions of Stokes linear waves in the range of a dimensionless water depth of h1/L< 1.0 (deep water wavelength L=gT2/(2π)) at 1% error with a relative water depth of h2/h1=0.1-10, which exceeds the range of applicability with any Boussinesq-type model in history. Further, a numerical model of the two-dimensional flume was developed and the numerical model was solved using a prediction-correction-iterative finite-difference method, and a composite fourth-order Adams-Bashforth-Moulton scheme was chosen for time iteration. Finally, the wave evolution over the permeable terrain was simulated and numerical simulations were carried out. Comparison with the relevant experimental results shows a good agreement.

permeable seabed  /  damping rate  /  phase speed  /  numerical model
刘忠波, 韩沛秀, 房克照, 刘勇. 适合渗透海床波浪运动的三维Boussinesq型方程. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (5) : 697 -704 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.05.006
Zhong-bo LIU, Pei-xiu HAN, Ke-zhao FANG, Yong LIU. New 3D Boussinesq-type model for water waves on permeable seabeds[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (5) : 697 -704 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.05.006
Boussinesq型水波方程(以下简称BT方程)是一类模拟近岸波浪的时域计算工具,自Peregrine[1]推导出适合变水深的弱色散弱非线性BT方程以来,此类方程经历了55年的发展,已被证实是海岸波浪水动力模拟的成熟工具。国内外学者在理论层面建立了适合非渗透海床的BT方程、渗透海床上的BT方程,甚至适合密度分层的Boussinesq内波方程等,并建立起相应的数值计算模型,用于波浪或内波模拟。关于BT方程在理论和应用等方面的综述,可参见文献[2-3]。
作为一种计算波浪在渗透海床上传播变形的方程,当前历史文献中的Boussinesq方程在色散特征方面主要有Padé[2,2][4-8]和Padé[4,4][8]两种。刘忠波等[8]给出了三组适合渗透地形的Boussinesq水波方程,其中两组方程的色散关系式是Padé[2,2]型,一组是Padé[4,4]型。然而,在适用不同渗透海床时,必须对其中特征速度所处水深位置对应的参数重新选取,以期获得更佳的色散性和衰减率特性[6-8]。在去掉渗透海床中的阻力相关项后,刘忠波等[8]的方程可退化为双层BT方程[9]。Liu和Fang[9]推导的双层BT方程在色散性能上得到了较大的突破,但受限于垂向速度被低阶的水平速度替换,方程的非线性适用水深范围较小。为此,将垂向速度保留在方程中,一些具有强非线性强色散特征的多层BT模型被开发了出来[10-13]。显然,伴随层数的增加,这些方程具有绝佳的线性和非线性性能,并且在适用水深方面是没有限制的。Liu等[12]在不同水深位置处直接选用泰勒展开的方法,可重现较多BT方程[8-914-15]的推导,因此各类BT方程的推导均可借鉴Liu等[12]的做法。
从刘忠波等[8]去掉渗透介质中阻力项后的方程转变为Liu和Fang[9]适合非渗透情况下的双层BT方程这一做法来看,将适合非渗透地形的更高精度的双层模型[11]反转回来考虑渗透地形的影响是自然而然的。从实际出发,考虑到超过1倍波长的水深后,渗透地形的衰减率大大降低并且接近0,因此仅考虑单层渗透地形情况,我们将开展新BT方程的推导、分析和建模及应用等研究工作,以期获得更佳的水波方程性能。
在笛卡尔坐标系下,图1给出了波浪在渗透海床上传播的示意图。波面升高为ηxy),总体静止水深为hxy),上部自由水体深度为h1xy),下部渗透海床的厚度为hs=h2xy),孔隙率为n,惯性阻力系数为cm,渗透介质对波浪衰减的阻力为(γ1+γ2|us|)us,其中γ1为线性阻力系数,γ2为非线性阻力系数,us为渗透介质中的水流速度。
根据前人研究成果[1116],在自由表面处,流体满足精确的运动学和动力学边界条件可写为
方程中,U是定义在自由表面处速度势的水平梯度,uηwη是定义在自由表面处的水平速度和垂向速度,g是重力加速度,为水平算子。
在连接界面z=-h1xy)处,满足垂向速度相等和水平动量方程相等[48],由于方程的非线性特征均体现在上部自由表面处,这些相等条件可改写为
式中,速度(u1bw1b)和(u2uw2u)分别为上部流体和下部流体在交界面处的流速,R =γ1+γ2|u2u|,cr =1+cm。公式(4)与文献[4]和文献[8]中的表达式完全一致,限于篇幅不再赘述。渗透介质中流体和上部自由流体满足的关系式(5)为简化形式,如再考虑增加非线性项,势必导致最终方程过于复杂。
在水底,方程满足不可穿透边界条件:
式中,(u2bw2b)定义为在水底边界处的速度。
自由表面处速度与静止水位处的速度(u10w10)之间的关系可写为
取每层中间水体中的速度(垂向和水平)作为控制速度,基于这两组速度关于垂向坐标z做泰勒展开可表达出全部流场[11-12],进一步引入计算速度()取代中间水深的速度,最终可得:
式中,i=1或2分别代表上层水体和下层水体。式(9)中的参量可表达为
式中,ψi =z-zαizα1 =-h1/2,zα2 =-h1-h2/2,d0 =0,d1 =h1
式(9)表示了方程在自由水体和在渗透介质水体中用计算速度表达的速度场,将z=-h1代入式(9),并将结果代入连接关系式(4)和(5)中,则可以得到以计算速度()和()在界面上表达的连接方程:
z=-h代入式(9),并代入式(6)中则可得到水底的控制方程,具体可写为
z=0代入式(9),则可以得到(u10w10)与计算速度()的关系表达式,这里不再给出。由波面位移η和8个速度变量(uηwη)、(u10w10)、()、()组成的9个控制方程联合在一起,构成了适合单层渗透海床上波浪传播的高阶Boussinesq水波方程。当将所有的阻力项去除后,方程退化为Liu和Fang[11]的模型。
在定常水深情况下,对以上方程忽略非线性情况下的垂向2D展开分析,我们可以获得方程的色散关系式,相关分析的方法可详见文献[8]。本文方程的色散关系式相对较为复杂,这里就不再给出具体表达形式。Gu和Wang[17]的解析解详见下面的表达式:
式中,K=Ksr+iKi为复数波数,实部Ksr与波长有关系,虚部Ki与解析衰减率相关。
将方程的色散关系式求得的波数Kb=Kbr+iKbiK=Ksr+iKi进行比较,当孔隙率n=0.5,γ1=5,S=ωn/γ1,渗透介质厚度h2与自由水深h1的比值是0.5、1、2和10时,方程的相速度和衰减率与解析解的比较结果见图2~5。从这些图中可以清晰地看出:一方面,本文Boussinesq型方程具有极高的色散精度和衰减率特性,其综合性能超越了当前文献[5-68]给出的BT方程的适用范围;另外一方面,方程中速度变量的位置并不需要特殊设置,这一点与文献[58]相比存在更大的优势。
由于这些方程与前期我们开展的多层模型[12]具有类似的结构,除在水平连接方程上存在差异外,其他所有方程表达式都是类似的,本文这些方程求解均采用与Liu等[12]完全一样的格式。而水平连接方程的求解上采用了时间步进格式,在求解方程矩阵时,亦是采用了三对角追赶法。利用预报-校正-迭代的有限差分方法对数值模型进行求解,在变量对时间的导数求解中选择混合四阶Adams-Bashforth-Moulton格式,这些方法的具体求解也可详见文献[1318-19]。本文采用了Hsiao等[20]的域内造波技术,并在计算水槽两段边界上均采用了海绵边界层吸波。
Hsiao等[5]开展了波浪在渗透潜堤上传播变形的物理模型实验研究。在实验中,潜堤的前坡坡度是1∶8.89,而后坡坡度是1∶5.93,实验中最大水深为0.175 m,三角形潜堤上的最小水深为0.04 m,渗透潜堤是由直径约为1.9 cm的石子组成,孔隙率n=0.42,γ1=5.83 s-1γ2=46.2 m。规则波周期为1 s,波高为2.7 cm。在模拟中,时空步长分别采用0.01 s和0.02 m。计算结果与实验结果的对比见图6。整体来看,本文数值模型模拟结果与实验结果的吻合程度良好。
为进一步检验本文模型,数值模拟了Sawaragi和Deguchi[21]的实验工况。实验中的水槽长、宽、高分别30 m、0.7 m和0.9 m。水槽内铺设一段长3.5 m、厚0.15 m的粗颗粒海床,颗粒粒径为1.8 cm,海床上的水深为0.15 m。本文选取入射波高Hi为3.58 cm,周期T=1.0 s和1.5 s,孔隙率n为0.4的数据设定进行数值模拟,数值模拟中取γ1=1.5 s-1γ2=3 m。数值模拟结果与实验数据的比较见图7,由图7可见,数值结果(波高)沿波浪传播方向与实验数据的吻合程度良好,这反映出本文模型能较好再现波浪在渗透海床上传播变形的全过程。
本文推导了一组适合单层渗透海床的高阶Boussinesq水波方程,并进行了理论分析、数值计算及数值模拟,得出以下主要结论:
(1)在h2/h1=0.2~10范围内,本文方程具有更精确的相速度和衰减率,整体性能超越了历史上所有适合渗透Boussinesq水波方程的性能。与传统的方程相比,本文方程多了垂向速度,解决了下层厚度与自由水体厚度比值不同导致的调参问题,确保了新方程具有精准的衰减率。
(2)数值再现了几组典型渗透地形上的波浪演化过程,数值模拟与相关试验结果的良好对比,验证了本文的数值模型。
此外,本文结论仅建立在已有的实验数据对比基础上,更广泛的模拟与数值分析工作将在后文展开,特别是经验参数的选取对结果的影响将予以重点考虑。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52171247; 51779022; 52071057)
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2024年第28卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.05.006
  • 接收时间:2023-11-21
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-21
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52171247; 51779022; 52071057)
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    1.大连海事大学 交通运输工程学院,辽宁 大连 116026
    2.大连理工大学 海岸和近海工程国家重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116024
    3.中国海洋大学 工程学院,山东 青岛 266000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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