Article(id=1242150811514515982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150809505444351, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.05.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1699891200000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774081431511, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1716134400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774081431511, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774081431511, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081431511, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242150809505444351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='5', pageStart='637', pageEnd='802', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774081431031, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081700138, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242151938268143729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150809505444351, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242151938272338034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150809505444351, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=771, endPage=786, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242150811753591316, articleId=1242150811514515982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Generation property of hydrodynamic noise from the typical protrusion and noise control technique, columnId=1241023038381158513, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydro/Structural Acoustics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The cooling system can be carried out by the flow pressure difference through the outside protrusion of an underwater vehicle. This system can prevent the low line frequency pipe noise from the pump’s excitation. However, the protrusion is external, generating the hydrodynamic noise and destroying the acoustic stealth of underwater vehicles. Two protrusion models with a rectangular inlet and a circular inlet were created. The flow field and sound field were numerically calculated. The generation property of the hydrodynamic noise from the two protrusions on the condition of different flow velocities was analyzed. It is indicated that the total radiated sound power of the protrusion with the rectangular inlet is slightly lower than that with the circular inlet. To further reduce the hydrodynamic noise, the protrusion with the rectangular inlet was carried out by the flow control through the serrations. The noise reduction effect of the protrusion with the rectangular inlet by the leading-edge serrations is better than that by the tail-edge serrations. The optimized parameters of the serrations were summarized. To validate the numerical calculation results, four protrusion models were designed and fabricated, and the experimental tests were done in the gravity low-noise water tunnel. The results show that the protrusion with the rectangular inlet by the serrations optimization has a better noise reduction effect in the frequency range from 10 Hz to 2000 Hz. The results in this paper can provide some references for the low-noise design of protrusions of underwater vehicles.

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水下航行器利用外部突出体通过流动压力差进行自流冷却,可很好地避免水泵激励排水管路产生的低频线谱噪声,但突出体作为外部凸体产生的噪声会影响水下航行器的声隐身性能。针对矩形入口和圆形入口两种突出体模型,开展流场与声场的数值计算,分析不同流速条件下两种突出体水动力噪声的产生特性,发现矩形入口突出体比圆形入口突出体的辐射噪声小。为进一步降低噪声,采用锯齿结构对矩形入口突出体进行流动控制,发现在矩形入口前缘添加锯齿的降噪效果优于在尾缘添加锯齿,并归纳了具有最佳降噪效果的锯齿参数。为验证数值计算结果,分别加工了四种突出体模型,并在重力式低噪声水洞中开展试验测试。结果表明,采用锯齿优化的矩形入口突出体,在10~2000 Hz范围内有较好的降噪效果。上述研究成果可为水下航行器突出体的低噪声设计提供参考。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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刘永伟(1981-),男,博士,副教授

周文林(1996-),男,硕士,通讯作者,E-mail:

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1b.College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
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1b.哈尔滨工程大学 水声工程学院,哈尔滨 150001
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1b.哈尔滨工程大学 水声工程学院,哈尔滨 150001
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周文林(1996-),男,硕士,通讯作者,E-mail:

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周文林(1996-),男,硕士,通讯作者,E-mail:

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1b.哈尔滨工程大学 水声工程学院,哈尔滨 150001
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caption=矩形入口突出体和圆形入口突出体在不同速度下的辐射声功率随频率的变化曲线, figureFileSmall=Z8P8AQQC9Og05S/I9AfnXw==, figureFileBig=ws6cKMSz+Xjw01VrYKRInA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150831970136241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150811514515982, language=EN, label=Fig.19, caption=Vibration analysis of the two protrusions at the flow velocity of 7.72 m/s, figureFileSmall=eZwd9niP4KbTF2eH6W6zDA==, figureFileBig=duuvga4lPpmGAQ2WA5ydtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150832062410933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150811514515982, language=CN, label=图19, caption=两种突出体在流速7.72 m/s时的振动特性分析, figureFileSmall=eZwd9niP4KbTF2eH6W6zDA==, figureFileBig=duuvga4lPpmGAQ2WA5ydtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150832175657143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150811514515982, language=EN, label=Fig.20, caption=Comparison of the radiated sound power between the rectangular inlet protrusions with the leading-edge serrations and the trailing-edge serrations at different flow velocities, figureFileSmall=Z82aVJS0IVumXuicT+fwQg==, figureFileBig=U7H4XnZxkXD3IbVAjPQFAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150832293097658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150811514515982, language=CN, label=图20, caption=添加锯齿前缘和锯齿尾缘矩形入口突出体在不同速度下辐射声功率的比较, figureFileSmall=Z82aVJS0IVumXuicT+fwQg==, figureFileBig=U7H4XnZxkXD3IbVAjPQFAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150832368595132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150811514515982, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Radiated sound power from the rectangular inlet protrusion and the protrusion with the leading-edge serrations of different wavelengths and the noise reduction levels (dB)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
总辐射声功率级降噪量总辐射声功率级降噪量
(10 Hz~2 kHz)(10 Hz~2 kHz)(500 Hz~2 kHz)(500 Hz~2 kHz)
原始模型143.1\124.1\
0.6 cm锯齿142.80.3123.50.6
0.9 cm锯齿141.71.4121.52.6
1.2 cm锯齿139.53.6119.93.2
1.5 cm锯齿141.51.6121.82.3
), ArticleFig(id=1242150832435704000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150811514515982, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

矩形入口突出体与添加不同波长锯齿前缘突出体的辐射声功率及降噪量(dB)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
总辐射声功率级降噪量总辐射声功率级降噪量
(10 Hz~2 kHz)(10 Hz~2 kHz)(500 Hz~2 kHz)(500 Hz~2 kHz)
原始模型143.1\124.1\
0.6 cm锯齿142.80.3123.50.6
0.9 cm锯齿141.71.4121.52.6
1.2 cm锯齿139.53.6119.93.2
1.5 cm锯齿141.51.6121.82.3
), ArticleFig(id=1242150832511201476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150811514515982, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Radiated sound power from the rectangular inlet protrusion and the protrusion with the leading-edge serrations of different amplitudes and the noise reduction levels (dB)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
总辐射声功率级降噪量总辐射声功率级降噪量
(10 Hz~2 kHz)(10 Hz~2 kHz)(500 Hz~2 kHz)(500 Hz~2 kHz)
原始模型143.1\124.1\
0.9 cm锯齿137.95.2116.47.7
1.2 cm锯齿139.53.6119.94.2
1.5 cm锯齿141.41.7120.63.5
1.8 cm锯齿144.0-0.9126.0-1.9
), ArticleFig(id=1242150832590893253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150811514515982, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

矩形入口突出体与添加不同振幅锯齿前缘突出体的辐射声功率及降噪量(dB)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
总辐射声功率级降噪量总辐射声功率级降噪量
(10 Hz~2 kHz)(10 Hz~2 kHz)(500 Hz~2 kHz)(500 Hz~2 kHz)
原始模型143.1\124.1\
0.9 cm锯齿137.95.2116.47.7
1.2 cm锯齿139.53.6119.94.2
1.5 cm锯齿141.41.7120.63.5
1.8 cm锯齿144.0-0.9126.0-1.9
), ArticleFig(id=1242150832678973640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150811514515982, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Radiated sound power from the rectangular inlet protrusion and the protrusion with the trailing-edge serrations of different wavelengths and the noise reduction levels (dB)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
总辐射声功率级降噪量总辐射声功率级降噪量
(10 Hz~2 kHz)(10 Hz~2 kHz)(500 Hz~2 kHz)(500 Hz~2 kHz)
原始模型143.1\124.1\
1.8 cm锯齿139.43.7122.41.7
2.4 cm锯齿139.83.3123.01.1
3.0 cm锯齿144.7-1.6127.9-3.8
), ArticleFig(id=1242150832779636939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150811514515982, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

矩形入口突出体与添加不同波长锯齿尾缘突出体的辐射声功率及降噪量(dB)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
总辐射声功率级降噪量总辐射声功率级降噪量
(10 Hz~2 kHz)(10 Hz~2 kHz)(500 Hz~2 kHz)(500 Hz~2 kHz)
原始模型143.1\124.1\
1.8 cm锯齿139.43.7122.41.7
2.4 cm锯齿139.83.3123.01.1
3.0 cm锯齿144.7-1.6127.9-3.8
), ArticleFig(id=1242150832855134414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150811514515982, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Radiated sound power from the rectangular inlet protrusion and the protrusion with the trailing-edge serrations of different amplitudes and the noise reduction levels (dB)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
总辐射声功率级降噪量总辐射声功率级降噪量
(10 Hz~2 kHz)(10 Hz~2 kHz)(500 Hz~2 kHz)(500 Hz~2 kHz)
原始模型143.1\124.1\
0.9 cm锯齿139.43.7122.41.7
1.2 cm锯齿141.31.8125.3-1.2
1.5 cm锯齿145.2-2.1128.7-4.6
1.8 cm锯齿148.1-5.0134.9-10.8
), ArticleFig(id=1242150832922243281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150811514515982, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

矩形入口突出体与添加不同振幅锯齿尾缘突出体的辐射声功率及降噪量(dB)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
总辐射声功率级降噪量总辐射声功率级降噪量
(10 Hz~2 kHz)(10 Hz~2 kHz)(500 Hz~2 kHz)(500 Hz~2 kHz)
原始模型143.1\124.1\
0.9 cm锯齿139.43.7122.41.7
1.2 cm锯齿141.31.8125.3-1.2
1.5 cm锯齿145.2-2.1128.7-4.6
1.8 cm锯齿148.1-5.0134.9-10.8
), ArticleFig(id=1242150833006129362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150811514515982, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Total radiated sound power level of the hydrodynamic noise from the rectangular inlet and the circular inlet protrusions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
流速矩形入口突出体模型/dB圆形入口突出体模型/dB
1.26 m/s123.8124.5
4.62 m/s129.7132.5
7.72 m/s141.5146.6
), ArticleFig(id=1242150833077432533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150811514515982, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

矩形突出体与圆形突出体水动力噪声的总声功率级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
流速矩形入口突出体模型/dB圆形入口突出体模型/dB
1.26 m/s123.8124.5
4.62 m/s129.7132.5
7.72 m/s141.5146.6
), ArticleFig(id=1242150833157124311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150811514515982, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Total sound power level of the hydrodynamic noise from the rectangular inlet protrusion and the rectangular inlet protrusion with different kinds of serrations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
流速矩形入口突出体模型/dB添加锯齿前缘突出体模型/dB添加锯齿尾缘突出体模型/dB
1.26 m/s123.8122.6122.7
4.62 m/s129.7127.1130.8
7.72 m/s141.5137.4140.8
), ArticleFig(id=1242150833232621787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150811514515982, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

矩形入口突出体与添加锯齿结构后突出体水动力噪声的总声功率级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
流速矩形入口突出体模型/dB添加锯齿前缘突出体模型/dB添加锯齿尾缘突出体模型/dB
1.26 m/s123.8122.6122.7
4.62 m/s129.7127.1130.8
7.72 m/s141.5137.4140.8
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典型突出体水动力噪声特性与控制技术研究
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刘永伟 1a, 1b, 2 , 郑朋辉 1a, 1b, 2 , 周文林 3 , 商德江 1a, 1b, 2
船舶力学 | 流体与结构声学 2024,28(5): 771-786
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船舶力学 | 流体与结构声学 2024, 28(5): 771-786
典型突出体水动力噪声特性与控制技术研究
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刘永伟1a, 1b, 2, 郑朋辉1a, 1b, 2, 周文林3 , 商德江1a, 1b, 2
作者信息
  • 1a.哈尔滨工程大学 水声技术重点实验室,哈尔滨 150001
  • 1b.哈尔滨工程大学 水声工程学院,哈尔滨 150001
  • 2.工业和信息化部海洋信息获取与安全工信部重点实验室(哈尔滨工程大学),哈尔滨 150001
  • 3.杭州应用声学研究所,杭州 310023
  • 刘永伟(1981-),男,博士,副教授

    周文林(1996-),男,硕士,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Generation property of hydrodynamic noise from the typical protrusion and noise control technique
Yong-wei LIU1a, 1b, 2, Peng-hui ZHENG1a, 1b, 2, Wen-lin ZHOU3 , De-jiang SHANG1a, 1b, 2
Affiliations
  • 1a.Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
  • 1b.College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security (Harbin Engineering University), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China
  • 3.Hangzhou Applied Acoustics Research Institute, Hangzhou 310023, China
出版时间: 2024-05-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.05.013
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水下航行器利用外部突出体通过流动压力差进行自流冷却,可很好地避免水泵激励排水管路产生的低频线谱噪声,但突出体作为外部凸体产生的噪声会影响水下航行器的声隐身性能。针对矩形入口和圆形入口两种突出体模型,开展流场与声场的数值计算,分析不同流速条件下两种突出体水动力噪声的产生特性,发现矩形入口突出体比圆形入口突出体的辐射噪声小。为进一步降低噪声,采用锯齿结构对矩形入口突出体进行流动控制,发现在矩形入口前缘添加锯齿的降噪效果优于在尾缘添加锯齿,并归纳了具有最佳降噪效果的锯齿参数。为验证数值计算结果,分别加工了四种突出体模型,并在重力式低噪声水洞中开展试验测试。结果表明,采用锯齿优化的矩形入口突出体,在10~2000 Hz范围内有较好的降噪效果。上述研究成果可为水下航行器突出体的低噪声设计提供参考。

突出体  /  水动力噪声  /  流动控制  /  锯齿结构

The cooling system can be carried out by the flow pressure difference through the outside protrusion of an underwater vehicle. This system can prevent the low line frequency pipe noise from the pump’s excitation. However, the protrusion is external, generating the hydrodynamic noise and destroying the acoustic stealth of underwater vehicles. Two protrusion models with a rectangular inlet and a circular inlet were created. The flow field and sound field were numerically calculated. The generation property of the hydrodynamic noise from the two protrusions on the condition of different flow velocities was analyzed. It is indicated that the total radiated sound power of the protrusion with the rectangular inlet is slightly lower than that with the circular inlet. To further reduce the hydrodynamic noise, the protrusion with the rectangular inlet was carried out by the flow control through the serrations. The noise reduction effect of the protrusion with the rectangular inlet by the leading-edge serrations is better than that by the tail-edge serrations. The optimized parameters of the serrations were summarized. To validate the numerical calculation results, four protrusion models were designed and fabricated, and the experimental tests were done in the gravity low-noise water tunnel. The results show that the protrusion with the rectangular inlet by the serrations optimization has a better noise reduction effect in the frequency range from 10 Hz to 2000 Hz. The results in this paper can provide some references for the low-noise design of protrusions of underwater vehicles.

underwater protrusion  /  hydrodynamic noise  /  flow control  /  serration structure
刘永伟, 郑朋辉, 周文林, 商德江. 典型突出体水动力噪声特性与控制技术研究. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (5) : 771 -786 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.05.013
Yong-wei LIU, Peng-hui ZHENG, Wen-lin ZHOU, De-jiang SHANG. Generation property of hydrodynamic noise from the typical protrusion and noise control technique[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (5) : 771 -786 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.05.013
现代的大型舰船采用自流冷却循环系统作为汽轮机动力装置的降温措施[1],可避免以水泵为动力源的冷却系统所产生的低频线谱噪声。Schmidt[2]发现使用自流冷却系统的船只平均每年节省约50吨燃料;Hanzlik[3]以英国海军舰船为研究对象,详细介绍了海水自流冷却系统各个部件的组成;Westgate等人[4]发现,突出体外在部分的形状对进水量的影响较小,后者只与舌状延伸的长度相关;Inagaki[5]对突出体进水口的管直径、延伸长度与管径之比以及出口角度的最佳配置进行了系统分析;Latorre[6]探讨了出水口位于船尾时,船舶在不同转弯角度情况下,突出体为冷却循环系统带来流动模式的差异;詹玉龙[7]从经济角度和热力工况方面比较了自流冷却系统的优点;高伟等[8]的研究结果表明,在考虑流量的前提下,内部管壁应该尽量为顺着来流方向的直管管壁;蒋建飞[9]对海水自流冷却循环系统中的不包含水泵部分的内流场进行了数值模拟计算;孟清正等[10]指出,当航行器的航行速度大于13 kn时,海水自流冷却循环系统可达到需求的冷却量;郭研等[11]应用JTopmeret软件建立了海水自流冷却循环系统的数值计算模型;姚露等[12]通过缩比原理性试验发现,在相同尺寸的突出体结构中,矩形过渡的进口接管其自流特性更好;劳星胜等[13]认为突出体要达到舰船所需的冷却水流量需求,航速的临界满足点为5 kn,此时由突出体额外产生的阻力低于航船总阻力的3%;陈康[14]等基于体积力法,提出了一种快速确定海水自流循环冷却系统的数值计算方法。
从上述文献可知,以往突出体的研究多集中于其自流特性和水力性能,对于突出体在航行过程中所产生的水动力噪声问题研究较少。突出体的入口基本上只有圆形和矩形两种,圆形入口突出体的优势在于尾部可收拢,容易抑制尾涡脱落效应,但是在同样的进流截面积条件下,圆形入口突出体的口径小、流量低,矩形入口突出体的优势在于在保证流量的情况下,入水口尺寸和阻力稍大一些。
本文对这两种入口形式突出体的流场与声场开展研究,通过比较同一流速条件下圆形入口与矩形入口突出体的水动力噪声,确定适合水下航行器使用的突出体构型。同时,对矩形入口突出体采用锯齿结构[15-17]进行流动控制以进一步降低噪声,分析不同波长和振幅的锯齿前缘及锯齿尾缘抑制突出体水动力噪声的变化规律,归纳适合矩形入口突出体降噪效果较好的锯齿特征参数。在此基础上,加工圆形入口与矩形入口的突出体及其锯齿参数优化的模型,在重力式低噪声水洞中开展试验测试,验证数值计算中所发现的规律。
目前,流场与水动力噪声特性的分析主要依赖于数值计算,通过计算流场考察流动情况,再将流场的信息转化成声场中对模型的激励以计算声辐射。本文中流场的稳态计算采用RNG k-ε模型,瞬态计算采用大涡模拟(LES)方法,下面介绍其基本的原理[18]
RNG k-ε模型是由重整化群理论的统计方法推导出来的,其特点在于精度高,在形式上与标准模型相似,但RNG k-ε模型在其方程中增加了一项旋流对湍流的影响,可以提高计算精度。湍动能k和耗散率ε的方程分别为
式中,GkGb表示不同湍流参数引起的变化。
大涡模拟方法是对湍流脉动的一种空间平均,通过建立一个滤波函数,对N-S方程进行滤波并直接求解得到大尺度涡旋的运动方程,通过亚格子应力项(SGS)来表示小涡对大涡运动的影响。用盒式滤波器过滤物理场的湍流脉动量,采用积分完成低通滤波,Glx)为滤波函数,则过滤后的脉动量fx)为
式中,fx)过滤后的函数,且滤波器必须符合正则条件,
式中,Λ是过滤的空间体积,正则条件遵循守恒性,且不改变常数性质。将Navier-Stokes方程作过滤,得到如下方程:
,则式(5)可以写成
方程(7)右端含有不封闭项,
式(8)为亚格子应力,利用Dynamic亚格子模型,可表示为
式中,为亚格子涡粘系数,Δ = (Δx Δy Δz1/3。过滤尺度为Δ,混合长度为CsΔ,在Dynamic亚格子模型中,Cs不是常数,由式(10)计算:
式中,,上标~表示过滤后的物理量。
利用Fluent软件对模型的流场进行计算,流场稳态计算采用RNG模型,利用二阶迎风法进行压力与动量空间离散,由大涡模拟(LES)完成瞬态计算。利用有界中心差分法对动量进行空间离散,采用有界二阶隐式法进行时间离散,压力与速度耦合采用SIMPLE算法,通过将流场数据导入至集成有限元和边界元ACTRAN软件的ICFD模块中,实现对流场计算结果的插值与傅里叶变换。当流场与声场网格信息完成插值映射后,模型表面的湍流脉动压力将成为模型表面的激励力,在直接频响计算模块中,使用Mumps求解器并采用有限元结合无限元的方法计算突出体的水动力噪声。因有限元、边界元与无限元计算辐射噪声的方法已非常成熟,其理论不再赘述。
选取两种突出体作为基本模型,如图1图2所示。图1为矩形入口突出体,其进水口为一个长6.8 cm、宽3 cm、面积约为20 cm2的矩形,突出体外形沿矩形入口逐渐加粗,最后与航行器外壳相连,突出体总长24 cm、最宽处4 cm、高18 cm。图2为圆形入口突出体,其进水口是直径为2.5 cm、截面积约为20 cm2的圆形,突出体外形在进水口处最大,沿圆形向后延伸逐渐收拢,并由一梯形台与外壳相连,突出体总长40 cm、最宽处6 cm、高18 cm。突出体的缩尺比为1:20。
管路系统如图3所示,其前端为进水舱,下部与突出体相连,上部与管道相连,系统的后端为出水舱,冷却水从此处排出。为减少噪声影响,出水舱的底部放置倾斜的格栅。进水舱与出水舱均为长50 cm、宽20 cm,管道内径3 cm,整个管路系统长200 cm。流场和声场计算域分别如图4图5所示,流场计算域主体为图4中的长方体,包括有速度入口、对称面边界、压力出口和突出体表面的固定边界,上部为管路系统。长方体内模拟航行器前进时的来流,突出体位于流域之中,而与之相连的管路系统则在流域之外。
为保证突出体附近的流体介质流动状态不受其它边界条件的影响,流域的总长度为400 cm,宽和高均为40 cm,速度入口距离突出体为100 cm,超过两倍的突出体长度,压力出口距离出水口为100 cm。声场的计算模型包括突出体及管路系统、声传播区域和声学无限元边界,突出体位于声场计算域的中心,声场计算域为半径200 cm的球形域。水动力噪声的研究频率范围为10~2000 Hz,设置分辨率Δf =5 Hz,突出体视为弹性体,材料选择为钢,其杨氏模量为2.06×1011 Pa,泊松比为0.3,密度为7800 kg/m3
采用Q判据分析突出体的涡分布,其定义如下:
式中,Ω为涡量张量,S为应变率张量。一般涡核心区域,反对称张量占优,当Q>0时,表明该处以旋度为主,即存在着涡旋。
流速为8 m/s时,矩形入口突出体在Q=2000的等值面上的涡量分布如图6所示。由图6(a)侧面的流场可见,水道中的流体介质在遇到突出体之后,一部分流体介质向两侧挤压,沿着突出体表面向后运动,并受到壁面粘滞阻力的影响,当流体粘滞力不足以附着在突出体表面时造成边界层分离,产生尾涡脱落,由于突出体是弧形过渡构造,来流受到粘滞力的影响,沿弧形向后上方发展,在上部分产生了大量的涡旋,另一部分流体在进水口处受到流体介质的挤压,流入进水舱中。由图6(b)底面的流场可见,突出体与连接处也存在着大量的涡旋,沿着连接体底部的流体介质被迫向突出体两侧分离,一部分流体撞击突出体后流速减缓,形成下游压力大、上游压力小的湍流,当此流体结构达到一定高度时,会反方向运动形成回流,与来流相互作用形成围绕突出体的涡旋,这部分涡旋只能向后方继续运动,并被两侧分离的流体推开,形成围绕着突出体与外壳连接处的马蹄涡以及因脱离突出体时产生的“V”型涡。
在同样流速下圆形入口突出体在Q=2000的等值面上的涡量分布如图7所示。因圆柱形构造的遮挡效应,此时的底面分布云图改为斜侧面分布图,以方便观察流体的运动状态。由图7(a)可见,突出体收缩的圆柱体表面,有较为清晰的边界层分离所产生的涡脱落现象,这表明水道中的流体受到了突出体表面粘滞力的影响,只不过粘滞力不足以抵抗正面来流的影响,所以在突出体表面不断产生涡的脱落。由于圆形入口突出体的上半部分是一个倒梯形台,使得来流在后方夹角处汇集,造成交界处的后方产生涡。
图7(b)可见,连接处前方马蹄涡的分布与矩形入口突出体类似,在连接处后方的“V”型涡,则是来流在突出体尾部汇聚之后与连接处底部及来流相互作用形成的,圆形入口突出体尾部的涡流长度比矩形入口突出体的更短,因为矩形入口突出体的弧形构型使得底部边界层内来流沿突出体表面上升至连接处,从而延长了矩形入口突出体内尾涡的分布。
矩形入口突出体与圆形入口突出体的辐射声功率如图8所示。因突出体在使用时包含进水舱、管路和出水舱等系统,来流经突出体冲击进水舱、管路和出水舱等的辐射噪声也会通过突出体的进水口辐射出来,因此,图8中的辐射声功率包含了突出体及整个循环系统的噪声。由图8可见,两种突出体辐射声功率在低频500 Hz以下存在较高的峰值,随着频率的升高,辐射声功率量级逐渐降低。矩形入口突出体总辐射声功率为143.1 dB,圆形入口突出体总辐射声功率为147.1 dB,说明矩形入口突出体的噪声比圆形入口突出体低,这是由于矩形入口突出体将引入的来流沿弧形通道进行导流,减少了内部流动对进水舱的激励所致,而圆形入口突出体因采用圆锥型构造,导流通道也是渐缩构型,其内部的导流效果差,造成湍流脉动压力增强,加大了对进水舱的激励从而产生了较强的辐射噪声。因此,矩形入口突出体比圆形入口突出体更适合作为水下航行器突出体的构型。下面将讨论对矩形入口突出体进行流动控制的方法,以进一步降低水动力噪声。
因为矩形入口突出体外部来流导致的涡旋比圆形入口突出体更为复杂,为此采用锯齿结构对突出体的外形进行改进,并分为锯齿前缘与锯齿尾缘两部分,采用块搭接技术对锯齿结构进行建模,其优点是在调整锯齿参数时,可保证块区域外的网格保持不变,有利于精确比较不同构型锯齿导致的降噪效果。
传统锯齿前缘流动控制方法,是在矩形入口突出体的进口处增加具备不同特征参数的锯齿型结构,但是由于突出体的进水口决定了进入冷却循环系统的海水流量,这样做势必将延长进水部分的通道长度,增加流阻并影响突出体的水动力性能。因此,可考虑只在矩形入口的四个直角边缘添加锯齿,如图9所示。锯齿的振幅取突出体特征长度的1/20,即1.2 cm,锯齿的波长取突出体高度的1/20,即0.9 cm,添加锯齿前缘的矩形入口突出体如图10所示。
锯齿前缘突出体的涡量分布如图11所示。对比图11(a)图6(a)可见,添加了锯齿前缘的突出体在其后方产生的涡相比于原始突出体更加靠近后上部,说明锯齿前缘有效地推迟了边界层分离,延缓了涡旋向后的发展。由图11(b)可见,突出体前部的马蹄涡变化不大,这是由于锯齿被添加于进水口前缘,而前部马蹄涡的产生主要与突出体和底部连接处的线型有关,故锯齿前缘对马蹄涡产生的影响程度有限,但其产生的小涡旋也使得马蹄涡的结构变得更细一些。
由上面的分析可知,锯齿前缘的存在不仅改变了突出体表面压力的分布,还对突出体与底部连接处形成的“V”型涡产生了较大的影响。因此,锯齿前缘对突出体入口两侧的流体产生了压力差,改变了流体的运动状态,在锯齿前缘上产生的小涡旋影响了“V”型涡的生成。由于“V”型涡之间的夹角是来流速度与回流强度共同决定的,因来流的速度保持不变,“V”型涡夹角的减小表明回流强度减弱,因而有效地减少了突出体因凸体结构产生的辐射噪声。
添加锯齿前缘的矩形入口突出体与原始矩形入口突出体的辐射声功率曲线如图12所示。由图可见,锯齿前缘能显著抑制低频段的辐射噪声,矩形入口突出体的总声功率级为143.1 dB,而添加锯齿前缘的突出体总声功率级变为141.7 dB,说明锯齿前缘有一定的降噪效果。为进一步考察锯齿前缘参数对于矩形入口突出体水动力噪声的抑制效果,依旧只在四个直角处添加锯齿,以避免锯齿数量过多增加突出体的进水阻力。保持锯齿的振幅为1.2 cm,计算了锯齿波长分别为0.6 cm、0.9 cm、1.2 cm和1.5 cm,在流速为8 m/s时的辐射声功率及降噪量,计算结果如表1所示。
表1可见,随着锯齿波长的增加,锯齿前缘抑制突出体的水动力噪声效果是先增大后减小的,当波长为1.2 cm时,锯齿前缘的降噪效果较好,在全频段的降噪量为3.6 dB,在500 Hz~2 kHz频段的降噪量为3.2 dB。保持波长为1.2 cm,研究不同振幅锯齿降低矩形入口突出体的水动力噪声效果,振幅分别为0.9 cm、1.2 cm、1.5 cm与1.8 cm,其结果如表2所示。
表2可知,锯齿前缘波长为1.2 cm、振幅为0.9 cm时,对矩形入口突出体具有最佳的降噪效果,全频段的降噪量达到5.2 dB,在500 Hz~2 kHz频段的降噪量为7.7 dB。
锯齿尾缘一般有两种流动控制方式:一是在模型尾部添加额外的锯齿,称之为外接型锯齿;二是在尾部切割出锯齿,称为内切型锯齿。因突出体壳体较薄,这里采用外接型圆弧锯齿尾缘。锯齿向后延伸的长度即振幅为0.9 cm,波长为2.4 cm,为了与航行器底部的连接过渡更为光滑,最上部分的尾缘为半个锯齿,如图13所示。
添加锯齿尾缘的矩形入口突出体的流场分布如图14所示。由图14(a)可见,在矩形入口突出体尾部后上方产生的“V”型涡被锯齿尾缘分离,破碎成为更加细小的涡,并使这些涡旋提前脱落,无法形成更大的涡,只能以细小的涡旋随着来流向后方移动,这肯定会减少来自大尺度涡激励产生的低频段水动力噪声。由图14(b)可见,锯齿尾缘对突出体前方马蹄涡的影响效果有限,对于后方的“V”型涡影响较大,说明锯齿尾缘是以影响突出体尾部的涡旋运动为主。
原始矩形入口突出体与添加锯齿尾缘突出体的辐射声功率如图15所示,由图可见,锯齿尾缘对于低频段的辐射噪声有较为明显的抑制作用。矩形入口突出体的总声功率级为143.1 dB,锯齿尾缘矩形入口突出体的总声功率级为139.8 dB,说明锯齿尾缘具有一定的降噪效果。
锯齿尾缘存在于突出体的尾部,不会改变突出体的入口性能,下面将通过改变锯齿波长和振幅,以研究锯齿尾缘参数引起的矩形入口突出体的降噪效果。保持锯齿尾缘的振幅为0.9 cm,计算波长为1.8 cm、2.4 cm和3.0 cm的突出体的辐射声功率及降噪量,计算结果如表3所示。由表可见,波长增加的锯齿尾缘反而增强了水动力噪声。因此,当锯齿尾缘超过一定尺寸时,其影响“V”型涡的能力有限,同时也增大了突出体受到湍流激励的面积,故达不到降噪的目的。
当锯齿尾缘的波长为1.8 cm时,降噪效果较好。故保持波长为1.8 cm,研究不同锯齿振幅对突出体的降噪效果,振幅分别设置为0.9 cm、1.2 cm、1.5 cm与1.8 cm,结果如表4所示。由表4可见,随着锯齿尾缘振幅的增加,降噪量逐渐减小,这是由于随着尾缘波长的增加,增加了突出体的表面积,同时湍流激励面积增大,故使得水动力噪声增加。因此,当波长为1.8 cm、振幅为0.9 cm时,锯齿尾缘具有最佳的降噪效果,全频段的降噪量为3.7 dB,在500 Hz~2 kHz频段的降噪量为1.7 dB。
需要说明的是,锯齿结构在降低低频段噪声的同时,也会增加高频段的噪声,但由于海水介质对声波的吸收能力与频率的平方成正比,高频声波在水中比低频声波更易被吸收掉,因此,锯齿结构在用于突出体降噪时,其增加高频噪声的负作用影响可以忽略。
为验证数值计算结果,在低噪声重力式水洞开展了试验测试。重力式水洞包括顶部蓄水池、竖直段、收缩段、工作段、混响箱和扩张段等,为减少水流撞击管壁引起的振动与噪声,在工作段前后安装有铁砂箱与亥姆霍兹消声器。混响箱长4 m、宽3 m、高3 m,四周及底面以钢为骨架、玻璃钢为壁面构成,工作段与混响箱的衔接处、混响箱外四周与底部均进行减振设计,以减小背景干扰。混响箱的截止频率为500 Hz,由混响箱中的水听器垂直阵利用混响法测量突出体模型的辐射噪声,其空间平均及测量方法见文献[19],该方法测量辐射声功率的不确定度小于1 dB。
以钢为材料制作了四种突出体模型,分别为圆形入口突出体、矩形入口突出体、锯齿前缘矩形入口突出体和锯齿尾缘矩形入口突出体,其中锯齿前缘和锯齿尾缘的特征参数与表2表4中的最佳降噪效果参数相同。在突出体上部设置法兰盘,便于安装在管道系统上,如图16所示。本次试验所需的设备有:水听器(B&K8103)、数据采集器(B&K3660)、稳压直流电源、加速度计(YD-150)和计算机,试验系统连接如图17所示。突出体模型与管路系统相连,在进水舱与出水舱处粘贴加速度计,将五个水听器按30 cm间隔组成垂直阵,来流速度分别为1.26 m/s、4.62 m/s和7.72 m/s,采集的声压和加速度信号由数据采集器记录。
矩形入口突出体和圆形入口突出体在三种流速下的辐射声功率比较如图18所示,其中黑色曲线为工作段中未放置模型时自由来流的背景噪声。在1.26 m/s时,两种突出体模型的辐射声功率曲线较为平缓,没有较为明显的峰值,因此,两种突出体在低航速时静音效果较好。在4.62 m/s时,两种突出体模型的辐射声功率在500 Hz附近均出现了较高的峰值,此时流体对突出体模型产生的激励较强。在7.72 m/s时,两种突出体的辐射声功率继续变大。
在这三种流速下,圆形入口突出体的辐射噪声均高于矩形入口突出体,与前文中数值计算分析的结论相同。因混响箱的声学测量截止频率为500 Hz,表5为三种流速下矩形入口突出体和圆形入口突出体在500 Hz~2 kHz频段的总辐射声功率级。
当流速为7.72 m/s时,两种突出体的进水舱与出水舱粘贴加速度计测得的振动信号如图19所示。由图可见,两者管路系统进水舱附近的振动曲线形状相似,其中圆形入口突出体导致进水舱顶部和侧部的振动较剧烈一些,说明圆形入口突出体的导流设计确实需要改进。在出水舱处两者的振动曲线形状相似度更高,振动强度比进水舱处低一些,这表明管路系统对流动进行了较好的导流作用,降低了湍流脉动压力强度。因此,自流冷却系统水动力噪声降噪的关键在于突出体的进水口及其导流设计效果。
在矩形入口突出体模型的基础上,添加了经过参数优化的锯齿前缘和锯齿尾缘后突出体的辐射声功率测量结果如图20所示。可以发现,在1.26 m/s时,辐射声功率曲线变化较为平缓;在4.62 m/s时,在500 Hz附近出现了辐射声功率的峰值;在7.72 m/s时,辐射声功率的峰值继续增加。但是与矩形入口突出体模型相比,添加锯齿结构的突出体模型均降低了低频段的噪声。在1.26 m/s时,两种添加锯齿的突出体对流动的控制效果较弱,此时湍流脉动压力激励小,由于锯齿前缘和锯齿尾缘均属于被动流动控制技术,在低流速时控制效果有限。但当流速增加、湍流脉动激励增强时,添加锯齿结构的流动控制效果明显,而且锯齿前缘的控制效果要优于锯齿尾缘。
矩形入口突出体与添加锯齿结构的矩形入口突出体的总辐射声功率级比较如表6所示。由表可见,随着流速的增加,添加锯齿前缘突出体的噪声控制效果较为明显,最大降噪量为4.1 dB。
本文对水下航行器中突出体的水动力噪声特性开展了研究,建立了矩形入口和圆形入口两种典型突出体的数值计算模型,组成了由进水舱、管路、出水舱等的循环系统,通过数值计算得出规律如下:
(1)矩形入口突出体与圆形入口突出体噪声的来源主要有三:一是与船底接触形成的马蹄涡激励,二是来流流过突出体后形成的“V”型涡激励,三是流体从突出体表面分离产生的涡旋激励。
(2)在同样的进口截面积条件下,圆形入口突出体的水动力噪声要高于矩形入口突出体,这是由于圆形入口突出体的导流设计,以及流体进入进水舱过程中的湍流脉动压力更强所导致。因此,圆形入口突出体若应用于水下航行器的冷却系统,需进一步优化导流设计。
(3)通过在矩形入口突出体的前缘和尾缘添加锯齿结构,在特定的波长和振幅尺寸下,均可得到较好的降噪效果,且前缘锯齿的降噪性能优于尾缘锯齿。采用锯齿结构虽然产生了细碎小涡,增强了高频段的噪声,但是水介质对声波的吸收能力与频率的平方成正比,所增加的高频噪声在工程应用中的影响可以忽略。
最后,依据数值计算模型的尺寸及优化的锯齿参数,分别加工了圆形入口突出体、矩形入口突出体、添加前缘锯齿的矩形入口突出体以及添加锯齿尾缘的矩形入口突出体,在重力式低噪声水洞中搭建了试验系统并开展了试验测试,经过比对表明,试验测量结果与数值计算结果两者吻合较好。
本文的研究结果可为水下航行器自流冷却循环系统低噪声突出体的设计及其降噪技术提供参考,为进一步提高水下航行器的声隐身性能奠定了基础。
  • 黑龙江省自然科学基金资助项目(JJ2019LH1082)
  • 水声技术重点实验室基金资助项目(6142108011305)
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2024年第28卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.05.013
  • 接收时间:2023-11-14
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-14
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黑龙江省自然科学基金资助项目(JJ2019LH1082)
水声技术重点实验室基金资助项目(6142108011305)
作者信息
    1a.哈尔滨工程大学 水声技术重点实验室,哈尔滨 150001
    1b.哈尔滨工程大学 水声工程学院,哈尔滨 150001
    2.工业和信息化部海洋信息获取与安全工信部重点实验室(哈尔滨工程大学),哈尔滨 150001
    3.杭州应用声学研究所,杭州 310023

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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