Article(id=1242150811099279879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150809505444351, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.05.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1699977600000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774081431412, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1716134400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774081431412, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774081431412, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081431412, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242150809505444351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='5', pageStart='637', pageEnd='802', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774081431031, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081700138, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242151938268143729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150809505444351, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242151938272338034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150809505444351, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=663, endPage=675, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242150811296412169, articleId=1242150811099279879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Anti-diffusion VOF method for unsteady free-surface flow simulation, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Because of the advantages of good physical conservation and grid suitability along with low demand on computational consumption, VOF is now the main numerical method for the treatment of free-surface in ship hydrodynamics. But for the original VOF method, the problem of interface diffusion is rather serious and results in excessive thickness and insufficient resolution for interface simulation. It will also affect the computational precision of other correlative variables in the flow filed. This problem is especially serious in the simulation of unsteady free-surface flow. In this paper, anti-diffusion VOF method was developed by introducing an artificial convective term into the control equation to restrain interface diffusion and reduce interface thickness. Implicit scheme was adopted for discretization of the artificial convective term to ensure computational stability. The method was tested by typical cases of Zalesak and shear field under different meshes. The results show that the interface thickness is reduced remarkably and the mass error is also reduced obviously. The simulations of 3-dimensional test cases for dam break and flooding in damaged cabin show that the anti-diffusion VOF method can capture the free-surface better and improve computational precision in the CFD simulation of practical unsteady free-surface flow.

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VOF(Volume of Fluid)方法由于其良好的守恒性和网格适应性,且具有计算资源需求相对较小等优点,成为船舶水动力学领域自由面流动CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)模拟的主流方法。但原始的VOF方法存在较为严重的界面扩散问题,导致模拟的界面厚度过大、空间分辨率不够,进而影响流场相关变量的计算精度,这一问题在非定常自由面流动模拟中尤为明显。本文针对上述问题,通过在VOF控制方程中引入人工对流项以达到抑制界面扩散、压缩界面厚度的目的,并采用隐式离散人工对流项的方式提高计算稳定性,形成了反扩散VOF算法。经Zalesak和剪切场等经典算例在不同数量网格下的测试验证,表明反扩散VOF算法能够大幅压缩界面厚度,同时明显减小质量误差。随后的三维无障碍溃坝算例和破舱进水算例,进一步证明了反扩散VOF算法在实际非定常流动模拟中能够更好地捕捉自由面并提高计算精度。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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李晓东(1996-),男,硕士,工程师,通讯作者,E-mail:

吴乘胜(1976-),男,博士,研究员。

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Wuxi 214082, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242150818560946886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150811099279879, companyId=1242150818544169670, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082;中船重工奥蓝托无锡软件技术有限公司,江苏 无锡 214082)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1242150820872008548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150811099279879, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Initial location of interface for Zalesak case, figureFileSmall=D+ikZp5fF98w0hSh/cugmA==, figureFileBig=E8uXjhBIiFMTsnyT4wAZvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150820981060458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150811099279879, language=CN, label=图1, caption=三套网格Zalesak算例初始界面位置, figureFileSmall=D+ikZp5fF98w0hSh/cugmA==, figureFileBig=E8uXjhBIiFMTsnyT4wAZvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150821203358589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150811099279879, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Simulated results of interface for Zalesak case at different mesh density, figureFileSmall=dqqsQ1jpydDOJ4eJ70shjQ==, figureFileBig=0maDEda69RovVlMtC2Fo2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150821295633285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150811099279879, language=CN, label=图2, caption=三套网格Zalesak算例运动界面捕捉结果(下图为反扩散VOF), figureFileSmall=dqqsQ1jpydDOJ4eJ70shjQ==, figureFileBig=0maDEda69RovVlMtC2Fo2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150821375325070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150811099279879, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Initial location of interface for shear field case, figureFileSmall=YZEz/wpFDDBLEWsnQDovfg==, figureFileBig=2/M7cV3okzc+TP8KzG2hGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150822872691604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150811099279879, language=CN, label=图3, caption=三套网格剪切场算例初始界面位置, figureFileSmall=YZEz/wpFDDBLEWsnQDovfg==, figureFileBig=2/M7cV3okzc+TP8KzG2hGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150823011103645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150811099279879, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Simulated results of interface for shear field case at different mesh densities, figureFileSmall=X8sqOKvlw1ETFERm9ti5dw==, figureFileBig=ycVm+NJM9c4xCQ0CiY4OLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150823094989733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150811099279879, language=CN, label=图4, caption=三套网格剪切场算例运动界面捕捉结果(下图为反扩散VOF), figureFileSmall=X8sqOKvlw1ETFERm9ti5dw==, figureFileBig=ycVm+NJM9c4xCQ0CiY4OLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150823212430253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150811099279879, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Geometric parameters for dam break case, figureFileSmall=rtR9uuYoAi0Xbfnx4JK0TQ==, figureFileBig=JD31g5v08XoH5dtsBCuvZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150823296316341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150811099279879, language=CN, label=图5, caption=三维溃坝流动算例几何参数, figureFileSmall=rtR9uuYoAi0Xbfnx4JK0TQ==, figureFileBig=JD31g5v08XoH5dtsBCuvZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150823363425210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150811099279879, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Free-surface height varying with time at monitoring locations H1-H4, figureFileSmall=3em09ht8wOHq2OJ0JItmMQ==, figureFileBig=3YBxvRLHf4ZRO8dlCxXFUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150823564751811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150811099279879, language=CN, label=图6, caption=H1-H4监测位置液面高度随时间变化, figureFileSmall=3em09ht8wOHq2OJ0JItmMQ==, figureFileBig=3YBxvRLHf4ZRO8dlCxXFUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150823669609418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150811099279879, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Contour of free-surface at different time for dam break case, figureFileSmall=i7E8d/z/P6B9Qi8umjIuHQ==, figureFileBig=XP9jLGqZNZWrVnKoEqzNGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150823774467026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150811099279879, language=CN, label=图7, caption=溃坝算例不同时刻液面形态, figureFileSmall=i7E8d/z/P6B9Qi8umjIuHQ==, figureFileBig=XP9jLGqZNZWrVnKoEqzNGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150823858353112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150811099279879, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Configuration and geometric parameters of cabin for DOWN-flooding case, figureFileSmall=mUw16+PbOUrpZAo7sH02WQ==, figureFileBig=EZPlUjdmF6uGnsYiny0Qqw==, tableContent=null), 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label=图11, caption=DOWN-flooding算例液面高度随时间变化曲线, figureFileSmall=iDQ8ppNxphH/VoPluur2jg==, figureFileBig=F9taPJUsnltWweQpEqU5UQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150824537829386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150811099279879, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Interface thickness and mass error for Zalesak cases at different grid densities

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格数算法/格式界面厚度质量误差
平均厚度压缩量误差减小量
100×100VOF2.81/18.96%/
VOF+AD显式1.2356.28%10.29%45.75%
VOF+AD隐式1.2256.38%10.32%45.59%
200×200VOF2.46/8.16%/
VOF+AD显式1.3744.37%5.12%37.24%
VOF+AD隐式1.3445.35%5.15%36.94%
300×300VOF2.63/5.93%/
VOF+AD显式1.1755.54%4.24%28.52%
VOF+AD隐式1.1655.80%4.20%29.11%
), ArticleFig(id=1242150824625909774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150811099279879, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

三套网格密度下Zalesak算例界面厚度与质量误差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格数算法/格式界面厚度质量误差
平均厚度压缩量误差减小量
100×100VOF2.81/18.96%/
VOF+AD显式1.2356.28%10.29%45.75%
VOF+AD隐式1.2256.38%10.32%45.59%
200×200VOF2.46/8.16%/
VOF+AD显式1.3744.37%5.12%37.24%
VOF+AD隐式1.3445.35%5.15%36.94%
300×300VOF2.63/5.93%/
VOF+AD显式1.1755.54%4.24%28.52%
VOF+AD隐式1.1655.80%4.20%29.11%
), ArticleFig(id=1242150824722378770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150811099279879, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Interface thickness and mass error for shear field cases at different mesh densities

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格数算法界面厚度质量误差
平均厚度压缩量误差减小量
100×100VOF4.93/23.57%/
VOF+AD1.4470.77%16.82%28.63%
200×200VOF4.14/7.34%/
VOF+AD1.2270.51%4.44%39.56%
300×300VOF3.26/4.83%/
VOF+AD1.1963.50%3.14%35.01%
), ArticleFig(id=1242150824823042073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150811099279879, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

三套网格剪切场算例界面厚度与质量误差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格数算法界面厚度质量误差
平均厚度压缩量误差减小量
100×100VOF4.93/23.57%/
VOF+AD1.4470.77%16.82%28.63%
200×200VOF4.14/7.34%/
VOF+AD1.2270.51%4.44%39.56%
300×300VOF3.26/4.83%/
VOF+AD1.1963.50%3.14%35.01%
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非定常自由面流动模拟的反扩散VOF算法研究
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李晓东 , 吴乘胜 , 王星 , 王建春 , 张亚英
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024,28(5): 663-675
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024, 28(5): 663-675
非定常自由面流动模拟的反扩散VOF算法研究
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李晓东 , 吴乘胜, 王星, 王建春, 张亚英
作者信息
  • 中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082;中船重工奥蓝托无锡软件技术有限公司,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 李晓东(1996-),男,硕士,工程师,通讯作者,E-mail:

    吴乘胜(1976-),男,博士,研究员。

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Anti-diffusion VOF method for unsteady free-surface flow simulation
Xiao-dong LI , Cheng-sheng WU, Xing WANG, Jian-chun WANG, Ya-ying ZHANG
Affiliations
  • China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082 China; Wuxi Orient Software Technology Co Ltd, Wuxi 214082, China
出版时间: 2024-05-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.05.003
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VOF(Volume of Fluid)方法由于其良好的守恒性和网格适应性,且具有计算资源需求相对较小等优点,成为船舶水动力学领域自由面流动CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)模拟的主流方法。但原始的VOF方法存在较为严重的界面扩散问题,导致模拟的界面厚度过大、空间分辨率不够,进而影响流场相关变量的计算精度,这一问题在非定常自由面流动模拟中尤为明显。本文针对上述问题,通过在VOF控制方程中引入人工对流项以达到抑制界面扩散、压缩界面厚度的目的,并采用隐式离散人工对流项的方式提高计算稳定性,形成了反扩散VOF算法。经Zalesak和剪切场等经典算例在不同数量网格下的测试验证,表明反扩散VOF算法能够大幅压缩界面厚度,同时明显减小质量误差。随后的三维无障碍溃坝算例和破舱进水算例,进一步证明了反扩散VOF算法在实际非定常流动模拟中能够更好地捕捉自由面并提高计算精度。

自由面  /  VOF方法  /  人工对流项  /  反扩散

Because of the advantages of good physical conservation and grid suitability along with low demand on computational consumption, VOF is now the main numerical method for the treatment of free-surface in ship hydrodynamics. But for the original VOF method, the problem of interface diffusion is rather serious and results in excessive thickness and insufficient resolution for interface simulation. It will also affect the computational precision of other correlative variables in the flow filed. This problem is especially serious in the simulation of unsteady free-surface flow. In this paper, anti-diffusion VOF method was developed by introducing an artificial convective term into the control equation to restrain interface diffusion and reduce interface thickness. Implicit scheme was adopted for discretization of the artificial convective term to ensure computational stability. The method was tested by typical cases of Zalesak and shear field under different meshes. The results show that the interface thickness is reduced remarkably and the mass error is also reduced obviously. The simulations of 3-dimensional test cases for dam break and flooding in damaged cabin show that the anti-diffusion VOF method can capture the free-surface better and improve computational precision in the CFD simulation of practical unsteady free-surface flow.

free-surface  /  VOF method  /  artificial convective term  /  anti-diffusion
李晓东, 吴乘胜, 王星, 王建春, 张亚英. 非定常自由面流动模拟的反扩散VOF算法研究. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (5) : 663 -675 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.05.003
Xiao-dong LI, Cheng-sheng WU, Xing WANG, Jian-chun WANG, Ya-ying ZHANG. Anti-diffusion VOF method for unsteady free-surface flow simulation[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (5) : 663 -675 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.05.003
自由面流动作为船舶水动力学领域的特性问题,历来是数值模拟研究的重点之一。为了解决这一问题,长期以来研究人员开发了种类繁多的自由面模型和算法。
在基于网格法的数值模拟中,界面捕捉法无需额外增加标记点、计算量较小同时还能较为准确地模拟界面,因而成为目前的主流方法。而界面捕捉法中的VOF方法[1],由于具有良好的物理守恒性和网格适应性,计算相对较为简单,并可以模拟复杂的运动界面结构及其变化,是目前工程应用中主要的自由面处理方法。根据界面重构的方式不同,VOF方法可以分为几何重构型[2-3]和代数重构型[4-6]两大类,其中代数重构型方法不仅具有更好的网格适应性,而且方便对体积输运方程进行隐式离散处理,具有更好的计算稳定性,应用前景更为广阔。
船舶水动力学中的自由面流动,本质上是气-液两相界面流动问题,其特点是界面两侧的密度比很高(约为1000),并且从数学物理层面严格来说是无厚度的,这就导致界面处有些变量的梯度趋于无穷大,相应的数值计算处理难度很大。因此在目前的界面模型和算法中,自由面通常都是有一定厚度的,因而如何使模拟得到的界面厚度尽量薄并且保证计算的稳定性,也就成为自由面模型和算法研究的重点之一。
在原始的VOF方法中,体积分数的输运方程包含瞬态项和对流项。由于对流项的存在,使得捕捉的运动界面跨过的网格过多,从而导致界面变厚、空间分辨率下降,即界面扩散问题。笔者的研究实践表明:界面扩散问题不仅会影响数值模拟中的界面捕捉效果,还会影响流场中相关变量的计算精度,进而影响整体的计算结果,且这一问题在非定常自由面流动数值模拟中尤为明显。
为解决这一问题,不少研究工作通过界面几何重构方式[7-8]或者采用高分辨率插值格式[9-10],以期达到降低界面扩散的目的。但前者带来了更大的计算量和编程上的复杂性,同时还损失了网格适应性,后者的效果大多不够理想。
为此,有学者提出了构造反扩散VOF的思想。这一概念较早由Weller[11]在OpenFOAM的内部报告中提出;Gupta等[12]将其应用到准定常自由面兴波的处理中;最近,国内也有研究人员[13-14]基于OpenFOAM将其应用于液滴和气泡流(不带自由面)的数值模拟中。但在船舶水动力学领域,尤其是在非定常自由面流动模拟方面,相关的研究很少见。
本文针对非定常自由面流动CFD模拟中的界面扩散问题,基于自主研发的CFD求解器NaViiX,在VOF方法的体积分数输运方程中引入人工对流项,以达到抑制界面扩散、压缩界面厚度的目的,并采用隐式离散人工对流项的方式提高计算稳定性,开发形成反扩散VOF算法。本文首先通过Zalesak和剪切场等经典算例对算法进行测试验证,随后开展三维无障碍溃坝算例和破舱进水算例等实际非定常流动问题的CFD模拟。结果表明,本算法在显著压缩界面厚度的同时,还能明显减小质量误差,从而能够更好地捕捉自由面并提高计算精度。
船舶水动力学CFD模拟中,一般认为流体是不可压缩的,其连续性方程和动量方程分别如下:
式中,U为速度矢量,ρ是流体密度,μ为粘性系数,g是重力加速度,S为源项。
VOF方法的思想是在流场中引入一个表示体积分数的标量函数α,如果α =1定义为流体1,如果α =0定义为流体2,那么两种流体的界面就位于0<α<1的区域,
流场中任意位置网格单元中的密度ρ和粘性系数μ可以由下式计算:
自由面的重构就是将公式(3)和连续方程(1)、动量方程(2)联立求解,通过定位函数α介于0、1之间的网格单元来捕捉两相流运动界面。
公式(3)即为原始VOF方法的体积分数输运方程。前面提到,由于其中对流项的存在导致了界面扩散问题。为了抑制界面扩散,提高界面分辨率,在体积输运方程中引入了人工对流项:
式中,c为压缩因子,取值范围为0~1,取0时没有压缩效果,方程退化为公式(3);取1时压缩效果最大,但可能会导致计算收敛性和稳定性下降。
分析方程(5)可以发现:一方面从数学形式上看,人工对流项是α的二阶偏导项,与扩散项形式相同但方向相反,可以抑制扩散;另一方面,如把∇α看作已知系数,人工对流项就是一个简单的反向对流项,即与体积分数输运方程中原来的对流项方向相反。本文对∇α作显式处理,因而从反向对流项角度来看,∇α确定了人工对流项的方向与影响区域,只在α =0~1两相流界面附近区域产生作用,1-α意味着界面区域越接近流体2的位置其压缩效果越显著,而越靠近流体1位置其压缩效果越小。
上述控制方程需要先离散化转换为代数方程组后求解,关于连续性方程和动量方程离散化的介绍已有很多,这里不再赘述。以下简要介绍人工对流项的处理以及相应体积输运方程的离散。
因为人工对流项里出现体积分数α的二次幂及其梯度项,所以给人工对流项的离散带来了困难。比较方便的做法是对该项完全做显式处理,但这会导致体积分数输运方程的收敛性和稳定性变差。
本文对人工对流项的隐式处理方式,是把1-α和∇α当作系数处理。通过这样的线性化处理后,可以发现人工对流项和原对流项的形式一致:
这样,人工对流项和原对流项都可以采用一致的隐式离散方法,从而既能达到实现抑制界面扩散的目的,又能保证数值计算的稳定性。
对体积分数输运方程进行隐式离散可得
式中,体积分数αf为采用优化HRIC格式[15]计算得到的插值系数,梯度项(∇αf用与体积分数相同的插值系数。
下面通过两个经典的界面保持性和界面还原性测试算例,对以上构造的反扩散VOF算法进行测试,以验证其有效性。
为便于后面的定量分析,定义界面厚度D以及数值解与精确解的质量误差e分别为
式中,G表示体积分数α在0.05~0.95范围内跨过的网格单元总数,L表示运动界面周长,Δx表示网格单元尺寸,α0是网格单元中体积分数函数的精确解,αi是网格单元中体积分数函数的数值解,i是网格单元的编号,N是网格单元的总数。
Zalesak算例包括曲线边界、直线边界、拐角等多种几何特征,是一个能够综合检验界面形状保持性的经典算例,广泛应用于界面处理算法、格式等的测试。
算例参数及描述:在1 × 1的区域内,x-y平面上有一个缺口圆,圆心坐标(0.5,0.75);计算使用均匀结构化网格,采用网格单元数分别为100×100、200×200、300×300的三套网格(分别称为粗网格、中等网格和细网格)进行测试对比,时间步长统一为0.001 s;三套网格下初始界面位置见图1
计算测试的旋转流场表达式如下:
式中,xy是网格单元中心坐标,x0y0是圆心坐标。
两种算法三套网格下,界面旋转一周后的数值计算结果见图2。图中,上一排图为原VOF算法结果,下一排图为反扩散VOF算法结果,各图中的三条红线从外向内分别代表体积分数为0.05、0.5、0.95的等值线,三条红线跨过网格的宽度可以用来度量界面的厚度。从图中可以看出:
(1)粗网格下数值计算的界面扩散现象相当严重。在未引入人工对流项的原VOF算法计算结果中,数值计算捕捉到的运动界面分辨率很低,体积分数0.05等值线难以分辨出界面缺口位置;在引入人工对流项的反扩散VOF算法计算结果中,数值计算捕捉到的运动界面分辨率明显提高,体积分数0.05等值线能够准确分辨出界面缺口位置。
(2)中等网格和细网格下数值计算的界面扩散现象明显改善。原VOF算法捕捉的运动界面已较为清晰,但界面厚度较厚;而反扩散VOF算法捕捉到的界面在厚度方向上跨过的网格数量更少,界面厚度被明显压缩从而变得更薄,同时还改善了界面拐角位置的锐利性。
(3)在本算例中,反扩散VOF算法也表现出少许不足——捕捉的界面在光顺性方面略有损失,其原因是反扩散VOF算法引入的人工对流项的界面压缩效果较强,从而引入了一定的色散性所致。这一问题可以通过调整人工对流项中的压缩因子和优化HRIC格式中的角度因子等参数来解决。
表1给出了三套网格下反扩散VOF算法(以VOF+AD表示)与原算法(以VOF表示)捕捉的界面厚度以及数值解与精确解间的质量误差对比,表中同时给出了人工对流项显式离散和隐式离散对结果的影响。从表中可以看出:
(1)从界面厚度角度看,相较于原算法,反扩散VOF算法的压缩效果相当显著。粗网格下的界面厚度从2.8个网格单元降至1.2个网格单元,压缩量达56%;中等网格下的界面厚度从2.5个网格单元降至不到1.4个网格单元,压缩量约45%;细网格下的界面厚度从2.6个网格单元降至不到1.2个网格单元,压缩量近56%。
(2)从质量误差角度看,反扩散VOF算法同时也大幅减小了误差。粗网格下误差从约19%降至约10%,减小近46%;中等网格下误差从8%左右降至5%左右,减小约37%;细网格下误差从约6%降至约4%,减小29%左右。总体上看,网格越细密,质量误差越小,同时误差减小量也越小。
(3)三套网格下人工对流项的离散格式对界面厚度和质量误差的影响很小,可以忽略。但是考虑到隐式离散比显式离散数值计算更为稳定,同时受库朗数(Courant number)的限制更小,能够采用较大的时间步长从而提高计算效率,故后面的数值计算中,人工对流项都采用隐式离散。
本算例是一个圆先在剪切场中运动2 s,然后再在反向剪切场作用下运动2 s的过程,其正确的数学物理现象应该是恢复原状。该算例被广泛用于运动界面的变化-还原测试。
算例参数及描述:在1 × 1的区域内,x-y平面上有一个半径0.15的圆,圆心坐标(0.5,0.75);在三套均匀结构化网格上进行计算测试,网格单元数分别为100×100、200×200、300×300,时间步长统一为0.001 s;三套网格下初始界面位置见图3
计算测试的剪切流场表达式如下:
反向剪切流场表达式则为
两种算法三套网格下,界面经过剪切-反剪切后的数值计算结果见图4。图中,上排图为原VOF算法,下排图为反扩散VOF算法,各图中的三条红线从外向内分别代表体积分数为0.05、0.5、0.95的等值线。从图中可以看出:
(1)粗网格下,原VOF算法捕捉的运动界面扩散现象非常明显,并且严重变形失真,尤其是在顶部偏左部位;反扩散VOF算法显著改善了界面扩散问题,大幅压缩了界面厚度,对界面变形失真问题也有所改善。
(2)中等网格和细网格下,原VOF算法捕捉的运动界面仍然存在明显的扩散问题,在顶部略偏左的部位尤为严重,同时该处的界面也明显变形失真;而反扩散VOF算法不仅明显改善了界面扩散问题、压缩了界面厚度,同时还消除了顶部偏左处的界面变形失真现象。
(3)与Zalesak算例一样,在本算例中,反扩散VOF算法也表现出少许不足——捕捉的界面在光顺性方面略有损失,不过总体上界面捕捉的效果显著改善,同时表现出更好的网格无关性,即界面捕捉效果对网格的依赖性更低一些。
表2给出了三套网格下反扩散VOF算法(以VOF+AD表示)与原算法(以VOF表示)捕捉的界面厚度以及数值解与精确解间的质量误差对比。从表中可以看出:
(1)从界面厚度角度看,相较于原算法,反扩散VOF算法的压缩效果相当显著。粗网格下的界面厚度从4.9个网格单元降至1.4个网格单元,压缩量近71%;中等网格下的界面厚度从4.1个网格单元降至不到1.2个网格单元,压缩量同样近71%;细网格下的界面厚度从3.3个网格单元降至不到1.2个网格单元,压缩量约63%。
(2)从质量误差角度看,反扩散VOF算法同时也大幅减小了误差。粗网格下误差从约24%降至约17%,减小近29%;中等网格下误差从7%左右降至4%左右,减小约40%;细网格下误差从约5%降至约3%,减小35%。总体上看,网格越细密,质量误差越小。
综上所述,Zalesak算例和剪切场算例的测试结果皆表明,引入人工对流项的反扩散VOF算法,能够在大幅压缩运动界面厚度的同时,明显减小质量误差,虽然在界面光顺性方面有少许损失,不过总体上还是显著改善了界面捕捉效果。
下面将反扩散VOF算法引入自主CFD求解器NaViiX中,并通过三维溃坝和破舱进水算例,验证本算法在实际非定常自由面流动数值模拟中的效果。
三维无障碍溃坝算例中,自由面变化剧烈,具有强非定常的特征,同时还伴随着自由面翻卷、破碎、融合等强非线性现象,广泛应用于非定常自由面模拟能力的测试。
本算例采用文献[16]提供的实验参数和实验数据。算例的模型几何参数和自由面监测位置见图5。图中模型长度L=1610 mm,宽度W=150 mm,高度D=600 mm,初始水面高度H=300 mm;数值模拟采用正六面体网格,网格单元总数为6.42万。
图6给出了无障碍溃坝模拟中,H1-H4四个监测位置处液面高度随时间的变化曲线,包括了实验测量结果、原VOF算法和反扩散VOF算法的数值模拟结果,图中横轴为时间的无量纲化tg/h0.5,纵轴为高度的无量纲化h/H。从图中可以看出:
(1)对于监测位置H1处的自由面高度,原VOF算法和反扩散VOF算法模拟结果都与实验符合良好。
(2)对于监测位置H2处的自由面高度,反扩散VOF算法模拟结果与实验符合良好,原VOF算法在无量纲时间7以后模拟结果低于实验值。
(3)对于监测位置H3处的自由面高度,两种算法模拟结果在无量纲时间6以前与实验符合良好,在此时刻之后有一定差别,反扩散VOF算法模拟结果总体上与实验值更为接近。
(4)对于监测位置H4处的自由面高度,两种算法模拟结果在无量纲时间5以前与实验符合良好,在此时刻之后有一定差别,同样,反扩散VOF算法模拟结果总体上与实验符合更好。
监测位置H3和H4处数值模拟结果(后段)与实验结果存在误差的主要原因是:水到达舱室模型左侧壁面后受阻返回,液面发生翻卷、破碎、融合,此时自由面变化剧烈,两个位置都不可避免地存在界面多值问题,无论是实验中的液面高度传感器测量还是数值模拟中的界面位置数据取样,误差都是无法避免的。
图7由上至下依次给出了无障碍溃坝算例1 s、2 s、3 s、4 s、5 s时的液面形态,图中左侧为原VOF算法结果,右侧为反扩散VOF算法结果;各图中红色代表液体(水),蓝色代表空气。从图中可以看出:
(1)在1 s时,液面已经出现了翻卷,但总体上尚未破碎,此时两种算法的模拟结果差别很小。
(2)到2 s时,液面已经出现了破碎、飞溅、融合并不再连续,此时两种算法的模拟结果表现出一定差别但不是很显著,反扩散VOF算法模拟的液面总体上较为清晰一些。
(3)从3 s之后,随着流动的发展,液面在经过多次的破碎、飞溅、融合后有渐趋平静之势。此时,原VOF算法捕捉的界面扩散现象非常严重,已经很难判断液面的准确位置;而反扩散VOF算法较好地解决了这一问题,捕捉的液面更为清晰,对飞溅现象的模拟也更为逼真。
该算例属于2020年欧盟FLARE benchmark项目的DOWN-flooding案例[17],进水舱室的构型与几何参数见图8,其中上下两个子舱室之间的隔板中心位置有一个40 mm×40 mm的连通口;在上舱室的右侧舱壁有一个尺寸为80 mm×80 mm的进水口,舱室顶壁有一个圆形排气孔;下舱室右侧舱壁连接着一个方形排气管道。实验中模型吃水保持400 mm不变。
数值模拟中,计算域大小设置为1500 mm×600 mm×1000 mm,进水舱室位于计算域中部。网格划分时,为了更好地模拟舱室进水过程并捕捉液面变化,对整个舱室内部、舱外自由面附近以及进水口附近区域的网格进行了细化(如图9所示),计算域网格单元总数为112万。CFD模拟时引入了标准k-ε湍流模型,时间步长为0.001 s。
图10给出了10 s和20 s时的舱室内液面形态,图中左侧为原VOF算法模拟结果,右侧为反扩散VOF算法模拟结果;各图中红色代表液体(水),蓝色代表空气。从图中可以看出:
(1)原VOF算法模拟结果中,上、下舱室的界面(自由液面)扩散现象非常明显,且随着时间推进愈加严重,尤其是下舱室绝大部分空间发展为水-气混合区域,进而影响了速度场-压力场的准确计算,导致上舱室的水进入下舱室时受阻。
(2)反扩散VOF算法有效地解决了界面扩散问题,CFD模拟捕捉到的液面清晰,水-气混合现象得到了有效抑制,上舱室的水进入下舱室时受阻的问题也不复存在。
图11给出了不同时刻上、下舱室液面高度变化曲线,包括实验结果和两种算法模拟结果。从图中可以看出:
(1)原VOF算法CFD模拟结果中,上舱室的液面高度总体上明显偏高,下舱室的液面高度显著偏低,最高水位较实验值偏低约1/3。
(2)反扩散VOF算法模拟结果中,上舱室液面高度随时间变化与实验结果吻合良好。由于上舱室入口较上-下舱室连通口大,流入大于流出,液面迅速上升,到7 s左右时流入与流出基本平衡,液面高度达到一个平稳值;到17 s左右时,由于下舱室的水基本灌满,上舱室流入大于流出,导致液面高度再次略有上升,直至与舱外水位齐平。
(3)下舱室液面高度随时间变化与实验结果也符合良好。液面的上升速度与实验值基本相同,但总体上存在一定的延时现象,相同时刻下舱室液面高度CFD模拟结果较实验结果略低,不过基本上在18 s左右达到峰值并保持稳定。
综上所述,经三维无障碍溃坝和破舱进水两个非定常自由面流动算例的CFD模拟,验证了引入人工对流项的反扩散VOF算法能够有效地抑制界面扩散现象,从而更好地捕捉自由面并提高计算精度。
本文通过在VOF方法的体积分数输运方程中引入人工对流项,以达到抑制界面扩散、压缩界面厚度、提高界面捕捉精度的目的,并采用隐式离散人工对流项的方式提高计算稳定性,开发形成反扩散VOF算法。经过二维经典算例测试和实际三维非定常自由面流动算例验证,可得出以下结论:
(1)原VOF算法的界面扩散问题具有时间累积效应,从而在非定常自由面流动模拟中,相界面区域会持续扩散,导致计算域大部分空间的体积分数都介于0~1之间,无法准确捕捉自由面,并影响速度场、压力场等的准确计算。
(2)引入人工对流项的反扩散VOF算法,有效地解决了界面扩散问题,能够大幅压缩运动界面厚度并明显减小质量误差,从而更好地捕捉自由面并提高计算精度。
  • 水动力学重点实验室基金项目(k6971)
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2024年第28卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.05.003
  • 接收时间:2023-11-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-15
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水动力学重点实验室基金项目(k6971)
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    中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082;中船重工奥蓝托无锡软件技术有限公司,江苏 无锡 214082

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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