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Based on the theory of fluid-structure coupling dynamics, a smoothed particle hydrodynamic model of a two-dimensional rectangular tank was established. Dummy particles were utilized for the treatment of wall boundary in the simulation. Firstly, the effectiveness of the model was verified by comparing simulation results with experimental results. Then, the effects of rolling excitations and various liquid filling levels on impact pressure were discussed. On this basis, different baffle structures were designed, including single and combined baffles. After that, the characteristics of free liquid surface morphology and impact pressure were investigated at the resonance frequency and 30% filling rate. The results show that (1) the roll amplitude has the greatest effect on the pressure peak at the resonance frequency; (2) with the increase of filling level, the double peak characteristics of impact pressure disappear gradually; (3) the T-baffle is beneficial to reduce the level of impact load as the baffle scale is small; (4) and the double T-shaped baffle is effective in reducing impact force at the bottom of the tank.

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本文基于流固耦合动力学理论,建立二维液舱晃荡的光滑粒子流体动力学模型,并引入Dummy边界处理固定边界问题。首先,与实验结果对比验证模型的有效性;随后,分析不同横摇激励、多种载液率下自由液面的运动规律,研究液体抨击舱壁产生的压力特性;在此基础上,设计单一隔板和组合隔板等不同制荡结构,探究共振频率、30%载液率下,自由液面形态和壁面冲击压力的特性。结果表明:在共振频率下,横摇幅值对压力峰值的影响最大;随着载液率的增加,壁面抨击压力双峰特性逐渐消失;当隔板尺度较小时,T型隔板更有利于降低压力的整体水平;双T型隔板可有效降低舱底冲击。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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张之凡(1990-),女,博士,副教授

张桂勇(1978-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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1b.State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
2.State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242150822998520731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150810465939970, authorId=1242150821324993417, language=CN, stringName=张之凡, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1a, 1b, 2, address=1a.大连理工大学 船舶工程学院,辽宁 大连 116024
1b.大连理工大学 工业装备与结构分析国家重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116024
2.北京理工大学 爆炸科学与技术国家重点实验室,北京 100081, bio={"content":"

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1b.State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
4.Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Deep-Sea Exploration, Shanghai 200240, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242150824005153760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150810465939970, authorId=1242150823753495503, language=CN, stringName=张桂勇, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1a, 1b, 4, address=1a.大连理工大学 船舶工程学院,辽宁 大连 116024
1b.大连理工大学 工业装备与结构分析国家重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116024
4.高新船舶与深海开发装备协同创新中心,上海 200240, bio={"content":"

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1b.State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150830023979167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150810465939970, language=CN, label=图16, caption=舱底压力曲线, figureFileSmall=XRZ8F32BHuRkbeg4/CHf4A==, figureFileBig=An0LxtuuBXx7P9e/QtnXhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150830099476641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150810465939970, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of pressure peaks between SPH and experimental results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
峰值实验结果/PaSPH结果/Pa相对误差(%)
13281.143118.884.95
23093.103197.193.37
33229.133371.714.42
43240.023197.321.32
), ArticleFig(id=1242150830187557029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150810465939970, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

SPH与实验结果峰值对比表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
峰值实验结果/PaSPH结果/Pa相对误差(%)
13281.143118.884.95
23093.103197.193.37
33229.133371.714.42
43240.023197.321.32
), ArticleFig(id=1242150831705895080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150810465939970, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Calculation cases of rectangular tank

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况激励幅值θ0频率ω/(rad ⋅s-1载液率(%)工况激励幅值θ0频率ω/(rad ⋅s-1载液率(%)
工况24230工况683.35730
工况343.35730工况78530
工况44530工况884.150
工况58230工况984.5370
), ArticleFig(id=1242150831773003944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150810465939970, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

矩形舱的计算工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况激励幅值θ0频率ω/(rad ⋅s-1载液率(%)工况激励幅值θ0频率ω/(rad ⋅s-1载液率(%)
工况24230工况683.35730
工况343.35730工况78530
工况44530工况884.150
工况58230工况984.5370
), ArticleFig(id=1242150831840112812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150810465939970, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison of mean pressure peaks at 30% filling rate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
激励幅值θ0频率ω/(rad・s-1平均压力峰值/Pa激励幅值θ0频率ω/(rad・s-1平均压力峰值/Pa增幅
43.357172683.3573796119%
2630290643%
58785141061%
), ArticleFig(id=1242150831936581807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150810465939970, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

30%载液率下平均压力峰值对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
激励幅值θ0频率ω/(rad・s-1平均压力峰值/Pa激励幅值θ0频率ω/(rad・s-1平均压力峰值/Pa增幅
43.357172683.3573796119%
2630290643%
58785141061%
), ArticleFig(id=1242150832045633715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150810465939970, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Calculation cases of tanks with baffles

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
厚度d/m工况隔板形式高度Hb工况隔板形式高度Hb
工况10垂直D工况17水平0.8D
工况11垂直0.8D工况18水平0.6D
工况12垂直0.6D工况19双T0.8D
0.024工况13T型D工况20垂直+水平0.8D
工况14T型0.8D工况21双垂直+水平0.8D
工况15T型0.6D工况22三垂直0.8D
工况16水平D
), ArticleFig(id=1242150832175657142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150810465939970, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

带隔板舱室的计算工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
厚度d/m工况隔板形式高度Hb工况隔板形式高度Hb
工况10垂直D工况17水平0.8D
工况11垂直0.8D工况18水平0.6D
工况12垂直0.6D工况19双T0.8D
0.024工况13T型D工况20垂直+水平0.8D
工况14T型0.8D工况21双垂直+水平0.8D
工况15T型0.6D工况22三垂直0.8D
工况16水平D
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基于SPH方法的二维液舱晃荡特性研究
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张之凡 1a, 1b, 2 , 王越美 1a , 李昌良 3 , 张桂勇 1a, 1b, 4 , 宗智 1a, 1b, 4
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024,28(5): 676-688
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024, 28(5): 676-688
基于SPH方法的二维液舱晃荡特性研究
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张之凡1a, 1b, 2, 王越美1a, 李昌良3, 张桂勇1a, 1b, 4 , 宗智1a, 1b, 4
作者信息
  • 1a.大连理工大学 船舶工程学院,辽宁 大连 116024
  • 1b.大连理工大学 工业装备与结构分析国家重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116024
  • 2.北京理工大学 爆炸科学与技术国家重点实验室,北京 100081
  • 3.中国石油大学(华东) 石油工程学院,山东 青岛 266580
  • 4.高新船舶与深海开发装备协同创新中心,上海 200240
  • 张之凡(1990-),女,博士,副教授

    张桂勇(1978-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Sloshing characteristics of a 2D rectangular tank based on SPH method
Zhi-fan ZHANG1a, 1b, 2, Yue-mei WANG1a, Chang-liang LI3, Gui-yong ZHANG1a, 1b, 4 , Zhi ZONG1a, 1b, 4
Affiliations
  • 1a.School of Naval Architecture Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
  • 1b.State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
  • 3.School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
  • 4.Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Deep-Sea Exploration, Shanghai 200240, China
出版时间: 2024-05-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.05.004
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本文基于流固耦合动力学理论,建立二维液舱晃荡的光滑粒子流体动力学模型,并引入Dummy边界处理固定边界问题。首先,与实验结果对比验证模型的有效性;随后,分析不同横摇激励、多种载液率下自由液面的运动规律,研究液体抨击舱壁产生的压力特性;在此基础上,设计单一隔板和组合隔板等不同制荡结构,探究共振频率、30%载液率下,自由液面形态和壁面冲击压力的特性。结果表明:在共振频率下,横摇幅值对压力峰值的影响最大;随着载液率的增加,壁面抨击压力双峰特性逐渐消失;当隔板尺度较小时,T型隔板更有利于降低压力的整体水平;双T型隔板可有效降低舱底冲击。

SPH方法  /  Dummy边界  /  液舱晃荡  /  抨击压力  /  隔板结构设计

Based on the theory of fluid-structure coupling dynamics, a smoothed particle hydrodynamic model of a two-dimensional rectangular tank was established. Dummy particles were utilized for the treatment of wall boundary in the simulation. Firstly, the effectiveness of the model was verified by comparing simulation results with experimental results. Then, the effects of rolling excitations and various liquid filling levels on impact pressure were discussed. On this basis, different baffle structures were designed, including single and combined baffles. After that, the characteristics of free liquid surface morphology and impact pressure were investigated at the resonance frequency and 30% filling rate. The results show that (1) the roll amplitude has the greatest effect on the pressure peak at the resonance frequency; (2) with the increase of filling level, the double peak characteristics of impact pressure disappear gradually; (3) the T-baffle is beneficial to reduce the level of impact load as the baffle scale is small; (4) and the double T-shaped baffle is effective in reducing impact force at the bottom of the tank.

SPH method  /  dummy boundary  /  tank sloshing  /  impact load  /  baffle structure design
张之凡, 王越美, 李昌良, 张桂勇, 宗智. 基于SPH方法的二维液舱晃荡特性研究. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (5) : 676 -688 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.05.004
Zhi-fan ZHANG, Yue-mei WANG, Chang-liang LI, Gui-yong ZHANG, Zhi ZONG. Sloshing characteristics of a 2D rectangular tank based on SPH method[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (5) : 676 -688 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.05.004
液舱晃荡是指部分充液舱室发生扰动时,内部流体受迫运动而形成的流动现象。当舱室所受外部激励的频率接近液舱的固有频率时,其内部的液体运动最为剧烈。舱室内布置隔板可以干扰流体的运动,同时改变液舱自身的固有频率,有利于避开特定航线上的外部激励频率。
砰击压力的时空分布和隔板的布置形式是液舱晃荡研究的热点问题,研究方法主要分为理论解析、数值模拟和实验研究三种。国际上,船舶领域液舱晃荡的理论研究较早见于Faltinsen[1]的二维矩形舱问题,随后一批学者[2-6]基于速度势、线性波、时域势流等理论,探究了晃荡过程中自由波面的频散关系、非线性响应以及共振等问题。然而,理论方法需对流场添加理想化的假设,相比之下,实验方法的结果具有直观性和可靠性,可用于复杂舱室结构的研究。目前常采用缩尺模型进行液舱晃荡实验,Brar等[7]采用模拟和实验方法研究了档板对椭圆形液舱晃荡问题的影响,发现水平隔板和垂直隔板的组合在控制晃荡方面具有重要作用。徐国徽等[8]针对矩形舱开展了多载液率下的横摇实验,由70%载液率的实验与计算值给出抨击压力计算的修正系数。
近年来,数值模拟方法为液舱晃荡问题的研究提供了新思路。已有众多学者利用有网格方法对液舱晃荡问题进行了比较详尽的研究[9-12],包括分析隔板的安装高度、开口宽度、安装位置、隔板形状的影响。传统有网格模型处理自由液面大变形问题时,为了保证求解的稳定性和精度,需要不断重新划分网格或施加额外的技术追踪自由表面的位置[13]。本文所用的光滑粒子流体动力学(Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics,简称SPH)方法,以具有拉格朗日性质的粒子组成离散问题域,善于模拟不规则的自由表面。Eghtesad等[14]考虑板的弹塑性,提出了一种改进的SPH流固界面接触算法,模拟了冲击压力作用下固体断裂现象;Cao等[15]建立了三维液舱晃荡模型,并采用改进的高斯型核函数提高了SPH方法求解液舱晃荡问题时的精度;Shao等[16]采用SPH方法模拟横荡激励下不同单一形式的隔板对矩形舱室晃荡的抑制效果,指出垂直隔板和T型隔板具有较高的应用价值;尹梓炜等[17]提出了一种改良的自适应性边界模型,并基于该模型探究隔板高度对晃荡的影响;Zheng等[18]讨论了多种形式的隔板的抑制效果,但基于不可压缩SPH法需要求解泊松方程。SPH法在解决液舱晃荡及制荡等问题时具有天然的优势,但其抨击压力的获得受固壁条件施加方式影响,传统的斥力边界通过额外施加排斥力防止粒子穿透,会对压力场产生非物理扰动。Tao等[19]改进SPH法边界粒子的斥力公式,提高了边界防粒子穿透的能力,改进的固定边界算法主要解决了复杂形状舱室的模拟问题。
本文将密度过滤和Dummy边界处理方法引入SPH模型中,研究二维矩型舱室受横摇激励的晃荡运动,探究外部激励和内部载液率对晃荡的影响,分析低载液率下隔板的抑制效果。首先,采用SPH方法建立液舱晃荡数值模型,应用Dummy粒子法处理固定边界,避免边界对压力场的非物理扰动,加入密度过滤降低压力噪声,将本文程序得到的结果与实验结果进行对比分析,验证算法的可靠性。随后,探究不同外部激励和载液率对晃荡的影响。最后,讨论单一隔板和组合隔板对制荡效果的影响规律,给出较优的隔板形式,为液货船舶的结构设计提供参考。
液舱晃荡问题可假设流体是弱可压缩状态,不考虑热量交换,控制方程包括质量守恒方程和动量守恒方程。由于水的粘性对晃荡压力的影响较小[20],本文采用的控制方程不考虑粘性项,最终形式如下[21]
式中,ρ表示流体的密度,v表示流体的速度,t为时间,PFg分别表示压强和重力场力,∇表示梯度。SPH方程的建立有两个关键步,依次为场函数的核近似和粒子近似,任一函数fx)及其导数近似形式[21]如下:
式中:m为粒子质量;x为粒子位置;h是光滑长度,定义了核函数W的影响区域,取h=1.23dx,dx为粒子间距;i为问题域内与粒子j相互作用的粒子;rij为粒子i和粒子j之间的矢径。作为SPH方法中两步近似过程间的纽带,核函数的选取至关重要,这一步骤直接关系到两步近似的一致性并最终影响整个过程的精度。Cao等[15]的对比研究中,改进后的高斯函数和五次样条函数的精度和稳定性都较好,并且对粒子的分布要求低,二者相比,改进后的高斯函数的导数更易获得。因此,本文选取改进的高斯函数作为核函数[15]
式中:,是粒子间的相对距离;d为空间维数,取2。控制方程加入人工粘性项后进行离散,获得控制方程的离散形式[21]如下:
式中,Πij是Monaghan型[22]人工粘度,g为重力加速度,该项可以有效阻止粒子相互接近时的穿透现象,根据经验取值后具体表达式为
式中,c表示人工声速,即根据声速定义式和Tait方程[23],获得的当前时间步的粒子声速,流体的Tait方程如下所示:
流体为水时,式中的初始密度ρ0为1000 kg/m3γ =7,其中Bρ0和初始人工声速c0(低速流动中通常取为最大流速的10倍[15])计算获得:
SPH方法求解过程中,每个时间步后粒子都会重新分布,可能存在粒子跳入或跳出支持域的情况,从而引起密度的波动[24]。密度直接影响压力的分布,经过长时间运算后,密度振荡会使流场产生压力噪声最终降低结果的精度。因此,为了避免出现压力不稳定性现象,每隔20个时间步,以密度正则化条件[21]进行连续性修正:
式中,是修正后的流体密度。
晃荡过程中存在自由边界和固壁边界,Colagrossi等[25]证明弱可压SPH方法能自动满足自由液面的边界条件。目前常用的固壁边界处理方式多依据Monaghan[23]提出的排斥力模型,斥力模型取得了相当的发展,但仍会对流场产生非物理扰动。因此本文采用Dummy粒子法模拟固壁边界。计算时,固壁粒子间不传递力的作用、相对位置不变,流体粒子支持域包括边界粒子和流体粒子。以压力值反推边界粒子的密度,求解压力的近似关系式[15]为:
式中,i代表边界粒子,j代表流体粒子,aj为支持域内流体粒子的加速度,则边界粒子的密度[15]
本文采用Fortran语言自主编程,模型及验证工况与东京船舶研究所的实验一致,实验结果的数据来自文献[26]。参数设置如下:矩形舱室长L =1.2 m,高H =0.6 m,根据实验内容,验证时使用20%的装载工况,如图所示液面高度D =0.12 m。模型尺寸、压力监测点的位置如图1所示,其中监测点P1在舱底距离右舱壁0.03 m处,监测点P3在右舱壁距舱底0.15 m。
模拟液体为水,初始密度ρ =1000 kg/m3,重力加速度g =9.8 m/s2,离散粒子间距dx =0.006 m,光滑长度h =1.23 dx。为保证求解的稳定性,时间步长需满足Courant-Fredrich-Levy(CFL)条件[27]
根据粒子声速c和光滑长度h,此处选取dt =5×10-5 s。总粒子数为6464个,其中水粒子为4000个,模拟时长为10 s。依据实验条件,采用的横摇激励形式为
式中,横摇幅值θ0 =10°,ω为激励频率,横摇中心位于舱室几何中心,选取ω =2.79 rad/s进行模型验证,此验证工况为工况1。本文程序以公式为初始输入,作为整个系统的运动边界条件,即赋予边界粒子该运动规律实现舱室受迫运动模拟,边界粒子和流体粒子间通过公式建立联系,流体粒子遵从控制方程及状态方程,随着时间步进实现最终求解。
首先对结果的收敛性进行分析。选取0.015 m、0.01 m、0.008 m、0.006 m和0.005 m五种粒子间距分别进行模拟,所得的监测点1(P1)的压力曲线如图2所示,所有模型采用相同的时间步长以保证一致性。观察发现,粒子间距大于0.006 m时,随着模拟时长的增加,所获压力峰值逐渐增大;粒子间距减小过程中,测点压力逐渐趋于收敛,而计算时长增加。综合考虑计算精度和效率,后文模拟均采用0.006 m的粒子间距。
接着对程序的有效性进行验证,图3是SPH方法得到的P1的压力曲线与实验结果的对比图。整体而言,SPH方法结果与实验结果具有一致性,测点压力峰值的相对误差如表1所示,相对误差控制在5%以内,证明了本文算法的可行性与有效性。对比结果发现,曲线整体相对于对照结果在时间上略有提前,考虑到实际晃荡过程中掺入气相的影响,会在一定程度上降低抨击压力峰值并阻碍流动,造成SPH结果在时间上的提前,因此后续工作中可采用两相流处理。
针对无隔板矩形舱室,分别模拟小横倾角和大横倾角下不同激励频率的液舱晃荡。对于给定的矩形液舱,在部分装液的情况下其自由液面的固有频率ωn[15]为:
式中,n为阶数,取n =1,获得一阶固有频率ω1 =3.357 rad/s,当横摇的激励频率ω =ω1时,舱内流体晃荡最剧烈。最终采取的计算工况如表2所示,舱室三种装载情况如图4所示。
图5给出了30%载液率、不同外部激励作用时,舱室达到最大横倾角度时刻流场压力分布。在非共振频率下,自由液面完整平稳,舱室内部压力基本呈梯度分布,低频率激励下由于运动相互作用更频繁,表层液体分布呈现起伏;共振频率(ω1 = 3.357 rad/s)下,液体发生冲顶现象,导致液面发生破碎、翻卷,产生大量飞溅,SPH方法可以很好地模拟出液面一系列的非线性行为。
工况2-7初始液面高度为0.18 m,P3处于液面以下接近自由液面的位置。图6P3压力时程曲线显示,非共振频率(ω =2 rad/s、ω =5 rad/s)下每次拍击只存在一个明显的压力峰值,液面比较稳定,测得的抨击压力时程曲线光滑;共振频率(ω =3.357 rad/s)下,压力和液体晃荡的幅度很大,第一个压力峰值为单峰,其后每次拍击分为两个压力峰值。
表3所示,对不同频率下出现的压力峰值求取均值记为平均压力峰值。相同激励幅值下,共振频率(ω =3.357 rad/s)下平均压力峰值为另外两个频率平均压力峰值的两倍左右,随着激励幅值增大,这一差距明显增大,横摇幅值为8°时,共振频率下平均压力峰值是ω =2 rad/s时的4.2倍;相同激励频率下,压力峰值随激励幅值的增大而增大,ω =2 rad/s和ω =5 rad/s时,这一增幅分别为43%和60%,而在共振频率下压力峰值增幅达到一倍左右。综上所述,SPH方法可以有效地模拟剧烈液舱晃荡,共振频率下的液体运动与激励同频,积累的能量无法及时耗散而产生巨大抨击压力,且此时激励倾角对抨击压力峰值的影响最大。
工况1和工况6、工况8、工况9依次模拟了低、中、高载液率时,液舱共振情况下的运动。根据图7给出的t=3TT为液舱的横摇周期)时刻载液率分别为50%和70%时的流场压力分布图,发现中高载液率下冲顶现象严重,由于自由液面位置高,流体爬升空间小,舱室转动方向改变后大部分流体受重力作用沿舱壁下落,只有少量上层流体撞击舱壁后获得较大水平速度飞出跌落,扰乱流场。70%载液率下流体飞溅对流场压力分布的干扰更明显。整体上看,共振频率下低载液率的流场更紊乱,流体对舱壁的冲击会产生集中压力,中高载液率则无明显高压力点,液面相对整齐。
对高频压力进行滤波得到如图8所示的曲线,随着载液率增大,压力曲线峰值增大,液体回落产生的冲击影响变弱。低载液率时,舱室内液体晃荡幅度更为剧烈,需要注意液体水平向运动和冲顶回落造成的冲击;中、高载液率情况下,压力时程曲线基本呈正弦波动,50%载液率下,随着晃荡时间的增加,冲击压力峰值逐渐增大后趋于平稳。综上所述,中高载液率液舱在各自共振频率下,所受抨击压力受液体回落的影响基本可以忽略,而低载液率下液面大幅变形,由此造成的损失需要特别关注。
基于3.1节的结果,在30%载液率时,共振频率(ω =3.357 rad/s)液面的非线性现象最明显,工程中造成的液体挥发损失最为严重。因此,针对激励幅值为8°、激励频率为3.357 rad/s的30%低载液率共振工况,分析刚性隔板的作用。具体工况见表4
考虑到经济性、结构强度和施工难度,研究三种小尺寸隔板(垂直隔板、T型隔板、水平隔板)对液舱晃荡的抑制效果,通过改变隔板尺寸探究不同形式单一隔板抑制晃荡的机理。所用模型如图9所示。三种隔板各设有三组尺寸:Hb/D =0.6、Hb/D =0.8、Hb/D =1,厚度均为d =0.024 m。
图10给出了不同高度的垂直隔板、T型隔板和水平隔板舱室中右舱壁压力时程曲线。对于同种类型隔板,随着隔板高度减小,压力波动加剧,峰值增大。水平隔板只控制了第一次拍击的压力峰值,剩余四次拍击仅推迟了峰值出现的时间,降低幅度不大,但可以阻止流体爬升,降低每次拍击的第二次压力峰值。垂直隔板和T型隔板降低冲击压力的效果接近,Hb/D =1时,右舱壁压力变化平缓,基本呈正弦形式,模拟的10 s内出现的五个压力峰值大小接近,保持在0.3 kN左右;Hb/D =0.8时,随着外部激励提供的能量积聚,压力峰值不断增大;Hb/D =0.6时,设置垂直隔板的舱室右舱壁压力时程曲线恢复双峰特性,横摇积聚的能量造成压力峰值失控。
综合图11的压力峰值对比,Hb/D =1的高度下T型隔板和垂直隔板作用基本一致,T型隔板压力曲线形状更稳定,压力峰值在0.28 kN附近波动,垂直隔板的五个压力峰值依次略有增大;Hb/D =0.8时,垂直隔板抑制效果更好。
图12所示,t=3T+(3/4)T为第三次右舱壁冲击压力峰值获得的时间点,此时舱内流动发展较为充分且受飞溅影响相对较弱。以该时刻状态分析隔板的制荡机理,舱底中心位置设置与液面等高的垂直隔板时,限制了液体的运动距离,减少液体因外界激励作用而积聚的能量;另一方面改变液面的一阶固有频率,使流动呈现非共振时的运动特点。与垂直隔板相比,T型隔板增加了水平板,液体翻越隔板时,积聚形成的波峰高于同高度下的垂直隔板,但越过隔板后产生的水平向冲击更小,右侧液体被挤开后一部分向左翻卷,液面沿舱壁爬升高度低;而涌入的液体在T型隔板的直角处积聚,隔板承受一部分压力。综上所述,水平隔板设置在液面高度处时,制荡效果较差。当隔板高度与液面高度比为1或0.8时,兼顾制造工艺和经济性,建议采用垂直隔板;当隔板高度继续降低到0.6时,选择T型隔板更有利于控制冲击压力。
单一隔板中,与液面等高的隔板形式制荡效果最好,在此前提下,考虑采用小尺度组合隔板的形式优化制荡结果。组合隔板模型工况如图13所示。
图14t=3T+(3/4)T时四种隔板形式舱室的压力云图。从高压力点分布来看,隔板与舱壁相连部位承受比较大的压力。水平隔板与垂直隔板结合,既解决了单垂直隔板的液面晃荡问题,又降低了压力峰值,同时缓解了单独使用时存在的集中压力。
组合隔板舱室P3的压力时程曲线如图15所示。组合隔板很大程度上缓解了P3位置处的压力,解决了低载况下液面附近舱壁受冲击的问题。根据监测点的压力曲线,双T型隔板和三垂直隔板的组合性能接近,三垂直型隔板舱室的P3压力曲线峰值更低;双垂直加水平隔板的组合没有明显优于单垂直加水平隔板的组合。图16给出的舱底压力曲线则显示,双T型隔板更有利于减少舱室底部受到的冲击,单垂直加水平隔板舱室的舱底压力曲线中,压力峰值持续增加,而双垂直加水平隔板组合的舱底压力峰值则比较稳定。综合考虑对舱室本身结构的改变,更建议采取双T型隔板的形式控制舱底压力和降低水平冲击。
本文着眼于船舶与海洋工程领域典型的流固耦合问题——液舱晃荡,采用兼具拉格朗日和粒子性质的SPH方法,引入密度过滤和Dummy边界提高计算精度和稳定性,并将仿真结果与实验数据进行对比,验证SPH方法处理液舱晃荡问题的可行性。随后,讨论外部激励和载液率对冲击载荷特性的影响。在此基础上,进一步探究隔板对抑制液舱晃荡效果的影响,分析不同内部结构下液舱晃荡的液面形态和壁面冲击压力时空变化规律,揭示隔板抑制晃荡的机理。最终参考性结论可归纳为:
(1)无隔板矩形舱载液率为30%时,冲击压力随横摇幅值的增大而增大,横摇幅值对压力峰值的影响在共振频率时最大;对于相同横摇幅值,当激励频率等于液舱一阶固有频率时,平均压力峰值为另外两个频率平均压力峰值的两倍左右,随着激励幅值增大,这一差距明显增大。
(2)在各自共振频率下,随着载液率升高,液面晃荡幅度减小;低载液率液面晃荡幅度剧烈,有明显冲顶现象,在液面高度附近冲击压力集中,流体对舱壁的冲击压力呈现双峰特性;中高载液率时流体的冲击压力具有周期性。
(3)单一隔板建议采用与液面等高的垂直隔板,但当隔板高度降低至0.6倍液面高度时,更建议采用T型隔板实现制荡。
(4)组合隔板缓解了液面附近位置所受的集中冲击,降低了舱底冲击压力,增加垂直隔板对降低冲击压力、控制波高有益;模拟的组合隔板形式中,双T型隔板既对船体结构改变少,又能较好地控制冲击压力。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52271307; 52061135107; 52192692; 11802025)
  • 爆炸科学与技术国家重点实验室(北京理工大学)开放课题(KFJJ21-09M)
  • 辽宁省兴辽英才计划高水平创新创业团队项目(XLYC1908027)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(DUT20RC(3)025; DUT20TD108; DUT20LAB308)
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2024年第28卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.05.004
  • 接收时间:2023-11-23
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-23
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52271307; 52061135107; 52192692; 11802025)
爆炸科学与技术国家重点实验室(北京理工大学)开放课题(KFJJ21-09M)
辽宁省兴辽英才计划高水平创新创业团队项目(XLYC1908027)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(DUT20RC(3)025; DUT20TD108; DUT20LAB308)
作者信息
    1a.大连理工大学 船舶工程学院,辽宁 大连 116024
    1b.大连理工大学 工业装备与结构分析国家重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116024
    2.北京理工大学 爆炸科学与技术国家重点实验室,北京 100081
    3.中国石油大学(华东) 石油工程学院,山东 青岛 266580
    4.高新船舶与深海开发装备协同创新中心,上海 200240

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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