Article(id=1242150717666964230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150711367119505, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.04.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1697644800000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774081409136, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1713542400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774081409136, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774081409136, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081409136, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242150711367119505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='4', pageStart='479', pageEnd='636', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774081407634, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081679149, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242151850229702738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150711367119505, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242151850229702739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150711367119505, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=541, endPage=550, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242150717952176916, articleId=1242150717666964230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Shape design and flow characteristics analysis of high speed underwater vehicle without boundary-layer separation, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The two compulsory conditions for boundary layer separation are fluid viscosity and positive pressure gradient. By designing the shape of a vehicle so that its surface has a negative pressure gradient area as large as possible, the flow transition and separation are delayed so as to achieve the purpose of drag reduction. Based on the theoretical flow non-separation shape design method of slender bodies, the shape of a vehicle with a critical speed of 100 m/s was designed, and numerical simulation was used to analyze its flow characteristics at different speeds and angles of attack. It is found that the simulation results at zero angle of attack are consistent with those of the theoretical calculation, which proves that the surface of the vehicle can be in a state of non-separation of laminar flow through the shape design. A small attack angle will not destroy the fluid adhesion state on the surface of the vehicle, but whirlpools will appear in the flow when the attack angle is greater than 2 degrees.

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边界层发生分离的两个必要条件是流体粘性和正压梯度,设计外形使其表面具有尽量大的负压梯度区域,延缓边界层转捩和流动分离,从而达到减阻目的。本文采用基于细长体理论的流动不分离外形设计方法,设计临界速度为100 m/s的航行体外形,运用数值仿真分析其在不同速度和攻角情况下的流动特性。研究发现,0°攻角下仿真得到的压强分布与理论计算结果一致,摩擦阻力与估算结果一致,证明可以通过外形设计使航行体边界层在高雷诺数条件下保持层流流动不分离状态,以达到大幅减阻的目的;小攻角不会破坏航行体表面流体附着状态,但攻角会使流动出现横向漩涡,边界层发生转捩,使阻力明显增加,但减阻效果仍然存在。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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可伟(1983-),男,硕士,研究员

王哲(1992-),女,硕士,工程师,通讯作者,E-mail:

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journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150717666964230, language=CN, label=图8, caption=100 m/s来流速度,不同攻角下的航行体x/L=0.8处截面速度矢量图, figureFileSmall=AuH4w6xyagzp2GSPpQi/hQ==, figureFileBig=98tJ3WsDgZAawBvDUb/WhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150734364487969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150717666964230, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Drag comparison of the body at different speeds

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
U/(m·s-1)ReL( ×10-8)ReV( ×10-7)FDp_CFD/NFDf_CFD/NFD_CFD/NFDf_est/NFDf_CFD/FDf_estFDT_est/NFDT_est/FD_CFD
150.520.430.4920.9521.4420.681.29%24311.33
551.911.563.83148.66152.49145.202.38%277118.17
1003.472.8410.41355.98385.99355.985.50%845921.91
), ArticleFig(id=1242150734448374051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150717666964230, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

航行体不同来流速度下的阻力情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
U/(m·s-1)ReL( ×10-8)ReV( ×10-7)FDp_CFD/NFDf_CFD/NFD_CFD/NFDf_est/NFDf_CFD/FDf_estFDT_est/NFDT_est/FD_CFD
150.520.430.4920.9521.4420.681.29%24311.33
551.911.563.83148.66152.49145.202.38%277118.17
1003.472.8410.41355.98385.99355.985.50%845921.91
), ArticleFig(id=1242150734536454440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150717666964230, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Drag and lift comparison of the body at different angles of attack

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
α/(°)024568
FDP_CFD/N10.412.78-42.12-77.08-144.54-251.69
FDf_CFD/N355.98566.48803.76914.741011.451180.12
FD_CFD/N385.99569.26761.63837.65866.91928.43
FL_CFD/N-0.651228.453777.626960.828707.1416369.83
), ArticleFig(id=1242150734616146217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150717666964230, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

航行体不同攻角下的阻力和升力情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
α/(°)024568
FDP_CFD/N10.412.78-42.12-77.08-144.54-251.69
FDf_CFD/N355.98566.48803.76914.741011.451180.12
FD_CFD/N385.99569.26761.63837.65866.91928.43
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高航速流动不分离外形带攻角流动特性分析
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可伟 , 王哲 , 李晓植 , 高全喜
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024,28(4): 541-550
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024, 28(4): 541-550
高航速流动不分离外形带攻角流动特性分析
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可伟, 王哲 , 李晓植, 高全喜
作者信息
  • 河北汉光重工有限责任公司 河北省双介质动力技术重点实验室,河北 邯郸 056017
  • 可伟(1983-),男,硕士,研究员

    王哲(1992-),女,硕士,工程师,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Shape design and flow characteristics analysis of high speed underwater vehicle without boundary-layer separation
Wei KE, Zhe WANG , Xiao-zhi LI, Quan-xi GAO
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Dual Medium Power Technology, Hebei Han-guang Heavy Industry Co, Ltd, Handan 056017, China
出版时间: 2024-04-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.04.006
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边界层发生分离的两个必要条件是流体粘性和正压梯度,设计外形使其表面具有尽量大的负压梯度区域,延缓边界层转捩和流动分离,从而达到减阻目的。本文采用基于细长体理论的流动不分离外形设计方法,设计临界速度为100 m/s的航行体外形,运用数值仿真分析其在不同速度和攻角情况下的流动特性。研究发现,0°攻角下仿真得到的压强分布与理论计算结果一致,摩擦阻力与估算结果一致,证明可以通过外形设计使航行体边界层在高雷诺数条件下保持层流流动不分离状态,以达到大幅减阻的目的;小攻角不会破坏航行体表面流体附着状态,但攻角会使流动出现横向漩涡,边界层发生转捩,使阻力明显增加,但减阻效果仍然存在。

高速航行体  /  流动不分离  /  临界雷诺数  /  层流  /  攻角  /  转捩

The two compulsory conditions for boundary layer separation are fluid viscosity and positive pressure gradient. By designing the shape of a vehicle so that its surface has a negative pressure gradient area as large as possible, the flow transition and separation are delayed so as to achieve the purpose of drag reduction. Based on the theoretical flow non-separation shape design method of slender bodies, the shape of a vehicle with a critical speed of 100 m/s was designed, and numerical simulation was used to analyze its flow characteristics at different speeds and angles of attack. It is found that the simulation results at zero angle of attack are consistent with those of the theoretical calculation, which proves that the surface of the vehicle can be in a state of non-separation of laminar flow through the shape design. A small attack angle will not destroy the fluid adhesion state on the surface of the vehicle, but whirlpools will appear in the flow when the attack angle is greater than 2 degrees.

high speed underwater vehicle  /  flow without separation  /  the critical value of the Reynolds number  /  laminar  /  angle of attack  /  laminar-to-turbulent transition
可伟, 王哲, 李晓植, 高全喜. 高航速流动不分离外形带攻角流动特性分析. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (4) : 541 -550 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.04.006
Wei KE, Zhe WANG, Xiao-zhi LI, Quan-xi GAO. Shape design and flow characteristics analysis of high speed underwater vehicle without boundary-layer separation[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (4) : 541 -550 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.04.006
早在几十年前,人们就开始研究水下航行体减阻的问题。关于高速水下航行体减阻的研究主要分为两个方向[1]:超空泡减阻和流动不分离边界层。Nesteruk[2-4]对海豚等类似水生动物的快速游动进行了分析研究,通过控制刚体外形表面压强分布来延缓边界层转捩和流动分离,并对设计出的系列外形进行风洞试验[4-5],证明了层流不分离流动外形存在的可能性;李磊[6]、安伟光[7]对Nesteruk得出的理论外形进行了数值仿真,并与试验结果进行了比较,分析其分离特性;2011年,Nesteruk[8]给出了流动不分离外形在水中保持层流不分离状态的临界雷诺数计算方法和该状态下水下航行的摩擦阻力估算公式;2016年,Nesteruk[9]对传统外形、超空泡外形和流动不分离外形在稳态定常流动中的效率进行了理论分析,发现体积雷诺数106<ReV<108时,相比传统外形,流动不分离外形会大幅降低航行阻力;2017年,Morteza[10]采用数值仿真方法分析了流动不分离外形和疏水性表面结合后的减阻效果;2020年,刘平安等[11]根据负压梯度流线型外形设计方法得到了非分离状态回转外形UA-100,并对不同速度进行了数值模拟,分析其空化影响。为了进一步探讨层流流动不分离外形在高雷诺数下应用的可行性,本文基于细长体理论和理想流体假设得到临界速度100 m/s(ReV = 2.84 × 107)的层流流动不分离外形,并对其进行数值模拟,通过分析航行体在不同攻角工况下的流场特性,为以流动不分离形式进行高速航行体减阻的可行性提供理论基础。
基于细长体理论和理想流体假设,航速为亚音速的稳态流动,刚体表面流体满足如下势流方程:
式中:M为马赫数,M = U/Ua < 0.9,U为细长回转体的航速,Ua为声音在水中的传播速度;Φ为速度势;x为柱坐标系下细长回转体的轴向坐标;r为柱坐标系下细长回转体的径向坐标。
采用渐进展开方法,方程(1)的解如下所示[412-13]
其中,
式中,ε为无量纲厚度系数,D为细长回转体最大直径,L为细长回转体长度。
将方程(2)与伯努利积分联立,得到压强系数Cpx)和半径Rx)的关系式[413]
为了得到尖尾和大区域负压梯度的流动不分离外形,提出了满足方程(3)的一个外形示例[3]
式中:x*为分段函数的分界点,此轴向坐标对应细长回转体最大直径位置;aa1c为外形设计常数。
根据边界条件进行消元[3],得到
方程(4)和(5)在x = x*处无效,使用分布在对称轴上的源和汇获得的拉普拉斯精确解进行修正。流函数定义[414]如下:
源和汇强度[210]
联立式(5)、式(7)和式(8),得到轴对称势流的流函数表达式[414]
式中:
通过ΨxRx))= 0可以得到一个理想流体条件下的欧拉方程精确解,可以求得相应无量纲轴对称外形母线。
其表面压强系数计算公式[4]如下:
式中,vxvr为柱坐标系下速度分量。
为保证细长回转体表面为层流边界层,需要控制航行体在设计航速下的雷诺数不能大于临界雷诺数。临界雷诺数是根据Tollmin-Schlichting-Lin理论和Blasius边界层排挤厚度表达式,通过Mangler-Stepanov变换为引用的表达式变换方法,引用文献[915]放在”变换”之后得到的,计算公式如下:
式中,V为细长回转体体积,为临界长度雷诺数,为临界体积雷诺数。
航行体水中航行时的长度雷诺数ReL和体积雷诺数ReV的计算公式分别为
式中,ν为水的运动粘度。
L=3.48 m,V≈0.0228 m3L/D≈23,U = 100m/s为临界速度(航行体水中航行雷诺数等于临界雷诺数时的速度,公式(11)与公式(12)计算结果相等,此时体积雷诺数ReV = 2.84 × 107)作为计算条件,代入方程(6)、(9)和(10)求得满足计算约束的设计外形和其压强分布(如图1所示),航行体外形最大直径D≈0.149 m,表面积S≈0.928 m2
使用曼格勒变换和平板边界层的布拉修斯解得到流动不分离细长回转体在层流状态下的摩擦体积阻力系数CVf估算公式[8]
航行体在水中运动的阻力计算公式为
式中,FD为航行体所受阻力,CdV为体积阻力系数。
水下航行体所受阻力由摩擦阻力和粘压阻力组成,所以体积阻力系数可以分为摩擦体积阻力系数和粘压体积阻力系数,将摩擦体积阻力系数代入公式(14)中即可得到航行体所受摩擦阻力。由公式(13)和(14)求得的上述层流流动不分离外形在100 m/s时的摩擦阻力约为356 N。
常见流线型回转体为数学表达式描述的“三段式”艇体曲线[16],其与流动不分离外形最大的区别就是压力梯度变化大,流线型压强分布以正压梯度收尾,在此区域极易发生流动分离。对于此种传统外形,形成了基于试验和实践的经验公式,当长度雷诺数时,其表面为湍流边界层,具有湍流边界层的航行体基于湿表面积的总阻力系数CdS估算公式[17]如下:
式中,Cf为摩擦阻力系数。按照ITTC推荐公式,
航行体在水中运动的阻力计算公式为
根据经验公式(15)~(16)求得相同长度、直径和湿表面积的传统外形的阻力约为8459 N,其中摩擦阻力为8343 N,约是流动不分离外形摩擦阻力的23倍,减阻效果明显。
图2所示为数值仿真的计算域和边界条件。考虑对仿真对象附近流场的影响,确定计算域为D=4 m,L1=4 m,L=3.48 m,L2=4 m的圆柱体。边界条件确定如下:流域边界定义为速度入口和压力出口条件,仿真对象和支撑杆定义为无滑移壁面。通过网格尺寸无关性验证确定总网格数663万的计算模型进行仿真计算。
为了避免发生空化现象,设定航行深度为40 m。根据公式(17)计算h = 40 m,U = 100 m/s条件下的空化数σ = 0.098,大于航行体最小理论压强系数的相反数,不会发生空化。
式中,p0为自由液面压强,取101 325 Pa;ρ为水密度,取1000 kg/m3g为重力加速度;pv为航行深处水的饱和蒸汽压,取2340 Pa。
利用层流模型计算攻角α = 0°,来流速度分别为15 m/s、55 m/s、100 m/s的流动,验证航行体在设计速度范围内的流动状态和阻力大小。
图3为零攻角、不同来流速度下的压强系数Cp和轴向壁面剪切力应力τ分布图,横坐标为无量纲轴向长度,纵坐标为目标变量。图3(a)为压强系数数值仿真结果与理论计算结果的对比图。可以看出:不同速度下,表面压强系数差别不大,且与理论计算结果非常接近,只在最大直径附近正压梯度区域存在微小差别。这说明在临界雷诺数范围内,所设计的流体外形表面的压强分布只取决于线型而与速度无关。图3(b)为不同速度下的轴向壁面剪切应力图。根据普朗特分离判据和牛顿内摩擦定律,在分离点[18]应该有,在流体外形表面剪切应力τ > 0恒成立,表示表面没有发生流动分离;U = 15 m/s和U = 55 m/s的壁面剪切应力为平滑曲线,证明其层流状态非常稳定,而U = 100 m/s的壁面剪切应力有微小扰动,由外形设计理论和方法可知,所设计航行体在100 m/s航速下的雷诺数等于该航行体的临界雷诺数,边界层内流速出现波动,有转捩趋势。
图4所示为分别截取z=0(航行体中纵剖面)、x/L=0.3463(最大直径处)、x/L=0.6、x/L=0.7、x/L=0.9的截面速度云图。分析发现边界层很薄,法向速度梯度很大,头部速度略低于来流速度;边界层随着x/L的增大而加厚,不存在速度负值,证明未发生流动分离;x/L=0.9处的速度云图也反映出航行体尾段边界层径向厚度不等,流动不再平稳,处于临界状态。
表1为航行体在不同来流速度下的阻力统计,ReLReV根据公式(12)计算得到,粘压阻力FDP_CFD、摩擦阻力FDf_CFD和总阻力FD_CFD为流动不分离外形流体仿真结果;FDf_est为流动不分离外形相应雷诺数下的摩擦阻力估算结果,由公式(13)和(14)计算得到;FDT_est为相同长度、直径、表面积的传统外形阻力估算值,由公式(15)和(16)计算得到。通过结果可以看出,流动不分离外形摩擦阻力仿真结果与估算结果非常相近,相差不超过6%;流动不分离外形的粘压阻力占比非常小,相比摩擦阻力小两个量级;流动不分离外形相比相同长度、直径、表面积的传统外形减阻效果明显,且速度越大,减阻效果越明显。
对航行体在100 m/s来流速度、不同攻角条件下的流动状态进行数值仿真。不同攻角下,航行体阻力(FDp_CFDFDf_CFDFD_CFD)和升力(FL_CFD)情况见表2。阻力和升力随攻角的增大而增加;粘压阻力在攻角2°~4°之间改变方向,其数值随攻角增大而增加,增长率呈上升趋势;摩擦阻力随攻角增大而增加,增长率呈下降趋势;与表1传统外形阻力估算结果相比,流动不分离外形在带攻角条件下仍比传统外形的阻力小得多;升力随攻角增大而增加,α = 8°未发生失速。
图5为100 m/s来流速度、不同攻角下迎流面和背流面的压强系数分布情况。可以看出,迎流面一直保持流动不分离体的压强分布特征;背流面在α ≤ 2°保持流动不分离体的压强分布特征,α ≥ 4°时头部压强会急剧下降至负压力再回升至与α = 0°相似的压强分布,比α ≤ 2°条件下在头部多一段正压梯度区域;α ≥ 4°时在航行体最大直径轴向位置之后出现压强的波动,且随攻角增大波动逐渐加剧,层流流动不分离体的压强分布特征逐渐消失;α ≥ 4°时,航行体前端出现负压区,头部对流体阻滞作用减小,使前后压力差变为负值,粘压阻力不再阻碍航行体运动。
图6为100 m/s来流速度、不同攻角下的航行体轴向壁面剪切应力分布图。可以看到航行体表面剪切应力τ > 0恒成立,表示航行体表面没有发生流动分离。图7为不同攻角下航行体中纵剖面的速度矢量图,由图可以观察沿航行体轴向方向的流动情况,可以看出在航行体轴向方向上,水流紧贴航行体表面,顺着航行体外形向后流动,非常顺滑,未发生轴向方向上的流动分离,与图6结论一致。
图6还可以看到:当α ≥ 4°时,剪切应力出现大大小小的“毛刺”现象,比较后发现在x/L=0.8轴向位置处,α = 4°、α = 6°、α = 8°条件下“毛刺”现象相似。截取不同攻角下的航行体x/L=0.8处截面,绘制横向速度矢量图(图8),比较不同攻角下该截面的流动情况可以发现:在α = 2°时,已从航行体背流面侧面位置产生了小的漩涡,但影响区域很小,背流面流动比较顺滑;漩涡在背流面近似对称分布,随着攻角增大,漩涡逐渐变大变多,并向上移动;当α = 8°时,两侧漩涡融合在一起,此截面处的背流面的流动情况处于紊乱的状态。
图7图8综合分析可以得到,流动不分离航行体在攻角α ≤ 8°条件下,轴向方向上不会出现流动分离,流体在局部区域发生横向流动来满足流量的连续。以x/L=0.8处截面的流动状态为例,流体质点带有极大的轴向速度,在攻角扰动条件下,有了横向速度,则会产生小的涡旋运动,在局部产生不稳定的流体波动,此时航行体边界层已不完全是层流边界层,开始发生转捩。边界层在发生流动分离之前转捩,在转捩过程中,摩擦阻力不断增加,直到发展为完全的湍流边界层。
本文基于设计的流动不分离高速航行体外形,进行了不同航速和攻角条件下的数值仿真,通过分析可以得出以下结论:
(1)在临界雷诺数范围内,所设计航行体外形的0°攻角仿真得到的压强分布与理论计算结果非常相近,且与航速无关;
(2)不同航速下,航行体0°攻角时壁面剪切力τ > 0恒成立,仿真得到的摩擦阻力与估算结果之间的误差在6%以内,压差阻力比摩擦阻力小两个量级,所设计的航行体边界层在临界雷诺数范围内可以保持低阻力的层流流动不分离状态,显著延迟了边界层的转捩或流动分离,相比传统外形,大幅降低了航行阻力;
(3)攻角从0°增加,所设计航行体外形背流面局部位置从两侧开始出现小的横向对称漩涡,层流边界层发生局部转捩,随着攻角的增大,漩涡变大变多,转捩形势加剧,航行体边界层在发生流动分离之前发生转捩,所设计航行体边界层无法保持层流状态,但在攻角α ≤ 8°时可以实现流动不分离,且航行体未发生失速。
(4)所设计航行体的阻力随攻角增大而快速增加,当攻角α ≥ 4°时,阻力已增加将近1倍,且表面压强分布已逐渐偏离0°攻角压强分布状态,层流流动不分离外形的压强分布特征逐渐消失,所以该设计方法更适用于水下直航或小机动水平的高速航行体外形设计。大机动状态时,航行体边界层转捩形势加剧,减阻效果降低。
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.04.006
  • 接收时间:2023-10-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-19
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    河北汉光重工有限责任公司 河北省双介质动力技术重点实验室,河北 邯郸 056017

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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