Article(id=1242150714693197933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150711367119505, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.04.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1701273600000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774081408426, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1713542400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774081408426, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774081408426, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081408426, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242150711367119505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='4', pageStart='479', pageEnd='636', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774081407634, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081679149, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242151850229702738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150711367119505, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242151850229702739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150711367119505, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=527, endPage=540, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242150716417056898, articleId=1242150714693197933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Analysis and study of 3D effects on spring hydrofoil mechanism of wave gliders, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to evaluate the 3D effects of wave glider spring hydrofoil mechanism in waves on its dynamic performance, a numerical computational model of the wave glider spring hydrofoil mechanism was developed. Based on the overset mesh technology, the dynamic performance between 2D and 3D hydrofoils was analyzed and studied by using CFD FLUENT software. The results show that due to the limited span of the 3D hydrofoil, the tip vortex phenomenon is generated at the wing tip, resulting in reduced hydrofoil dynamic performance, and that the forward propulsion efficiency of the 3D hydrofoil is reduced by 22.1% compared with that of the 2D hydrofoil. Then, the bionic principle was used to design the wave glider bionic hydrofoil. It is found that the bionic hydrofoil reduces the loss of hydrofoil power performance by the tip vortex, while the forward thrust of the bionic hydrofoil is increased by 17.6% and the efficiency by 10.4% compared with the 3D hydrofoil of the same spreading chord ratio. Finally, the experimental comparison shows that the CFD simulation data and the experimental data have the same trend, and the reliability of the CFD simulation model is verified.

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为了评估波浪滑翔器弹簧水翼机构在波浪中三维效应对其动力学性能的影响,本文基于重叠网格技术建立波浪滑翔器弹簧水翼机构的数值计算模型,并利用CFD FLUENT软件对二维和三维水翼之间的动力学性能进行分析与研究。结果表明,由于三维水翼展长有限,在翼端处产生梢涡现象,造成水翼动力性能减小,与二维水翼相比,三维水翼的前向推进效率减少22.3%。接着,利用仿生学原理设计波浪滑翔器仿生水翼,发现仿生水翼降低了梢涡对水翼动力性能的损失,同时对比相同展弦比的三维水翼,仿生水翼的前向推力提高了17.6%,效率提高了10.7%。最后,通过实验对比发现CFD仿真数据与试验数据具有相同的趋势,CFD仿真模型的可靠度得到验证。

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孙秀军(1981-),男,教授

马思源(1998-),男,硕士研究生

李灿(1991-),男,硕士,工程师

桑宏强(1978-),男,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

刘金成(1995-),男,硕士,工程师。

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Calculation model parameters

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名称符号/单位数值名称符号/单位数值
恒定流速U/(m・s-10.3弹簧初始长度LS/m0.135
雷诺数Re48000水翼旋转轴与弹簧固定点距离L1/m0.167
水翼弦长L/m0.16水翼旋转轴与弹簧挂点距离L2/m0.0255
弹簧刚度系数K/(N・m-15000
), ArticleFig(id=1242150738634285937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150714693197933, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

计算模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称符号/单位数值名称符号/单位数值
恒定流速U/(m・s-10.3弹簧初始长度LS/m0.135
雷诺数Re48000水翼旋转轴与弹簧固定点距离L1/m0.167
水翼弦长L/m0.16水翼旋转轴与弹簧挂点距离L2/m0.0255
弹簧刚度系数K/(N・m-15000
), ArticleFig(id=1242150738709783412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150714693197933, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of time-averaged propulsion, input power and propulsion efficiency for 2D and 3D hydrofoil

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ARη(%)Δη相对于2D(%)
2D0.751.3157.70
3D6.250.501.1044.8-22.3
3D70.601.1948.8-15.4
3D80.721.2952.7-8.6
), ArticleFig(id=1242150738772697975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150714693197933, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2D与3D水翼在不同展弦比下平均前向推力系数、平均输入功率系数和水翼推进效率对比

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ARη(%)Δη相对于2D(%)
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3D80.721.2952.7-8.6
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ARη(%)Δη相对于2D(%)
2D0.751.3157.70
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3D80.741.3056.3-2.3
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二维与三维仿生水翼不同展弦比下平均前向推力系数、平均输入功率系数和水翼推进效率对比

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3D80.741.3056.3-2.3
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波浪滑翔器弹簧水翼机构三维效应的分析与研究
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孙秀军 1, 2 , 马思源 1 , 李灿 3 , 桑宏强 4 , 刘金成 5
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024,28(4): 527-540
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024, 28(4): 527-540
波浪滑翔器弹簧水翼机构三维效应的分析与研究
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孙秀军1, 2, 马思源1, 李灿3, 桑宏强4 , 刘金成5
作者信息
  • 1.河北工业大学 机械工程学院,天津 300401
  • 2.中国海洋大学 物理海洋教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
  • 3.中国海洋大学 海洋高等研究院,山东 青岛 266100
  • 4.天津工业大学 机械工程学院,天津 300387
  • 5.青岛海舟科技有限公司,山东 青岛 266200
  • 孙秀军(1981-),男,教授

    马思源(1998-),男,硕士研究生

    李灿(1991-),男,硕士,工程师

    桑宏强(1978-),男,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

    刘金成(1995-),男,硕士,工程师。

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Analysis and study of 3D effects on spring hydrofoil mechanism of wave gliders
Xiu-jun SUN1, 2, Si-yuan MA1, Can LI3, Hong-qiang SANG4 , Jing-cheng LIU5
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
  • 2.Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 3.Institute for Advanced Ocean Studies, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 4.School of Mechanical Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
  • 5.Tsingtao Hydro Technology Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266200, China
出版时间: 2024-04-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.04.005
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为了评估波浪滑翔器弹簧水翼机构在波浪中三维效应对其动力学性能的影响,本文基于重叠网格技术建立波浪滑翔器弹簧水翼机构的数值计算模型,并利用CFD FLUENT软件对二维和三维水翼之间的动力学性能进行分析与研究。结果表明,由于三维水翼展长有限,在翼端处产生梢涡现象,造成水翼动力性能减小,与二维水翼相比,三维水翼的前向推进效率减少22.3%。接着,利用仿生学原理设计波浪滑翔器仿生水翼,发现仿生水翼降低了梢涡对水翼动力性能的损失,同时对比相同展弦比的三维水翼,仿生水翼的前向推力提高了17.6%,效率提高了10.7%。最后,通过实验对比发现CFD仿真数据与试验数据具有相同的趋势,CFD仿真模型的可靠度得到验证。

波浪滑翔器  /  弹簧水翼机构  /  三维效应  /  仿生水翼  /  动力学性能

In order to evaluate the 3D effects of wave glider spring hydrofoil mechanism in waves on its dynamic performance, a numerical computational model of the wave glider spring hydrofoil mechanism was developed. Based on the overset mesh technology, the dynamic performance between 2D and 3D hydrofoils was analyzed and studied by using CFD FLUENT software. The results show that due to the limited span of the 3D hydrofoil, the tip vortex phenomenon is generated at the wing tip, resulting in reduced hydrofoil dynamic performance, and that the forward propulsion efficiency of the 3D hydrofoil is reduced by 22.1% compared with that of the 2D hydrofoil. Then, the bionic principle was used to design the wave glider bionic hydrofoil. It is found that the bionic hydrofoil reduces the loss of hydrofoil power performance by the tip vortex, while the forward thrust of the bionic hydrofoil is increased by 17.6% and the efficiency by 10.4% compared with the 3D hydrofoil of the same spreading chord ratio. Finally, the experimental comparison shows that the CFD simulation data and the experimental data have the same trend, and the reliability of the CFD simulation model is verified.

wave glider  /  spring hydrofoil mechanism  /  3D effect  /  bionic hydrofoil  /  dynamical performance
孙秀军, 马思源, 李灿, 桑宏强, 刘金成. 波浪滑翔器弹簧水翼机构三维效应的分析与研究. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (4) : 527 -540 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.04.005
Xiu-jun SUN, Si-yuan MA, Can LI, Hong-qiang SANG, Jing-cheng LIU. Analysis and study of 3D effects on spring hydrofoil mechanism of wave gliders[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (4) : 527 -540 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.04.005
波浪滑翔器是一种利用波浪能和太阳能的无人观测移动平台,具有续航能力长、负载能力强、可实时数据传输和清洁无污染等优点[1-3]。波浪滑翔器由水面浮体船、牵引机和铠装缆组成,如图1所示。当水面浮体船随着波浪做垂荡运动时,牵引机通过弹簧水翼机构将一部分波浪能转化为波浪滑翔器的动能,因此弹簧水翼机构的水动力性能对波浪滑翔器航行速度有着重要的影响。
国内外学者对波浪滑翔器水翼的水动力学特性进行了大量的研究。例如,周润婕等[4]利用自制的垂荡激励拖车连接水下牵引机模拟在不同波高条件下、不同弹性水翼的性能。试验结果表明,波浪滑翔器水翼弹簧刚度取决于工作海域海况的选取;胡建等[5]利用计算流体力学方法分析了三维主动摆动水翼的水动力特性,分析了在不同斯特罗哈尔数(St)条件下水翼所受的推力、升力和力矩,研究了流场中速度以及压力分布,数值结果表明了尾涡产生的机理;刘金成等[6]重点对二级海况下的二维被动水翼加载扭簧情况进行了仿真研究与试验对比,仿真结果表明,在二级海况下,扭簧刚度为6 N∙m∙rad-1时水翼具有较高的推进效率和推进速度;胡峰等[7]利用CFD分析软件Star-CCM+中的平面运动机构(PMM)模块,对波浪滑翔器三维水翼进行仿真模拟,探究波浪参数(波高、周期)和结构参数(展弦比)等对水翼推进性能的影响,研究结果表明,水翼的前向平均推力系数与周期的平方成反比、与波高值近似成二次项比例关系;Yang等[8]探究了在一定速度范围内,转轴位置和扭簧刚度对二维水翼推进性能的影响,然后通过改变水翼振幅和扭簧刚度,对二维和三维6对串列水翼进行了参数化研究;Wang等[9]利用流体力学仿真研究了二维水翼在不同波高、俯仰和频率时的推进和能量收获性能,研究发现,水翼的推进性能随着波高的增加和频率的降低而增加,此外,当波浪高度接近水翼的弦长时,推进性能和能量收集效率都随着俯仰振幅的增加或频率的降低而增加;Liu等[10]研究了二维水翼靠近波面时运动学参数对推进性能的影响,尾流特性表明,合适的波浪相位差可以改善尾流涡旋的梯度和连续性,提高水翼的推力和效率;Ansersen等[11]利用数值分析与涡流实验相结合的方式对二维水翼在恒定流速下的推进性能进行了探究,分别对水翼纯俯仰与纯升沉两种运动模式下的推进性能进行了探索,并通过尾涡形状差异进行了比对。以上研究人员对波浪滑翔器水翼进行了不同角度的分析与研究,但是,大多数研究以二维水翼为主,忽略了三维效应对水翼动力性能的影响。根据空气动力学理论,有限跨度的翼板在运动过程中,翼面呈现出非均匀压力分布,靠近翼端处出现零压力分布现象,其积分值小于其二维仿真值,并且在翼端处梢涡的产生会对水翼的动力性能造成影响。然而,这些影响在二维水翼的研究中被忽略,对研究的结果造成误差。因此,为了更深入地了解三维效应对波浪滑翔器弹簧水翼机构动力性能的影响,本文通过建立波浪滑翔器被动弹簧水翼机构的运动学模型,对二维水翼和三维水翼之间的动力性能进行分析与研究,并利用仿生学原理对三维水翼进行仿生翼型设计,探究三维效应对其动力性能的影响,为后续波浪滑翔器水翼的设计与优化提供参考。
波浪滑翔器牵引机在浮体船的带动下进行升沉运动,而水翼在垂直方向上的振荡运动和流体的共同作用下,会产生绕自身轴的被动摆动,从而在水平方向上产生前向推进力,带动波浪滑翔器前行。水翼作为波浪滑翔器的动力来源,其运动可以简化为垂直面内升沉运动Ht)和绕自身轴被动旋转运动θt)。本文利用计算流体力学软件CFD FLUENT,并结合用户自定义函数UDF实现水翼被动运动。三维水翼模型如图2所示,水翼截面采用“黑珍珠号”波浪滑翔器形状,其中L为水翼弦长,B为水翼展长,定义展弦比AR = B/LU为恒定流速,L1为水翼旋转轴与弹簧固定点距离,L2为水翼旋转轴与弹簧挂点距离,xp为水翼前缘与旋转轴距离,在此研究中,xp = L/10。
波浪滑翔器随波浪的升沉运动近似为垂向正弦振荡运动,其振幅和周期与海浪参数基本相同,如式(1)所示,
式中,Ht)为水翼垂向运动振幅,2H0为波浪高度,T为波浪周期。
水翼的前向推力系数和升力系数分别定义为
式中,ρ为水的密度,FXt)为水翼水平方向所受的力,FYt)为水翼垂直方向所受的力。
水翼的输入功率PIt)定义为
输入功率系数CPIt)和输出功率系数CPot)分别定义为
水翼的推进效率η[12]定义为平均输出功率系数与平均输入功率系数的比值,
采用重叠网格法模拟水翼的运动,其流体计算域如图3所示,左侧为速度进口,右侧为压力出口,前后上下为壁面。数值仿真时,为了避免边界对水翼动力性能的影响,必须保证其计算域足够大。因此,背景域前后相距75倍弦长,左右相距60倍弦长,上下相距70倍弦长;前景域前后相距9倍弦长,左右相距8倍弦长、上下相距4倍弦长。
三维网格离散方式如图4所示,本文计算域采用结构化网格,利用ICEM软件对流域进行离散,其中红色网格部分为背景网格区域,蓝色网格为前景网格区域。为了精准地模拟出水翼尾流和水翼表面流动情况,在水翼的升沉路径附近进行网格加密处理,并且在水翼表面划分边界层网格,保证壁面y+值小于1。
Standard k-ε模型与SST k-ω模型结果相近,但SST k-ω湍流模型相比于Standard k-ε湍流模型具有更高的精度及可信度,因此,本文采用SST k-ω作为湍流模型,并采用COUPLED耦合算法求解,动量和湍动能均采用二阶迎风格式求解。为了保证网格数量和时间步长对数值计算结果不产生影响,本文在波高0.4 m、周期5.5 s的海况下进行网格和时间步长无关性验证,选择一个合适的网格和时间步长进行模拟。以AR = 7为例,用三种不同的网格数(包括17.3万、48.9万和138.7万)和时间步长(包括0.01 s、0.005 s和0.001 s)进行无关性验证。通过图5图6观察到,在不同网格和时间步长上得到的结果差异很小,考虑计算成本及精度,选择网格数17.3万和步长0.01 s用于模拟仿真。
为了确保数值模拟的可信度,选择Kinsey等[13]关于被动水翼的数值计算模型进行分析。为了进行对比,计算参数设置和Kinsey等[13]相同。图7给出一个运动周期中水翼前向推力系数CX和升力系数CY随时间变化的曲线。从图中得出,本文前向推力系数与升力系数的计算结果与Kinsey等[13]的计算结果吻合较好。
在波高为0.6 m、周期为5.5 s二级海况下,当弹簧刚度系数K=5000 N∙m-1时,水翼获得的前向推进力较大。因此,本文在此输入条件下探究二维水翼与三维水翼的动力学性能差异,计算模型参数如表1所示。
水翼展弦比的增大可以获取更多的波浪能量,并且可以限制水翼三维效应对其动力学性能的损失,但是展弦比过大会造成弹簧水翼机构的可靠性降低,因此结合波浪滑翔器弹簧水翼机构的实际应用,本文分别对展弦比为6.25、7和8的三维水翼进行仿真模拟,并与二维水翼仿真结果进行对比分析。在流体力学领域中,二维水翼是指展长为无穷大的水翼,而在实际工程分析中,为方便计算,一般取二维水翼的展长为单位长度(B = 1 m)进行仿真分析。二维水翼和三维不同展弦比的水翼在同一个周期内前向推力系数、升力系数、俯仰角和输入功率曲线如图8所示。从图中发现,前向推力系数、升力系数、俯仰角和输入功率均呈现周期性波动变化,通过对比峰值数据发现,二维水翼的结果均大于三维,并且随着水翼展弦比的增大,峰值之间的差距在逐渐缩小。
水翼在一个周期内的平均前向推力系数、平均输入功率以及水翼效率数值如表2所示。通过对比发现,在相同的展弦比下,三维水翼比二维水翼的效率下降了22.3%,当水翼展弦比为7时,效率下降了15.4%,当水翼展弦比为8时,效率下降了8.6%。随着水翼展弦比的逐渐增大,平均前向推力系数和平均输入功逐渐增大,与二维水翼的结果差值逐渐减小。这表明二维水翼与三维水翼在仿真模拟的结果上存在着较大差异。
为了深入分析二维水翼与三维水翼产生不同动力学性能的原因,使用Q判据来可视化涡结构,并且捕捉到了翼型表面卷起的展向漩涡结构。图9为在不同展弦比下三维水翼的瞬时Q准则图,从图中可以看出,三种不同展弦比的水翼均在翼端处出现强度较高的三维旋涡。这是由于当流体流过有攻角的有限长水翼端部时,水翼上下表面的压力差会驱使流动从下表面的高压侧流向上表面的低压侧,从而形成梢涡。梢涡具有强烈的旋转效应,其水翼端部出现的下洗流动,会产生诱导阻力,消耗水翼产生的能量,造成升力降低、阻力增加,导致三维水翼动力学性能降低。
为了更直观对比二维与三维水翼表面的流动分布,图10图11给出了二维水翼和三维水翼在t/T = 0.1和t/T = 0.4时刻的压力云图。通过两个不同时刻的压力云图对比,可以清楚地看到三维水翼表面压力分布不均匀,这是由于翼端梢涡的存在,造成水翼中间部分最大,靠近两侧翼端时逐渐减小,而二维水翼理论上被认为无穷长,使得水翼表面的压力分布均匀。
图12图13给出了t/T = 0.1时刻,二维水翼与三维水翼(Z = 0.5LZ = 3.5L)的压力云图,二维水翼由于在前缘处的低压使来流上偏,成为“下洗”,并且二维水翼没有梢涡影响,使得随升力产生的阻力很小。通过云图对比发现,三维水翼受到翼端梢涡的影响造成水翼下表面负压程度减弱,造成翼梢涡对来流没有上洗作用,然而这会使总压差出现明显后倾,产生较大阻力,同时对比发现翼端产生的梢涡对水翼中间位置产生的影响较小。
为了更清晰地对比梢涡对水翼表面压力的影响,图14图15给出了二维水翼和三维水翼在t/T = 0.1和t/T = 0.4时刻水翼表面压力系数图。在t/T = 0.1时刻,三维水翼在Z = 3.5L处的压力系数与二维水翼的压力系数基本重合,而在Z = 0.5L处的压力系数小于二维水翼,这说明了梢涡对翼端附近的压力分布影响较大。在t/T = 0.4时刻,由于受到翼梢涡的影响,使得水翼上表面压力下降、下表面压力增大,造成三维水翼在翼面处的力值分布不均。
增大水翼的展弦比可以减少受梢涡影响区域的比例,然而展弦比的增大会使得水翼机动性能和强度降低,造成波浪滑翔器航行速度降低。因此,本节根据波浪滑翔器弹簧水翼机构的运动机理,在2.1节的研究基础上,仿照鲸鱼尾部的结构特征,对波浪滑翔器三维水翼进行仿生设计与水动性能研究,参照翼型如图16所示。
考虑到弹簧水翼机构在垂直方向上获取波浪能的效率,仿生水翼主要选取鲸鱼尾部中间区域的结构特征进行优化设计,同时为了保障水翼根部的结构强度,靠近根部的1/2区域依然采用三维水翼的形状,水翼末端参考鲸鱼尾部末端进行过渡处理,如图17(a)所示。与三维水翼相比,如果水动性能优于三维水翼,则完成了该仿生水翼的外形设计;如不满足设计要求,则继续对仿生水翼进行改进,直至满足为止,设计成形的三维仿生水翼外形如图17(b)所示。
在模拟计算中为了能精确捕捉仿真水翼的三维外形,采用非结构化网格对水翼进行网格划分,同时为了提高求解精度,对水翼网格进行了整体加密与边界层的划分,翼型表面及其周围的网格分布如图18所示。
根据三维水翼仿真模拟的初始条件,计算三维仿生水翼的动力学性能。二维水翼和三维不同展弦比仿生水翼在同一个周期内前向推力系数、升力系数、俯仰角和输入功率如图19所示。对比峰值数据发现,随着仿生水翼展弦比的增大,其数值结果与二维水翼的峰值差距在逐渐缩小,并且当AR = 7和AR = 8时,其峰值数据与二维水翼相差不大,水翼的动力学性能得到提升。
仿生水翼在一个周期内的平均前向推力系数、平均输入功率以及水翼效率如表3所示。通过对比发现,在相同的展弦比下,三维仿生水翼比二维水翼的效率下降了14.7%,当水翼的展弦比为7时,效率下降了6.1%,当水翼的展弦比为8时,效率下降了2.3%。并且通过对比表2可以发现,在相同的展长比(AR = 6.25)下,仿生水翼的前向推力提高了17.6%,效率提高了10.7%,这表明仿生水翼相比于三维水翼,其动力性能得到了提高。
为了深入分析三维水翼与仿生水翼的动力学性能差别,图20给出了三维水翼与仿生水翼在t/T = 0.1时刻的压力云图,通过对比压力云图发现,水翼上表面为高压区,下表面为低压区,三维水翼与仿生水翼表面压力分布不均匀,中间部分最大,靠近两侧翼端时逐渐减小,然而,仿生水翼靠近翼端处的压力分布几乎没有,这将造成翼端处的升力减小。翼端处升力减小的同时其产生的诱导阻力也在减少,然而诱导阻力减少对水翼造成的影响要大于升力减小造成的影响,同时翼端处升力减小对波浪滑翔器水翼的强度也有利。
图21给出了三维水翼与仿生水翼在t/T = 0.1时刻的速度云图,通过对比速度云图发现,由于水翼在前缘处有涡的生成,使得下翼面的速度较大,并且三维水翼与仿生水翼在中间部分速度最大,但是受到翼端梢涡的影响,靠近两侧翼端的速度逐渐减小。仿生水翼由于翼端形状的改变,使得在翼端处的流速较小,避免了梢涡产生的能量损耗。
为了直观地分析三维水翼与仿生水翼周围流体变化,图22图23分别给出了三维水翼与仿生水翼在t/T = 0.1和t/T = 0.4时刻水翼周围流线图。通过对比发现,在翼端处,由于梢涡的产生,造成三维水翼下表面的流体会绕过翼端流向上表面,当与来流叠加时,形成了较强的螺旋流动。而仿生水翼在翼端处流线平滑,当与来流叠加时,在翼端处的螺旋流动很少,这将有效地减少梢涡对水翼动力性能的影响,由于翼梢涡能量损失减小,使得仿生水翼的推进效率有所提高。
为了验证仿真结果的准确性,本节将搭建试验平台对仿真结果进行验证。试验平台如图24所示,主要由主体框架、滑动导轨、气动装置和弹簧水翼机构等几部分组成,其中,气动装置包含气缸、气泵和控制器,通过调节气压与气缸运动控制器,模拟波浪的波高和周期。弹簧水翼机构在气动装置驱动下实现起伏运动,产生前向驱动力,并在水翼运动方向上安装拉力传感器,可以在定点测试的状态下实时接收水翼前向推进力数据。
试验通过固定气缸垂向振幅行程为0.6 m,调整运行周期为5.5 s,分别对3种不同展弦比的三维水翼与仿生水翼进行对比试验。试验利用拉力传感器获取的三维水翼与仿生水翼在不同展弦比下的前向推进力曲线进行积分平均,同时将试验与仿真结果进行对比。
图25为在不同展弦比下三维水翼与仿生水翼试验结果与仿真结果对比的平均前向推进力曲线,从曲线分析可知,试验结果与仿真结果曲线走势相同,但数值方面略有差异。分析其原因,由于气动装置整体质量较重从而与导轨之间产生了较大的摩擦力,影响了试验结果。另一方面,由于水翼中间部分与气动装置相连接,造成水翼动力学性能损失。基于上述原因,需要对试验数据进行有效修正,才能使得试验数据在与仿真数据对比时有效。针对多次数据比对处理,得到规律性较为明显的修正系数,并对图示试验数据进行比例修正,图中黑色曲线代表修正后的试验结果。由图25分析得出,在三种不同的展弦比下,仿生水翼的试验结果与修正试验结果均大于三维水翼,并且经过比对,修正后的试验结果与仿真结果的最大偏差小于10%,试验结果的可靠性较高。
最后,在一定海况下,仿生水翼的优化提高了波浪滑翔器弹簧水翼机构的动力学性能,此结果可以为后续弹簧水翼机构的设计提供一定的理论依据。另外,由水池试验数据的误差分析可知,弹簧水翼机构的质量以及导轨的摩擦力直接影响水翼前向推进力,因此在设计水翼机构时不宜过重,以减小整体产生的摩擦阻力。在后续研究工作中需要进一步提高试验平台的精度,同时提高平台的数据探测范围,从而提升研究方法的可靠性。
本文针对波浪滑翔器弹簧水翼机构模型,在二级海况下对二维和三维水翼进行CFD数值模拟与研究,重点分析了三维效应对波浪滑翔器弹簧水翼机构动力学性能的影响,得出以下结论:
(1)对于波浪滑翔器弹簧水翼机构,由于三维水翼展弦比有限,其翼端处产生的梢涡现象引起能量损失,使得水翼的动力性能出现下降。并在相同的展弦比下,三维水翼比二维水翼的推进效率下降了22.3%,随着三维水翼展弦比的逐渐增大,与二维水翼的结果差值逐渐减小。
(2)利用仿生学原理对三维水翼进行优化设计,发现仿生水翼有效降低梢涡的强度,并且诱导阻力和翼端梢涡损耗减小,因而提高了效率。并且在相同的展弦比下,仿生水翼的前向推力提高了17.6%,推进效率提高了10.7%,水翼的动力性能得到了提高。
(3)通过建立试验平台,选取三维水翼和仿生水翼的前向推进力进行仿真数据与试验数据对比,经过修正后试验数据与仿真数据的误差较小,验证了仿真结果的可靠性,可为后续波浪滑翔器弹簧水翼机构的设计提供理论依据。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFC0305900)
  • 山东省重点研发计划项目(2019JZZY020701)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.04.005
  • 接收时间:2023-11-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-30
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国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFC0305900)
山东省重点研发计划项目(2019JZZY020701)
作者信息
    1.河北工业大学 机械工程学院,天津 300401
    2.中国海洋大学 物理海洋教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
    3.中国海洋大学 海洋高等研究院,山东 青岛 266100
    4.天津工业大学 机械工程学院,天津 300387
    5.青岛海舟科技有限公司,山东 青岛 266200

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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