Article(id=1242150713371992164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150711367119505, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.04.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1697558400000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774081408111, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1713542400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774081408111, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774081408111, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081408111, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242150711367119505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='4', pageStart='479', pageEnd='636', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774081407634, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081679149, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242151850229702738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150711367119505, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242151850229702739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150711367119505, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=561, endPage=570, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242150713577513061, articleId=1242150713371992164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Amplitude of local ice pressure in upright wide structures, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to clarify the influencing factors of the amplitude of local ice pressure and pressure-area curve of the upright wide structures, the calculation method of the local ice pressure in ISO 19906 was firstly analyzed in this paper, and its limitation was found. Secondly, the discrete element method was used to simulate the interaction between different sea ice conditions and multi-scale structures. It is found that the amplitude of local ice pressure increases with the increase of ice thickness and decreases with the increase of structure width. The amplitude and standard deviation of local ice pressure decrease with the increase of width-thickness ratio, showing obvious scale effect. Finally, the influence of ice thickness and width on pressure-area curve parameters was studied by square-averaging method, and one similar working condition was selected to compare with that of ISO specifications. The rationality of the discrete element simulation method in dealing with the local ice pressure-area curve was verified, which provides a certain basis and reference for the ice resistance performance analysis and structural design of the platform.

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为了明确极区直立宽大结构局部冰压力幅值及压力面积曲线的影响因素,本文首先对ISO 19906规范中的局部冰压力计算方法进行了分析,发现其局限性较大。其次,基于离散元方法模拟不同海冰条件与多种尺度结构的相互作用,发现局部冰压力幅值随冰厚的增大而明显增大,随结构宽度的增大而减小;局部冰压力幅值及其标准差随宽厚比的增加而减小,表现出明显的尺寸效应。最后,采用方形区域平均法研究了冰厚和宽度两种尺寸因素对压力-面积曲线参数的影响,选取某种相似工况与ISO规范进行对比。验证了离散元模拟方法处理局部冰压力-面积曲线的合理性,可为平台的抗冰性能分析和结构设计提供一定依据和参考。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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彭鑫(1997-),男,硕士研究生

张大勇(1978-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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3.Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo 315000, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242150722318442855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150713371992164, authorId=1242150722125504856, language=CN, stringName=张大勇, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 3, address=1.大连理工大学 海洋科学与技术学院,辽宁 盘锦 124221
3.大连理工大学 宁波研究院,浙江 宁波 315000, bio={"content":"

张大勇(1978-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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张大勇(1978-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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ArticleFig(id=1242150727477437027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150713371992164, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameters of pressure-area curves at different ice thicknesses

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冰厚h/m系数k指数α
0.43.41-0.67
0.64.51-0.71
0.87.28-0.71
1.011.54-0.65
), ArticleFig(id=1242150727594877546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150713371992164, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同冰厚下压力-面积曲线的参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冰厚h/m系数k指数α
0.43.41-0.67
0.64.51-0.71
0.87.28-0.71
1.011.54-0.65
), ArticleFig(id=1242150727678763631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150713371992164, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Parameters of pressure-area curves at different structural widths

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构宽度w/m系数k指数α
47.29-0.71
66.42-0.68
87.40-0.61
105.28-0.67
155.75-0.63
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不同结构宽度下压力-面积曲线的参数

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结构宽度w/m系数k指数α
47.29-0.71
66.42-0.68
87.40-0.61
105.28-0.67
155.75-0.63
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直立宽大结构局部冰压力幅值研究
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彭鑫 1 , 王国军 2 , 付仰华 1 , 黄亚婷 1 , 董睿 1 , 张大勇 1, 3
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2024,28(4): 561-570
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船舶力学 | 结构力学 2024, 28(4): 561-570
直立宽大结构局部冰压力幅值研究
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彭鑫1, 王国军2, 付仰华1, 黄亚婷1, 董睿1, 张大勇1, 3
作者信息
  • 1.大连理工大学 海洋科学与技术学院,辽宁 盘锦 124221
  • 2.大连理工大学 工程力学系,辽宁 大连 116023
  • 3.大连理工大学 宁波研究院,浙江 宁波 315000
  • 彭鑫(1997-),男,硕士研究生

    张大勇(1978-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Amplitude of local ice pressure in upright wide structures
Xin PENG1, Guo-jun WANG2, Yang-hua FU1, Ya-ting HUANG1, Rui DONG1, Da-yong ZHANG1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
  • 2.Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
  • 3.Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo 315000, China
出版时间: 2024-04-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.04.008
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为了明确极区直立宽大结构局部冰压力幅值及压力面积曲线的影响因素,本文首先对ISO 19906规范中的局部冰压力计算方法进行了分析,发现其局限性较大。其次,基于离散元方法模拟不同海冰条件与多种尺度结构的相互作用,发现局部冰压力幅值随冰厚的增大而明显增大,随结构宽度的增大而减小;局部冰压力幅值及其标准差随宽厚比的增加而减小,表现出明显的尺寸效应。最后,采用方形区域平均法研究了冰厚和宽度两种尺寸因素对压力-面积曲线参数的影响,选取某种相似工况与ISO规范进行对比。验证了离散元模拟方法处理局部冰压力-面积曲线的合理性,可为平台的抗冰性能分析和结构设计提供一定依据和参考。

直立宽大结构  /  局部冰压力  /  离散元方法  /  尺寸效应  /  方形区域平均法

In order to clarify the influencing factors of the amplitude of local ice pressure and pressure-area curve of the upright wide structures, the calculation method of the local ice pressure in ISO 19906 was firstly analyzed in this paper, and its limitation was found. Secondly, the discrete element method was used to simulate the interaction between different sea ice conditions and multi-scale structures. It is found that the amplitude of local ice pressure increases with the increase of ice thickness and decreases with the increase of structure width. The amplitude and standard deviation of local ice pressure decrease with the increase of width-thickness ratio, showing obvious scale effect. Finally, the influence of ice thickness and width on pressure-area curve parameters was studied by square-averaging method, and one similar working condition was selected to compare with that of ISO specifications. The rationality of the discrete element simulation method in dealing with the local ice pressure-area curve was verified, which provides a certain basis and reference for the ice resistance performance analysis and structural design of the platform.

upright wide structure  /  local ice pressure  /  discrete element method  /  scale effect  /  square-averaging method
彭鑫, 王国军, 付仰华, 黄亚婷, 董睿, 张大勇. 直立宽大结构局部冰压力幅值研究. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (4) : 561 -570 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.04.008
Xin PENG, Guo-jun WANG, Yang-hua FU, Ya-ting HUANG, Rui DONG, Da-yong ZHANG. Amplitude of local ice pressure in upright wide structures[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (4) : 561 -570 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.04.008
近年来,随着极地科考、极区航运和油气资源开发等事业的快速发展,极区船舶和海洋平台结构的抗冰设计和安全运行等问题愈发引起人们的重视[1-2]。同时,近期国际局势的动荡、能源危机成为了影响我国持续稳定发展的重大战略问题。为了迅速提升我国极区海工装备的研发水平,加快对极区能源开发的脚步,抗冰结构设计技术成为目前亟待解决的重点问题。
冰载荷是船舶与海洋平台结构在冰区安全运行的主要控制载荷,设计者通常采用宽大结构(重力式平台、半潜式平台等)抵抗极地严重的海冰条件。结构抗冰设计中,研究人员需要关注结构的整体和局部冰载荷,即总体及局部冰压力,开展平台的定位能力、稳定性及结构局部强度校核等[3]。整体冰压力是海冰与结构相互作用时整个接触面上的平均压力,代表了结构整体的受力状态。局部冰压力用来表征海冰破坏过程中作用在结构局部很小区域内的冰压力[4]。Jordaan[5]指出结构整体冰压力通常在1 MPa左右甚至更低,而局部冰压力可高达70 MPa,远大于结构整体冰压力。Johnston等[6]将冰与结构的接触区划分为临界区、背景压力区和剥落区三部分,并指出临界区仅占总接触面积的10%左右,且大部分载荷集中在临界区,因此将其称为高压区。高压区主要集中在冰板中心位置,随着冰厚的增加分布更加分散化,直接影响到宽大结构面板框架及加筋肋的加固和安装位置。因此,宽大结构的抗冰设计需要考虑高压区局部冰载荷的幅值和分布特征。
海冰与直立宽大结构作用时,冰板两侧碎冰先剥落,冰板中心区域持续与结构作用,呈现出“线状”分布的高压区带,如图1所示。高压区的形状大小以及位置分布的随机性很大,原因如下:
(1)海冰材料的复杂性,使得海冰内部初始裂纹随机分布,海冰在结构前发生非同时破坏;
(2)海冰物理力学性质的复杂性,使得接触面上各部分的海冰破碎强度不完全相同;
(3)冰板两侧与中心处约束条件不同,使冰板两侧海冰易于剥落,中心处海冰承受大部分荷载。
对于高压区的这种分布特征,局部冰载荷的研究需要先明确局部冰压力和局部面积的定义。早期的现场测量中,通常从大型海洋结构物安装的矩形压力面板上获取局部冰压力,这种情况下,局部冰压力通常由一个事件中压力面板测得的最大荷载来计算。由于冰与结构作用的压力-面积效应,压力面板的尺寸对局部压力大小有着直接影响。同时,压力面板仅占整个接触面的一小部分,还需考虑暴露概率问题,所以基于面板测量的最大载荷计算局部冰压力具有很多不确定性。为此,Timco等[7]学者对局部冰压力进行了明确定义(图2),将海冰与结构的整个接触面划分为多个小矩形面元,每个面元上的平均冰压力定义为局部冰压力,每块面元的面积定义为局部面积。实际上,局部面积的大小与待设计的结构(如面板、框架间的镀层等)密切相关,两者具有类似的形状和约束条件,因此局部冰压力-面积曲线能很好地应用于抗冰结构设计中。
宽大结构局部冰载荷的研究由来已久,已发展了包括现场监测、模型试验、数值模拟在内的多种研究方法。国外对于船舶和海洋平台结构的冰荷载现场测量工作开展较早,积累了大量复杂冰况下的冰荷载数据。Sanderson[8]分析了压痕试验、冲击锤、海上平台和中尺度模型试验的数据,发现了平均冰力随冰与结构接触面积的增加而减小,这一结论已成为冰力学研究的基石;Masterson等[9]对大量实测的冰载荷数据进行分析,明确了接触面积的增加会导致冰压力降低,并根据实测数据(接触面积大于100 m2)拟合得到了局部冰压力-接触面积曲线,提出了局部冰压力的计算方法;Frederking等[10]学者利用Molikpaq平台的测量数据,建立了以局部接触面积为变量的局部冰压力计算方法,明确了冰压力的垂直和水平分布特征;Masterson等[11]充分考虑船舶撞击和Molikpaq平台的实测数据,对1993年提出的局部压力-接触面积曲线进行了修正,使之适用范围更具体。综上可见,虽然现场测量和试验等获得的局部冰压力-面积曲线具有很好的工程设计与应用意义,但结构冰压力的大小和分布都与海冰的破坏模式密切相关,现场测量和试验的工况较少,难以对海冰内部细观断裂特性及高压区产生的内在机理进行深入研究,缺少具有通用性的局部冰力计算方法。
近年来,国内在冰荷载现场原型测试、数值模拟等领域开展了大量工作[12]。现场监测可获取真实的冰载荷,数据具有较好的可靠性,但受到实际海冰工况的自然条件影响,难以细化分析各种参数的影响[13]。数值方法不仅可描述海冰与海洋结构物作用过程,还可深入分析海冰破坏模式的转变机理及冰载荷的影响因素。由于海冰在自然界中的离散分布特性以及其破碎后呈现离散体性质,采用离散元方法模拟海冰与结构的作用过程可有效利用离散元方法的优势和特点。离散元方法可模拟小尺度下冰块之间的碰撞和摩擦作用,还可对中尺度下冰脊的形成、冰隙的产生以及极地大尺度海冰的演化过程进行数值模拟[13]。近年来,基于离散元方法的海冰与海洋平台结构相互作用研究取得了较大的进展[14]。针对大中尺度下海冰的离散特性,可采用二维块体离散元模型对其动力演化过程进行数值分析。采用离散元方法可深入分析不同海冰工况下海冰与结构相互作用过程中的破坏机理,具有很好的工程实用性[15]
基于早期现场实测和原型试验结果,已建立了宽大结构局部冰压力的预测模型,但由于现场的局限性,现有局部冰压力计算方法能否指导不同类型结构物的抗冰设计还有待研究。本文将通过对比现有的局部冰压力计算方法,分析不同计算方法存在差异性的原因;基于离散元数值方法模拟不同海冰条件与多种尺度结构的相互作用过程,研究冰厚、结构宽度、宽厚比以及局部区域面积对局部冰压力幅值的影响,采用区域平均法研究结构的极值压力-局部面积效应,提出局部冰压力-面积曲线预测模型。
国际上通过大量现场实测、原型试验和室内模型试验研究,建立了一系列局部冰压力的经验公式,可以表示为p=kA形式。资林钦[16]用离散元方法对局部冰载荷特征进行了一定的研究,初步获得了局部冰力与冰厚和局部区域面积的关系,但没有将离散元结果与现有局部冰力计算方法进行对比分析。王国军等[3]将现有的局部冰力公式进行对比分析,分析了不同局部区域面积及不同海冰厚度条件下各种冰压力计算方法的差异性。
现有的局部冰力公式是在Sanderson[8]的冰压力-面积曲线的基础上发展而来,ISO 19906规范中建议了不同结构尺度下局部冰力的计算方法[17]。其中,局部冰压力计算公式有如下两种:
(1)全冰厚的冰压力计算公式:
式中,pF为全冰厚范围内的平均冰压力,h为冰厚。当h>0.35 m时使用该式;当h≤0.35 m时,pF=4.0 MPa。冰压力主要分布在冰板的中心区域内,局部冰压强可由式(2)计算得到。
式中,pL为局部冰压力,γL取2.5。此公式是基于对波提尼亚湾Norströmsgrund灯塔的实测数据[18],用于确定1 m左右厚度的一年生冰与结构作用产生的局部冰压力幅值,由于冰板上下较近的自由表面间距限制了局部冰力,故将其表征为冰厚h的函数。
(2)若冰厚大于1.5 m,局部冰压力的计算公式为
式中,A为局部区域面积。当A≤10 m2时使用该式;当A>10 m2时,pL=1.48 MPa。此公式来自于Masterson等[11]的研究成果,数据源自波弗特海和北极群岛的大量平台结构实测和压头碰撞试验,用于确定冰厚大于1.5 m的一年生和多年生冰与结构作用产生的局部冰压力幅值。
结合Sanderson等[8]的实验数据,对两种局部冰压力计算方法进行分析,如图3所示。基于局部区域宽度(1 m),改变海冰厚度(0.4 m<h<4 m),可以看出在较小局部区域面积下全冰厚冰压力公式对于Sanderson实验数据集的包络效果略差,主要原因是全冰厚冰压力公式的数据通过压力面板对Norströmsgrund灯塔实测得到,包含的数据类型和数量均较少,具有一定的局限性。而Masterson等提出的局部冰压力公式涵盖了全尺寸的实际测量、原型和室内模型实验,对局部冰压力幅值大小的预测具有普遍的指导意义。
ISO 19906局部冰压力-面积公式是Masterson剔除船舶撞击试验的数据后,对局部压力-面积曲线进行修正的结果。为了保持全尺寸的冰-结构作用数据集的完整性,仍然包含了大量压头试验数据。因压头实验与海冰撞击平台的加载类型之间存在差异,此数据集的拟合结果可能无法具体指导平台结构的设计。
图4所示,将Molikpaq平台实测数据、Norströmsgrund灯塔实测数据、ISO局部冰压力-面积曲线和Molikpaq平台设计曲线进行对比,可以发现各局部面积下Molikpaq平台设计曲线值均大于实测结果,说明该曲线偏保守,这与实测期间平台表面并未发现明显凹痕这一事实相符合。ISO局部冰压力-面积曲线在较小局部面积下远大于实测结果,在较大局部面积下接近实测结果,说明小尺度的压头试验结果对曲线影响较大,使其在小接触面积下过于保守。
全尺度的冰-结构碰撞数据集拟合结果对直立平台结构抗冰设计有一定的指导意义,但由于早期的测量装置精度较低,局部面积获取方法较粗略,数据来源于不同碰撞类型的压头试验和平台实测,建立的压力-面积曲线的计算精确度有待商榷。
目前,现场实测和原型试验获得的局部冰压力数据较少,且涉及的冰厚和结构宽度范围有限;室内模型实验相似理论尚有争议,是否能准确模拟冰与结构物的碰撞情况尚且存疑;根据不同计算公式得到的局部冰压力计算结果差异较大。因此,本文通过ANSYS有限元软件将直立宽大结构划分为小面元,基于离散元软件SDEM(大连理工大学季顺迎团队开发的海冰与海洋结构耦合作用的离散元高性能计算软件,软件专利号:2014SR090922[1419-20])模拟海冰与结构的相互作用过程,获得局部面元上的冰压力,最后采用Tecplot绘图软件绘制出局部冰压力的分布情况[3-4]
直立宽大结构简化模型以及面元划分如图5所示。其中,海冰采用质量和大小相同且规则排列的球体单元构造而成,不与结构接触的三边均采用线性弹簧边界进行固定。考虑到计算效率,海冰颗粒层数仅选取2~5层。由于海冰颗粒尺寸效应的影响,为保证不同接触面积下的海冰颗粒密集程度相同,每层海冰颗粒的高度应保持一致。结构采用0.02 m2大小的三角形单元拼接而成,视为具有固定运动速度的刚体,不考虑结构振动、变形及其他运动方式。
为研究冰厚h、结构宽度w对局部冰压力幅值的影响,冰速恒定设为0.4 m/s,选取4组冰厚(0.4 m、0.6 m、0.8 m、1 m),6组结构宽度(2 m、4 m、6 m、8 m、10 m、15 m)共24种组合工况进行模拟分析。提取不同工况下结构的整体冰力时程图,发现海冰破坏模式与结构宽度密切相关。如图6(a)所示,结构宽度为6 m时,冰力时程图呈锯齿状随机波动,说明海冰发生挤压破坏;结构宽度为15 m时,图6(b)图中的整体冰力极值先逐渐增加,再随机波动,说明海冰线由弯曲破坏向挤压破坏转变。由于海冰在各种破坏模式中,发生挤压破坏时产生的冰力最大,故选取挤压破坏阶段进行分析。通过对某一冰力峰值时刻各面元压力数据进行处理,使用Tecplot后处理得到了直立宽大结构的局部压力分布图。Sodhi[21]基于小尺度压头试验发现高压区有时呈线状分布,有时却相当局部化,通过此方法得到的局部压力分布图也得到了类似的结果。结构宽度为15 m,海冰厚度为1 m时,不同整体冰力峰值时刻对应的局部压力分布如图7所示,可以看出当高压区高度局部化时将出现较高的局部冰压力,因此将此冰力峰值时刻视为出现局部冰压力极值的时刻。
处理过程中,将前六个局部冰压力极值时刻结构最大单元冰压力的均值表示局部冰压力幅值,对比分析冰厚和结构宽度对局部冰压力幅值的影响。如图8所示,冰厚小于1 m时,局部冰压力幅值随冰厚的增加呈现指数增加的趋势。这是由于冰板越厚则中间区域的边界约束越强,能承受的载荷更大,因此局部冰压力幅值就越大。如图9所示,结构宽度小于6 m时,局部冰压力幅值随着结构宽度的增加明显减小;结构宽度大于6 m时,局部冰压力幅值随着结构宽度的增加呈现波动变化。我们认为结构宽度小于6 m时,海冰主要发生同时破坏;结构宽度大于6 m时,海冰主要发生非同时破坏。随着结构宽度的增加,海冰由同时破坏向非同时破坏转变,导致局部冰压力出现逐渐减小的趋势。海冰以非同时破坏为主时,数据处理过程中选取的整体冰力峰值时刻与局部压力峰值时刻无法保持绝对一致,故导致结构宽度大于6 m之后的冰压力幅值数据出现波动。
比较24种工况下的局部冰压力幅值和标准差,由图10图11可以发现明显的尺寸效应。随着宽厚比(结构宽度与冰厚的比值)的增加,局部冰压力幅值和标准差均有减小的趋势,符合断裂理论和随机平均理论。由于冰与结构总接触面积的增加,冰板内初始裂纹的数量随之大幅增加,使得冰板更易于破碎,降低了冰与结构之间的作用力,因此宽大结构局部冰压力幅值和标准差均减小。
冰与宽大结构作用的压力-面积曲线通常服从幂指数关系,可表示为p=kA的形式,由于尺寸效应,冰厚与结构宽度对局部冰压力-面积曲线可能存在显著影响。
(1)冰厚对压力-面积曲线的影响
为了分析冰厚对压力面积曲线的影响,这里选取结构宽度为4 m,冰厚分别为0.4 m、0.6 m、0.8 m、1.0 m,采用区域面积法以最大的节点力位置为中心,依次向外扩展为不同面积的方形区域,处理得到各方形区域内的平均冰压力。不同冰厚对应的局部区域面积和冰压力的关系如图12所示,各局部区域的平均冰压力随冰厚增加而提高,各冰厚下的幂指数拟合曲线参数如表1所示,系数k随着冰厚的增加而增加,指数α在-0.65~-0.71范围内波动。
(2)结构宽度对压力-面积曲线的影响
选取海冰厚度为0.8 m,结构宽度分别设置为4 m、6 m、8 m、10 m、15 m,同样采用方形区域面积法[21-22]处理得到不同局部区域内的平均冰压力,不同结构宽度对应的局部区域面积和冰压力关系如图13所示,结构宽度越大,局部区域的平均冰压力越大;各结构宽度下的幂指数拟合曲线参数如表2所示,可见,系数k随着冰厚的增加并没有出现明显变化,指数α在-0.61~-0.71范围内波动。
由于冰与结构作用时高压区形状和位置的随机性,同一工况不同时刻的压力-面积曲线存在一定差异,上述分析中选取了高压区分布较集中的情况,表1~2中显示指数α在-0.61~-0.71范围内波动。另外,冰厚的变化对冰板边界约束影响较大,冰厚是局部压力-面积曲线的关键因素,分析发现冰厚越大,压力-面积曲线中系数k越大,因为大冰厚下冰板中间的约束更强,易产生更大的局部冰压力。结构宽度对压力-面积曲线的影响不明显,但随着结构宽度的增大,曲线的系数k总体上略有下降趋势。
为验证离散元模拟方法分析压力-面积曲线的合理性,选取Molikpaq平台实测的近似冰况(冰速为0.4 m/s,结构宽度为15 m,冰厚为1 m)进行研究,使用Tecplot软件提取各节点力,转换为单元力后,计算不同局部区域的平均冰压力。如图14所示,离散元模拟得到的局部冰压力-面积公式为p=8.22A-0.7,与ISO 19906规范中的压力-面积公式非常接近。后续可根据不同平台待布置海域的实际冰况,基于此方法得到不同平台的局部冰载荷特征,从而实现因地制宜地对平台进行抗冰性能分析和结构设计。
本文对ISO 19906规范中提出的两种局部冰压力计算方法进行了调查研究,分析了其数据来源和适用范围;将Molikpaq平台实测数据、Norströmsgrund灯塔实测数据、ISO局部冰压力-面积计算方法和Molikpaq平台设计曲线进行了对比,发现ISO 19906规范中的建议偏于保守,对于此类结构的适用效果不是非常理想。并且由于数据来源于现场实测和原型试验,涉及的冰厚和结构宽度范围有限,难以考虑尺度因素对局部冰压力的影响,因此仅将局部冰压力计算公式表示为单一变量函数,如局部区域面积A
由于现场实测的这种局限性,本文借助离散元模拟手段来研究单一变量对局部冰压力幅值的影响。因为冰与结构物之间的相互作用存在明显尺寸效应,本文选取了24种工况进行模拟分析,通过研究冰厚和结构宽度对局部冰压力幅值的影响,发现局部冰力幅值随着冰厚的增加而明显增加;随着结构宽度的增加大体上有减小的趋势。从宽厚比的角度来看,局部冰力幅值和标准差随着宽厚比的增加而减小,符合断裂理论和随机平均理论,从而明确了相互作用时的尺寸效应对局部冰压力的影响。
本文基于离散元软件模拟得到了不同工况下的单元冰压力幅值,采用方形区域面积法选取局部区域,得到了局部冰压力-面积曲线。从冰厚和结构宽度两个角度对曲线特征参数进行了研究,发现冰厚是局部冰压力-面积曲线的关键影响因素,冰厚越大则曲线的系数k越大;结构宽度对压力-面积曲线的影响不明显,随着结构宽度的增大,曲线的系数k总体上略有下降的趋势。同时选取Molikpaq平台实测的近似冰况,处理得到的局部冰压力-面积公式为p=8.22A-0.7,与ISO 19906规范中的压力-面积公式非常接近,验证了离散元模拟方法处理局部冰压力-面积曲线的合理性。后续可根据不同平台待布置海域的实际冰况,基于此方法得到不同平台的局部冰载荷特征,可为实现对平台的抗冰性能分析和结构设计提供一定依据和参考。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52071055)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费资助项目(DUT22QN237)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.04.008
  • 接收时间:2023-10-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-18
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52071055)
中央高校基本科研业务费资助项目(DUT22QN237)
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    1.大连理工大学 海洋科学与技术学院,辽宁 盘锦 124221
    2.大连理工大学 工程力学系,辽宁 大连 116023
    3.大连理工大学 宁波研究院,浙江 宁波 315000

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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