Article(id=1242150713174864543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150711367119505, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.04.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1697212800000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774081408064, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1713542400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774081408064, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774081408064, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081408064, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242150711367119505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='4', pageStart='479', pageEnd='636', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774081407634, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081679149, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242151850229702738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150711367119505, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242151850229702739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150711367119505, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=485, endPage=500, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242150713413939881, articleId=1242150713174864543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Numerical research on free running model maneuvering motion of a generic submarine based on overset mesh, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the actual demand of improving the numerical simulation of unsteady submarine motion in maneuvering condition, the overset mesh was used to directly model six degree of freedom coupling motion of a submarine and the independent motion of each control surface, and the sliding mesh was used to directly simulate the propeller rotation at the stern of a submarine, so as to carry out the research on the numerical simulation of a generic submarine in self-propulsion and free running maneuvering conditions. Through the procedure of numerical simulation in typical working conditions, such as submerged self-propulsion, turning maneuver, zigzag maneuver, crashback, etc., the issues of submarine/propeller/rudder hydrodynamic coupling modeling and PD (proportional-derivative) numerical control realization of autopilot in maneuvering condition were emphatically solved, and the technology of free running submarine model numerical simulation based on overset mesh was established. At the same time, the surrounding flow phenomenon and the time-history change process of kinematics and dynamics parameters of the submarine in maneuvering condition were analyzed. By comparing the numerical simulation results of typical dynamics parameters with the model test results, the practicability of the approach for engineering prediction was verified. The research can provide a guidance for the prediction and evaluation of submarine maneuverability and seaworthiness. It is beneficial for the improvement of free running submarine model tests.

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针对潜艇机动状态非定常运动数值模拟方法提升的实际需求,本文采用基于重叠网格的方法对潜艇六自由度耦合运动及各操纵面的独立运动直接数值建模,并利用滑移网格技术直接模拟艇后螺旋桨的转动,进行潜艇水下自航模的数值模拟方法研究。通过开展潜艇自航模水下直航、水下回转、水平面Z形操舵、紧急倒车等典型工况的数值模拟,重点解决潜艇操纵状态下艇/桨/舵水动力耦合建模、自动舵的PD(proportional-derivative)数值控制实现等问题,建立基于重叠网格的潜艇自航模数值模拟技术途径。同时对潜艇操纵状态下艇体周围流动现象以及运动学与动力学参数时历变化过程进行分析,通过将典型运动参数数值模拟结果与水池物理模型试验结果进行对比,验证其工程预报实用性。研究结果可为潜艇操纵性和适航性预报与评估以及潜艇自航模模型试验技术完善提供技术支撑。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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陈默(1994-),男,硕士,工程师,E-mail:

张楠(1977-),男,博士,研究员,博士生导师,通讯作者,E-mail:

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张楠(1977-),男,博士,研究员,博士生导师,通讯作者,E-mail:

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label=Fig.23, caption=Numerical calculation results in crashback, figureFileSmall=EmzGOwogTiWQWBa5D5690w==, figureFileBig=bXhY7CczoA3qhzLwqlos4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150735769579860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150713174864543, language=CN, label=图23, caption=紧急倒车数值计算结果, figureFileSmall=EmzGOwogTiWQWBa5D5690w==, figureFileBig=bXhY7CczoA3qhzLwqlos4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150735853465944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150713174864543, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Main particulars of BB2

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参数符号/单位实艇模型
(1:18.348)
参数符号/单位实艇模型
(1:18.348)
型长L/m70.23.8260重心纵向位置(距中心线)zG/m0.04430.0024
艇宽B/m9.60.5232横摇惯性半径Ixx/m3.4330.1871
中心线高H/m5.30.2889纵摇惯性半径Iyy/m17.60.9592
排水体积∇/t44400.7012艏摇惯性半径Izz/m17.5220.9550
重心纵向位置(距艏)xG/m32.311.7610
), ArticleFig(id=1242150735907991899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150713174864543, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

BB2潜艇模型主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数符号/单位实艇模型
(1:18.348)
参数符号/单位实艇模型
(1:18.348)
型长L/m70.23.8260重心纵向位置(距中心线)zG/m0.04430.0024
艇宽B/m9.60.5232横摇惯性半径Ixx/m3.4330.1871
中心线高H/m5.30.2889纵摇惯性半径Iyy/m17.60.9592
排水体积∇/t44400.7012艏摇惯性半径Izz/m17.5220.9550
重心纵向位置(距艏)xG/m32.311.7610
), ArticleFig(id=1242150735991877983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150713174864543, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Multi-block region mesh generation scheme

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区域体网格数量(万)网格单元类型
G1G2G3
Region_Computation224.18598.951758.74切割体网格单元
Region_Submarine36.5655.6589.00
Region_PtSail、Region_SbSail4.436.677.65切割体网格单元
棱柱层网格单元
Region_PtUp、Region_PtDn
Region_SbUp、Region_SbDn
7.5410.0913.61
Region_Propeller97.99155.07232.23
合计397.76863.352149.68
), ArticleFig(id=1242150736063181155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150713174864543, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

多块区域网格划分方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域体网格数量(万)网格单元类型
G1G2G3
Region_Computation224.18598.951758.74切割体网格单元
Region_Submarine36.5655.6589.00
Region_PtSail、Region_SbSail4.436.677.65切割体网格单元
棱柱层网格单元
Region_PtUp、Region_PtDn
Region_SbUp、Region_SbDn
7.5410.0913.61
Region_Propeller97.99155.07232.23
合计397.76863.352149.68
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基于重叠网格的潜艇自航模操纵运动数值模拟研究
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陈默 , 张楠 , 陈纪军 , 黄苗苗 , 曾柯
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024,28(4): 485-500
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024, 28(4): 485-500
基于重叠网格的潜艇自航模操纵运动数值模拟研究
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陈默 , 张楠 , 陈纪军, 黄苗苗, 曾柯
作者信息
  • 中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 陈默(1994-),男,硕士,工程师,E-mail:

    张楠(1977-),男,博士,研究员,博士生导师,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Numerical research on free running model maneuvering motion of a generic submarine based on overset mesh
Mo CHEN , Nan ZHANG , Ji-jun CHEN, Miao-miao HUANG, Ke ZENG
Affiliations
  • China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China
出版时间: 2024-04-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.04.002
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针对潜艇机动状态非定常运动数值模拟方法提升的实际需求,本文采用基于重叠网格的方法对潜艇六自由度耦合运动及各操纵面的独立运动直接数值建模,并利用滑移网格技术直接模拟艇后螺旋桨的转动,进行潜艇水下自航模的数值模拟方法研究。通过开展潜艇自航模水下直航、水下回转、水平面Z形操舵、紧急倒车等典型工况的数值模拟,重点解决潜艇操纵状态下艇/桨/舵水动力耦合建模、自动舵的PD(proportional-derivative)数值控制实现等问题,建立基于重叠网格的潜艇自航模数值模拟技术途径。同时对潜艇操纵状态下艇体周围流动现象以及运动学与动力学参数时历变化过程进行分析,通过将典型运动参数数值模拟结果与水池物理模型试验结果进行对比,验证其工程预报实用性。研究结果可为潜艇操纵性和适航性预报与评估以及潜艇自航模模型试验技术完善提供技术支撑。

潜艇  /  自航模  /  重叠网格  /  数值模拟

Aiming at the actual demand of improving the numerical simulation of unsteady submarine motion in maneuvering condition, the overset mesh was used to directly model six degree of freedom coupling motion of a submarine and the independent motion of each control surface, and the sliding mesh was used to directly simulate the propeller rotation at the stern of a submarine, so as to carry out the research on the numerical simulation of a generic submarine in self-propulsion and free running maneuvering conditions. Through the procedure of numerical simulation in typical working conditions, such as submerged self-propulsion, turning maneuver, zigzag maneuver, crashback, etc., the issues of submarine/propeller/rudder hydrodynamic coupling modeling and PD (proportional-derivative) numerical control realization of autopilot in maneuvering condition were emphatically solved, and the technology of free running submarine model numerical simulation based on overset mesh was established. At the same time, the surrounding flow phenomenon and the time-history change process of kinematics and dynamics parameters of the submarine in maneuvering condition were analyzed. By comparing the numerical simulation results of typical dynamics parameters with the model test results, the practicability of the approach for engineering prediction was verified. The research can provide a guidance for the prediction and evaluation of submarine maneuverability and seaworthiness. It is beneficial for the improvement of free running submarine model tests.

submarine  /  free running model  /  overset mesh  /  numerical simulation
陈默, 张楠, 陈纪军, 黄苗苗, 曾柯. 基于重叠网格的潜艇自航模操纵运动数值模拟研究. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (4) : 485 -500 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.04.002
Mo CHEN, Nan ZHANG, Ji-jun CHEN, Miao-miao HUANG, Ke ZENG. Numerical research on free running model maneuvering motion of a generic submarine based on overset mesh[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (4) : 485 -500 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.04.002
潜艇自航模研究是直接检验潜艇水动力综合性能的有效途径,一直是国际水动力学领域的研究热点[1]。早期的研究工作主要集中在潜艇自航模试验上,中国船舶科学研究中心潜艇自航模试验团队在此方面做过大量的研究性工作,内容涵盖水面、水下和近水面等多种运动状态。在这里需要说明的是快速性领域中自航试验的“自航”,英文为“self-propulsion”;而操纵性领域自航模试验的“自航”,英文为“free-running”,二者含义是有所区别的。
1992年,冯学知等[2-3]进行了潜艇波浪中近水面自航模试验研究,并首次在试验环境条件下发现带导弹舱盖潜艇在近水面航行时会发生规律性的“露背”现象,潜艇越靠近水面,波高越高,“露背”现象越明显,且显现程度与浪向角有关。
1994年,甘品章等[4-5]进行了潜艇自航模水面操纵性试验研究,内容包括水面回转试验、回舵试验、水面Z形操舵试验、制动试验、倒航试验及航向保持试验。随后于1995年进行了潜艇自航模水下操纵性试验研究,内容包括水下回转试验、水平面Z形操舵试验、回舵试验、定深定向航行试验、升速试验及超越试验。在此基础上,于1999年先后进行了潜艇水面、水下和近水面及波浪下操纵性自航模试验研究,内容涵盖不同航速和不同浸深下静水面及波浪中的近水面定深定向直航运动。
近年来,由于计算流体力学领域数值方法的持续改进、高性能软件不断优化以及硬件设施条件的逐渐完备,潜艇自航模CFD数值模拟技术随之得以完善并被广泛应用。一方面,能有效避免自航模试验周期长、资源耗费大的缺点;另一方面,能精确提供潜艇控制航行过程中的周围流场信息,为分析潜艇运动姿态及轨迹特征做辅助参考[6]
早期自航模CFD数值模拟工作主要是耦合螺旋桨及其他运动附体的动力学解析数据,来支撑潜艇模型运动的CFD求解,如采用体积力法或势流求解技术实时计算螺旋桨产生的推力,作为潜艇模型运动CFD计算求解的输入。2009年,Bettle等[7]采用体积力法替代螺旋桨和各运动附体的水动力建模,并通过改变模型重量和重心位置模拟压载水舱的注水和排水过程,研究了DRDC潜艇在水面自航模运动过程中的横滚现象;2010年,Dreyer和Boger[8]同样采用体积力法替代螺旋桨研究了水面船与潜艇的耦合运动,并通过操纵面偏移来控制潜艇运动姿态和航行深度。
2013年,爱荷华大学的Chase等[9-10]采用两种技术手段来模拟DARPA SUBOFF潜艇匹配INSEAN E1619螺旋桨的自航模运动:一种是采用势流求解代码计算螺旋桨推力和扭矩来作为CFD运动求解的输入;另一种是在CFD求解代码中直接模拟螺旋桨的转动,两种方法在模拟潜艇的水平面Z形操舵试验中展现出了相似的求解结果。2014年,Kim等[11]分别采用虚拟盘替代螺旋桨和滑移网格技术直接模拟螺旋桨的转动,对DARPA SUBOFF潜艇匹配INSEAN E1619螺旋桨的水下回转运动进行了数值模拟研究,研究结果表明,直接模拟螺旋桨转动时螺旋桨的侧向力对艇体产生的转艏力矩会改变潜艇的动态回转过程,最终导致回转半径计算结果和利用虚拟盘替代螺旋桨的计算结果之间存在约10%的偏差。
相对于耦合螺旋桨或其他附体的解析数据,CFD直接求解全附体潜艇模型运动时尾流分辨率较高,能较为精准地捕捉螺旋桨叶片旋转产生的三维涡旋结构流场特性和动力学特性,缺点是计算资源耗费较大,在大规模模拟计算之前需充分做好网格和时间步长的验证工作。
在潜艇自航模运动CFD数值模拟领域,爱荷华大学的研究工作一直走在各项技术发展的最前沿。2015年,Martin[12]采用重叠网格技术实现潜艇及各附体的独立运动,并通过PI控制器实时控制螺旋桨的转速以使艇体到达预定航速,对全附体ONR Body 1潜艇模型匹配Mercury Vengeance螺旋桨水下自航模运动进行了数值模拟研究,内容包括水下直航、水平面Z形操舵和高速回转运动等。
由于缺乏公开的试验数据对潜艇自航模CFD求解结果进行验证,2015年,Overpelt等[13]对Joubert BB2潜艇模型操纵面进行改进,并匹配MARIN 7371螺旋桨在MARIN水池中进行了一系列潜艇自航模基准校验试验,内容包括水下直航、回转运动、水平面Z形操舵、上浮制动以及近水面直航等,以资自航模CFD数值模拟验证使用。
随后,爱荷华大学的Carrica等[14~16]利用CFD数值模拟技术还原了部分试验过程,且各项运动学参数均吻合较好。在此基础上,Carrica进一步对该潜艇模型在静水和波浪中的近水面自航模运动进行了研究。在采用PD控制器实时控制艏舵和艉操纵面的舵角偏转、PI控制器实时控制螺旋桨的转速原有技术上,引入积分分量,即利用PID控制器实现对舵角和螺旋桨转速的实时控制,同时通过PID控制器实时调控潜艇运动过程中的质量和重心纵向位置来模拟压载水舱,实现定深和纵倾控制,避免仅利用操纵面偏移来调整垂向姿态所产生的延迟效应和导致航行阻力增加的缺陷。
2020年,Kim等[17]利用滑移网格技术和PID控制器,分别对Joubert BB2潜艇缩尺和实尺度模型定桨速及定航速垂直面Z形操舵进行了数值模拟,并基于网格加细比rG = 2对数值计算结果进行空间尺度上的不确定度分析,对比物理模型试验结果完成确认工作。随后采用虚拟盘替代螺旋桨对六级海况环境下不同航速的潜艇近水面回转运动进行了数值模拟,结果表明,在该海况下潜艇低速航行时操纵面控制性能急剧退化,控制权重衰减率与航速的平方成正比。
国内在潜艇自航模数值模拟相关领域的研究起步相对较晚,但在潜艇六自由度操纵运动和艇桨耦合水动力数值计算等方向已有不少的研究成果。2015年,廖欢欢等[18]基于重叠网格技术对一定潜深下潜艇应急上浮过程中的六自由度运动姿态进行了数值模拟分析;2017年,周广礼等[19]采用全域动网格技术对SUBOFF潜艇的应急上浮过程进行了数值模拟,获得了艇体六自由度运动时历参数及流场细节信息;2021年,张楠等[20]基于LES方法结合滑移网格技术计算了SUBOFF潜艇带AU5-65螺旋桨自航工况水动力,获得了实效伴流分数、推力减额与相对旋转效率等自航因子,分析了螺旋桨在艇后旋转时的涡旋结构,并将敞水与自航水动力计算结果与试验结果进行了对比分析,验证了流动计算方法的可靠性;2022年,汪训铭等[21]利用LES方法对带有AU5-65桨的SUBOFF潜艇正车前进与紧急倒车工况的流场与水动力进行数值计算研究。计算得到的尾翼马蹄涡、桨叶梢涡与毂涡等流动精细结构符合实际流动情况,计算捕捉到的大尺度涡环结构以及复杂的非定常尾流等紧急倒车工况下的流动现象也符合常规认识。
到目前为止,虽然国内外潜艇自航模CFD数值模拟技术的发展已广泛开展,但真正实现起来仍存在较大难度,比如时间步长和网格划分方案的选取与验证,潜艇模型艇体、螺旋桨和各操纵面独立与耦合运动的实现,潜艇航速与螺旋桨转速之间的匹配关系和高精度的自动舵PD数值控制实现等。潜艇自航模的CFD数值模拟不仅要实现螺旋桨在高速转动的同时实时匹配艇体的六自由度运动,跟随艇体一起发生姿态变化,而且要考验自动舵数值实现环节,操纵面偏移的同时各个舵亦需跟随艇体一起发生姿态变化。有鉴于此,本论文将逐一解决各项技术难点,研究并建立完整的潜艇自航模CFD数值模拟方法,在此基础上进一步研究潜艇自航模水下直航、水下回转、水平面Z形操舵、紧急倒车等典型工况下的运动学和动力学特性,为潜艇操纵性和适航性预报与评估以及潜艇自航模模型试验技术完善提供技术支撑。
本文选用Joubert BB2潜艇模型匹配INSEAN E1619螺旋桨进行自航模CFD数值模拟方法研究工作,缩尺比为1:18.348,模型主要参数和几何外形分别见表1图1
Joubert BB2为现代通用型常规潜艇,由澳大利亚学者Joubert[22-23]设计,经Overpelt等[13]改进操纵面后,匹配MARIN 7371螺旋桨在MARIN水池中进行了一系列潜艇自航模基准校验试验,图2为BB2潜艇模型自航模试验照片[13]。本文即采用该自航模试验数据对本文的数值模拟方法进行检验。INSEAN E1619螺旋桨为七叶大侧斜桨,是意大利INSEAN水池系列螺旋桨桨模之一,原始直径D=0.485 m,为匹配Joubert BB2潜艇模型尾椎段外形,同时尽量减少螺旋桨的尺寸差异对艇体水动力性能的影响,本文对其进行缩尺处理,缩尺后桨直径Dm=0.273 m(与MARIN 7371螺旋桨缩尺直径一致)。需要说明的是,与快速性试验不同,在潜艇操纵性试验中常采用代用桨的方法,只要螺旋桨直径与原桨相同即可,因为主要关注的是水动力,这是一种常规方法,因此MARIN水池中Joubert BB2匹配MARIN 7371螺旋桨的试验数据能够用来验证本文的数值计算方法。
本文采用商用软件Star CCM+进行计算,自动舵控制采用自编程序实现。
控制方程为
式中,是雷诺平均速度分量,是脉动速度分量,脉动速度相关项称作雷诺应力。
本文在前期研究的基础上采用k-ε湍流模型,湍流动能k和耗散率ε方程分别为
式中,C1ε = 1.44,C2ε = 1.92,Cμ = 0.09,σk = 1.0,σε = 1.3,GkGb为湍流动能生成项,σkσε表示湍流Prandtl数,SkSε为源项[24]
控制方程采用有限体积法离散,动量方程中的对流项采用二阶迎风差分格式,扩散项采用中心差分格式,湍流模型方程采用二阶迎风差分格式,时间项采用二阶隐式格式,压力速度耦合方法选用流场计算中经典的SIMPLE算法,SIMPLE算法(Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-Linked Equations)是求解压力耦合方程的半隐式方法。
采用CFD直接求解全附体潜艇模型运动的方法,利用滑移网格技术模拟螺旋桨的转动,螺旋桨转动域与外流场直接通过滑移交界面实现区域间流场数据信息的交换,滑移网格技术示意图如图3所示。
采用重叠网格技术实现艇体六自由度运动,建立艇体周围重叠网格区域。重叠区域通过DFBI(Dynamic Fluid Body Interaction)旋转和平移技术随艇体一起进行六自由度运动,其与外流场之间的数据信息交换通过重叠网格界面采用加权距离插值算法来实现。同理,艉操纵面和围壳舵独立操舵运动采用嵌套重叠网格技术,在原有随体DFBI旋转和平移运动基础上叠加旋转运动来实现舵的偏转,各个舵所在嵌套重叠区域与主艇体周围重叠区域以及外流场之间数据信息交换同样是在重叠网格界面上进行。多块重叠区域划分策略如图4所示,流场域被划分为9大区域:螺旋桨滑移网格区域(Region_Propeller)、艇体重叠区域(Region_Submarine)、围壳舵嵌套重叠区域(Region_PtSail、Region_SbSail)、艉操纵面嵌套重叠区域(Region_PtUp、Region_PtDn、Region_SbUp、Region_SbDn)和外流场计算域(Region_Computation)。
对于艉操纵面和围壳舵舵角及打舵速率的自动实时控制是确保潜艇模型按正确姿态运动的关键,因此自动舵控制策略的选取尤为重要。本文选用PD控制器来对艇体水平和垂向运动姿态的偏差进行校正,通过实时监测艇体六自由度运动状态施加艇体水平和垂向闭环控制,具体表达式如下:
式中,ξ为实际施加的控制要素(水平控制、垂直控制及质量控制等),eγ = γt - γ,表示艇体运动姿态γ(横荡y、艏摇ψ、升沉z和纵摇θ)瞬态值与各自目标值之间的差值。比例控制参数P和微分控制参数D的选取与调整借鉴了以往数值计算研究与模型试验的经验。
潜艇水平控制δH和垂向控制δV可分别表示为
围壳舵控制δb和艉操纵面控制(左上舵δPtUp、左下舵δPtDn、右上舵δSbUp和右下舵δSbUp)由水平控制δH和垂向控制δV的求解结果所决定,即
与MARIN水池自航模试验保持一致,最大舵角不超过30°,实尺度下最大打舵速率不超过7.11 °/s(对应模型尺度下不超过30.4 °/s)。
当艇体初始重力和浮力相差较大时,垂向位移过大会导致垂向控制δV失真,仅靠围壳舵和艉操纵面PD控制无法完全抵消掉重浮力偏差,且为维持定深状态而增大舵角时会进一步带来纵倾的持续恶化,因此本文在原有垂向控制δV的基础上,进一步模拟压载水舱注水和排水过程,采用PD控制器不断调控艇体质量m,以实现定深控制。质量控制δm可表示为
考虑到螺旋桨的高速旋转运动带来的流场涡旋结构和叶片动力学特性的非定常瞬态剧烈变化以及螺旋桨推力的精确预报,在进行潜艇自航模数值模拟之前需做时间步长验证工作。本文选用INSEAN E1619螺旋桨敞水性能数据模拟结果与INSEAN水池试验结果进行对比,来对选用的时间步长进行验证。
设定与试验一致的转速和航速进行螺旋桨水动力数值模拟,利用滑移网格方法使螺旋桨以转速n旋转,改变来流水速V,从而计算多个进速系数J下的螺旋桨推力T、转矩Q。推力系数KT、扭矩系数KQ及敞水效率η0的定义如下:
式中,D为螺旋桨直径,ρ为流体介质密度。
非定常计算分别设定为能使螺旋桨在每个时间步内旋转5°和20°的时间步长Δt,即n的单位为r/s)。各算例网格单元数量约为312.2万,采用壁面函数对无滑移壁面边界层进行处理,y+取为40。
敞水水动力的数值模拟结果见图5,表面压力分布见图6
图5敞水水动力曲线对比结果可知,时间步长的计算结果几乎完全一致。KTKQ计算值在进速系数较低时略小于试验值,随着进速系数的增大,两者逐渐趋于一致,η0的计算值与试验值也基本吻合。与试验结果相比,不同进速系数下推力系数计算偏差为-11.7%~-5.0%,扭矩系数计算偏差为-5.7%~-2.3%,敞水效率的计算偏差为-8.7%~-0.6%,基本满足工程预报需求。考虑到计算硬件资源的限制,后续潜艇自航模的数值模拟均采用
本文将时间步长和网格数量作为影响数值求解结果的两个独立变量,在时间步长无关性验证满足的基础上,进一步开展网格收敛性验证工作,以保证数值计算的可靠性。选取三套网格划分方案(398万、863万、2150万),依照第22届ITTC推荐规程7.5-03-01-02,网格三向加细比均为,不同数量网格第一层高度相同,y+均为40。
为更精确地在滑移网格区域和外流场、各附体重叠网格区域和艇体重叠网格区域、各附体重叠网格区域和外流场、艇体重叠网格区域和外流场之间进行流场信息交换,在背景流场域或主艇体重叠网格区域中建立局部体网格控制块,对滑移网格区域或嵌套重叠网格区域周围网格尺寸进行控制,以确保各交界面两侧的网格尺寸相近甚至一致,具体的多块区域网格划分方案见表2,模型表面网格和整体计算域网格分布如图7图8所示。
首先基于拖曳水池拘束模强迫自航法进行了自航点的计算研究,以辅助自航模的计算分析,航速Ve=1.2 m/s对应螺旋桨转速n=4.6 r/s。选用自航模水下直航工况进行网格收敛性验证工作,额定航速Ve=1.2 m/s(对应实尺度航速10 kn),采用定桨转速方法,即潜艇模型运动过程中螺旋桨转速恒定不变。
图9表示不同网格方案下潜艇轴向速度V和轴向位移x时历变化对比结果。从图中可以看出,网格G2和G3对应的轴向速度和轴向位移时历计算结果较为接近,且与网格方案G1的计算结果之间存在一定的偏差。可近似等效认为,在网格方案G2的基础上继续增大网格数量对自航模数值求解结果影响很小。综合计算精度和计算资源考虑,网格方案G2较为适合本文的计算需求,下文各工况自航模数值模拟网格划分方案均选用G2。
BB2潜艇模型稳定直航后,艇体维持一个0.7°附近的纵倾角,艉操纵面4个舵及围壳舵舵角均维持在±1°附近,同时由于螺旋桨旋转过程中的扭矩作用,艇体在加速直航过程中始终维持一个0.5°附近的横滚角,最终导致BB2潜艇模型稳定直航后的航速V=1.166 m/s,即额定航速的97.2%。图10为BB2潜艇拘束模和自航模螺旋桨推力系数时历变化计算对比结果,可以看出,BB2潜艇自航模稳定直航后螺旋桨推进系数略低于拘束模螺旋桨推进系数,稳定直航航速并未达到额定航速。
拘束模和自航模水下直航工况下艇体艉段表面及周围中纵剖面压力系数云图对比结果如图11所示。图12图13分别表示轴向位置x/L=0.980(桨盘面前)和x/L=0.995(桨盘面后)处拘束模和自航模水下直航艇体周围无因次轴向速度云图对比结果,其中自航模速度场采用艇体坐标系。拘束模和自航模水下直航工况下艇体艉段表面及周围中纵剖面压力分布几乎一致,仅在螺旋桨附近存在略微差异;同时桨盘面前后无因次轴向速度分布大致相同,但自航模低速区更向艇体表面收缩,且高速区无因次速度值略大于拘束模,这可能是由于艇体姿态变化及操纵面偏转的影响。
在上节研究的基础上,本节对BB2潜艇模型水下回转运动进行数值模拟,初始定桨转速直航,到达稳定直航状态后(t=0 s时刻)以最大打舵速率左操舵20°,即给操纵面施加20°水平控制(δH = 20°),使艇体向左舷方向做回转运动。在潜艇模型运动过程中,保持与MARIN水池模型试验一致,垂向控制仅利用艉操纵面来执行,围壳舵舵角始终为0°。图14为BB2潜艇模型回转运动过程中,t=19.29 s和t=43.50 s时刻艇体周围瞬态流场分布及艇体表面流线发展云图。
图15为BB2潜艇模型回转运动轨迹以及回转过程中的轴向速度V、横摇角φ、艏摇速度Vψ数值计算结果与水池试验结果对比情况。数值计算和水池模型试验测试得到的回转直径DS分别为3.22L和3.12L,前者比后者大3.2%,在操纵性领域,回转直径计算误差在5%之内一般可满足初始设计要求,应该说本文回转直径的计算精度是令人满意的;轴向速度V数值计算时历变化趋势与试验一致,执行回转操舵回转命令后艇体处于偏航状态,轴向速度逐渐减小,且在回转运动过程中逐渐趋于稳定;执行回转操舵回转命令后艇体横摇角φ和艏摇速度Vψ迅速增大,在回转过程中又逐渐减小并趋于稳定;由于本文选用的INSEAN E1619螺旋桨与水池试验的MARIN 7371螺旋桨在相同进速系数下产生的扭矩略有差异,数值计算得到的最大横摇角要比试验测试值小16.5%,且与试验相比存在滞后现象;数值计算得到的最大艏摇速度比试验测试值小2.2%,吻合较好。
图16为BB2潜艇模型回转运动中艉操纵面舵角δ、侧向力Y和转艏力矩N的数值计算结果。从图中可以看出,执行回转操舵命令后,艉操纵面迅速偏转至20°附近,由于需抑制艇体回转过程中的深沉和纵倾,舵角呈动态变化形式以抵消垂向力和纵倾力矩;执行回转操舵命令后艇体侧向力和转艏力矩幅值迅速增大,使艇体加速回转,且在回转过程中逐渐趋于平稳,转艏速度也逐渐趋于稳定。
本节对BB2潜艇模型水平面±20°Z形操舵运动进行数值模拟,初始定桨转速直航,到达稳定直航状态后(t=0 s时刻)以最大打舵速率左操舵20°,即给操纵面施加20°水平控制(δH = 20°),使艇体往左舷转向,待左舷转艏至20°时立即以最大打舵速率右操舵20°,即给操纵面施加-20°水平控制(δH = -20°),待右舷转艏至20°时立即以最大打舵速率左操舵20°,并重复上述过程。在潜艇模型运动过程中,保持与MARIN水池模型试验一致,垂向控制利用艉操纵面和围壳舵同时来执行。图17为BB2潜艇模型Z形操舵运动过程中,t=7.18 s和t=20.50 s时刻艇体周围流场分布及艇体表面流线发展瞬态云图。
图18为BB2潜艇模型Z形操舵运动轨迹以及Z形操舵过程中的横摇角φ、艏摇角ψ、艏摇速度Vψ数值计算结果与水池试验结果对比情况。数值计算得到的Z形操舵运动轨迹、横摇角φ、艏摇角ψ、艏摇速度Vψ幅值大小均与水池物理模型试验结果相接近,仅在时间尺度上略微存在相位滞后;同回转运动一样,由于本文选用的INSEAN E1619螺旋桨与水池试验的MARIN 7371螺旋桨在相同进速系数下产生的扭矩略有差异,数值计算得到的横摇幅值要比试验测试值小3.2%~18.4%;就艏摇角ψ时历曲线而言,数值计算得到的第一超越角比试验测试结果小8.8%,第二超越角比试验测试结果大8.6%,均吻合较好;数值计算得到的艏摇速度幅值和试验测试结果相比,误差也在10%以内。
图19为BB2潜艇模型Z形操舵运动中艉操纵面舵角δ、侧向力Y和转艏力矩N的数值计算结果。从图中可以看出,随着Z形操舵命令的执行,艉操纵面舵角以最大转舵速率迅速偏转至±20°附近,且呈动态变化形式以抵消垂向力和纵倾力矩;艇体侧向力和转艏力矩随着艉操纵面的偏移,分别在±100 N和±50 N∙m之间来回变化,使潜艇模型呈水平面Z形轨迹运动。
本节对BB2潜艇模型水下紧急倒车运动进行数值模拟,初始定桨速直航(n=4.6 r/s),到达稳定直航状态后,立即反转螺旋桨,使其转速在5 s之内迅速降至为n=-5.0 r/s,直至潜艇航速降为0。由于该工况没有相对应的试验数据,本文仅对BB2潜艇模型紧急倒车过程中的动力学和运动学现象进行初步探索。螺旋桨转速n和推力T变化时历曲线如图20所示。
图21图22分别为BB2潜艇模型紧急倒车运动过程中,t=4.97 s(减桨转速倒车状态)和t=17.08 s(恒桨转速倒车状态)时刻轴向位置x/L=0.980(桨盘面前)、x/L=0.990(桨盘面)、0.995(桨盘面后)处艇体周围无因次轴向速度云图结果。从图中可以看出,在螺旋桨减转速倒车过程中,桨附近流场十分紊乱,水流汇入桨盘面的方向发生改变,叶片所在区域前后流场对应的正高速区转为负高速区,螺旋桨负推力值随着桨反转速度的增大而增大;待螺旋桨转至稳定反转转速后,螺旋桨附近轴向速度分布依旧十分紊乱,并没有恢复至正车前进中的周向对称分布状态,且由于航速的减小和艇体姿态角的变化(见图23),螺旋桨负推力值处于动态变化过程中。
图23为BB2潜艇模型紧急倒车过程中的轴向速度V、姿态角(横摇角φ、纵摇角θ、艏摇角ψ)、艉操纵面和围壳舵舵角δ、流体动力矩(横倾力矩K、纵倾力矩M、转艏力矩N)的数值计算结果。螺旋桨执行紧急倒车命令后,推力减小导致潜艇轴向速度逐渐变小,同时螺旋桨反转后的负扭矩导致艇体横摇角转为负值。在紧急倒车螺旋桨附近流场结构的剧烈变化而产生的非定常侧向力和垂向力作用下,潜艇的纵摇角和艏摇角发生周期性振荡变化,为维持艇体运动姿态平衡,艉操纵面和围壳舵舵角亦随之周期性振荡变化,艉操纵面最大舵角接近10°。
本文基于Joubert BB2潜艇匹配INSEAN E1619螺旋桨模型,开展了潜艇自航模水下直航、水下回转、水平面Z形操舵、紧急倒车等典型工况的数值模拟研究。主要结论如下:
(1)本文采用基于重叠网格的方法对潜艇六自由度耦合运动及各操纵面的独立运动直接数值建模,并利用滑移网格技术直接模拟艇后螺旋桨的转动,采用自动舵PD控制器实现艇体水平和垂向姿态闭环控制,从时间步长和网格划分方案选取等基础技术细节出发,建立了潜艇水下自航模的数值模拟方法;
(2)本文开展了潜艇自航模水下直航、水下回转、水平面Z形操舵、紧急倒车等典型工况的数值模拟,并将典型运动参数数值模拟结果与水池物理模型试验结果进行了对比分析,其中水下回转运动数值计算得到的回转直径比水池模型试验测试得到的结果大3.2%,Z形操舵运动数值计算得到的第一超越角和第二超越角与水池模型试验测试结果相比不超过8.8%,验证了本文建立的潜艇自航模数值模拟方法的工程预报实用性;
(3)本文对潜艇自航模紧急倒车运动进行了初步的数值模拟分析,潜艇紧急倒车时螺旋桨附近流场结构变化十分剧烈,在其产生的非定常侧向力和垂向力作用下,潜艇的纵摇角和艏摇角发生周期性振荡变化,为维持艇体运动姿态平衡,艉操纵面和围壳舵舵角亦随之周期性振荡变化。
本文建立的潜艇自航模数值模拟方法适用于任意的潜艇自航模模型,可为潜艇操纵性和适航性预报与评估以及潜艇自航模模型试验技术完善提供技术支撑。
  • 装备预研共用技术项目(50907010101)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.04.002
  • 接收时间:2023-10-14
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-14
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装备预研共用技术项目(50907010101)
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    中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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