Article(id=1242150711903990417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150711367119505, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.04.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1698422400000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774081407761, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1713542400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774081407761, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774081407761, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081407761, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242150711367119505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='4', pageStart='479', pageEnd='636', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774081407634, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081679149, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242151850229702738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150711367119505, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242151850229702739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150711367119505, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=551, endPage=560, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242150712109511314, articleId=1242150711903990417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Reliability optimization design of river-sea-going ship hull structure based on agent model technology, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the efficiency of multi-parameter, high dimensional and high nonlinear optimization of ship structure reliability optimization design and make up the lack of uncertainty factors affecting structural safety in traditional deterministic optimization design, a river-sea-going ship was taken as the research object. BP (Back Propagation) neural network agent model technique and SMOTE (Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique) algorithm were used to increase the number of sample points near the failure surface, in order to obtain a high-precision limit state agent model of ship structure with fewer sample points. Combined with Monte Carlo simulation method, the reliability calculation program of hull structure was developed. Structural reliability optimization analysis was performed adopting the simulated annealing optimization algorithm in order to reduce the structural weight. A set of complete and effective reliability optimization design system based on agent model technology was established to improve the efficiency of reliability optimization design, which has guiding significance to the reliability optimization design of river-sea-going ship structures.

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为提高船体结构可靠性优化设计这类多参数、高维度、高非线性优化问题的效率,弥补传统船体结构确定性优化设计对影响结构安全不确定性因素考虑的欠缺,本文以一艘江海直达船为研究对象,采用BP(Back Propagation)神经网络代理模型技术,结合SMOTE(Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique)过采样算法增加极限状态失效面附近样本点数量,实现以较少的样本点获得较高精度的船体舱段结构极限状态代理模型,进而利用蒙特卡洛抽样模拟方法编制船体结构可靠度计算程序,在结构可靠性分析的基础上以降低船体舱段结构重量为目标,采用模拟退火优化算法开展船体结构可靠性优化设计。本文建立了一套完整有效的、基于代理模型技术的船体结构可靠性优化设计系统,有效提高了优化设计的效率,对江海直达船体结构可靠性优化设计具有指导意义。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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康煜晗(1999-),女,硕士研究生,E-mail:

裴志勇(1974-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=DyeGONIgTLbzYDOOaI0BPw==, figureFileBig=E6TOUuybH0+p2wrkz547dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150722326836143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150711903990417, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Optimized design variables, figureFileSmall=X1vdQ9bhR17ubKieUBbplQ==, figureFileBig=2sCd1n38zszIqwf3dTP3Fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150722423305141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150711903990417, language=CN, label=图5, caption=优化设计变量, figureFileSmall=X1vdQ9bhR17ubKieUBbplQ==, figureFileBig=2sCd1n38zszIqwf3dTP3Fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150722507191223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150711903990417, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Structural classification of agent models for Load Cases 1-3

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平均等效应力结构分类许用应力/MPa剪切应力结构分类许用应力/MPa
σ1甲板板、船底外板、内底板、舷侧外板、纵舱壁、边舱纵向平台225/Kτ1舷侧外板、纵舱壁、船底纵桁115/K
σ2船底纵桁235/Kτ2双层底肋板90/K
σ3双层底肋板、横舱壁桁材175/Kτ3横向强框架95/K
σ4横向强框架195/Kτ4横舱壁板100/K
σ5横舱壁板180/K
), ArticleFig(id=1242150722582688699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150711903990417, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

工况1~3代理模型结构分类

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
平均等效应力结构分类许用应力/MPa剪切应力结构分类许用应力/MPa
σ1甲板板、船底外板、内底板、舷侧外板、纵舱壁、边舱纵向平台225/Kτ1舷侧外板、纵舱壁、船底纵桁115/K
σ2船底纵桁235/Kτ2双层底肋板90/K
σ3双层底肋板、横舱壁桁材175/Kτ3横向强框架95/K
σ4横向强框架195/Kτ4横舱壁板100/K
σ5横舱壁板180/K
), ArticleFig(id=1242150722670769091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150711903990417, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Structural classification of agent models for Load Cases 4-5

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
平均等效应力结构分类许用应力/MPa剪切应力结构分类许用应力/MPa
σ1舷侧外板、纵舱壁、边舱纵向平台、双层底肋板、横舱壁桁材、甲板横向抗扭箱175/Kτ1舷侧外板、纵舱壁、边舱纵向平台、双层底肋板、甲板横向抗扭箱90/K
σ2横向强框架195/Kτ2横向强框架95/K
), ArticleFig(id=1242150722742072262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150711903990417, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

工况4、5代理模型结构分类

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
平均等效应力结构分类许用应力/MPa剪切应力结构分类许用应力/MPa
σ1舷侧外板、纵舱壁、边舱纵向平台、双层底肋板、横舱壁桁材、甲板横向抗扭箱175/Kτ1舷侧外板、纵舱壁、边舱纵向平台、双层底肋板、甲板横向抗扭箱90/K
σ2横向强框架195/Kτ2横向强框架95/K
), ArticleFig(id=1242150722834346952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150711903990417, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Structural classification of agent models for Load Case 6

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
平均等效应力结构分类许用应力/MPa
σ1纵舱壁、边舱纵向平台、横舱壁桁材、甲板横向抗扭箱175/K
), ArticleFig(id=1242150722897261515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150711903990417, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

工况6代理模型结构分类

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
平均等效应力结构分类许用应力/MPa
σ1纵舱壁、边舱纵向平台、横舱壁桁材、甲板横向抗扭箱175/K
), ArticleFig(id=1242150722972758991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150711903990417, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Effect of SMOTE algorithm

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样本类型样本数量极限状态代理模型效果
训练集测试集RMSER2Accuracy
SMOTE样本7001001.8990.99496%
非SMOTE样本7001.6940.99791%
), ArticleFig(id=1242150723039867860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150711903990417, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

SMOTE算法效果

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样本类型样本数量极限状态代理模型效果
训练集测试集RMSER2Accuracy
SMOTE样本7001001.8990.99496%
非SMOTE样本7001.6940.99791%
), ArticleFig(id=1242150723111171031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150711903990417, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Optimization design variables and random variables

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优化设计变量随机变量优化设计变量随机变量
编号内容编号内容编号内容编号内容
X1平板龙骨P1平板龙骨P21W(外舷纵骨平台下)
X2船底板P2船底板X17外舷纵骨平台下P22B(外舷纵骨平台下)
X3舭列板P3舭列板P23t(外舷纵骨平台下)
X4舷侧外板P4舷侧外板P24W(内舷纵骨平台下)
X5舷顶列板P5舷顶列板X18内舷纵骨平台下P25B(内舷纵骨平台下)
X6内舷板P6内舷板P26t(内舷纵骨平台下)
X7内舷顶列板P7内舷顶列板P27W(外舷纵骨平台上)
X8主甲板P8主甲板X19外舷纵骨平台上P28B(外舷纵骨平台上)
X9舱口围板P9舱口围板P29t(外舷纵骨平台上)
X10舱口围板顶P10舱口围板顶P30W(内舷纵骨平台上)
X11内底板P11内底板X20内舷纵骨平台上P31B(内舷纵骨平台上)
X12平台甲板P12平台甲板P32t(内舷纵骨平台上)
X13中底桁P13中底桁P33W(平台纵骨)
X14旁底桁P14旁底桁X21平台纵骨P34B(平台纵骨)
P15W(船底纵骨)P35t(平台纵骨)
X15船底纵骨P16B(船底纵骨)X22主甲板纵骨P36L(主甲板纵骨)
P17t(船底纵骨)P37t(主甲板纵骨)
P18W(内底纵骨)X23舱口围板纵骨P38L(舱口围板纵骨)
X16内底纵骨P19B(内底纵骨)P39t(舱口围板纵骨)
P20t(内底纵骨)P40波浪弯矩
), ArticleFig(id=1242150723241194459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150711903990417, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

优化设计变量与随机变量

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优化设计变量随机变量优化设计变量随机变量
编号内容编号内容编号内容编号内容
X1平板龙骨P1平板龙骨P21W(外舷纵骨平台下)
X2船底板P2船底板X17外舷纵骨平台下P22B(外舷纵骨平台下)
X3舭列板P3舭列板P23t(外舷纵骨平台下)
X4舷侧外板P4舷侧外板P24W(内舷纵骨平台下)
X5舷顶列板P5舷顶列板X18内舷纵骨平台下P25B(内舷纵骨平台下)
X6内舷板P6内舷板P26t(内舷纵骨平台下)
X7内舷顶列板P7内舷顶列板P27W(外舷纵骨平台上)
X8主甲板P8主甲板X19外舷纵骨平台上P28B(外舷纵骨平台上)
X9舱口围板P9舱口围板P29t(外舷纵骨平台上)
X10舱口围板顶P10舱口围板顶P30W(内舷纵骨平台上)
X11内底板P11内底板X20内舷纵骨平台上P31B(内舷纵骨平台上)
X12平台甲板P12平台甲板P32t(内舷纵骨平台上)
X13中底桁P13中底桁P33W(平台纵骨)
X14旁底桁P14旁底桁X21平台纵骨P34B(平台纵骨)
P15W(船底纵骨)P35t(平台纵骨)
X15船底纵骨P16B(船底纵骨)X22主甲板纵骨P36L(主甲板纵骨)
P17t(船底纵骨)P37t(主甲板纵骨)
P18W(内底纵骨)X23舱口围板纵骨P38L(舱口围板纵骨)
X16内底纵骨P19B(内底纵骨)P39t(舱口围板纵骨)
P20t(内底纵骨)P40波浪弯矩
), ArticleFig(id=1242150724767921123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150711903990417, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Optimization results

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变量序号变量名称初始方案确定性优化结果可靠性优化结果
X1平板龙骨1110.510.5
X2船底板98.58.5
X3舭列板109.510
X4舷侧外板877.5
X5舷顶列板121111
X6内舷板87.58
X7内舷顶列板121111
X8主甲板121111
X9舱口围板121111
X10舱口围板顶121111
X11内底板777
X12平台甲板65.55.5
X13中底桁888
X14旁底桁666
X15船底纵骨L100×80×7L100×80×7L110×70×7
X16内底纵骨L100×80×7L100×80×6L110×70×6
X17外舷纵骨下L110×70×6L100×80×6L110×70×7
X18内舷纵骨下L110×70×7L100×80×6L110×70×7
X19外舷纵骨上L90×56×6L75×50×6L90×56×5
X20内舷纵骨上L90×56×6L75×50×6L90×56×5
X21平台纵骨L75×50×6L63×40×5L75×50×5
X22主甲板纵骨—12×140—11×120—12×140
X23舱口围板纵骨—12×100—11×90—12×100
Pr可靠度10.991 730.999 999 952
Pf失效概率00.008 274.8E-08
M舱段重量/kg363 958.3345 366.2352 313.5
舱段重量减少-5.108%-3.199%
), ArticleFig(id=1242150724881167333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150711903990417, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

优化结果

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变量序号变量名称初始方案确定性优化结果可靠性优化结果
X1平板龙骨1110.510.5
X2船底板98.58.5
X3舭列板109.510
X4舷侧外板877.5
X5舷顶列板121111
X6内舷板87.58
X7内舷顶列板121111
X8主甲板121111
X9舱口围板121111
X10舱口围板顶121111
X11内底板777
X12平台甲板65.55.5
X13中底桁888
X14旁底桁666
X15船底纵骨L100×80×7L100×80×7L110×70×7
X16内底纵骨L100×80×7L100×80×6L110×70×6
X17外舷纵骨下L110×70×6L100×80×6L110×70×7
X18内舷纵骨下L110×70×7L100×80×6L110×70×7
X19外舷纵骨上L90×56×6L75×50×6L90×56×5
X20内舷纵骨上L90×56×6L75×50×6L90×56×5
X21平台纵骨L75×50×6L63×40×5L75×50×5
X22主甲板纵骨—12×140—11×120—12×140
X23舱口围板纵骨—12×100—11×90—12×100
Pr可靠度10.991 730.999 999 952
Pf失效概率00.008 274.8E-08
M舱段重量/kg363 958.3345 366.2352 313.5
舱段重量减少-5.108%-3.199%
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基于代理模型技术的江海直达船体结构可靠性优化设计
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康煜晗 1 , 裴志勇 2, 3 , 吴卫国 2, 3
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2024,28(4): 551-560
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船舶力学 | 结构力学 2024, 28(4): 551-560
基于代理模型技术的江海直达船体结构可靠性优化设计
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康煜晗1 , 裴志勇2, 3 , 吴卫国2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.武汉理工大学 船海与能源动力工程学院,武汉 430063
  • 2.武汉理工大学 绿色智能江海直达船舶与邮轮游艇研究中心,武汉 430063
  • 3.绿色智能江海直达船舶湖北省工程研究中心,武汉 430063
  • 康煜晗(1999-),女,硕士研究生,E-mail:

    裴志勇(1974-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Reliability optimization design of river-sea-going ship hull structure based on agent model technology
Yu-han KANG1 , Zhi-yong PEI2, 3 , Wei-guo WU2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Energy Power Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
  • 2.Green & Smart River-Sea-Going Ship, Cruise and Yacht Research Centre, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
  • 3.Hubei Province Engineering Research Center on Green & Smart River-Sea-Going Ship, Wuhan 430063, China
出版时间: 2024-04-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.04.007
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为提高船体结构可靠性优化设计这类多参数、高维度、高非线性优化问题的效率,弥补传统船体结构确定性优化设计对影响结构安全不确定性因素考虑的欠缺,本文以一艘江海直达船为研究对象,采用BP(Back Propagation)神经网络代理模型技术,结合SMOTE(Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique)过采样算法增加极限状态失效面附近样本点数量,实现以较少的样本点获得较高精度的船体舱段结构极限状态代理模型,进而利用蒙特卡洛抽样模拟方法编制船体结构可靠度计算程序,在结构可靠性分析的基础上以降低船体舱段结构重量为目标,采用模拟退火优化算法开展船体结构可靠性优化设计。本文建立了一套完整有效的、基于代理模型技术的船体结构可靠性优化设计系统,有效提高了优化设计的效率,对江海直达船体结构可靠性优化设计具有指导意义。

可靠性优化设计  /  可靠度计算  /  江海直达船  /  代理模型  /  SMOTE算法  /  蒙特卡洛抽样

In order to improve the efficiency of multi-parameter, high dimensional and high nonlinear optimization of ship structure reliability optimization design and make up the lack of uncertainty factors affecting structural safety in traditional deterministic optimization design, a river-sea-going ship was taken as the research object. BP (Back Propagation) neural network agent model technique and SMOTE (Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique) algorithm were used to increase the number of sample points near the failure surface, in order to obtain a high-precision limit state agent model of ship structure with fewer sample points. Combined with Monte Carlo simulation method, the reliability calculation program of hull structure was developed. Structural reliability optimization analysis was performed adopting the simulated annealing optimization algorithm in order to reduce the structural weight. A set of complete and effective reliability optimization design system based on agent model technology was established to improve the efficiency of reliability optimization design, which has guiding significance to the reliability optimization design of river-sea-going ship structures.

reliability optimization design  /  reliability computation  /  river-sea-going ship  /  agent model  /  SMOTE algorithm  /  Monte Carlo simulation
康煜晗, 裴志勇, 吴卫国. 基于代理模型技术的江海直达船体结构可靠性优化设计. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (4) : 551 -560 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.04.007
Yu-han KANG, Zhi-yong PEI, Wei-guo WU. Reliability optimization design of river-sea-going ship hull structure based on agent model technology[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (4) : 551 -560 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.04.007
随着船舶技术的发展,船体结构的设计方法正在由传统的确定性设计方法向概率设计法转变[1],基于结构安全可靠性的轻量化设计逐渐成为研究热点。结构可靠性优化设计往往伴随结构可靠性分析和优化算法两种技术的发展,优化算法伴随着计算技术的发展,而结构可靠性分析的广泛讨论,直到20世纪中期Freudental发表的论文“结构的安全度”才开始。Cornell、Hasofer和Lind等先后完善了结构可靠度的相关概念,提出并改进了一次二阶矩等可靠度近似解析计算方法。随着概率理论的发展,蒙特卡洛模拟(Monte Carlo Simulation,MCS)等模拟抽样法被应用于结构可靠性分析,其计算结果较为精确。为提高计算效率,代理模型法被提出以代替复杂耗时的有限元计算,与抽样模拟法结合起来进行结构可靠性分析。船体结构可靠性分析相对较晚,起步于Nordenstrom发表的关于船体结构可靠性分析的文章。随后许多学者进行了深入研究,Paik[2]分别采用船体梁的中心安全因子法和一次二阶矩法对双层底油船进行了可靠性评估;曹阳[3]在分析船体局部结构可靠性时,提出了摄动随机有限元法的新想法;黄金娥[4]利用随机有限元法与CAE软件相结合对客船进行了结构可靠性计算,有效提升了可靠性分析效率。
目前,结构可靠性优化设计的方法策略主要有双循环法、单循环法和解耦法三种[5]。由于船体结构的极限状态函数为多参数、高维数、强非线性的隐式函数,双循环优化策略中两层次算法是高度非线性的耦合问题,因此双循环优化策略精度较高,但计算量巨大、效率很低。Liang[6]创建了单循环优化算法,消除了双循环优化过程中的内循环过程,提高了优化求解的效率。对于船舶这种大型复杂结构,将代理模型技术应用于船体结构可靠性分析以及可靠性优化设计的单循环优化策略中,可以获得较为不错的精度与效率。BP(Back Propagation)神经网络作为一种典型的人工神经网络,具有不错的非线性映射能力、泛化能力以及自适应能力,在船体结构可靠性优化设计中应用较多[7]。龙周等[8]提出了基于SMOTE(Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique)算法的船体结构可靠性优化设计方法,并用于散货船舱段结构可靠性优化设计。刘婧等[9]在龙周的基础上建立了BP神经网络动态代理模型,完成了船体结构可靠性优化设计,提高了优化效率。
江海直达船作为我国在近些年兴起的海船与河船之外的一种新船型,连接沿海和内河航运,支撑着产业从东部向中西部的战略转移[10],有着广阔的应用前景。深入研究江海直达船船体结构可靠性优化设计,寻求结构安全性与经济性矛盾的最优平衡点,能在更大程度上发挥江海直达船舶的经济效益。目前江海直达船船体结构优化设计研究为确定性优化设计,所得的最优解一般逼近于边界,但在实际中,船舶在寿命周期内由于制造工艺、材料属性和环境等不确定因素的影响[11],使得其结果可能超出约束条件允许的范围,因此有必要进行考虑不确定因素的可靠性优化设计。但由于江海直达船船体结构可靠性优化设计存在着计算量繁重、任务精度与效率难以保证的难题,因此相关研究尚未全面展开。
本文以一艘江海直达船为研究对象,建立船体舱段结构极限状态代理模型,结合MCS蒙特卡洛抽样模拟方法计算船体结构可靠度,进而以降低船体舱段结构重量为目标,在结构可靠性分析的基础上开展船体结构可靠性优化设计,建立一套完整有效的基于代理模型技术的船体结构可靠性优化设计系统。
首先建立江海直达船船体舱段结构参数化有限元模型,采用BP神经网络代理模型技术,结合SMOTE过采样算法建立舱段结构极限状态代理模型,其次对随机变量进行概率分析,采用蒙特卡洛抽样模拟法编制可靠度计算程序,最后采用模拟退火优化算法结合单循环优化策略,以降低船体舱段结构重量为目标,以规范要求、直接计算要求和全寿命周期内的可靠度要求为约束条件,完成考虑连续变量与离散变量的江海直达船体舱段结构可靠性优化设计。可靠性优化设计策略如图1所示。
与其他船型相比,由于内河浅吃水河道的限制,江海直达船舶通常采用宽扁船型,同时为提高装载能力通常设置有长大开口,致使其总纵强度以及扭转强度均较弱,这对于船体结构的强度和刚度是不利的[12]。同时,江海直达船为适应江段操纵性和海段耐波性以及结构强度[13]要求,常采用低阻抗砰击首型以及低阻高效尾型[14]。因此,在江海直达船船体结构可靠性优化设计中,由于船型的特殊性及其所引起的船体结构强度的不足,需要格外注意结构的安全可靠性,寻求到船体结构可靠性与经济性的最优平衡点。同时,由于江海直达船需航行于内河与沿海,风浪状况的差异使得两航段船体结构寿命周期内许用的可靠度并不相同,应尽可能地协调好河段和海段对船舶的不同要求,在兼顾海段船体结构强度的同时,降低船舶重量以提高经济性。本文所研究的江海直达船舶航行于长江与东海E1航区(特定航线),由于海段风浪状况尚好,其所承受的波浪弯矩比扭矩要大一个数量级,总纵弯曲对该类船舶的强度与刚度影响较大,因此本文的可靠性优化设计主要考虑总纵弯曲作用。
船体结构可靠度分析与可靠性优化设计中的代理模型旨在建立结构极限状态函数的近似模型,以此来区分结构响应的状态。结构极限状态函数如下式所示:
式中,Pii = 1,2,…,m)是第i个随机变量,Z=0为结构的极限状态方程,此时结构处于极限状态也即失效界面。
本文以一艘江海直达敞口集装箱船为研究对象,船体舱段模型结构响应失效界面根据《特定航线江海直达船舶建造规范》(2018)中各结构构件的许用应力确定。由于在规范中不同工况、不同结构位置有不同的许用应力要求,因此代理模型的应力输出也不同,需要根据工况与结构构件建立多个代理模型。根据各工况与许用应力值对结构进行分类,以减少所需建立代理模型个数,本文研究共需建立36个代理模型(见表1~3所示),表1~3K为结构的材料系数,许用应力单位为MPa。
建立江海直达船舶三舱段结构有限元模型,如图2所示。按照规范中敞口集装箱船有限元直接计算要求施加各工况边界条件与载荷,完成舱段结构的有限元计算分析。随后,利用ANSYS work-bench平台便利的参数化建模计算功能,完成上述舱段结构参数化模型。为实现样本数据的自动快速求解,以及为后续建立代理模型提供便利,利用python二次开发语言编制样本参数设计表自动传递与更新.py文件,将每组样本数据传递到work-bench中的设计点并自动更新,对其求解以获得相应的输出响应值。
作者团队对多种代理模型技术进行过对比分析,认为BP神经网络模型在建立船体结构可靠性优化中的极限状态代理模型时,表现出较为优良的效果与泛化能力[15]。同时为使建立的极限状态函数近似模型具有明确且清晰的失效界面,能更加准确地区分结构响应状态,本文采用BP神经网络结合SMOTE过采样算法,增加样本数据失效面附近的样本点,从而能以较少的样本点获得高精度的船体舱段结构极限状态代理模型。
首先采用最优拉丁超立方法在随机变量取值空间内均匀采样获得样本数据,进而建立BP前向反馈神经网络模型,通过在训练集中开展十折交叉验证进行模型调试与参数取优,获得最优的训练效果,进而在测试集中对模型的效果与泛化能力进行测试,以检验代理模型是否满足均方根误差小于2、判定系数R2大于0.99且样本极限状态识别正确率达到95%以上的精度要求,若不满足即增加样本数据或采用SMOTE算法增加失效面附近样本点,直至满足精度要求。这样可获得极限状态函数拟合效果、极限状态判别效果与模型泛化能力均较为优良的江海直达船体舱段结构极限状态代理模型。
以某一代理模型的构建为例,首先抽样获得500组样本数据,划分100组数据为测试集,400组为训练集,建立BP神经网络模型,经模型调试与测试,其精度不满足要求。采用SMOTE算法,在500组样本数据中筛选100组失效面附近样本点,设置采样倍率为4,扩充其至400组,计算新生成的300组失效面附近样本点的响应值,因此经SMOTE算法共获得800组样本数据。再将样本数据划分出100组测试集与700组训练集,建立BP神经网络模型并进行交叉验证调试,最后获得该极限状态代理模型的均方根误差为1.899,判定系数R2为0.994,样本极限状态识别正确率为96%,均满足精度要求。该代理模型在测试集中的极限状态函数拟合效果与极限状态判别效果如图3~4所示。
同时,为表明本文采用SMOTE算法与BP神经网络结合建立代理模型的优势,保持样本数量不变,用重新直接采样获得的非SMOTE样本,同样建立BP神经网络代理模型,其与SMOTE样本的对比如表4所示。在总样本数量相同的情况下,SMOTE样本极限状态函数的拟合效果稍差,但其对极限状态的判别可达到96%,而非SMOTE样本仅91%,因此BP神经网络与SMOTE算法结合可以以较少的样本点获得高精度的船体舱段结构极限状态代理模型。
通过对各个代理模型进行训练调试与测试,获得满足精度要求的全部船体舱段结构极限状态代理模型。
与传统结构优化设计采用确定性数学模型不同,可靠性优化设计将结构中存在的大量不确定性因素考虑为随机变量,通过确定优化变量与随机变量,分析相关随机变量的概率分布并求解结构可靠度,明确目标函数与江海直达船寿命周期内相关的约束条件,建立可靠性优化数学模型,进而选用合适的优化算法开展江海直达船船体结构可靠性优化设计。
优化设计变量选取船体中横剖面上的主要纵向构件,板材取其厚度值、型材取其型号作为优化设计变量。在可靠性优化设计中,将影响船舶寿命周期内安全性的不确定性因素看作随机变量,这些随机变量一般由制造安装误差引起的几何尺寸误差、材料特性误差以及结构所受载荷的误差组成。本文考虑船体结构尺寸误差与载荷误差,结构尺寸随机变量取为各板材厚度与型材的面板、腹板高度及厚度值,由于静水弯矩对船体强度的影响比波浪弯矩的影响小得多[16],因此本文仅将波浪载荷定为可靠性优化设计中的载荷随机变量。本文所选取的优化设计变量与随机变量如图5表5所示。
优化变量中由于型材型号与板厚均有其特定的规格,因此取板厚的优化迭代步长为0.5 mm,型材型号为离散变量。目标函数为船舶舱段结构的重量最小。
传统的确定性优化方法考虑规范描述性要求、直接计算要求(即下列约束条件中的(a)~(d)),可靠性优化设计同时还考虑了船体结构寿命周期内的可靠度要求,其具体的约束条件如下:
(a)板材厚度约束:xi minxixi maxi = 1,2,…,n
(b)型材剖面约束:Wi minWiWi maxi = 1,2,…,n
(c)船中最小剖面模数约束:
(d)直接计算应力约束:
(e)概率约束:
其中,为船体结构寿命周期内的许用可靠度。
本文的江海直达船船体结构可靠性优化设计共取40个随机变量,如3.1.1小节所述,包括结构尺寸随机变量与载荷随机变量,其概率分布形式如下:
(1)结构尺寸概率分布:服从正态分布,均值μi为每次优化迭代后对应设计方案的结构尺寸值,标准差为加工制造的许用偏差[17],板材型材厚度标准差取相应板材型材厚度平均值的2%,即;型材尺寸标准差取相应型材尺寸平均值的0.5%,即
(2)载荷概率分布:根据大量研究,波浪弯矩Mw的长期分布符合Weibull分布[18],其概率分布函数为
式中,hw为Weibull分布形状参数,T0为船舶设计寿命,Mw0为根据规范确定的最大波浪弯矩。
在已建立好的船体结构极限状态代理模型的基础上,采用求解精度较高的蒙特卡洛抽样模拟方法,用Matlab编制相应的可靠度求解程序。蒙特卡洛抽样模拟求得的近似失效概率如下:
式中,Nf为极限状态函数小于0的样本点数量,即失效点数量;N为抽样次数,应不小于为船体结构寿命周期内的许用失效概率。根据抽样模拟求得的结构失效概率可得其可靠度为
在江海直达船可靠性优化设计中,船舶既航行于海上又航行于内河,海上的波浪较内河波浪要恶劣得多,而船舶在航行过程中结构的强度主要受波浪载荷影响。因此,在确定江海直达船舶寿命周期内的许用失效概率时,以其在海上航行时所承受的波浪载荷长期极值的超越概率水平为依据。江海直达船舶的设计寿命按25年计,根据其海段风浪情况,设计波浪载荷长期极值的超越概率水平[19]为10-7.3,因此取该江海直达船船体结构寿命周期内的许用失效概率为10-7.3,即
通过Isight平台集成Matlab程序,选用模拟退火优化算法,进行江海直达船船体舱段结构可靠性优化设计,为便于对比分析可靠性约束对优化结果的影响,同时利用前面建立好的代理模型进行确定性优化分析,其优化结果如表6所示。
确定性优化设计考虑了3.1.2小节中的(a)、(b)、(c)、(d)约束条件,可靠性优化设计在确定性优化设计的基础上加入可靠度约束即概率约束条件(e)。对比其优化结果可以看出:
(1)确定性优化设计取得了非常不错的优化效果,使舱段重量从363 958.3 kg减小至345 366.2 kg,减少了5.108%,但其失效概率为0.008 27,并不满足3.2.2小节中确定的该江海直达船的许用失效概率;可靠性优化设计使舱段重量减小至352 313.5,较初始方案减少了3.199%,较确定性优化方案增加了1.909%,其优化效果虽没有确定性优化设计好,但取得了较小的失效概率4.8×10-8,小于许用失效概率5.012×10-8(对应为10-7.3),满足该江海直达船25年设计寿命期间的结构许用失效概率要求。
(2)与初始方案相比,确定性优化设计结果中骨材与板材的尺寸均有减小,说明初始方案的安全裕度较大。同时与确定性优化结果相比,可靠性优化结果中骨材尺寸均有一定程度的增加,反映出骨架作为船体结构中的主要支撑构件,其尺寸的增加可以有效地提高船体结构的可靠度。板材尺寸的变化主要体现在舭列板、舷侧外板以及内舷板的厚度值有所增加,说明对于该江海直达船来说,波浪载荷对船体结构强度的影响较大。
本文通过建立高精度的江海直达船船体舱段结构极限状态代理模型,结合求解精度较高的蒙特卡洛抽样模拟法编制了可靠度计算程序,进而在结构可靠性分析的基础上开展了江海直达船船体结构可靠性优化设计。通过本文的研究,可得出如下结论:
(1)通过采用BP神经网络模型与SMOTE算法结合,建立了高精度的江海直达船船体结构极限状态代理模型,使各个代理模型的极限状态函数均方根误差小于2,判定系数R2大于0.99,且样本极限状态识别正确率达95%以上。
(2)在以上代理模型的基础上,明确江海直达船船体结构可靠性优化数学模型,基于对随机变量的概率分析,结合蒙特卡洛抽样模拟法编制相应的船体结构可靠度计算程序,并以降低船体结构重量为目标,以规范描述性要求、直接计算要求以及江海直达船船体结构寿命周期内的可靠度要求为约束条件,完成了江海直达船船体舱段结构的可靠性优化设计。
(3)根据可靠性优化结果,舱段重量减少了3.199%,与传统的确定性优化设计结果相比,其优化效果虽有所下降,但取得了较小的失效概率4.8×10-8,满足该江海直达船25年设计寿命期间的结构许用失效概率10-7.3要求。
综上所述,本文建立了一套完整有效的基于代理模型技术的江海直达船船体结构可靠性优化设计系统,提高了船体结构可靠性优化设计的效率,对江海直达船船体结构可靠性优化设计具有指导意义。
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.04.007
  • 接收时间:2023-10-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-28
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    1.武汉理工大学 船海与能源动力工程学院,武汉 430063
    2.武汉理工大学 绿色智能江海直达船舶与邮轮游艇研究中心,武汉 430063
    3.绿色智能江海直达船舶湖北省工程研究中心,武汉 430063

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Number of
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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