Article(id=1242150513861533787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150509222634475, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.03.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1695052800000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774081360544, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1710864000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774081360544, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774081360544, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081360544, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242150509222634475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='3', pageStart='319', pageEnd='477', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774081359439, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081618801, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242151597120233485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150509222634475, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242151597120233486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150509222634475, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=392, endPage=399, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242150514218049638, articleId=1242150513861533787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Experimental investigation on the relation between instantaneous cavitation behavior and cavitating impact on a hydrofoil, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

For high speed ships, impact produced by cavitation is the source of abnormal noise and even cavitation erosion. However, cavitation is actually a complex process containing multi-scale structures coupled with many influencing factors such as cavitation shedding, cavity breaking, local merging and collapse, it is still a tough work to make clear the mechanism for the impact in full-scale cavitating flow and to control its effects. In this paper, cavitation around a twisted hydrofoil was selected to clarify the relation between the cavitating impact and instantaneous cavitation behavior, using a synchronized system composed of a high speed camera and a hydrophone to make the measurements synchronously in time domain, and a soft paint layer to show the cavitation impacted region. The results indicate that for a typical sheet-to-cloud cavitating flow, the high magnitude impulse composed of high frequency component is related to the local collapse and rebound of cloud cavitation shedding from sheet cavity. The study provides the physical understanding and control of cavitation impact in the industrial field.

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舰船在高航速运行工况下空化非定常演化过程产生的冲击,是空化激励产生异响甚至空蚀的根源。实际空化流动是包含多尺度流动结构的复杂过程,涉及空化的脱落、破碎、合并以及溃灭等多重影响因素,目前对于空化冲击形成机制的认识及判别尚不清晰,制约了空化冲击控制措施的发展。针对上述问题,本文以扭曲水翼为对象,首先采用水翼物面蓝油涂层方法确认空化冲击的主要区域,然后利用高速相机和水听器开展空化图像与脉动信号在时域上的同步测试,分析水翼片空化脱落形成云空化过程中物面空化冲击与空化瞬态结构特征之间的关系。结果表明,对于典型片空化形成云空化的过程,高频高幅值的空化冲击是由片空化脱落后形成的云空化结构局部整体溃灭回弹现象引起,且在瞬时产生强烈的压力脉动。这一认识为工程上对空化冲击的判别和控制提供了依据。

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曹彦涛(1987-),男,硕士,高级工程师,E-mail:

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曹彦涛(1987-),男,硕士,高级工程师,E-mail:

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曹彦涛(1987-),男,硕士,高级工程师,E-mail:

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label=Fig.4, caption=Typical signal synchronized recorded by hydrophone and high speed camera, figureFileSmall=aj8kURZ/HZ9TYK97I5wiTA==, figureFileBig=NF1Ac/TDJD9pLfPMFtitNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150521235120612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150513861533787, language=CN, label=图4, caption=水听器和高速相机同步信号典型采样结果, figureFileSmall=aj8kURZ/HZ9TYK97I5wiTA==, figureFileBig=NF1Ac/TDJD9pLfPMFtitNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150521302229479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150513861533787, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Paint distribution on hydrofoil surface before test, figureFileSmall=i/xSJLjX92/VrSVNsJng3w==, figureFileBig=x6/2OeISOyoVa0iQ3U8X6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150521386115564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150513861533787, language=CN, label=图5, caption=试验前水翼表面蓝油状况, 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label=Fig.9, caption=Cavitation behavior in one cycle under U=14 m/s (Time interval 1100 μs), figureFileSmall=sFbbnltlVImKeanYG0MCOA==, figureFileBig=8DDt11z53CFwWflns9RCkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150522224976424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150513861533787, language=CN, label=图9, caption=U=14 m/s一个周期内水翼空化特征(间隔1100 μs), figureFileSmall=sFbbnltlVImKeanYG0MCOA==, figureFileBig=8DDt11z53CFwWflns9RCkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150522346611250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150513861533787, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Pressure and corresponding time frequency feature in one cycle under U =14 m/s, figureFileSmall=EJOfbHNRC1S+q4jmL0kiWg==, figureFileBig=cS2qsYwtjqMUFz2oK3+qng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150522455663162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150513861533787, language=CN, label=图10, caption=U =14 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水翼空化瞬态特征与空化冲击关系试验研究
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曹彦涛 1, 2 , 彭晓星 1, 2 , 徐良浩 1, 2 , 郑恩慧 1, 2
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024,28(3): 392-399
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024, 28(3): 392-399
水翼空化瞬态特征与空化冲击关系试验研究
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曹彦涛1, 2 , 彭晓星1, 2, 徐良浩1, 2, 郑恩慧1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国船舶科学研究中心 船舶振动噪声重点实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 2.深海技术科学太湖实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 曹彦涛(1987-),男,硕士,高级工程师,E-mail:

Experimental investigation on the relation between instantaneous cavitation behavior and cavitating impact on a hydrofoil
Yan-tao CAO1, 2 , Xiao-xing PENG1, 2, Liang-hao XU1, 2, En-hui ZHENG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.National Key Laboratory of Ship Vibration and Noise, China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China
  • 2.Taihu Laboratory of Deepsea Technological Science, Wuxi 214082, China
出版时间: 2024-03-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.03.007
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舰船在高航速运行工况下空化非定常演化过程产生的冲击,是空化激励产生异响甚至空蚀的根源。实际空化流动是包含多尺度流动结构的复杂过程,涉及空化的脱落、破碎、合并以及溃灭等多重影响因素,目前对于空化冲击形成机制的认识及判别尚不清晰,制约了空化冲击控制措施的发展。针对上述问题,本文以扭曲水翼为对象,首先采用水翼物面蓝油涂层方法确认空化冲击的主要区域,然后利用高速相机和水听器开展空化图像与脉动信号在时域上的同步测试,分析水翼片空化脱落形成云空化过程中物面空化冲击与空化瞬态结构特征之间的关系。结果表明,对于典型片空化形成云空化的过程,高频高幅值的空化冲击是由片空化脱落后形成的云空化结构局部整体溃灭回弹现象引起,且在瞬时产生强烈的压力脉动。这一认识为工程上对空化冲击的判别和控制提供了依据。

水翼  /  空化  /  冲击  /  试验研究

For high speed ships, impact produced by cavitation is the source of abnormal noise and even cavitation erosion. However, cavitation is actually a complex process containing multi-scale structures coupled with many influencing factors such as cavitation shedding, cavity breaking, local merging and collapse, it is still a tough work to make clear the mechanism for the impact in full-scale cavitating flow and to control its effects. In this paper, cavitation around a twisted hydrofoil was selected to clarify the relation between the cavitating impact and instantaneous cavitation behavior, using a synchronized system composed of a high speed camera and a hydrophone to make the measurements synchronously in time domain, and a soft paint layer to show the cavitation impacted region. The results indicate that for a typical sheet-to-cloud cavitating flow, the high magnitude impulse composed of high frequency component is related to the local collapse and rebound of cloud cavitation shedding from sheet cavity. The study provides the physical understanding and control of cavitation impact in the industrial field.

hydrofoil  /  cavitation  /  impact  /  experimental investigation
曹彦涛, 彭晓星, 徐良浩, 郑恩慧. 水翼空化瞬态特征与空化冲击关系试验研究. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (3) : 392 -399 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.03.007
Yan-tao CAO, Xiao-xing PENG, Liang-hao XU, En-hui ZHENG. Experimental investigation on the relation between instantaneous cavitation behavior and cavitating impact on a hydrofoil[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (3) : 392 -399 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.03.007
空化是舰船高航速运行状态下常见的现象之一,其非定常演化过程引起的压力脉动会带来一系列危害效应,影响舰船结构的安全性以及隐蔽性。尤其是空化剧烈变化过程产生的强脉冲特征,会激励船体产生强烈的异响甚至空蚀。
所谓“异响”是近年来在部分高航速船舶上出现的一种强振动现象,即某些高航速工况下推进器及附体部位的船体出现强烈撞击声,在振动加速度时域监测信号上表现为高幅值脉冲尖峰形式。这一现象极大影响了船舶的舒适性和局部结构的安全性,成为船舶航速性能提升后的新问题。实船试验发现该现象与附体部位出现的空化相关,但是受实船测试条件及测试手段的限制,无法做到图像和脉冲信号的时域同步测量,因而无法获得实际环境中脉冲信号所对应的空化瞬态特征。
空化脉动特性的研究由来已久,早期以单泡为对象的大量理论[1-3]及试验[4-6]研究表明,高幅值脉冲载荷是由泡的溃灭过程所引起。但是对于实际状态下的空化,其发展过程包含不同类型空化之间转换(包括片空化脱落、片状结构破碎以及群泡结构云团生成等[7-11])、多重机制(回射流[12]、激波传播[13-15])诱导片空化脱落等诸多复杂非定常特性,高幅值脉冲对应何种瞬态空化结构及其特征无法有效确认。此外,受技术手段等诸多因素限制,以往的研究多以空化的宏观演化过程观察为主,对于空化瞬态特征与压力脉动之间时域对应关系的关注较少,也一定程度上限制了对于空化冲击问题成因的认识。
本文通过引入空化高速摄影和高频脉动特征时域同步测量方法,结合水翼物面蓝油涂层变化情况,构建空化形态图像与脉动信号之间的对应关系,从而获取水翼空化流动过程中由空化引起的典型冲击与空化形态特征之间的对应关系,可为工程中异响成因的认识和空蚀区域判别提供支撑。
试验在中国船舶科学研究中心的小型高速空泡水筒中进行。水筒试验段长度为1600 mm,宽度和高度均为225 mm,水流最高速度为25.0 m/s,试验段压力调节范围为5~500 kPa。配备有可控制水中溶解气体含量和气核的空化试验设备,试验设备见图1
试验模型为NACA 16012三维扭曲水翼(图2所示),水翼关于中心截面对称,弦长c=100 mm,展长l=225 mm,中间扭曲部分长200 mm,两端各有一段长12.5 mm的平直段。试验中水翼端部的安装攻角设为0°,此时中间部分攻角为11°,攻角沿展向的变化公式为
式中,z是水翼展向的坐标。
试验仪器主要包括高速相机(Photron AX100)1台,采样频率为10 000 FPS,用于记录空化形态;水听器(BK8103)1个,最高测量频率为195 652.18 Hz,通过一个小水箱安装在试验段侧壁,用于监测压力脉动信号。高速相机布置在试验段下方,获得扭曲水翼空化的正面形态。为满足高速相机拍摄时的光照需求,在底部采用两个LED灯进行照明。相机及光源布置概况见图3
为实现试验中高速相机和脉动信号之间的时域同步,根据高速相机触发信号的特征以及脉动信号采样系统的特点,以相机输出信号作为时间同步标尺,通过后处理实现图像和脉动信号同步。高速相机采样过程为方波信号(图4所示),而脉动信号采样系统则可长时间采样,因此试验时将高速相机采样输出信号作为动态采样系统其中一个数据通道进行数据采集,然后利用方波信号的上升沿和下降沿作为时间标尺来截取同步部分,用于空化形态图像和对应脉动特征的时域同步分析。该方式的时间同步误差小于10 μs,而试验中高速相机的时间分辨率为100 μs,因此同步时间误差导致的偏差不超过一幅图像的时间间隔。
试验工况通过空化数σ给定,而空化数则由来流水速U和试验段进口压力来调节。空化数定义为
式中,p为试验段进口压力,pv为饱和蒸汽压,ρ为水的密度。
为获得水翼空化导致冲击的特征,研究中利用试验前后蓝油涂层变化情况来显示空化冲击的作用区域。由于涂层剥离试验时间较长,因此本研究中仅选取一个工况开展了涂层试验,即在来流速度为14 m/s、空化数为1.0的测试工况下开展了蓝油涂层空化冲击试验,试验时长为3小时。在此基础上通过调整水速获得了不同工况下的试验结果,其冲击与空化瞬态特征对应规律与水速为14 m/s测试工况一致,因此,本文以14 m/s条件下的典型结果进行分析。
试验前水翼表面蓝油状况如图5所示,其表面被均匀完好的蓝油涂层覆盖。而试验之后(图6所示)水翼表面出现了程度不同的涂层剥离区,根据剥离区的集中程度将剥离区分为五个区域,其中Region1和Region2标示的圆形区域最为明显,存在显著的涂层剥离集中区,而Region3、Region4和Region5部分则主要是零星散布的斑点。本文将重点研究分析涂层剥离点分布较为集中的Region1和Region2区域,建立空化瞬态特性与冲击的关系,该区域内剥离点集中部分相连成片,表明此处单位时间内所受的空化冲击强度最大、空间范围最为集中。
为进一步量化涂层剥离区的范围,通过比较图像中区域位置的像素数与水翼弦长c所占像素数量,获得了主要区域的相对位置,如图7所示。其中,Region1和Region2所在的圆形区域中心离水翼端部约77.79%c,距离水翼导边58.47%c,半径为15.26%c。由此结合空化形态高速摄影图像,分析空化冲击作用区域与空化瞬态结构特征之间的关系。
为获得空化冲击和空化瞬态特征之间的对应关系,对空化形态图像和脉动信号之间的时域对应关系进行分析。试验中空化形态图像时间分辨率为100 μs,本文中不同部分根据需要选取一定间隔的典型图像进行分析。图8所示为本文研究对象的典型空化形态,为便于描述起见,图中用虚线标示了导边(L.E.)和随边(T.E.)位置以及涂层剥离最严重的圆形区域中心的位置,以对比空化位置与冲击作用区域之间的对应关系。
从较长的时间尺度上看,该水翼空化演化为准周期生长-脱落过程[810],本文主要关注更小时间尺度的空化瞬态行为,为此选取高速摄影获得的一个生长-脱落周期内瞬态图像进行分析。图9是一个周期内15个不同时刻空化的瞬态特征,时间顺序为自上而下、自左而右(后续图像均采用此规则排序),前后两个时刻的时间间隔为1100 μs。高速摄影结果显示,该水翼空化主要以片空化形式出现,导边的片空化准周期性从导边位置脱落,形成云空化并随流动向下游迁移。图10是上述周期内对应的压力脉动及时频谱,其中压力脉动为水听器信号的时域曲线,纵坐标为无量纲脉动压力ptNor,利用脉动压力最大值ptmax与最小值ptmin差值的一半进行了无量纲化(见公式(3)),每个纵向虚线标示出与空化形态图像对应的时刻;而时频谱则是压力脉动对应的小波时频分析结果,横坐标为时间,纵坐标为瞬态频率,云图的颜色表征幅值大小。图10结果显示,该水翼一个周期内的压力脉动主要以幅值较低的低频波动为主,而仅在tb-8至tb-9时刻存在幅值显著高于其他时刻的脉冲,且最高幅值中心频率在10000 Hz量级。结合图9及动态视频发现,该时段内空化形态上最为显著的变化,是脱落部分左侧局部有明显的收缩至几乎完全消失(图9中tb-7至tb-8),后又出现(图9中tb-8至tb-9)的现象,这分别对应着云空化局部整体剧烈溃灭和反弹。上述现象说明,尽管水翼片空化整个演化周期内包含片空化从导边部分脱落、脱落部分破碎形成云状结构和云状结构向下游演化过程的溃灭等多个复杂过程,但其产生的最强冲击则来源于云空化局部结构的整体溃灭和反弹。
为进一步观察最强脉冲前后空化演化的细节,本文又以更小的时间间隔提取了脉冲产生前后(图9中tb-7至tb-9之间)15帧高速摄影的图像及压力脉动,分别如图11图12所示。其中高速摄影前后两个时刻的时间间隔为100 μs,此时高速摄影结果更为清晰地显示了其云空化局部结构的整体突然消失、随后又出现的瞬态特征,即这一过程呈现剧烈溃灭(图11中tp-7至tp-8之间)和反弹(图11中tp-8至tp-9之间)。而从图12压力脉动时间历程可以看出第一次溃灭反弹过程小于100 μs,而本试验中图像时间分辨率为100 μs,也就是在溃灭过程内部无法进行时间解析,但是可以捕捉溃灭前和溃灭后瞬间的图像,能够反映溃灭前后空化的变化特征。此外,从时频分析中频域特性看,最高幅值中心频率在15000 Hz左右,即冲击形成的压力脉冲具有高频特性。
通过上述研究获得了空化冲击和流场压力脉冲之间的关系,确认了云空化在向下游移动过程中局部结构整体出现剧烈溃灭并反弹会产生高频高幅值冲击这一典型特征。为确认其与涂层剥离区之间的关系,进一步观察了涂层剥离区域内空化的特征。下面选取空化冲击作用最为显著的Region1和Region2区域,分析该范围内空化瞬态特征,从而阐明涂层剥离区与空化冲击特征之间的关系。
图13是某时段经过Region1区域的局部结构溃灭过程,相邻图像前后时间间隔为100 μs。结果显示,tp-1至tp-9时刻之间Region1区域内的云空化结构局部(圆环内左半部分)存在整体收缩现象,并在tp-9时刻收缩至几乎消失状态,而在tp-10时刻又形成局部小尺度结构(红色圆圈标示),并以此形式向下游移动,这表明该区域内存在云空化局部结构整体突然消失后再出现的现象,即形成剧烈溃灭反弹,从而对物面造成强烈冲击。与此类似,图14是某时段经过Region2区域的局部结构溃灭过程,结果显示tp-1至tp-8时刻之间Region2区域内的云空化结构局部(圆环内右半部分)存在整体收缩现象,且在tp-8时刻达到整体体积最小状态,之后在tp-9时刻局部(红色圆圈标示)又出现增大,之后残余部分随流动向下游移动,说明该区域内空化也存在明显的剧烈溃灭和反弹特征。
上述结果证实了压力时域信号中的脉冲特征与云空化局部溃灭并反弹的瞬态特征以及冲击作用区域之间的对应关系,从而说明对于典型片空化脱落形成云空化的流动,云空化局部结构的整体溃灭和反弹是导致冲击并造成物面涂层剥离的主要原因。这与Bark等(2004)[16]在空蚀风险判断中提出的“Focus”现象的描述基本一致,以空化局部结构瞬态收缩为主要特征的溃灭现象。此外,空泡内部除水蒸气外通常含有不可凝结气体,所以空化溃灭现象常伴随反弹特征。
从空化冲击特征判断角度看,这一规律为如何判断空化冲击瞬态特征并指导空蚀风险判断提供了依据。首先,从空化形态中判断是否存在脱落区域,脱落区域下游云空化经过的区域为空化冲击潜在区域,明确了空化脱落特征在空化冲击判别中的作用。其次,判断脱落产生的云空化出现瞬态剧烈溃灭和反弹的位置,其对应局部瞬态高幅值空化冲击,溃灭点所在位置为高频高幅值冲击作用区域,明确了空化溃灭特征与空化冲击作用区域之间的关联。
本文利用小型高速空泡水筒开展了水翼空化试验,通过翼型表面的蓝油涂层变化显示空化对物面的冲击效应,结合高速摄影观察和压力脉动同步测试,获取了典型空化瞬态特征与压力脉冲以及冲击作用区域之间的关联,为舰船空化激励产生异响问题成因的认识提供了依据。主要结论包括:
(1)对于典型片空化形成云空化的流场而言,空化冲击源于片空化脱落形成的云空化局部结构整体溃灭和反弹行为,其特点是在极短时间内云空化局部结构整体急剧收缩后又膨胀。这一认识阐明了空化脱落与溃灭反弹两大特征在空化非定常演化过程中对压力脉动特性的贡献,即空化溃灭反弹对应高频高幅值的压力脉冲,而产生溃灭的云空化结构由空化脱落行为产生。
(2)涂层剥离区显示的空化冲击作用区域与溃灭反弹现象发生的位置对应,进一步反映了物面冲击与云空化局部结构溃灭反弹之间的关联。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(11902295)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.03.007
  • 接收时间:2023-09-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-19
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(11902295)
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    1.中国船舶科学研究中心 船舶振动噪声重点实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
    2.深海技术科学太湖实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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