Article(id=1242150510191518709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150509222634475, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.03.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1694880000000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774081359670, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1710864000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774081359670, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774081359670, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081359670, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242150509222634475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='3', pageStart='319', pageEnd='477', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774081359439, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081618801, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242151597120233485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150509222634475, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242151597120233486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150509222634475, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=328, endPage=340, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242150510401233910, articleId=1242150510191518709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Estimation methods of roll damping based on roll decay data, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ship roll damping estimation based on roll decay curves is very common in engineering. There are many methods to estimate damping from roll decay curves, which lead to difference in damping estimation results. In order to achieve the purpose of obtaining high-precision damping prediction methods, the principle of estimation of roll damping based on roll decay curves in recent years was analyzed in detail first in this paper and then its scope of application was expanded. The methods were divided into two categories according to the principle, namely, one based on piecewise linear assumption and the other based on parameter identification. The data of standard model (DTC) were used to verify and compare the characteristics of different methods, and the error sources of damping coefficient estimation were analyzed. The results show the accuracy of estimation is strongly related to the used method. The Froude energy method with clear physical meaning, few error sources, and insensitivity to measurement noise and error is recommended as the preliminary estimation method. If a damping model with sufficient accuracy can be found, estimation based on the Prony-SS method, which has an inherent noise suppression mechanism and a unique solution, can be further done to improve the accuracy.

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基于自由横摇衰减曲线估算船舶横摇阻尼是一种常用工程手段,由于衰减曲线估算阻尼的方法众多,导致阻尼估算结果存在差异。为实现获取高精度阻尼预报方法的目的,本文首先对近年来出现的基于衰减曲线估算横摇阻尼的方法原理进行详细分析,扩展其适用范围,按照原理将方法分为基于分段线性假设与基于参数识别两类。其次利用标准模型(DTC)的横摇数据,验证并比较不同方法的特点,分析阻尼系数估算的误差来源。结果表明,横摇阻尼估算精度与使用的方法强相关,推荐物理意义明确、误差来源少、对测量噪声与误差不敏感的Froude能量法作为初步阻尼评估方法,若能找到足够精确的阻尼模型,则可进一步使用具有内在的噪声抑制机制、不需要预估阻尼系数初值、存在唯一解的Prony-SS方法以提高识别精度。

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章东(1992-),男,硕士研究生,E-mail:

王文涛(1982-),男,研究员,硕士生导师。

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(15) and enhanced extinction curve method based on Eq. (19), ballast condition (D=0.2010 m), without forward speed, figureFileSmall=2h1zcbbP7ME7OWiaJU3Qyg==, figureFileBig=nlDksuWQPxmolB4G6+vv9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150530865242954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150510191518709, language=CN, label=图6, caption=采用式(15)拟合的消灭曲线与采用式(19)拟合的改进型消灭曲线, figureFileSmall=2h1zcbbP7ME7OWiaJU3Qyg==, figureFileBig=nlDksuWQPxmolB4G6+vv9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150530928157516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150510191518709, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Curve fitting of equivalent linear damping coefficients based on Eq. 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Classification of roll damping estimation methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基于分段线性假设基于参数识别
消灭曲线法最小二乘法
改进型消灭曲线法粒子群方法
对数衰减法渐近方法
Hilbert变换方法Prony-SS方法
Froude能量法
Roberts能量法
), ArticleFig(id=1242150533218247530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150510191518709, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

横摇阻尼估算方法分类

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基于分段线性假设基于参数识别
消灭曲线法最小二乘法
改进型消灭曲线法粒子群方法
对数衰减法渐近方法
Hilbert变换方法Prony-SS方法
Froude能量法
Roberts能量法
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Calculation parameters of the DTC model[20]

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名称符号/单位压载满载名称符号/单位压载满载
船长LWL/m5.93916.0691排水体积∇/m30.64960.7887
船宽BWL/m0.85760.8576横稳性高/m0.07680.023
吃水D/m0.20180.2345
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DTC标模参数[20]

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名称符号/单位压载满载名称符号/单位压载满载
船长LWL/m5.93916.0691排水体积∇/m30.64960.7887
船宽BWL/m0.85760.8576横稳性高/m0.07680.023
吃水D/m0.20180.2345
), ArticleFig(id=1242150533419574130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150510191518709, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Results of nonlinear damping coefficients fitting, ballast condition(D=0.2018 m)

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方法编号方法b1b2b3
1消灭曲线法0.026 5490.111 150.378 934
2改进型消灭曲线法0.027 290.10140.411 827
3对数衰减法(Bulian)0.030 740.080 6530.376 267
4对数衰减法(Wassermann)0.031 920.052 710.478 93
5Hilbert变换方法0.028 060.125 7270.277 87
6Froude能量法0.03570.086 680.449 87
7Roberts能量法0.050 94-0.032 630.560 27
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非线性阻尼系数拟合结果,压载(D=0.2018 m),无航速

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方法编号方法b1b2b3
1消灭曲线法0.026 5490.111 150.378 934
2改进型消灭曲线法0.027 290.10140.411 827
3对数衰减法(Bulian)0.030 740.080 6530.376 267
4对数衰减法(Wassermann)0.031 920.052 710.478 93
5Hilbert变换方法0.028 060.125 7270.277 87
6Froude能量法0.03570.086 680.449 87
7Roberts能量法0.050 94-0.032 630.560 27
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Results of nonlinear damping coefficients fitting, full loading condition (D=0.2354 m)

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方法编号方法b1b2b3
1消灭曲线法0.051 393-0.191 630.886 246
2改进型消灭曲线法0.061 8508-0.334 131.438 234
3对数衰减法(Bulian)0.035 26-0.035 250.521 07
4对数衰减法(Wassermann)0.036 76-0.043 140.5376
5Hilbert变换方法0.036 84-0.033 810.528 27
6Froude能量法0.042 88-0.023 870.4648
7Roberts能量法0.048 86-0.142 080.861 33
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非线性阻尼系数拟合结果,满载(D=0.2354 m),无航速

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方法编号方法b1b2b3
1消灭曲线法0.051 393-0.191 630.886 246
2改进型消灭曲线法0.061 8508-0.334 131.438 234
3对数衰减法(Bulian)0.035 26-0.035 250.521 07
4对数衰减法(Wassermann)0.036 76-0.043 140.5376
5Hilbert变换方法0.036 84-0.033 810.528 27
6Froude能量法0.042 88-0.023 870.4648
7Roberts能量法0.048 86-0.142 080.861 33
), ArticleFig(id=1242150533763507070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150510191518709, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Results of nonlinear damping coefficients based on PIT

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方法编号方法b1b2b3工况
8最小二乘法(Levenberg-Marquardt方法)2.353 12-2.569 92-0.580 83压载
9Prony-SS方法0.01350.4120-0.0892压载
10粒子群优化(PSO)-5.297 86736.485 36-27.988 35压载
8最小二乘法(Levenberg-Marquardt方法)0.146 14-1.07986.7171满载
9Prony-SS方法0.1099-0.61881.7578满载
10粒子群优化(PSO)-1722.981-512.729410.039满载
), ArticleFig(id=1242150533830615936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150510191518709, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

非线性阻尼系数参数识别结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法编号方法b1b2b3工况
8最小二乘法(Levenberg-Marquardt方法)2.353 12-2.569 92-0.580 83压载
9Prony-SS方法0.01350.4120-0.0892压载
10粒子群优化(PSO)-5.297 86736.485 36-27.988 35压载
8最小二乘法(Levenberg-Marquardt方法)0.146 14-1.07986.7171满载
9Prony-SS方法0.1099-0.61881.7578满载
10粒子群优化(PSO)-1722.981-512.729410.039满载
), ArticleFig(id=1242150533914502018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150510191518709, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Times of curve fitting and derivation of estimation methods based on piecewise linear assumption

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方法(改进型)消灭曲线法对数衰减法Hilbert变换方法Froude能量法Roberts能量法
曲线拟合次数11312
求导次数00201
), ArticleFig(id=1242150534006776707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150510191518709, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

基于分段线性假设的估算方法涉及的曲线拟合及求导次数

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方法(改进型)消灭曲线法对数衰减法Hilbert变换方法Froude能量法Roberts能量法
曲线拟合次数11312
求导次数00201
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基于横摇衰减数据的横摇阻尼估算方法对比研究
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章东 1, 2 , 王文涛 1, 2 , 卜淑霞 1, 2 , 刘伟 1, 2
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024,28(3): 328-340
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024, 28(3): 328-340
基于横摇衰减数据的横摇阻尼估算方法对比研究
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章东1, 2 , 王文涛1, 2, 卜淑霞1, 2, 刘伟1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 2.水动力学重点实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 章东(1992-),男,硕士研究生,E-mail:

    王文涛(1982-),男,研究员,硕士生导师。

Estimation methods of roll damping based on roll decay data
Dong ZHANG1, 2 , Wen-tao WANG1, 2, Shu-xia BU1, 2, Wei LIU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China
  • 2.National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Hydrodynamics, Wuxi 214082, China
出版时间: 2024-03-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.03.002
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基于自由横摇衰减曲线估算船舶横摇阻尼是一种常用工程手段,由于衰减曲线估算阻尼的方法众多,导致阻尼估算结果存在差异。为实现获取高精度阻尼预报方法的目的,本文首先对近年来出现的基于衰减曲线估算横摇阻尼的方法原理进行详细分析,扩展其适用范围,按照原理将方法分为基于分段线性假设与基于参数识别两类。其次利用标准模型(DTC)的横摇数据,验证并比较不同方法的特点,分析阻尼系数估算的误差来源。结果表明,横摇阻尼估算精度与使用的方法强相关,推荐物理意义明确、误差来源少、对测量噪声与误差不敏感的Froude能量法作为初步阻尼评估方法,若能找到足够精确的阻尼模型,则可进一步使用具有内在的噪声抑制机制、不需要预估阻尼系数初值、存在唯一解的Prony-SS方法以提高识别精度。

横摇阻尼估算  /  横摇衰减曲线  /  消灭曲线法  /  阻尼模型

Ship roll damping estimation based on roll decay curves is very common in engineering. There are many methods to estimate damping from roll decay curves, which lead to difference in damping estimation results. In order to achieve the purpose of obtaining high-precision damping prediction methods, the principle of estimation of roll damping based on roll decay curves in recent years was analyzed in detail first in this paper and then its scope of application was expanded. The methods were divided into two categories according to the principle, namely, one based on piecewise linear assumption and the other based on parameter identification. The data of standard model (DTC) were used to verify and compare the characteristics of different methods, and the error sources of damping coefficient estimation were analyzed. The results show the accuracy of estimation is strongly related to the used method. The Froude energy method with clear physical meaning, few error sources, and insensitivity to measurement noise and error is recommended as the preliminary estimation method. If a damping model with sufficient accuracy can be found, estimation based on the Prony-SS method, which has an inherent noise suppression mechanism and a unique solution, can be further done to improve the accuracy.

estimation of roll damping  /  roll decay curve  /  extinction curve method  /  damping model
章东, 王文涛, 卜淑霞, 刘伟. 基于横摇衰减数据的横摇阻尼估算方法对比研究. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (3) : 328 -340 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.03.002
Dong ZHANG, Wen-tao WANG, Shu-xia BU, Wei LIU. Estimation methods of roll damping based on roll decay data[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (3) : 328 -340 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.03.002
横摇是船舶在波浪中6个自由度运动中最难理解和显示的复杂现象[1],其运动阻尼是船舶耐波性与波浪稳性预测精度的决定性因素。一般来说,船舶运动阻尼主要由船体辐射出的重力波所致,然而相比于其他自由度,船舶横摇受流体粘性影响大。横摇阻尼是由波浪、旋涡、升力、摩擦等因素共同产生,这导致基于势流理论的边界元方法(BEM)预测横摇运动精度过低。针对此难题,ITTC(国际拖曳水池会议)的波浪稳性委员会与耐波性委员会开展了大量工作[2-5]。目前横摇阻尼估算方法主要包括三类:模型试验、CFD计算、经验公式。中国船舶科学研究中心顾民等[6-8]将模型试验与CFD计算结合,对一系列标准模型做了深入研究。模型试验与CFD计算结果都需要通过数据处理以获得阻尼值,其中自由衰减试验具有试验难度小、成本低的特点,该方法被广泛采用。
从横摇衰减曲线估算横摇阻尼的方法众多,自1872年Froude[9]的工作开始,人们在该领域做了大量工作。目前除经典的线性方法(消灭曲线法)、Froude能量法[1]外,意大利的Bulian等[10]、德国的Wassermann等[11]在对数衰减法方面做了深入研究,英国的Roberts[12]提出的能量方法、国际海事组织推荐的最小二乘法[13]、上海交通大学曾智华[14]的粒子群方法、香港城市大学Chan等[15]的渐近方法、韩国的Kim等[16]的Hilbert变换方法、中国船舶及海洋工程设计研究院封培元等[17]的改进型消灭曲线法、中国海洋大学孙金伟等[18]的Prony-SS方法、随机减量法[19]等方法均成功用于横摇阻尼估算。其中随机减量法是从波浪中船舶横摇运动数据中提取横摇衰减运动的方法,该方法能从非规则波和规则波船舶横摇运动中提取横摇衰减曲线。
船舶横摇运动特别是大角度横摇运动非线性强,基于此特点,从横摇衰减曲线估算横摇阻尼的方法主要分为两类:一是基于分段线性假设,将横摇衰减曲线分成多段,分别处理各小段拟线性运动的阻尼关系;二是从横摇运动微分方程出发,先假设阻尼模型及复原力臂模型(未知时),后通过渐近方法、数值方法等手段经计算机迭代识别出阻尼模型参数,该类方法称为参数识别技术(parameter identification technique,PIT)。本文的目的是针对这两类方法进行分析,以获取高精度阻尼预报方法。
横摇运动时,粘性项与波浪项产生的阻尼量级相当,直接求解船体周围流体速度场以预报船舶横摇运动难度大且精度低,现阶段一般通过弹簧阻尼滑块模型来模化横摇运动。解耦并归一化单自由度横摇运动方程[3]如下:
式中,φ为横摇角,I44为船的惯性矩,∂I44为附加惯性矩,为阻尼力矩,C44为复原力矩,K为外部激励力矩。
对于横摇衰减试验,式(1)中外部激励项k =0,阻尼项d)与复原力项c44未知。一般来说,阻尼项d)与复原力项c44都呈现非线性,通常都表示为级数形式[13]。不同学者经过长期研究,提出了大量的阻尼模型,最经典的阻尼模型为线性-平方-立方阻尼模型,如式(3)所示。一般情况下,船舶关于中线面对称,复原力模型(如式(4))通常都表示为奇级数形式:
式中,ωx为无阻尼横摇自然频率,为横摇复原力臂,为横稳性高,复原力臂的非线性与对称性导致了rφ)的奇级数形式。当结合式(1)、式(3)~(4)可以发现,横摇运动方程无精确解析解,暂无直接提取阻尼的手段。基于该特点,人们通过研究阻尼与其他项的能量关系、运动关系开发了一系列间接估算横摇阻尼方法,按照方法原理可作如表1的分类。
该类方法的基本思想是分段研究每个周期内横摇,假设每单个周期内的运动均为正弦(或余弦)运动,再按如图1所示流程估算横摇阻尼。除消灭曲线法与改进型消灭曲线法外,基于分段线性假设的其他方法,都要引入一个重要概念:等效线性阻尼系数Beq及其归一化形式μeq,某一时间段内式(1)中的阻尼项d)表示如下[13]
式中,μeq为该时间段内等效阻尼系数,φa为该周期内横摇角幅值,ωE为该周期内横摇圆频率。获得等效阻尼μeq后,由能量关系可推导出非线性阻尼模型(如式(3))系数与等效阻尼的关系[10]
式中,ωx,eq为该周期内等效无阻尼自然频率。为便于比较,后文中试验数据验证时,非线性阻尼模型都采用下式:
上式系数与式(3)系数的关系为
假定横摇复原力臂为线性的情况下,横摇衰减运动由下式控制:
船舶从一个幅值φi运动到下一个幅值φi + 1时(该方法幅值都取绝对值),记,∆φ= φi+1-φi,假设横摇角表达式为
则势能做功为
阻尼做功为
二者相等后有如下关系:
需要在时历曲线的三个不同位置分别取值,获得三个三元一次方程以求解式(15)中的三个非线性阻尼模型系数b1b2b3
封培元等[17]提出了复原力臂为3阶模型、阻尼模型为2项情况下的改进型消灭曲线法:
该模型中复原力臂曲线为3阶模型,为了增加该方法的普适性,本文将该方法拓展到了5阶模型。考虑阻尼模型为式(3),复原力臂为5阶模型的情况:
船舶从一个幅值θi运动到下一个幅值θi + 1时势能做功为
阻尼做功同式(14),二者相等有:
式(19)即扩展的改进型消灭曲线关系,其系数ε1ε2b1b2b3均可为0,与文献[17]相比能适应更多复原力臂模型与阻尼模型。
对数衰减法(Bulian)[10]将相邻峰值时间段[ti+1-ti]内横摇衰减运动类比为二阶线性系统振动过程:
根据线性系统振动理论易得
若复原力臂曲线为,则m为排水质量,g为重力加速度。Wassermann等[11]对该方法做了修改以利用复原力臂曲线,记双幅值对数衰减量为,由线性系统振动理论:
最终等效阻尼系数为
若式(25)~(26)中无阻尼自然横摇频率ωx未知,可利用式(27)代入横稳性高与船宽BWL估算,
Hilbert变换相当于90°移相[16],记横摇衰减信号φt)的Hilbert变换为,则可以构造复平面内解析信号:
式中,At)为φt)的包络[16]θt)为φt)的相位角,有如下关系:
一般非线性横摇衰减运动方程可以写为以下形式:
式中,μeqt)为随时间变化的等效阻尼项,为随时间变化的横摇自然频率项。将式(28)代入式(30)可得以下关系:
根据式(31)与式(32),只要从横摇衰减曲线中拟合出At)与ωEt),即可获得等效阻尼随时间的变化关系,进而得到每个横摇周期的等效阻尼μeq
根据系统做功能量关系,相邻横摇幅值间阻尼做功应等于系统势能的变化量。当从横摇幅值φi运动到φi + 2时,系统势能变化量与阻尼耗散的能量分别为
令式(33)与式(34)相等,可得
归一化的等效阻尼系数μeq的估算同式(26)。
系统机械能EC的耗散率应等于阻尼做功的功率。
横摇运动到幅值φi时,角速度为0,式(36)右侧第一项为0。
根据式(37)可求得幅值φi处的EC值,拟合EC与时间关系曲线,再求导并结合式(22)可得
归一化的等效阻尼系数μeq的估算同式(26)。
该类方法需预设未知项的模型,一般根据经验选择合适的阻尼和复原力臂模型,得到有待定参数的二阶常微分方程,再通过数学手段寻找最接近实验数据的解的模型参数。
以采用式(9)所示阻尼模型为例。
步骤一:先猜测一组初始参数如b1b2b3
步骤二:利用数值方法(如Runge-Kutta法)或解析方法求解横摇运动方程,生成解曲线。
步骤三:定义优化目标函数,如式(39),利用最优化方法(非线性最小二乘优化中的Levenberg-Marquardt优化、粒子群优化[14]等方法均被成功应用于横摇阻尼识别)寻找使得该式最小的一组参数:
式中,φi为计算所得横摇角数据,φexp,i为试验横摇角数据,既可采用整条衰减曲线数据也可只选用幅值数据。为减少计算量,一般采用幅值数据。
Prony-SS方法最先应用于信号处理领域,对于给定横摇衰减曲线,利用Prony-SS方法重构出衰减曲线的近似表达式[18],后通过矩阵运算获得阻尼参数值。Prony-SS方法能提取出横摇信号中的主要成分,具有内在的噪声抑制机制。
渐近方法是求解非线性微分方程的有力手段,对于利用衰减曲线估算横摇阻尼,该方法[15]先利用摄动方法求解出横摇衰减运动方程的渐近解表达式,再通过曲线拟合获得表达式系数,利用消灭曲线反复迭代优化阻尼系数值。
为验证并比较上述方法的特点,本文采用标模DTC[20]的横摇衰减试验数据估算横摇阻尼,DTC标模是德国杜伊斯堡埃森大学按照超巴拿马型集装箱船体以1∶59.407的比例设计建造的,船体剖面如图2所示。船模数据如表2所示,采用压载(ballast)、满载(full condition)两种工况下的无航速自由横摇衰减数据(如图3所示)作为样本,其复原力臂曲线如图4所示,从图中可以看出,在试验横摇数据范围内,复原力臂曲线拟合效果良好。采用Wassermann[11]文中推荐的Froude能量法复现其阻尼估算结果后,利用本文中所述方法处理该数据并进行结果对比。
图5(a)为Wassermann[11]图3(a)所示的横摇衰减曲线先进行滤波处理后再基于Froude能量法获得的无量纲阻尼系数结果,图5(b)为作者对图3(a)所示的横摇衰减曲线直接使用Froude能量法后获得的无量纲阻尼系数结果,二者的大振幅结果基本一致,小振幅结果振荡大,这与Wassermann对数据进行了滤波[11]操作有关。图中无量纲阻尼系数由下式得到:
按照图1所示流程分别处理图3所示的横摇衰减曲线,阻尼模型采用式(9)。表3图6~9展示了压载工况下各方法(为方便比较对方法进行了编号)的结果,表4展示了满载工况下非线性阻尼系数的拟合结果。图6~8中数据点振荡均较大,这与图3(a)的数据尤其是相邻正负幅值的振荡密切相关,说明实验数据质量对基于该类方法的阻尼系数估算有影响。
利用参数识别方法(PIT)估算横摇阻尼需要先预设阻尼模型和复原力模型(未知时),为便于对比分析,本文中复原力采用图4所示的拟合模型,阻尼模型选用式(9)形式。所得归一化的自由横摇运动微分方程形式如下:
根据图4拟合结果,式(41)中ε1ε2已知,ωx使用式(27)估算。根据文献[11]可知,式(27)估算结果偏差不超过1%,则上式中未知参数有b1b2b3,本文选取最小二乘法、粒子群算法和Prony-SS方法(为方便比较对方法进行了编号)识别上述参数。图10表5展示了部分识别过程及非线性阻尼系数识别结果。
最小二乘法参数初值采用[0;0;0],粒子群算法的参数采用默认设置。图10(a)展示了使用Prony-SS方法时对横摇衰减数据构成的Hankel矩阵进行奇异值分解(singular value decomposition)后获得的奇异值量级分布。根据奇异值量级大小可判断重构的衰减曲线近似表达式的主要项,图10(b)为取前11个奇异值对应的项重构出的近似表达式与实验数据的对比,可见重构精度良好。
表5中的非线性阻尼系数识别结果为未经调试检验的结果,均与基于分段线性假设的方法识别结果存在较大差异,说明基于参数识别的方法可能存在多解的现象。该类方法结果受识别过程中参数设置的影响,为排除多解和得到足够精度的阻尼系数,既要经验也需要根据每条实验数据反复比对调试。
横摇阻尼评估是船舶横摇运动预报简化的重要步骤,由于流动的复杂性、船舶各自由度运动的耦合,式(1)形式的运动方程只是对真实横摇运动的近似。好的评估结果应能提取出横摇阻尼的内在特性,即真实的横摇运动应为该特性叠加上各种随机因素的耦合结果。从表3~5的阻尼参数拟合结果来看,基于分段线性假设的方法一致性较好,基于参数识别的方法结果差别较大,显示横摇阻尼估算结果准确度与使用的方法强相关。
为评估各方法的阻尼估算效果,参照式(39)定义误差R,表达式如下:
式中,φi为评估得到的阻尼模型参数代入横摇运动微分方程后,使用四阶Runge-Kutta法求得的横摇曲线衰减数据(本文取横摇幅值数据),φexp,i为对应实验数据。各方法的R值见图11,可见R值均不为0。R不为0有三方面原因:存在测量误差及噪声,阻尼模型不够精确,方法自身引入误差。
对于从自由衰减曲线估算横摇阻尼而言,有效横摇周期越多越有利于获取准确的横摇阻尼信息。然而,一般小振幅横摇测量噪声与误差占比大,大幅度横摇运动衰减太快,有效横摇周期少,如图5所示。为尽可能提高横摇阻尼评估精度,需要选择对测量噪声与误差不敏感且评估过程误差引入少的方法。
基于分段线性假设的估算方法涉及的曲线拟合、求导过程都会产生误差,表6所示为各方法曲线拟合与求导状况。对于消灭曲线法与改进型消灭曲线法,分段线性假设后,为了能实现消灭曲线拟合(如式(12)),一般假设所有周期频率都为横摇自然频率,然而,如图9(b)所示,真实的横摇频率会随时间不断变化,即式(15)、式(16)与式(19)都是近似等式,引入了额外误差。
基于参数识别的估算方法涉及的阻尼模型选择同样会引入误差,根据最优化理论,非线性最小二乘法、粒子群对测量误差与噪声敏感且寻优结果可能为局部最小,即不一定是真实结果,且参数设置对结果影响大(如表5所示)。Prony-SS方法重构曲线后,求解阻尼参数的线性方程组为超定方程组,解该类方程组用到线性最小二乘法,存在唯一解,不存在该问题,但只有阻尼模型足够精确其参数识别结果才可信(作者使用自定义阻尼参数生成衰减曲线后,使用Prony-SS方法验证后得出此结论)。
本文以获取高精度阻尼预报方法为目标,对9种(渐近方法未考虑,其阻尼估算过程复杂,自身误差项多)横摇阻尼评估方法的原理进行分析并利用DTC标模横摇衰减数据进行验证后,得出以下结论:
(1)基于分段线性假设的横摇阻尼估算方法物理意义明确,不需预设阻尼模型,但涉及的曲线拟合与求导过程易引入额外误差;除消灭曲线法外,其他方法均能将非线性横摇力臂纳入考虑;真实的横摇频率随时间不断变化,消灭曲线关系式(15)、改进型消灭曲线关系式(16)和式(19)只是近似成立;Froude能量法对测量噪声与误差不敏感,自身引入误差最少,具有良好性能。
(2)基于参数识别的横摇阻尼估算方法直接从微分方程与实现数据出发,原理清晰,但需预设阻尼模型且识别过程为黑箱子;非线性最小二乘优化、粒子群优化迭代参数对寻优结果影响大即可能为局部最小;Prony-SS方法存在唯一解,但只有阻尼模型足够精确其参数识别结果才可信。
(3)推荐使用对测量噪声与误差不敏感[11],只有一次曲线拟合、无求导、物理意义明确、识别过程简洁的Froude能量法拟合出等效阻尼曲线,若能找出足够精确的阻尼模型,再利用Prony-SS方法获得更精确的阻尼模型参数。
横摇阻尼估算是一项复杂的工作,本文主要研究了基于衰减曲线估算横摇阻尼的方法,并未对不同影响因素下(航速、船型参数、尺度效应、流动记忆效应等)获得的自由衰减曲线是否能提供足够全的信息、是否反映了横摇的本质进行讨论,因此使用以上方法估算横摇阻尼时应予以考虑。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52001285)
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2024年第28卷第3期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.03.002
  • 接收时间:2023-09-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-17
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52001285)
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    1.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
    2.水动力学重点实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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