Article(id=1242150429199512109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150427056222760, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.02.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1692460800000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774081340360, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1708358400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774081340360, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774081340360, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081340360, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242150427056222760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='2', pageStart='169', pageEnd='318', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774081339849, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081592202, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242151485560136680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150427056222760, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242151485560136681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150427056222760, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=169, endPage=178, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242150429438587438, articleId=1242150429199512109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Ice loading on vertical cylindrical structures under the action of level ice, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Level ice is one of the main ice types encountered in the operation of offshore structures while vertical structures are a typical configuration of offshore structures, so it is of great significance to carry out the study of the ice loading on vertical structures under the action of level ice. Firstly, the interaction process between level ice and vertical structures was analyzed generally. Then, the model test of ice loading on vertical cylindrical structures was performed, and the failure model of level ice and the characteristics of the ice loading were investigated. Finally, based on the cohesive element model and the degraded constitutive model of sea ice, a numerical model was developed to simulate the crack propagation and crushing process of level ice, and test data were used to verify the correctness of the numerical simulation model. The work can lay an important foundation for the numerical and experimental research of ice loading and provide technical reference for the design and construction of offshore structures.

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层冰是冰区海工结构作业时遭遇的主要冰况之一,直立结构是海工结构的常见构型,因此,开展层冰作用下直立结构冰载荷研究对海工结构抗冰强化设计和安全评估具有重要意义。本文首先对层冰与直立结构作用过程进行概括分析。然后开展直立圆柱结构冰载荷的机理性试验,研究层冰的失效行为以及结构冰载荷的特征。最后基于黏聚单元模型和海冰软化本构开发层冰与结构作用模拟的数值仿真模型,对层冰的裂纹扩展和破碎过程进行模拟,同时利用试验数据对数值仿真模型的正确性进行验证。本研究工作可为结构冰载荷的数值和试验研究奠定重要基础,为冰区海工结构的设计建造提供技术参考。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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余朝歌(1997-),男,硕士

田于逵(1968-),男,研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:

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余朝歌(1997-),男,硕士

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Mesh and material properties for numerical simulation of level ice

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
层冰、网格尺寸层冰尺寸/m
网格形状、尺寸/m
长×宽×厚=1.5×1.0×0.037
楔形单元、0.015
实体单元属性密度/(kg∙m-3915
弹性模量/MPa100
泊松比0.3
σY/kPa80
εcεcrεf0.25、0.5、0.7
黏聚单元属性法向、第一、第二切向弹性模量/MPa100、100、100
法向、第一、第二切向损伤起始应力/kPa30、40、40
法向、第一、第二切向能量释放率/(N∙m-13、3、3
), ArticleFig(id=1242150446182248458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150429199512109, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

数值模拟中层冰的网格、材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
层冰、网格尺寸层冰尺寸/m
网格形状、尺寸/m
长×宽×厚=1.5×1.0×0.037
楔形单元、0.015
实体单元属性密度/(kg∙m-3915
弹性模量/MPa100
泊松比0.3
σY/kPa80
εcεcrεf0.25、0.5、0.7
黏聚单元属性法向、第一、第二切向弹性模量/MPa100、100、100
法向、第一、第二切向损伤起始应力/kPa30、40、40
法向、第一、第二切向能量释放率/(N∙m-13、3、3
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层冰作用下直立圆柱结构冰载荷研究
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余朝歌 , 田于逵 , 刚旭皓 , 孔帅 , 季少鹏 , 王迎晖
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024,28(2): 169-178
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024, 28(2): 169-178
层冰作用下直立圆柱结构冰载荷研究
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余朝歌, 田于逵 , 刚旭皓, 孔帅, 季少鹏, 王迎晖
作者信息
  • 中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 余朝歌(1997-),男,硕士

    田于逵(1968-),男,研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Ice loading on vertical cylindrical structures under the action of level ice
Chao-ge YU, Yu-kui TIAN , Xu-hao GANG, Shuai KONG, Shao-peng JI, Ying-hui WANG
Affiliations
  • China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China
出版时间: 2024-02-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.02.001
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层冰是冰区海工结构作业时遭遇的主要冰况之一,直立结构是海工结构的常见构型,因此,开展层冰作用下直立结构冰载荷研究对海工结构抗冰强化设计和安全评估具有重要意义。本文首先对层冰与直立结构作用过程进行概括分析。然后开展直立圆柱结构冰载荷的机理性试验,研究层冰的失效行为以及结构冰载荷的特征。最后基于黏聚单元模型和海冰软化本构开发层冰与结构作用模拟的数值仿真模型,对层冰的裂纹扩展和破碎过程进行模拟,同时利用试验数据对数值仿真模型的正确性进行验证。本研究工作可为结构冰载荷的数值和试验研究奠定重要基础,为冰区海工结构的设计建造提供技术参考。

层冰  /  直立结构  /  冰载荷  /  模型试验  /  黏聚单元模型

Level ice is one of the main ice types encountered in the operation of offshore structures while vertical structures are a typical configuration of offshore structures, so it is of great significance to carry out the study of the ice loading on vertical structures under the action of level ice. Firstly, the interaction process between level ice and vertical structures was analyzed generally. Then, the model test of ice loading on vertical cylindrical structures was performed, and the failure model of level ice and the characteristics of the ice loading were investigated. Finally, based on the cohesive element model and the degraded constitutive model of sea ice, a numerical model was developed to simulate the crack propagation and crushing process of level ice, and test data were used to verify the correctness of the numerical simulation model. The work can lay an important foundation for the numerical and experimental research of ice loading and provide technical reference for the design and construction of offshore structures.

level ice  /  vertical structure  /  ice loading  /  model test  /  cohesive element model
余朝歌, 田于逵, 刚旭皓, 孔帅, 季少鹏, 王迎晖. 层冰作用下直立圆柱结构冰载荷研究. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (2) : 169 -178 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.02.001
Chao-ge YU, Yu-kui TIAN, Xu-hao GANG, Shuai KONG, Shao-peng JI, Ying-hui WANG. Ice loading on vertical cylindrical structures under the action of level ice[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (2) : 169 -178 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.02.001
极地资源开采的海工结构包括钻探平台、生产平台及储运船等,它们在作业时常面临海冰碰撞的危险。如库克湾的平台结构、芬兰的灯塔结构以及国内渤海海域的导管架平台等均因浮冰或层冰的碰撞和挤压作用而发生倒塌等安全事故[1]。结构冰载荷是海工抗冰结构强化设计的重要输入条件,因此结构冰载荷的研究尤为重要。海冰力学特性复杂,宏观形态多变,冰山、层冰与浮冰都是极地常见的海冰类型。由于海工结构常远离冰山存在海域,因此浮冰与平整层冰是海工结构常遭遇的海冰类型,其中平整层冰与结构作用过程较为复杂且在特定工况下会引起冰激振动现象,对结构危害性极大。多变的层冰失效模式和复杂的海冰力学特性均使海工结构冰载荷研究变得困难。
目前海工结构冰载荷的研究方法主要分为公式估算方法、模型或实尺度试验测量方法以及数值计算方法。其中不少国家和研究机构都给出了海工结构冰载荷的估算公式,对结构与冰作用机理的不透彻理解制约着公式计算方法的发展,目前不同公式计算结果相差较大且与试验数据存在差异,同时估算公式存在适用范围的限制[2-3]。对于结构冰载荷的试验测量技术,国内外学者开展了大量研究工作,涉及灯塔、桥墩以及海上作业平台等结构物。如1984年Jefferie[4]在北极监测了Molikpaq平台结构的冰载荷,同时获取了平台的运动、基础压力和动态响应数据;2003年岳前进[5]利用渤海辽东湾JZ20-2油田的MUQ与MNW平台建立了比较完备的冰力测量系统,获得冰载荷与冰激振动数据;2014年Lu[6]等采用触觉传感器对较宽斜面结构与层冰作用时结构局部冰载荷的分布特点进行了分析研究;2016年Ziemer[7]在模型试验中采用触觉式传感器对结构的压力-面积设计曲线进行了研究,根据模型试验数据与根据实尺度数据得到的压力-面积设计曲线较为吻合。如今,随着计算机技术的发展,采用数值方法计算海工结构冰载荷表现出了巨大的潜力,而层冰与海工结构的作用是一个复杂的过程,对于层冰与结构作用过程的模拟存在较大的难度,因此具有一定的研究必要性。目前,国际上针对冰与结构物作用模拟的数值方法主要分为有限单元法、离散单元法和近场动力学方法等。2009年Konuk[8]首先提出了利用黏聚单元模型(cohesive zone model,CZM)模拟层冰与结构的作用过程。随后Gürtner[9]等采用黏聚单元模型模拟了灯塔与海冰的相互作用,并且将模拟结果与实尺度测量结果进行了比较,模拟结果中冰载荷数据与实测数据相差不大。基于黏聚单元模型的有限单元方法表现出对冰-结构相互作用过程模拟的适用性,该方法可以较准确地模拟层冰从连续作用到破碎的过程以及碎冰堆积现象。
总的来说,试验测量方法和数值计算方法是结构冰载荷的常用且可靠的研究手段。本文针对直立结构冰载荷问题,首先简要介绍层冰与直立结构的作用机理,然后基于中国船舶科学研究中心的小型冰水池(CSSRC SIMB)探索典型直立结构的冰载荷冰水池试验测量技术,开展结构静冰载荷的测量试验,研究层冰的失效行为和结构冰载荷的特征,最后以Abaqus为开发平台,编译海冰实体单元与黏聚单元本构模型,以层冰与直立圆柱结构的作用场景为例进行数值模拟,对直立圆柱结构冰载荷进行计算,并利用试验数据验证数值计算的准确性。
层冰与直立结构作用可分为两类:一类是结构刚度足够大,与层冰作用时可以忽略其自身的振动响应;另一类是结构刚度相对较弱(柔性结构),与层冰作用时需要考虑其自身的振动响应,层冰与两类结构物作用时的物理过程相差较大。这里仅关注结构刚度较大的情况,对相应的层冰-结构作用过程进行描述。
当层冰与刚性直立结构作用时,根据结构宽度、层冰厚度以及二者相对接触速度的变化,层冰会呈现出不同的失效模式。当接触速度较低时,海冰会表现出韧性的特点。此时根据结构宽度与层冰厚度的比例(即宽厚比)的不同,层冰会发生蠕变失效或屈曲失效,当层冰发生蠕变失效时,结构冰载荷会缓慢增加到峰值,然后稍微降低保持基本恒定。随着接触速度的增加,海冰表现为脆性特征,此时根据宽厚比的不同,层冰会发生脆性挤压破碎(宽厚比小)或屈曲失效(宽厚比大)。层冰屈曲失效时会伴随局部的挤压破碎,由于层冰较薄,在微小的扰动下,远处层冰会产生向上或向下的挠度,引起层冰的弯曲失效,所以此时结构的冰载荷较小。
Timco[10]曾在室内开展高接触速度的“Indentation”试验,总结出层冰发生脆性挤压破碎时的四种典型现象,包括层冰的纯挤压破碎(c)、挤压破碎并伴随剥落(s)、挤压破碎并伴随径向裂纹(r)和挤压破碎伴随径向和环向裂纹(m),如图1所示。
层冰发生纯挤压破碎失效模式时,接触近场的层冰会发生粉碎,层冰基本无宏观的径向或环向裂纹,但层冰内部会形成大量的微观裂纹,碎冰屑从层冰上下表面挤出。层冰发生挤压破碎并伴随剥落时,层冰接触面前方会形成大小不一的半圆形的碎冰,由于碎冰的随机剥落,层冰前缘会呈楔形,当层冰再次与结构作用时,会形成所谓的高压区。当层冰面内的张力和剪切力达到海冰强度,层冰挤压破碎时会产生径向裂纹,径向裂纹贯穿层冰厚度,多出现在宽厚比较大的作用场景中。实际情形下,层冰可同时出现挤压破碎、环状碎冰片剥落以及径向裂纹等现象。当宽厚比较高时,层冰会同时出现径向裂纹与环向裂纹,此时层冰属于混合挤压屈曲失效。
在实际场景中,结构-海冰作用过程按照速度的不同可分为低冰速的准静态振动、中冰速的稳态振动和高冰速的随机振动[11-12]。但结构刚度足够大时,低冰速的准静态振动、中冰速的稳态振动发生的概率会变小,高冰速下的结构随机振动也变得不明显。此外结构-冰之间的动力耦合特性、相关控制机理较为复杂,尚未有完备成熟的理论体系,因此在实际模型试验研究中,结构-直立结构的研究分为理想性假设下的结构为刚体的静冰载荷研究以及一定刚度结构的动冰载荷研究。本文试验主要涉及静冰载荷研究,且试验中保证一定的拖曳速度,使得模型冰的破坏以脆性破坏为主。
直立圆柱结构是一种典型直立结构,其冰载荷机理性试验在中国船舶科学研究中心小型冰水池(CSSRC SIMB)中进行。该冰水池[13]尺寸为8 m(长)×2 m(宽)×1 m(深)。主要工艺设备包括制冷系统、微气泡发生系统、拖车和冰力学测量装置等,可开展盐水柱状模型冰制备、测量和相关模型试验。设有一小冷间紧邻冰水池,尺寸为3 m(长)×2.2 m(宽)×2.8 m(高),主要用于模型冰物理力学性能测试。
按照试验技术的不同,海工结构冰载荷模型试验可分为静冰载荷试验和动冰载荷试验。其中,静冰载荷试验需要保证试验模型的刚度足够大,方便忽略结构自身的响应,本文仅涉及结构静冰载荷试验研究。根据海工结构静冰载荷试验原理,设计了试验模型与试验装置,如图2所示。试验模型分别为直径100 mm、150 mm和200 mm的直立圆柱;刚性框架为槽钢焊接而成的安装基础,与主拖车刚性连接。试验模型通过测力传感器与刚性框架连接形成一个刚性测试系统,除了测力传感器,在试验模型上还布置了触觉传感器和加速度传感器。试验时拖车拖动整个模型系统与层冰发生作用,传感器记录试验数据。
实际海冰与海工结构作用场景中,层冰脆性挤压破碎的发生概率较大且会引起较大的结构冰载荷。因此本文对于直立圆柱结构冰载荷试验,侧重于模拟高接触速度下层冰的脆性挤压破碎失效,并进一步研究结构冰载荷与试验速度的关系。在模型冰成功制备的基础上,整个试验流程可分为三部分:模型冰物理力学特性测量与质量评估[14];试验模型安装、传感器校准和测量系统调试;拖车推动结构与层冰作用,测量系统记录试验过程与试验数据。
试验过程中利用摄录像设备对层冰的失效行为和破碎现象进行了捕捉,如图3所示,可见层冰形成尺寸较小的碎冰屑和少许尺寸稍大的碎冰块,发生了挤压破碎失效。
利用应变传感器和触觉式传感器分别对直立圆柱结构所受的总体冰载荷和局部冰载荷进行记录。触觉式传感器的使用,提高了结构冰载荷的空间分辨率,有效促进了对结构冰载荷空间分布特性以及层冰破碎行为的研究。在图4中可以发现,直立圆柱结构局部冰载荷主要集中在触觉传感器测试单元的第4、5、6行,局部冰载荷的极大值多分布在测试单元的第5行(中间行),且位置沿着水线方向一直变动。在Timco等学者的研究基础上,对触觉式传感器测量结果和试验录像进行分析,可以发现直立圆柱结构挤压下,层冰前缘由于局部破碎和碎冰的挤出形成了不平齐的端面,因此层冰与直立结构并没有发生整体均匀接触,而是在层冰端面突出部位发生局部接触,形成所谓的高压区,高压区的位置常集中在接触面中线位置且随着层冰的随机破碎不断变动。
基于应变传感器测量数据和触觉传感器积分处理,得到速度0.05 m/s下直径100 mm直立圆柱结构总体冰载荷时间历程,如图5所示。从图中可以看出,直立圆柱结构总体冰载荷在时域上呈现出典型随机特性。
由于层冰破碎尺寸较小,试验速度足够大,因此结构在总体载荷下降到一定值时会与后续层冰继续接触,很少发现总体冰载荷为0或在较低数值维持一段时间的情况。上述总体冰载荷的时间历程充分体现了层冰发生连续脆性挤压破碎失效的特征。在很多极地装备相关规范中,将结构平均有效冰载荷作为评估结构冰载荷大小的标准值,其可表示为总体冰载荷与结构-层冰接触面积投影的比值。图6左图为不同试验速度下直径100 mm圆柱结构的平均有效冰载荷,右图为速度0.05 m/s时,不同直径直立圆柱结构总体冰载荷。从图中可以看出,圆柱的平均有效冰载荷随试验速度的增加有明显的上升趋势,而随着圆柱直径的增加其量值有显著的降低。
本节研究工作基于有限元分析软件Abaqus,利用黏聚单元模型对层冰与结构的作用过程进行模拟。采用黏聚单元模拟裂纹扩展时,需要在海冰单元的公共面上嵌入黏聚单元。当已知裂纹扩展路径时,可以按照裂纹路径嵌入黏聚单元,而层冰与结构作用过程中会伴随大量裂纹的随机产生,因此需要在一定区域内的所有实体单元的公共面上嵌入黏聚单元,模拟海冰的随机碎裂。此外,黏聚单元一方面仅能模拟单元间的裂纹,在捕捉小尺度裂纹时,需要增加大量的网格,使得计算代价过大;另一方面无法模拟海冰的压缩失效。因此,本文又采用了海冰实体单元软化模型等效表征海冰小尺度裂纹的扩展和海冰的压缩失效行为[15]
黏聚单元的本构关系由牵引分离定律表示,牵引分离定律由弹性阶段、损伤起始判据、损伤发展阶段和失效判据四部分组成,如图7[16]所示。图中,knkskt分别代表黏聚单元法向、第一切向和第二切向的刚度,需要在Abaqus的材料模块中输入;分别为黏聚单元单向受力状态下,法向、第一切向和第二切向最大牵引力;tntstt分别代表黏聚单元法向、第一切向和第二切向牵引力(应力);分别为黏聚单元单向受力状态下,法向、第一切向和第二切向最大牵引力对应的分离位移,分别为黏聚单元单向受力状态下,法向、第一切向和第二切向的最大分离位移;δnδsδt分别为黏聚单元法向、第一切向和第二切向的分离位移;DnDsDt分别为黏聚单元法向、第一切向和第二切向的损伤变量;GnGsGt分别为黏聚单元法向、第一切向和第二切向的能量释放率。
损伤发展阶段可简单分为混合损伤演化模式(各受力方向损伤相互影响、耦合)和模态独立损伤演化模式(各受力方向不受其他方向影响,损伤独立发展),对于复杂裂纹扩展如层冰与结构作用的模拟需要考虑各方向的耦合作用。混合模式下,需要引入等效位移和等效牵引力的概念。混合模式下黏聚单元牵引力与分离位移之间的关系如图8所示[16]。图中,损伤起始判据为二次名义应力准则,损伤发展阶段为混合损伤演化模式。XOZ平面代表黏聚单元法向、YOZ平面代表黏聚单元切向。无填充的大三角形为仅法向或仅第一切向、仅第二切向受力时黏聚单元的牵引分离定律。蓝色和红色填充部分为混合模式下某一方向的牵引分离定律,黄色填充部分为等效牵引分离定律,主要用来计算不同方向的牵引力。分别表示混合模式下损伤起始的等效应力、等效位移和单元失效时的等效位移。
Hilding等[15]首先提出了海冰软化模型,且采用该模型得到了不错的数值模拟结果,其提出的软化本构模型如图9所示。图中σmis为Mises等效应力,为海冰的等效塑性应变。当海冰的Mises等效应力达到一定值即等效开裂应力σY前,海冰表现为纯弹性,之后海冰开始软化,随着等效塑性应变的增加,海冰等效应力降低以期等效代替海冰中微观裂纹的发展。当等效塑性应变达到εc时,海冰完全破碎,形成粘性流体。为防止网格变形过大,当等效塑性应变达到εcr时海冰开始硬化,且等效塑性应变达到εf时海冰将被删除。为实现上述模型,利用Fortran语言对本构模型进行了编译,编译流程如图10所示。
依据直立圆柱结构冰载荷试验的具体试验参数开展数值仿真模型验证工作。数值计算参数通过冰水池中模型冰的力学强度参数进行率定,如表1所列。数值计算时层冰三面固定约束,直立圆柱结构以固定速度挤压层冰。
图11为层冰与直立圆柱结构作用时破碎现象的比较,可以看出数值模拟与试验时碎冰尺寸均极小且散落在碎冰航道里,二者具有较高的相似性。典型工况下数值计算得到的直立圆柱结构的总体冰载荷如图12~13所示,总体冰载荷在时间上均表现为典型的随机特性。
图14为直立圆柱结构平均有效冰载荷数值计算结果与试验数据的对比图,从图中可以发现,数值计算得到的直立圆柱结构平均有效冰载荷随着速度的增加有略微的增加,与试验结果基本一致,但趋势较缓,这与数值计算中未考虑海冰强度的应变率效应存在一定的关系,数值计算得到的直立圆柱结构平均有效冰载荷随着模型直径的增加有较大幅度的下降,与试验结果较为接近。不同工况下数值计算结果与试验数据最大相差在30%以内,不少工况下二者相差在10%以内。综上,层冰破碎现象以及总体冰载荷大小与试验测试得到的结果均较为吻合,一定程度上说明了本文所开发的数值模型的有效性。
本文以典型直立结构冰载荷为研究对象,在中国船舶科学研究中心的小型冰水池(CSSRC SIMB)开展结构冰载荷机理性测量试验,同时以Abaqus开发平台,利用Fortran语言进行海冰材料本构编译,开发层冰与直立结构作用模拟的数值仿真模型。主要结论如下:
(1)参考国内外冰池试验经验,成功探索出了海工结构静冰载荷试验方法,并采用系列直立圆柱结构开展了静冰载荷测量试验。试验发现:高接触速度下模型冰表现为脆性挤压破碎,形成尺寸极小的碎冰屑;结构总体冰载荷在时间上渐趋平稳,且呈现出较强的随机性;结构平均有效冰载荷的量值随试验速度的增加而增加,而随结构尺寸的增加呈下降趋势;由于层冰随机破碎的特点,结构局部冰载荷分布也较为随机,且局部冰载荷存在高压区,高压区沿水线方向散落分布在层冰与结构作用的中线位置。
(2)以Abaqus为平台,结合Vumat子程序的编译原理,利用Fortran语言自主编译海冰实体单元软化本构模型,有效地对海冰单元内部的微观裂纹扩展进程进行了表征。基于机理性试验数据对数值仿真模型进行了验证,数值模拟现象以及总体冰载荷计算结果均与试验数据较为吻合,表明所开发的数值模型对层冰与结构作用的模拟有较好的适用性。
  • 国家自然科学基金重大项目(52192690; 52192694)
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2024年第28卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.02.001
  • 接收时间:2023-08-20
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-20
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国家自然科学基金重大项目(52192690; 52192694)
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    中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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