Article(id=1242129252422849283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242129246575989412, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.01.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1688745600000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774076291423, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1705680000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774076291423, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774076291423, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774076291423, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242129246575989412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='168', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774076290029, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774080061948, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242145067209666974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242129246575989412, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242145067213861279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242129246575989412, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=70, endPage=80, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242129252670313229, articleId=1242129252422849283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Experimental study on hydrodynamic performance of two-way propeller in cavitation tunnel, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

For the influence of cavitation effect on the forward and reverse performance of two-way propellers, the ice-class propeller model test in a cavitation tunnel was adopted to discuss the hydrodynamic effects of the cavitation number and the advance coefficient on the propeller forward and reverse performance in the uniform flow environment, as well as the effects of the cavitation number, advance coefficient and ice-propeller spacing in ice blockage environment. The results show that in the uniform flow environment with constant flow speed and variable rotating speed, severe cavitation phenomenon reduces more thrust and torque than the increase of thrust and torque due to the increase of rotating speed. In the ice blockage environment with constant rotating speed and variable flow speed, the thrust and torque of the propeller are affected by the ice blockage and cavitation. When the cavitation is severe, the thrust and torque no longer increase with the decrease of the blockage distance. The reverse performance of the two-way propeller is worse than the forward performance. The larger the advance coefficient is, the greater the performance difference is. When the advance coefficient is 0.7 in the uniform flow environment, the difference of the thrust coefficient is about 80%. With the increase of ice-propeller spacing, the hydrodynamic difference increases insignificanty. Cavitation is continuously generated on the blades, and quickly collapses when it is separated from the blades. With the decrease of the ice-propeller spacing, the cavitation phenomenon on the surface of the blade near the ice is more serious, the larger the area of cavitation is, the more irregular the shape of the cavitation will be.

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针对空泡效应对双向冰级螺旋桨的正车性能和倒车性能的影响,本文采用螺旋桨模型空泡水筒试验方法,探讨均流环境中空泡数和进速系数对螺旋桨正车和倒车水动力影响,以及在冰阻塞环境中空泡数、进速系数和冰-桨距离对螺旋桨正车和倒车水动力性能影响。研究结果表明:均匀流环境中定水速变转速,严重的空化现象对推力和扭矩的削减大于由螺旋桨转速增加而增加的推力和扭矩;冰阻塞环境中定转速变水速,螺旋桨推力和扭矩受到冰阻塞和空泡共同作用,当空化严重时,推力和扭矩不再随阻塞距离的减小而增加;本双向螺旋桨的倒车性能要比正车性能差,进速系数越大,性能差越大,均匀流中进速系数为0.7时,推力系数的差值在80%左右;冰阻塞中随着冰-桨距离的增加,水动力差值随之增加,但增加幅值较小;空泡不断地在桨叶生成,并在与桨叶分离时快速溃灭,随着冰-桨距离的减小,近冰桨叶表面空化现象越严重,空泡发生面积越大,且空泡形状越不规则。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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郑思洁(1996-),女,硕士

丁仕风(1981-),男,博士,高级工程师,通讯作者,E-mail:

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郑思洁(1996-),女,硕士

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Influence of ice block on hydrodynamic performance and cavitation of propeller, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242129267396514132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242129252422849283, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=41, issue=19, pageStart=21, pageEnd=26, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=18, authorNames=武珅, 芮伟, 曾志波, journalName=舰船科学技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=武珅,芮伟,曾志波. 冰块阻塞状态的螺旋桨空泡激振力特性分析[J]. 舰船科学技术201941(19): 21-26., articleTitle=冰块阻塞状态的螺旋桨空泡激振力特性分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242129267488788824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242129252422849283, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=41, issue=19, pageStart=21, pageEnd=26, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=19, authorNames=Wu Shen, Rui Wei, Zeng Zhibo, journalName=Ship Science and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu Shen, Rui Wei, Zeng Zhibo. Investigation on the characteristics of cavitation excited force of propeller in ice block condition[J]. Ship Science and Technology, 2019, 41(19): 21-26. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Investigation on the characteristics of cavitation excited force of propeller in ice block condition, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242129267606229340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242129252422849283, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=14, issue=7, pageStart=1060, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=20, authorNames=Zhou L, Zheng S, Diao F, journalName=Water, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhou L, Zheng S, Diao F, et al. Experimental and numerical study on ice blockage performance of propeller in cavitation Flow[J]. 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performance of propeller reversing test in ice blocking environment, figureFileSmall=qJC1lE4xdo99taCGRejKJQ==, figureFileBig=+vaAyj15ZCi2Dkw+MZUs9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242129262753419412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242129252422849283, language=CN, label=图7, caption=冰阻塞环境中螺旋桨倒车试验水动力性能曲线, figureFileSmall=qJC1lE4xdo99taCGRejKJQ==, figureFileBig=+vaAyj15ZCi2Dkw+MZUs9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242129262858277016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242129252422849283, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Propeller reversing test diagram in ice blockage environment when σn=2.0, J=0.55, figureFileSmall=+4OrtkxU0aPzTRcaCov1sA==, figureFileBig=8MMG9F1en2V53GCyOYUAIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242129262937968799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242129252422849283, language=CN, label=图8, caption=σn=2.0、J=0.55时冰阻塞环境中螺旋桨倒车试验图, figureFileSmall=+4OrtkxU0aPzTRcaCov1sA==, figureFileBig=8MMG9F1en2V53GCyOYUAIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242129263013466273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242129252422849283, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Main parameters of propeller

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参数实桨模型桨
缩尺比λ11∶28
直径D/m7.00.25
桨叶数Z44
螺距比(P/D0.7R0.840.84
盘面比AE/A00.750.75
毂径比dh/D0.210.21
), ArticleFig(id=1242129263076380837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242129252422849283, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

螺旋桨主要参数

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参数实桨模型桨
缩尺比λ11∶28
直径D/m7.00.25
桨叶数Z44
螺距比(P/D0.7R0.840.84
盘面比AE/A00.750.75
毂径比dh/D0.210.21
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Measuring instruments and their ranges and accuracy

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仪器仪表量程精度
工作段压力测量系统0~0.3 MPa0.25%
工作段水速测量系统0~12 m/s0.25%
螺旋桨转速测量系统0~4500 r/min0.1%
长轴动力仪推力:0~3000 N0.5%
扭矩:0~150 N·m0.5%
转速:0~3000 r/min0.1%
阻塞结构驱动装置轴向行程:0~200 mm/
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测量仪器和仪表及其量程、精度

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仪器仪表量程精度
工作段压力测量系统0~0.3 MPa0.25%
工作段水速测量系统0~12 m/s0.25%
螺旋桨转速测量系统0~4500 r/min0.1%
长轴动力仪推力:0~3000 N0.5%
扭矩:0~150 N·m0.5%
转速:0~3000 r/min0.1%
阻塞结构驱动装置轴向行程:0~200 mm/
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Test conditions of propeller in uniform flow environment

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工况水速空泡数σv进速系数J
正车18.40.35、0.40、0.45、
0.50、0.55、0.60、
0.65、0.70
5.0
2.5
倒车18.4
5.0
2.5
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均匀流环境螺旋桨试验工况

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工况水速空泡数σv进速系数J
正车18.40.35、0.40、0.45、
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0.65、0.70
5.0
2.5
倒车18.4
5.0
2.5
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Test conditions of propeller in ice blockage environment

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工况转速空泡数σn进速系数J冰-桨距离L/D
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0.45
0.55
4.00.35
0.45
0.55
倒车2.00.35
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0.55
4.00.35
0.45
0.55
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冰阻塞环境螺旋桨试验工况

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工况转速空泡数σn进速系数J冰-桨距离L/D
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0.45
0.55
4.00.35
0.45
0.55
倒车2.00.35
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0.55
4.00.35
0.45
0.55
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Comparison of the difference between propeller reversing and forward hydrodynamics in uniform flow (%)

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JKTKQ
σv =18.4σv =5.0σv =2.5σv =18.4σv =5.0σv =2.5
0.3526.0237.1634.869.9922.0610.36
0.429.1032.4443.1213.8916.0519.37
0.4533.7829.7441.3018.0615.9721.50
0.539.2135.7535.8122.9221.3620.87
0.5545.5041.3739.1728.7028.5923.13
0.653.3850.6749.0935.7235.3630.85
0.6564.6461.7163.8344.3241.8943.41
0.781.6582.6379.9855.2254.8052.85
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均匀流中螺旋桨倒车水动力与正车水动力差值对比(%)

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σv =18.4σv =5.0σv =2.5σv =18.4σv =5.0σv =2.5
0.3526.0237.1634.869.9922.0610.36
0.429.1032.4443.1213.8916.0519.37
0.4533.7829.7441.3018.0615.9721.50
0.539.2135.7535.8122.9221.3620.87
0.5545.5041.3739.1728.7028.5923.13
0.653.3850.6749.0935.7235.3630.85
0.6564.6461.7163.8344.3241.8943.41
0.781.6582.6379.9855.2254.8052.85
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Comparison of the difference between propeller reversing and forward hydrodynamics in ice blockage environment (%)

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L/Dσn=4.0σn=2.0
J=0.35J=0.45J=0.55J=0.35J=0.45J=0.55
KT0.2019.1524.9827.8524.4727.38
0.2521.6226.0631.9822.5525.8934.29
0.3023.0123.7633.4420.7424.8932.82
0.4021.2723.8029.1021.6723.5130.09
0.5022.0324.3428.3222.1324.8428.64
0.6023.8326.8830.1123.3025.5829.29
0.7023.4327.2232.1323.9326.9631.10
KQ0.206.1615.2018.6812.1817.14
0.257.9715.4921.8110.0615.6624.20
0.309.2712.2122.558.1414.0822.42
0.407.2411.3517.369.0712.3919.57
0.507.8110.4814.969.6912.8217.38
0.609.9212.8116.2510.7113.3317.33
0.709.5513.4118.3311.3414.9118.95
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冰阻塞中螺旋桨倒车水动力与正车水动力差值对比(%)

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L/Dσn=4.0σn=2.0
J=0.35J=0.45J=0.55J=0.35J=0.45J=0.55
KT0.2019.1524.9827.8524.4727.38
0.2521.6226.0631.9822.5525.8934.29
0.3023.0123.7633.4420.7424.8932.82
0.4021.2723.8029.1021.6723.5130.09
0.5022.0324.3428.3222.1324.8428.64
0.6023.8326.8830.1123.3025.5829.29
0.7023.4327.2232.1323.9326.9631.10
KQ0.206.1615.2018.6812.1817.14
0.257.9715.4921.8110.0615.6624.20
0.309.2712.2122.558.1414.0822.42
0.407.2411.3517.369.0712.3919.57
0.507.8110.4814.969.6912.8217.38
0.609.9212.8116.2510.7113.3317.33
0.709.5513.4118.3311.3414.9118.95
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空泡下双向冰级桨水动力性能试验研究
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郑思洁 1 , 周利 2 , 刁峰 3 , 丁仕风 1 , 刘仁伟 1
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024,28(1): 70-80
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024, 28(1): 70-80
空泡下双向冰级桨水动力性能试验研究
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郑思洁1, 周利2, 刁峰3, 丁仕风1 , 刘仁伟1
作者信息
  • 1.江苏科技大学 船海学院,江苏 镇江 212003
  • 2.上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院,上海 200240
  • 3.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 郑思洁(1996-),女,硕士

    丁仕风(1981-),男,博士,高级工程师,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Experimental study on hydrodynamic performance of two-way propeller in cavitation tunnel
Si-jie ZHENG1, Li ZHOU2, Feng DIAO3, Shi-feng DING1 , Ren-wei LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
  • 2.School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 3.China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China
出版时间: 2024-01-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.01.007
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针对空泡效应对双向冰级螺旋桨的正车性能和倒车性能的影响,本文采用螺旋桨模型空泡水筒试验方法,探讨均流环境中空泡数和进速系数对螺旋桨正车和倒车水动力影响,以及在冰阻塞环境中空泡数、进速系数和冰-桨距离对螺旋桨正车和倒车水动力性能影响。研究结果表明:均匀流环境中定水速变转速,严重的空化现象对推力和扭矩的削减大于由螺旋桨转速增加而增加的推力和扭矩;冰阻塞环境中定转速变水速,螺旋桨推力和扭矩受到冰阻塞和空泡共同作用,当空化严重时,推力和扭矩不再随阻塞距离的减小而增加;本双向螺旋桨的倒车性能要比正车性能差,进速系数越大,性能差越大,均匀流中进速系数为0.7时,推力系数的差值在80%左右;冰阻塞中随着冰-桨距离的增加,水动力差值随之增加,但增加幅值较小;空泡不断地在桨叶生成,并在与桨叶分离时快速溃灭,随着冰-桨距离的减小,近冰桨叶表面空化现象越严重,空泡发生面积越大,且空泡形状越不规则。

空泡效应  /  双向冰级桨  /  均匀流  /  冰阻塞  /  水动力

For the influence of cavitation effect on the forward and reverse performance of two-way propellers, the ice-class propeller model test in a cavitation tunnel was adopted to discuss the hydrodynamic effects of the cavitation number and the advance coefficient on the propeller forward and reverse performance in the uniform flow environment, as well as the effects of the cavitation number, advance coefficient and ice-propeller spacing in ice blockage environment. The results show that in the uniform flow environment with constant flow speed and variable rotating speed, severe cavitation phenomenon reduces more thrust and torque than the increase of thrust and torque due to the increase of rotating speed. In the ice blockage environment with constant rotating speed and variable flow speed, the thrust and torque of the propeller are affected by the ice blockage and cavitation. When the cavitation is severe, the thrust and torque no longer increase with the decrease of the blockage distance. The reverse performance of the two-way propeller is worse than the forward performance. The larger the advance coefficient is, the greater the performance difference is. When the advance coefficient is 0.7 in the uniform flow environment, the difference of the thrust coefficient is about 80%. With the increase of ice-propeller spacing, the hydrodynamic difference increases insignificanty. Cavitation is continuously generated on the blades, and quickly collapses when it is separated from the blades. With the decrease of the ice-propeller spacing, the cavitation phenomenon on the surface of the blade near the ice is more serious, the larger the area of cavitation is, the more irregular the shape of the cavitation will be.

cavitation effect  /  two-way propeller  /  uniform flow  /  ice blockage  /  hydrodynamic performance
郑思洁, 周利, 刁峰, 丁仕风, 刘仁伟. 空泡下双向冰级桨水动力性能试验研究. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (1) : 70 -80 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.01.007
Si-jie ZHENG, Li ZHOU, Feng DIAO, Shi-feng DING, Ren-wei LIU. Experimental study on hydrodynamic performance of two-way propeller in cavitation tunnel[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (1) : 70 -80 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.01.007
破冰船在破碎较厚冰层时,往往会通过螺旋桨的正车和倒车实现破冰船的前进和后退,通过不断撞击的方式达到破冰的目的。螺旋桨正车破冰时,破碎的冰会沿着船体表面下滑至螺旋桨前流场,形成不均匀流场,而螺旋桨倒车时,碎冰在螺旋桨的抽吸作用下,更易造成螺旋桨的冰阻塞。破冰过程中,由于冰阻力占船舶总阻力的大部分[1],使得螺旋桨处于高转速而船舶处于低航速的工况中,螺旋桨高速旋转中极易使得桨叶的表面压力陡降,当桨叶的表面压力低于饱和蒸汽压时将产生空泡。
在螺旋桨水池试验方面,Searle等[2]采用EG/AD/S模型冰在加拿大海洋技术研究所(IOT)冰水池开展了自航试验,结果显示螺旋桨的推力和扭矩变化很大,这主要是由于冰-桨间的干扰作用以及与船艏冰载荷有关;Moores等[3]以同样方式对大倾斜实桨进行了试验,讨论了进速系数对螺旋桨推力系数和扭矩系数的影响;Wang等[4-5]在IOT冰水池对吊舱螺旋桨进行了模型试验,结果表明,冰-桨相互作用下的水动力性能与螺旋桨形状、进速系数和桨的攻角有关,并引入数值方法对螺旋桨模型试验进行了模拟,通过模型试验改进了数值模型,数值模拟结果与试验结果吻合良好;王超等[6-7]在哈尔滨工程大学循环水槽中以切削型冰模型为对象,研究了冰桨间距和流速对螺旋桨水动力性能和冰模型诱导下空泡的影响,随后研究了自由状态冰对螺旋桨水动力性能的影响,发现了自由状态冰后方存在加速区和阻塞区;郭春雨等[8]在哈尔滨工程大学拖曳水池采用非冻结模型冰,研究了冰-桨轴向、横向和垂向距离以及进速系数对螺旋桨水动力的影响。
在螺旋桨空泡水筒试验方面,Dan等[9]在东京大学空泡水筒开展了冰-桨干扰下的冰级桨水动力载荷研究,研究结果表明空化减小了吸力载荷,冰阻塞增加了螺旋桨的振荡;Sampson等[10]在爱默生空泡水筒(ETC)进行了不同空泡数下的冰-桨模型试验,证明了空泡效应是影响螺旋桨水动力性能的重要因素,且螺旋桨水动力性能还与螺旋桨和冰块几何、环境、运动等有关;武珅等[11-13]在中国船舶科学研究中心空泡水筒开展了系列冰桨空泡性能试验,测试了均流和冰阻塞环境中阻塞参数及不同空泡数对螺旋桨模型水动力性能以及空泡的影响。
学者们大多关注冰级螺旋桨的正车性能,而很少考虑破冰船冲撞式破冰时的倒车性能,针对某一冰级桨的正车和倒车性能的研究则更少。本文采用螺旋桨模型试验方法,对均流环境中不同空泡数和进速系数下螺旋桨正车和倒车水动力性能,以及在冰阻塞环境中不同空泡数、进速系数和冰-桨距离下螺旋桨正车和倒车水动力性能进行研究。
空泡效应下冰级螺旋桨分别在均流和冰阻塞流中的正车、倒车性能模型试验在中国船舶科学研究中心的空泡水筒中开展,螺旋桨试验模型如图1所示,表1为实桨和模型桨的主要参数,其中螺旋桨的材料为铝合金,旋转方向为右旋。
为了在空泡水筒中模拟冰阻塞环境,设计并加工了位于螺旋桨模型来流中前方的冰阻塞物模型。冰阻塞物模型采用不溶于水的长方体固体物块,物块的长、宽和高分别为430 mm(1.72D)、250 mm(D)和125 mm(0.5D[14],冰阻塞物的尺寸及与螺旋桨相对位置关系如图2所示。
冰阻塞物块与螺旋桨间距离L可通过轴向驱动系统进行调整,螺旋桨模型正车性能试验中螺旋桨正装正转,而螺旋桨模型倒车性能试验采用反装正转的装配方法,将螺旋桨反装在驱动桨轴上,冰阻塞物和螺旋桨模型在空泡水筒中安装示意图如图3所示。
中国船舶科学研究中心的空泡水筒工作段直径为0.8 m,工作段长度为3.2 m,水速范围为3~20 m/s,压力调整范围为8~400 kPa,最低空泡数为0.15。螺旋桨模型试验的测量仪器和仪表的量程、精度如表2所示。
螺旋桨正车和倒车性能模型试验必须满足相似准则,本次模型试验分别从螺旋桨的几何、运动、粘性力和空泡方面考虑相似关系。
(1)几何相似
严格按缩尺比1:28制作的螺旋桨模型保证了模型和实物的几何相似。
(2)运动相似
通过对螺旋桨进速系数J、推力系数KT、扭矩系数KQ和敞水效率η0的定义保证运动相似,定义如下:
式中,V为试验水速,n为螺旋桨转速,D为螺旋桨直径,T为螺旋桨的推力,Q为螺旋桨的扭矩,ρ为水的密度。
(3)粘性力相似
确保螺旋桨0.75R处桨叶切面弦长的雷诺数Rn(0.75R)超过临界雷诺数,即
式中,L0.75R为0.75R处桨叶切面弦长,ν为水的运动粘滞系数。
(4)空泡数相似
通过空泡数来满足模型试验的压力环境相似,在均匀流环境中来流速度恒定,而冰阻塞环境中螺旋桨旋转速度恒定,则分别需要满足水速空泡数σv和转速空泡数σn相似,定义如下:
式中,P为轴中心压力,Pv为饱和蒸汽压。
为探究空泡效应对双向冰级螺旋桨在敞水以及冰区环境中正车和倒车性能的影响,将分别在均匀流环境和冰阻塞环境中进行正车和倒车螺旋桨水动力性能试验。
水动力测试前先用长轴动力仪对标桨进行测量,确认试验数据可靠后,进行螺旋桨模型的水动力测量。分别进行正装和反装螺旋桨的基线测量,然后进行正装和反装螺旋桨在不同空泡数下的推力和扭矩测量。测试工况分为无空泡状态(σv=18.4)和空泡状态(σv=5.0、2.5)。试验时固定水速V=4 m/s,改变螺旋桨转速来改变进速系数,记录各个进速系数下的螺旋桨推力和扭矩数据,测试工况如表3所示。
在螺旋桨来流前方安装冰阻塞结构驱动装置,标定冰阻塞装置与螺旋桨模型的轴向和垂向相对位置;调整冰阻塞物垂向高度至指定要求,通过步进电机带动螺杆驱动冰阻塞物轴向运动,调整阻塞物与螺旋桨盘面至指定间距。冰阻塞环境螺旋桨水动力性能测试采用定转速变水速的方法进行,固定螺旋桨转速n=35 r/s,调整水速和水筒压力至指定进速和转速空泡数,分别测量正装和反装螺旋桨模型在不同冰桨轴向间距、空泡数和进速系数下的推力和扭矩系数,表4为冰阻塞环境中螺旋桨正车和倒车性能试验的测试工况。
空泡水筒中螺旋桨在均匀流环境下正车试验,探究了螺旋桨正装正转时在不同水速空泡数和进速系数下的敞水性能,试验结果如图4所示。
图4为均匀流环境中水速空泡数σv=18.4、5.0和2.5时,螺旋桨正车的推力系数、扭矩系数和敞水效率随进速系数变化的曲线。由图可以看出,当空泡数为18.4时,推力系数和扭矩系数随进速系数的增加而直线式减小,敞水效率随进速系数的增加而增加,三者的变化符合一般性的规律。当空泡数为2.5时,推力系数和扭矩系数随进速系数的增加而先增后减,在进速系数从0.35增加到0.45时随进速系数的增加而增加,在进速系数从0.45增加到0.70时随进速系数的增加而减小,且随着进速系数的增加,推力系数和扭矩系数越接近于空泡数为18.4的值,敞水效率随进速系数的增加而增加。空泡数为5.0时,推力系数、扭矩系数和敞水效率都介于空泡数18.4和2.5之间时的值。
均匀流环境中螺旋桨模型试验,采用定水速变转速的方法,当水速一定时,螺旋桨转速随进速系数的增加而减小,进速系数越小则螺旋桨转速越大,进速系数与螺旋桨转速成反比。当空泡数为18.4时,进速系数增加,螺旋桨转速减小,推力和扭矩都随之减小,由于空泡数大,不易生成空泡,推力系数和扭矩系数随进速系数增加而直线式减小。而空泡数为2.5时,空泡水筒内部压力低,而螺旋桨高速旋转,极易使得螺旋桨表面的压力低于饱和蒸气压力,产生空化现象;进速系数从0.35增加到0.45时,螺旋桨转速降低,螺旋桨表面空泡减小,空泡对螺旋桨推力和扭矩的减小效应降低,出现推力系数和扭矩系数不减小而增加;而随着进速系数的进一步增加,空泡对螺旋桨的影响进一步减小,其推力系数和扭矩系数逐渐接近空泡数为18.4的值。敞水效率曲线的斜率随推力系数和扭矩系数变化,其斜率为KT/2πKQ,在进速系数为0.35时,螺旋桨转速高,推力和扭矩大,而空泡数越小,螺旋桨表面空化越严重,其推力与扭矩的比值越小;随着进速系数的增加,螺旋桨转速减小,推力和扭矩都减小,其比值也在减小,敞水效率斜率减小。
空泡水筒中螺旋桨在均匀流环境下倒车试验,探究螺旋桨倒装正转时在不同水速空泡数和进速系数下的敞水性能,试验结果如图5所示,
图5为均匀流环境中水速空泡数σv=18.4、5.0和2.5时,螺旋桨倒车的推力系数、扭矩系数和敞水效率随进速系数变化的曲线。由图可以看出,当进速系数为0.35~0.55,水速空泡数为18.4、5.0和2.5时,推力系数、扭矩系数和敞水效率随进速系数的变化同正车的变化一致,而数值上都小于正车的值,螺旋桨的倒车性能比正车性能差。当进速系数继续增加,从0.55增加到0.70时,不同空泡下的敞水效率随进速系数的增加而迅速减小,由于螺旋桨转速随进速系数的增加而减小,推力与扭矩的比值快速减小,从而敞水效率减小。即保持一定航速,螺旋桨进速系数增加时,螺旋桨转速减小,且进速系数和转速成反比,当进速系数增加到一定值时,螺旋桨转速减小,导致推力与扭矩的比值迅速减小,则该螺旋桨在敞水中倒车时,进速系数不应大于0.55。
表5为均匀流中螺旋桨倒车水动力与正车水动力差值对比。由表可以看出,随着进速系数的增加,螺旋桨在均流中倒车水动力与正车水动力差值随之增加,倒车水动力性能也越差。且推力系数的差值比扭矩系数的差值大,在进速系数为0.7时,推力系数的差值在80%左右;在低进速系数时,低空泡下的水动力差值比无空泡下的水动力差值大。
当极地船舶航行于冰区时,冰阻力将大大增加船舶总阻力,使得螺旋桨在低进速高转速的重载工况下运作。由螺旋桨均匀流环境模型试验可知,螺旋桨进速系数较低时极易产生空泡,本文将继续探究螺旋桨在冰阻塞环境中,空泡数为4.0和2.0,进速系数为0.35、0.45和0.55时,螺旋桨推力系数、扭矩系数和敞水效率随冰阻塞物与螺旋桨间距离的变化规律。
空泡水筒中螺旋桨在冰阻塞环境下的正车试验,探究螺旋桨正装正转时在不同转速空泡数、进速系数和冰-桨距离下的水动力性能,试验结果如图6所示,
图6为冰阻塞环境中转速空泡数σn=4.0和2.0,进速系数为0.35、0.45和0.55时螺旋桨正车的推力系数、扭矩系数和敞水效率随冰-桨距离变化曲线。由图可以看出,随着进速系数的增加,螺旋桨推力系数和扭矩系数随之减小,而敞水效率随之增加。随着冰-桨距离的减小,螺旋桨推力系数和扭矩系数都随之增加,而敞水效率呈现减小趋势。随着空泡数的减小,螺旋桨推力系数和扭矩系数随冰-桨距离的减小而增加的幅度减小。
螺旋桨在冰阻塞环境中的模型试验,采用定转速变水速的方法。当进速系数增加时,来流速度随之增加,螺旋桨受到水流的冲击力越大,且流速的增加,增加了流场的不均匀性,从而减小了螺旋桨的推力和扭矩。螺旋桨前方来流受到冰阻塞物的阻碍,使得螺旋桨进流速度降低,推力和扭矩都随之增加,且随冰-桨距离的减小,冰阻塞物的阻塞作用越明显。当空泡数减小时,流场压力减小,螺旋桨表面空泡增加,空泡减小了螺旋桨与水的接触面积,受到水的作用力减小,从而减小了推力和扭矩,且空泡降低了螺旋桨推力和扭矩随冰-桨距离减小的增加量。
图7为冰阻塞环境中转速空泡数σn=4.0和2.0,进速系数为0.35、0.45和0.55时螺旋桨倒车的推力系数、扭矩系数和敞水效率随冰-桨距离变化曲线。由图可以看出,随着进速系数的增加,螺旋桨推力系数、扭矩系数和敞水效率与正车变化一致,且都小于正车的值,在冰阻塞环境中螺旋桨倒车性能同样比正车性能差。随着冰-桨距离的减小,空泡数为4.0的螺旋桨推力系数和扭矩系数都随之增加。而空泡数为2.0的螺旋桨推力系数和扭矩系数随冰-桨距离的减小呈现增加后减小的趋势,冰-桨距离从0.70减小到0.30时,螺旋桨推力系数和扭矩系数随冰-桨距离的减小而增加,这是由于冰阻塞物的阻塞作用,降低了来流速度,从而增加了推力和扭矩;冰-桨距离从0.30减小到0.20时,螺旋桨推力系数和扭矩系数随冰-桨距离的减小而减小,由于冰-桨距离的减小,空泡现象越明显,严重的空化大大降低了螺旋桨水动力性能,使得螺旋桨推力系数和扭矩系数随冰-桨距离的减小而减小。
表6为冰阻塞中倒车水动力与正车水动力差值对比。由表可以看出,随着进速系数的增加,螺旋桨倒车水动力与正车水动力差值随之增加,而增加幅值小于均流差值增幅;随着冰-桨距离的增加,螺旋桨倒车水动力与正车水动力差值随之增加,但增加幅值较小;推力系数差值同样比扭矩系数差值大。
图8σn=2.0、J=0.55时冰阻塞环境中螺旋桨倒车试验图。由图可以看出,在螺旋桨的吸力面发生了严重的空化现象,主要发生于桨叶吸力面的导边和叶梢处,且随着冰-桨距离L/D从0.7减小到0.3,近冰桨叶表面空化现象越严重,空泡发生面积越大,且空泡形状越不规则。大量的空泡从桨叶分离,并迅速溃灭,而桨叶吸力面的导边和叶梢的空泡由于螺旋桨高速旋转,其表面压力低于饱和蒸汽压力,空泡又不断地形成。随着冰-桨距离L/D的减小,空化性能越严重,桨叶表面空泡的出现,减小了水与螺旋桨表面的接触面积,从而减小了螺旋桨推力和扭矩。而在冰-桨距离减小的同时,阻塞物减小了来流速度,使得螺旋桨的推力和扭矩增加。螺旋桨的水动力性能是由空泡性能和阻塞性能共同决定的。
本文采用螺旋桨模型试验方法,对均流环境中不同空泡数和进速系数下螺旋桨正车和倒车水动力性能,以及在冰阻塞环境中不同空泡数、进速系数和冰-桨距离下螺旋桨正车和倒车水动力性能进行了研究,得到如下结论:
(1)均匀流环境中定水速变转速,当发生严重空化时,螺旋桨的推力、扭矩系数随进速系数的减小先增加后减小,空泡效应对推力和扭矩的削减大于由于螺旋桨转速增大而增加的推力和扭矩;螺旋桨倒车时,转速不能低于一定的值,否则敞水效率会出现骤降。
(2)冰阻塞环境中定转速变水速,螺旋桨推力系数和扭矩系数随进速系数的减小和空泡数的增加而增加;而随着冰-桨距离的减小,螺旋桨推力和扭矩受到冰阻塞和空泡共同作用,当空化严重时,推力和扭矩不再随阻塞距离的减小而增加。
(3)本文所采用的双向螺旋桨的倒车性能要比正车性能差,随着进速系数的增加,螺旋桨在均流中倒车与正车水动力差值随之增加,进速系数为0.7时,水动力的差值在80%左右;冰阻塞中随着冰-桨距离的增加,螺旋桨倒车水动力与正车水动力差值随之增加,但增加幅值较小;双向桨在设计中需要考虑倒车性能,提高船舶的机动性。
(4)空泡不断地在桨叶吸力面的导边和叶梢处生成,并在与桨叶分离时快速溃灭,随着冰-桨距离的减小,近冰桨叶表面空化现象越严重,空泡发生面积越大,且空泡形状越不规则。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFE010700)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52171259)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.01.007
  • 接收时间:2023-07-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-08
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国家重点研发计划(2022YFE010700)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52171259)
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    1.江苏科技大学 船海学院,江苏 镇江 212003
    2.上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院,上海 200240
    3.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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