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Article(id=1241023039857545591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1241023036892172648, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.11.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739808000000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773812549795, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773812549795, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773812549795, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773812549795, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241023036892172648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='11', pageStart='1663', pageEnd='1826', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773812549088, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773812775651, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241023987245970093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1241023036892172648, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241023987245970094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1241023036892172648, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1782, endPage=1792, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241023044811018666, articleId=1241023039857545591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Three-core composite submarine cable backfill protection antidrag in suspended section, columnId=1241023038716694896, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanic, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

When submarine cables are suspended in the air and dragged by ship anchors, they will be deformed or even fractured, which seriously threatens the power transmission and information communication. Therefore, it is of great application value to investigate the backfill protection scheme for the suspended section of submarine cables. Based on ABAQUS, we established a three-dimensional finite element model simulating the process of a ship anchor dragging a three-core composite submarine cable through soil. Using nonlinear dynamics, we obtained the stress changes in the cables armorlayer copper conductor, and fiber optic armoring when it was dragged through different soil materials by a ship anchor. We conducted comparative analysis of the protection effect of four kinds of soil properties on the marine cable. Then by applying different speed loads, we investigated the relationship between the longitudinal compression rate of the cable and the burial depth under different ratios, to propose a layered backfill protection scheme. The results show that the difference of the protection effect on the cable of different seabed soil material properties is significant, clay can effectively reduce the tensile stress on the cable, and gravel can effectively reduce the stress change amplitude and strain time of the plastic yielding stage of the cable, and it is proposed to backfill the submarine cable with layers of clay and gravel to protect the submarine cables; when the ratio of clay to gravel is 1∶2, the backfill protection can withstand the towing speed of 90 cm/s. The backfill protection can also be used to protect the submarine cable against the tugging of a ship with a speed of 90 cm/s. The backfill protection is also used for the protection of the submarine cable. When the ratio of clay to gravel is 1∶2, the backfill protection depth of 0.7 m can withstand the damage caused by the anchor drag with a speed of 90 cm/s, which provides theoretical references for the backfill protection engineering and operation and maintenance of submarine cable.

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海底电缆悬空时遭受船锚拖曳会发生形变甚至断裂，严重影响电力输送与信息通讯，因此，探究悬空段海缆的回填保护方案具有重要的应用价值。基于ABAQUS软件，本文建立船锚-三芯复合海底电缆-土壤的三维有限元模型，模拟海缆受船锚拖曳过程，利用非线性动力学方法，分析了在不同土体材料中的海缆受船锚拖曳后铠装层、铜导体以及光纤铠装的应力变化情况，对比分析四种土体性能对海缆的保护效果，再通过施加不同的速度载荷，探究三种材料配比下海缆纵向压缩率与埋设深度的关系，因此，我们提出分层回填保护方案。结果表明：不同的海床土体材料性能对海缆的保护效果差距明显，黏土可有效降低海缆受到的拉伸应力，而砾石能有效降低海缆塑性屈服阶段的应力变化幅度和应变时间，提出以分层回填黏土和砾石的方式对海底电缆进行保护；当黏土与砾石比例为1∶2时，回填保护埋深0.7 m即可承受拖曳速度90 cm/s的船锚拖曳损伤，为海缆回填保护工程与运维提供理论参考。

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通讯作者，E-mail：。
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张涛（1981-），男，教授，博士生导师

张培蕾（1999-），女，硕士研究生，通讯作者，E-mail：。

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张涛（1981-），男，教授，博士生导师

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张涛（1981-），男，教授，博士生导师

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张培蕾（1999-），女，硕士研究生，通讯作者，E-mail：。

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张培蕾（1999-），女，硕士研究生，通讯作者，E-mail：。

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Parameters of soil material

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材料密度/（kg•m-3）弹性模量/MPa泊松比黏聚力/kPa内摩擦角/（°）
沙土1840500.255.035
黏土1500140.3042.027
黄土1380200.3814.924
砾石2200600.2055.040
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土体材料参数表

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材料密度/（kg•m-3）弹性模量/MPa泊松比黏聚力/kPa内摩擦角/（°）
沙土1840500.255.035
黏土1500140.3042.027
黄土1380200.3814.924
砾石2200600.2055.040
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Parameters of submarine cable structure

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实际结构厚度/mm外径/mm模型结构外径/mm
阻水铜导体—26.5阻水铜导体26.5
导体屏蔽1.028.5XLPE绝缘层47.5
XLPE绝缘层8.044.5
绝缘屏蔽1.046.5
半导体阻水带0.547.5
合金铅护套2.151.7合金铅护套52.1
防腐层0.252.1
聚乙烯填充层——聚乙烯填充层121.2
绕包带0.6121.2钢丝铠装136.6
内垫层1.3124.1
金属铠装层6136.6
外被层3.4143外被层143
光单元—12.4光单元12.4
), ArticleFig(id=1241766171024888532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1241023039857545591, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

海底电缆结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实际结构厚度/mm外径/mm模型结构外径/mm
阻水铜导体—26.5阻水铜导体26.5
导体屏蔽1.028.5XLPE绝缘层47.5
XLPE绝缘层8.044.5
绝缘屏蔽1.046.5
半导体阻水带0.547.5
合金铅护套2.151.7合金铅护套52.1
防腐层0.252.1
聚乙烯填充层——聚乙烯填充层121.2
绕包带0.6121.2钢丝铠装136.6
内垫层1.3124.1
金属铠装层6136.6
外被层3.4143外被层143
光单元—12.4光单元12.4
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悬空段三芯复合海底电缆回填保护抗拖曳损伤研究
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张涛 a, b , 张培蕾 a , 刘昊 a , 刘哲恒 a , 范希评 b , 司诚真 b
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2025,29(11): 1782-1792
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船舶力学 | 结构力学 2025, 29(11): 1782-1792
悬空段三芯复合海底电缆回填保护抗拖曳损伤研究
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张涛a, b, 张培蕾a , 刘昊a, 刘哲恒a, 范希评b, 司诚真b
作者信息
  • a.三峡大学　电气与新能源学院，湖北　宜昌　443002
  • b.三峡大学　湖北省输电线路工程技术研究中心，湖北　宜昌　443002

    • 张涛（1981-），男，教授，博士生导师

    张培蕾（1999-），女，硕士研究生，通讯作者，E-mail：。

通讯作者:

通讯作者，E-mail：。
Three-core composite submarine cable backfill protection antidrag in suspended section
Tao ZHANGa, b, Pei-lei ZHANGa , Hao LIUa, Zhe-heng LIUa, Xi-ping FANb, Cheng-zhen SIb
Affiliations
  • a.College of Electrical Engineering and New Energy, Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
  • b.Hubei Transmission Line Engineering Technology Research Center, Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.11.011
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摘要
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海底电缆悬空时遭受船锚拖曳会发生形变甚至断裂，严重影响电力输送与信息通讯，因此，探究悬空段海缆的回填保护方案具有重要的应用价值。基于ABAQUS软件，本文建立船锚-三芯复合海底电缆-土壤的三维有限元模型，模拟海缆受船锚拖曳过程，利用非线性动力学方法，分析了在不同土体材料中的海缆受船锚拖曳后铠装层、铜导体以及光纤铠装的应力变化情况，对比分析四种土体性能对海缆的保护效果，再通过施加不同的速度载荷，探究三种材料配比下海缆纵向压缩率与埋设深度的关系，因此，我们提出分层回填保护方案。结果表明：不同的海床土体材料性能对海缆的保护效果差距明显，黏土可有效降低海缆受到的拉伸应力，而砾石能有效降低海缆塑性屈服阶段的应力变化幅度和应变时间，提出以分层回填黏土和砾石的方式对海底电缆进行保护；当黏土与砾石比例为1∶2时，回填保护埋深0.7 m即可承受拖曳速度90 cm/s的船锚拖曳损伤，为海缆回填保护工程与运维提供理论参考。

复合海底电缆  /  有限元  /  拖曳损伤  /  分层回填保护  /  纵向压缩率  /  埋设深度

When submarine cables are suspended in the air and dragged by ship anchors, they will be deformed or even fractured, which seriously threatens the power transmission and information communication. Therefore, it is of great application value to investigate the backfill protection scheme for the suspended section of submarine cables. Based on ABAQUS, we established a three-dimensional finite element model simulating the process of a ship anchor dragging a three-core composite submarine cable through soil. Using nonlinear dynamics, we obtained the stress changes in the cables armorlayer copper conductor, and fiber optic armoring when it was dragged through different soil materials by a ship anchor. We conducted comparative analysis of the protection effect of four kinds of soil properties on the marine cable. Then by applying different speed loads, we investigated the relationship between the longitudinal compression rate of the cable and the burial depth under different ratios, to propose a layered backfill protection scheme. The results show that the difference of the protection effect on the cable of different seabed soil material properties is significant, clay can effectively reduce the tensile stress on the cable, and gravel can effectively reduce the stress change amplitude and strain time of the plastic yielding stage of the cable, and it is proposed to backfill the submarine cable with layers of clay and gravel to protect the submarine cables; when the ratio of clay to gravel is 1∶2, the backfill protection can withstand the towing speed of 90 cm/s. The backfill protection can also be used to protect the submarine cable against the tugging of a ship with a speed of 90 cm/s. The backfill protection is also used for the protection of the submarine cable. When the ratio of clay to gravel is 1∶2, the backfill protection depth of 0.7 m can withstand the damage caused by the anchor drag with a speed of 90 cm/s, which provides theoretical references for the backfill protection engineering and operation and maintenance of submarine cable.

composite submarine cables  /  finite element  /  drag damage  /  layered backfill protection  /  vertical compression ratio  /  depth of burial
张涛, 张培蕾, 刘昊, 刘哲恒, 范希评, 司诚真. 悬空段三芯复合海底电缆回填保护抗拖曳损伤研究. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (11) : 1782 -1792 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.11.011
Tao ZHANG, Pei-lei ZHANG, Hao LIU, Zhe-heng LIU, Xi-ping FAN, Cheng-zhen SI. Three-core composite submarine cable backfill protection antidrag in suspended section[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (11) : 1782 -1792 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.11.011
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0　引言
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复合海底电缆被广泛应用于跨海洋信息能源互联互通工程中，保障了电力传输和信息传递的有效进行，是全球能源互联互通不可或缺的枢纽[1-3]。近些年来，随着海底电缆线路数量的不断增加，船锚拖曳造成的海缆损伤事故层出不穷。2020年8月，一艘集装箱船在锚泊过程中发生走锚，船锚钩断连接澳大利亚和新加坡的海底通信光缆。2023年2月，汕头广澳海域海底光缆连续被钩断。2023年10月，国际海缆亚欧S2段附近海域海底电缆被钩住[4-6]。船锚拖曳海底电缆易使其发生形变甚至断裂，影响电力输送，阻碍光纤通讯，带来严重经济损失。因此，在实际工程中对海缆实施有效保护措施具有十分重要的意义。
目前，针对海缆悬空段的船锚拖曳损伤，采取的保护措施主要为回填土埋深保护，对此，国内外学者已进行相关研究并具有一定的理论基础。文献[7]采用光滑粒子流体动力学-有限元法转换算法构建砂质海床土体的三维有限元仿真计算模型，模拟在典型砂质海床土质条件下的船锚拖动过程，得到了不同规格的船锚在砂质海床中的运动轨迹，探究了锚重和砂质海床土体性能参数与船锚拖曳力、贯入深度的关系。文献[8]通过ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元仿真软件模拟在典型砂质海床土质条件下的拖锚过程，采用了光滑粒子与有限元耦合算法，探究船锚速度以及海床土体基质与船锚拖曳力、贯入深度的变化规律。文献[9]利用耦合的欧拉-拉格朗日大变形法构建船锚贯入黏土海床的仿真模型，获得了船锚在贯入黏土时的速度、应力和深度等随时间变化曲线，探究了土体性能和初始贯入速度等因素对船锚冲击过程的影响。文献[10]通过有限元软件ABAQUS构建了四种工况下的袋装砂土围护管道的三维仿真模型，通过对比分析提取的四组仿真计算数据，探究了管道在有无使用袋装砂土时地基及应力的变化规律，同时探究了砂袋的摆放形式和使用数量对地基沉降与管道形变的影响。文献[11]根据拖锚过程中船锚在海床土体中的贯入深度，分析了海床的受力和形变规律，建立了船锚拖曳运动轨迹模型，并通过此模型对船舶在拖锚行驶过程中的贯入深度进行了数值分析，由此得出管线的最小埋设深度，有助于实现“节约型管道”。文献[12]利用显式动力学分析方法，构建了受球状落体作用影响的埋地管线三维双重非线性动力响应模型，对埋深约为2 m的管线进行了在地基材质和管钢等参数影响条件下的动力响应行为分析，并首次提出了分层回填保护策略，为后续海缆回填保护提供了新的保护思路。现阶段，针对回填保护下不同土体参数对海底电缆抗拖曳损伤效果的研究仍较为缺乏。
在上述研究的基础上，本文进一步利用ABAQUS软件对船锚拖曳三芯交流复合海底电缆的全过程进行了有限元仿真，提取了不同回填土质下海缆各结构层的等效应力变化曲线，对比分析了不同回填土质对海缆的保护效果，提出了分层回填的保护策略，并探究了在不同材料配比下拖曳速度和埋设深度对海缆纵向压缩率的影响，为实际工程提供参考和借鉴。
1　理论分析与方法
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1.1　应力平衡理论分析
如果将一个物体视作由多个任意形状的单元体组成，则物体受到外力后达到平衡状态时，各个单元体也保持相同的平衡状态。同理，各个单元体的平衡也确保了物体整体的平衡性[13]。由于复合海缆大部分结构层材料性质为线弹性，具有各向同性，因此在海缆拉伸过程中，海缆上任何一点的受力情况都能用、、、、、这6个应力分量来表达，其中、、为正应力，、、为剪应力。物体模型的最后结果可以通过有限元分析法中的每个节点相互计算得到。在有限元V域范围内的任一点平衡状态的微分方程为
该方程也被称作纳维方程，可以表现出物体内的平衡状态，是指在一个物体中的任一点上所受的应力分量与整体受力之间的关系。其中，和为对应面上的剪切力；和为对应面上的剪切力；和为对应面上的剪切力，为体力矢量。
平衡微分方程的数学表示式为
其中，为微分算子矩阵。
在利用有限元法分析三芯复合海底电缆拉伸过程中，海底电缆产生了一定的变形，根据变形计算出的物理关系用数学方程表达为
其中，是海缆受拉伸应力时体积产生的应变，E是弹性模量，是泊松比，是弹性矩阵，它完全取决于E和。
1.2　纵向压缩率
拉伸强度大的海底电缆的钢丝铠装层和外被层可以防止海缆受到外力损伤，聚乙烯填充层可以保持海缆圆整，它们都可以抵抗一定程度的拖曳动能。根据拖曳后海缆表面产生的凹痕（见图1所示），可由下式确定海缆吸收的能量为
其中，为管壁的塑性弯矩（为）；为钢管变形，凹痕深度；为钢管屈服应力；D为钢管外径[14]。
为定量评估海底电缆的损伤情况，参考DNV规范[15]，将海缆的整体凹陷变形量与直径的比例作为评判损伤的指标。当一定的质量以某一速度拖曳海缆时，海缆的整体会产生不可逆的凹陷深度，定义海缆的外层形变差值为凹痕值R[16]，表达式为
式中：Δz为凹陷变形量，单位mm；d为初始直径，单位mm。
凹痕值越大，损伤越严重。当海缆的整体凹陷变形量与直径的比例，即海缆的纵向压缩率超过5%时将会影响海缆的机械性能，海缆的输电及通讯功能受到影响[17]。
1.3　回填土材料参数
土体作为传递船锚拖曳动能的主要载体，其模型选取的合理性对于分析海底电缆的动力响应行为至关重要。通过指定弹性模量、密度、泊松比、摩擦角、膨胀角、黏聚力以及相应的塑性应变等参数，能够较好地反映土体的弹塑性力学特性[18]。在船锚拖曳海缆的过程中，海床土体为首先与海缆发生接触传递力和形变的结构，其性能直接影响到海缆在拖曳过程中的变形。选取4种不同回填材料进行分析计算，以研究受拖曳损伤海缆的动力响应行为，土体材料参数见表1。
2　有限元计算模型
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2.1　复合海底电缆简化模型
本研究以长岛砣矶至大钦35 kV线路工程项目为背景，采用YJQF41-26/35-3×500+36C海底电缆（含36芯光缆）。三芯复合海底电缆结构主要分为两大部分：一是由绝缘层和导体组成的圆柱体与光单元顺时针绞合模块；二是填充外部的铠装层，采用逆时针螺旋构件[19]。
在保证各层机械性能的前提下，构建海缆的几何模型，模型如图2所示。将厚度较小的导体屏蔽、绝缘屏蔽及半导体阻水带等部件合并到具有相似材料性能的XLPE绝缘层。根据部件的机械性能和厚度，本文将防腐层与聚乙烯填充层合并，同时将铠装层内的绕包带及内垫层合并到外铠装层。海底电缆的实际结构与建模结构参数如表2所示。
在构建拖曳载荷分析模型时，为确保海缆结构的真实性，对海缆进行分层构建。首先利用SolidWorks绘制平面图，再进行拉伸扭转，最后形成装配体。在建模过程中，确认三芯阻水铜导体呈120°对称分布，并借助全等三角形确定三芯铜导体的中心位置。导体外层依次由XLPE绝缘层和合金铅护套包裹。光单元位于两相邻导体的中间位置，并与铜导体顺时针绞合。填充部分通过圆柱体与内部螺旋部件差值来构建。外层铠装由螺旋升角为80°的镀锌钢珠逆时针螺旋而成[20]；最外层则是由聚丙烯缠绕而成的外被层，海底电缆简化模型如图3所示。
2.2　船锚拖曳悬空海缆计算模型
拖曳是指在船舶起锚时，船锚以一定速度钩挂海缆，导致海缆产生拉伸性机械损伤的情况[21]。船锚拖曳海缆的过程属于瞬时动力学范畴，涉及到复杂的非线性和接触问题，本文利用ABAQUS软件中显式动力学模块Explicit来完成模型的仿真计算[22]。
船锚拖曳海缆时，船锚和海缆的接触点相较于海缆整体占比较小，所以海缆损伤状态基本不受船锚形状的影响，故将船锚简化为一个具有相同底面形状的物体代替。此外，在与海缆接触过程中船锚形变可以忽略不计，将船锚设置为刚体，从而提高了计算效率。
从相对运动的角度来看，船锚拖拽海缆的过程可看作是船锚以某一定值的速度拖缆。因此，通过施加斜向上的初速度载荷来模拟这一过程，使船锚带动海缆产生一定的位移，从而模拟真实锚体拖曳海缆的过程[23]。
海缆的各结构材料中，大多数属于非线性材料，根据实际材料的应力应变关系来设置其弹塑性材料参数，主要包括铠装层、铜导体、铅护套以及光纤的内外钢丝的材料参数，其他结构材料则主要为弹性模量较低的聚合物，均具有普通的双线性随动强化材料参数。土壤采用Mohr-Coulomb模型进行模拟，以研究速度载荷作用下的理想弹塑性形变[24]，研究对象选取平铺在海床上的海缆，如图4所示。海缆跨长达到千米，相较于钩挂处的长度足够长，两端土壤及海缆截面设为固定，约束其X、Y、Z方向位移。
对于接触设置，借助罚函数与硬接触分别描述接触面切线与法向的力学行为，并允许各接触面发生滑移，在锚接触面、海缆表面和海床表面之间建立接触关系，相应摩擦系数取0.33[25]。另外，海缆内部各层结构复杂，为避免穿透建立通用接触。
3　仿真结果分析
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船锚拖曳海缆的速度为50~100 cm/s[26]，速度越快，锚害越严重。以初速度载荷为95 cm/s为例，我们对船锚拖曳海缆进行了仿真计算，得到不同回填材料下海缆外铠装层、铜导体以及光纤铠装受力最大处的等效应力分布，如图5所示。
铠装层作为海缆最外部的保护层，承受的等效应力值最大，在不同的回填工况下，铠装层变化趋势基本一致，其应变主要经历了三个阶段：第一阶段，船锚受速度载荷作用开始移动，能量通过土壤传递到海缆上，铠装层开始受到应力，在瞬时达到屈服极限；第二阶段，随着船锚的不断移动，铠装层受到的应力值随时间增加而增大，超过其最大承受力，开始发生弯曲变形从而挤压内部结构，进入塑性屈服阶段；第三阶段，海缆的各结构层接触严密，土壤介质不断抵消大部分的拉伸动力，铠装层保持现有的弯曲状态，应力值在小范围内波动，逐渐趋于平缓。
船锚在拖曳海缆的过程中，铜导体发生了弹性形变和塑性形变。在船锚的作用下，铜导体主要受轴向拉力，在不同的工况下施加相同的速度载荷，铜导体所受的最大应力值不同；随着速度载荷的持续作用，铜导体进入塑性屈服阶段，该阶段持续时间较长，此时铜导体出现了明显的塑性形变，应力曲线的变化幅度逐渐减小并趋于定值。
光单元在钢丝铠装层内部，受到钢丝铠装的保护，故光单元应力值始终小于铠装层应力值。在船锚的动力作用下，光单元结构余长瞬时消耗殆尽，在0.01 s内光单元就开始受到轴向拉伸应力。此时，钢丝铠装层发生弹性形变，外部结构充分挤压并轴向拉伸光单元。由于光单元与铜导体绞合，位于弯曲外径处的光单元会沿周长方向产生侧滑，造成光纤各结构层绞合松弛，应变值呈现出骤减的趋势。随着海缆整体弯曲程度的不断增加，光单元受到轴向拉伸应力和径向压力的双重作用而进入塑性屈服阶段，应变值在0.1 s内大幅度震荡变化。之后海缆中各结构紧密接触，光单元接近其材料的屈服应力，后期等效应力值保持稳定。
从以上分析可以看出，随着海床土体材料性能的改变，海缆各结构层所受等效应力值差距明显。在四类土体材料中，黏土可以有效降低海缆受到的拖曳动能；砾石的弹性模量相对较大，更易消耗拖曳动能从而减缓拖曳接触点的速度，能有效降低海缆塑性屈服阶段的应力变化幅度，并减少海缆产生塑性形变的时间。综上所述，为防止海缆在受到船锚拖曳时造成机械损伤，可采取回填黏土并覆盖砾石的方式对海底电缆进行保护。
4　回填保护方案
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回填的黏土与砾石的比例将直接影响回填的保护效果。此外，海底波、流等因素会对海缆的埋设保护深度造成影响。因此，研究在不同的速度载荷下两种材料的回填比例、埋深与导体凹陷形变的关系，不仅可以确定最佳的回填方案，还能提供合理的埋设深度从而有效降低海缆遭受船锚拖曳的风险。
船锚从相同的位置，以不同的速度载荷拖曳海缆，观察在回填不同黏土与砾石比例时埋设深度与纵向压缩率的变化规律，结果如图6所示。随着船锚速度不断增加，海缆凹陷变形量显著增加，当船锚速度小于60 cm/s时，海缆凹陷变形值量级较小，相反，当船锚速度大于90 cm/s时，船锚拖曳海缆后，海缆凹陷变形值甚至可达14.2 mm以上。随着船锚速度的线性增长，海缆纵向压缩率呈线性或指数增长，且埋设深度愈浅，这种规律愈明显。海缆被船锚钩挂时，受到侧压力、拉伸、弯曲、扭转等多种载荷的共同作用，但导致海缆损坏的主要原因是侧压力[27]。
当回填的黏土与砾石比例为1∶2时，随着埋深的增大，海缆纵向压缩率迅速降低，如图6（a）所示，埋设深度为0.6 m时可承受拖曳速度为80 cm/s时对海缆的机械损伤影响，而埋深在0.6 ~0.7 m范围内时可承受拖曳速度为90 cm/s时对海缆的机械损伤影响。当回填的黏土与砾石比例为1∶1，埋深范围在0~0.8 m时，随着埋深的增大，海缆纵向压缩率变化幅度明显，当埋深范围大于0.8 m时，海缆纵向压缩率随埋深的增大，变化幅度明显减缓，如图6（b）所示，此时埋设深度大于0.6 m可承受拖曳速度为80 cm/s时对海缆的机械损伤影响，埋设深度为0.8 m时可抵抗拖曳速度为90 cm/s时对海缆的机械损伤影响。当回填的黏土与砾石比例为2∶1，埋深范围在0~1 m时，随着埋深的增大，海缆纵向压缩率下降明显，当埋深范围大于1 m时，海缆纵向压缩率随埋深的增大而变化平缓，如图6（c）所示，此时埋设深度为0.9 m可承受拖曳速度为80 cm/s时对海缆的机械损伤影响，而当埋设深度在1.4 ~1.5 m范围内时可承受拖曳速度为90 cm/s时对海缆的机械损伤。
综上可知，海缆损伤形变程度随埋深的减小而呈幂次增大。为有效避免海缆受到拖曳损伤，采用黏土与砾石比例为1∶2的回填方案，设置埋设深度为0.7 m。此时，在保证达到最佳的保护效果的前提下满足最少的实际工程预算及工作量。
5　结论
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本文基于ABAQUS/Explicit有限元分析软件模拟船锚拖曳海缆的过程，对比分析了在不同的土体材料下海缆拖曳损伤状况，最后通过探究不同拖曳速度下海缆纵向压缩率与埋设深度的关系，提出悬空段海缆保护工程实际应用的回填方法，得出以下几点结论：
（1）基于ABAQUS/Explicit有限元分析软件构建船锚-三芯复合海缆-土壤的三维动力响应分析模型，分析船锚在拖曳不同土体材料中的海缆时，海缆外铠装层、铜导体及光纤铠装的等效应力变化规律。海缆在沙土条件下受到的拉伸应力值最大，在黏土条件下所承受的拉伸应力值最小。
（2）随着海床土体材料性能的改变，海缆各结构层所受等效应力值差距明显。黏土能有效减小海缆受到的拖曳动能，而砾石能有效降低海缆塑性屈服阶段的应力变化幅度，故拟采用回填黏土并覆盖砾石的方式对悬空段海缆进行保护。
（3）探究在不同的速度载荷作用下，海缆纵向压缩率与埋深的关系，得到海缆受船锚拖曳损伤程度随埋深的减小而呈幂次增大。
（4）当回填的黏土与砾石比例为1∶2，埋设深度为0.7 m时，回填土体可承受拖曳速度为90 cm/s时对海缆的机械损伤，因此推荐采用黏土与砾石比例为1∶2，埋设深度0.7 m作为海缆回填保护参考方案。
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  • 国家电网山东省省部级重点项目(SGSDYTO0JJJS2100597)
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2025年第29卷第11期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.11.011
  • 接收时间：2025-02-18
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
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  • 收稿日期：2025-02-18
基金
国家电网山东省省部级重点项目(SGSDYTO0JJJS2100597)
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    a.三峡大学　电气与新能源学院，湖北　宜昌　443002
    b.三峡大学　湖北省输电线路工程技术研究中心，湖北　宜昌　443002

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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