Article(id=1241023038943187315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1241023036892172648, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.11.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747152000000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773812549576, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773812549576, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773812549576, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773812549576, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241023036892172648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='11', pageStart='1663', pageEnd='1826', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773812549088, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773812775651, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241023987245970093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1241023036892172648, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241023987245970094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1241023036892172648, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1805, endPage=1817, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241023039169679732, articleId=1241023038943187315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Influence of fillets at the leading and trailing edges of the flow hole on the noise of submerged body, columnId=1241023038381158513, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydro/Structural Acoustics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to investigate the effect of fillets at the leading and trailing edges of flow holes on the noise characteristics of submerged body, a submerged body with a single flow hole was taken as the research object. Based on the large eddy simulation turbulence model and FW-H (Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings) acoustic model, numerical simulations were carried out using STAR CCM+ software. After verifying that the simulation accuracy meets the requirements, the influence of different fillet positions and radii of the orifice on flow noise was then deeply explored at a flow rate of 10 m/s. The results show that the treatment of fillets at the leading and trailing edges of the flow hole can reduce the flow noise of the flow hole, especially the second-order line-spectrum noise. Regarding fillet position, the noise reduction amplitude by the fillets at the trailing edges is greater than that at the leading edge, and the noise reduction amplitude at the outer rounded corners is greater than that at the inner edge. In the studied operating conditions, when the outer edges of the leading and trailing edges of the orifice are simultaneously rounded with a radius of 10 mm, the minimum second-order line-spectrum noise is 94.03 dB, which is 9.48 dB lower than that in the reference operating condition, and the corresponding frequency is reduced by 4.72 Hz. The far-field radiation noise of the orifice is mainly affected by the pressure pulsation on the back wall and bottom of the orifice, and the influence of the orifice shear layer oscillation is relatively small. The research conclusions provide guidance for the optimization of submerged body flow hole structure and the low-noise design.

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为探究孔口前、后缘圆角处理对潜体流水孔流噪声特性的影响,本文以带单个流水孔的潜体为研究对象,基于大涡模拟湍流模型和FW-H(Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings)声学模型,利用STAR CCM+软件开展数值模拟,在验证仿真精度满足要求的基础上,深入探究在流速10 m/s下孔口不同圆角位置和圆角半径对流噪声的影响。结果表明:孔口前、后缘圆角处理,可降低流水孔的流噪声,尤其是二阶线谱噪声,从圆角位置来看,后缘圆角的降噪幅度均大于前缘圆角,外侧圆角的降噪幅度均大于内侧;在所研究的工况中,当孔口前缘和后缘外侧同时进行圆角处理,且圆角半径为10 mm时,其二阶线谱噪声最小为94.03 dB,相比于基准工况,降低了9.48 dB,且对应频率降低了4.72 Hz;孔口远场辐射噪声主要受孔腔后壁和腔底压力脉动的影响,孔口剪切层振荡对其影响相对较小。研究结论对潜体流水孔结构优化及低噪声设计具有一定的指导意义。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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陈佳宝(1994-),男,博士研究生,讲师,E-mail:

彭利坤(1975-),男,教授,博士生导师,通讯作者,E-mail:

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figureFileBig=O4F9MomCZJ62kmJ3ksiTFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241766179442852322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1241023038943187315, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of results of different research methods

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求解方法P2 /dBP4 /dB
半经验公式12062503
模型试验1199.5124.32397.588.2
仿真实验1106.0122.92216.879.2
相对误差7.8%1.1%7.5%10.2%
), ArticleFig(id=1241766179501572579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1241023038943187315, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同研究方法结果比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
求解方法P2 /dBP4 /dB
半经验公式12062503
模型试验1199.5124.32397.588.2
仿真实验1106.0122.92216.879.2
相对误差7.8%1.1%7.5%10.2%
), ArticleFig(id=1241766179572875748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1241023038943187315, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Mesh size and quantity

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网格尺寸/m0.40.28280.20.14140.1
网格数量/万19.633.866.2143.5281.8
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网格尺寸及数量

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网格尺寸/m0.40.28280.20.14140.1
网格数量/万19.633.866.2143.5281.8
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Simulation conditions

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工况前缘内侧圆角半径/mm前缘外侧圆角半径/mm后缘内侧圆角半径/mm后缘外侧圆角半径/mm
10000
22.5000
35.0000
47.5000
510.0000
602.500
705.000
807.500
9010.000
10002.50
11005.00
12007.50
130010.00
140002.5
150005.0
160007.5
1700010.0
182.5002.5
195.0005.0
207.5007.5
2110.00010.0
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仿真工况

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工况前缘内侧圆角半径/mm前缘外侧圆角半径/mm后缘内侧圆角半径/mm后缘外侧圆角半径/mm
10000
22.5000
35.0000
47.5000
510.0000
602.500
705.000
807.500
9010.000
10002.50
11005.00
12007.50
130010.00
140002.5
150005.0
160007.5
1700010.0
182.5002.5
195.0005.0
207.5007.5
2110.00010.0
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Far-field second-order line spectral noise for different fillet positions and radii

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圆角半径/mm圆角位置
前缘内侧前缘外侧后缘内侧后缘外侧前-后缘外侧
0103.51103.51103.51103.51103.51
2.5101.33100.67101.1398.7499.10
5.0102.58102.53102.2596.4398.00
7.5100.8497.3697.3198.6298.96
10.0102.9996.86102.1296.9294.03
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不同圆角位置及圆角半径下的远场二阶线谱噪声(单位:dB)

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圆角半径/mm圆角位置
前缘内侧前缘外侧后缘内侧后缘外侧前-后缘外侧
0103.51103.51103.51103.51103.51
2.5101.33100.67101.1398.7499.10
5.0102.58102.53102.2596.4398.00
7.5100.8497.3697.3198.6298.96
10.0102.9996.86102.1296.9294.03
), ArticleFig(id=1241766180046832106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1241023038943187315, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Near field second-order line spectral noise at different monitoring points for different fillet radii

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监测点位置外侧圆角半径/mm
02.55.07.510
孔口中心154.84154.30156.22157.53154.04
腔底中心157.48154.66154.16156.23149.9
), ArticleFig(id=1241766181544198635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1241023038943187315, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同监测点位置及圆角半径下的近场二阶线谱噪声(单位:dB)

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监测点位置外侧圆角半径/mm
02.55.07.510
孔口中心154.84154.30156.22157.53154.04
腔底中心157.48154.66154.16156.23149.9
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孔口前后缘圆角处理对潜体流水孔流噪声的影响研究
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陈佳宝 , 吕帮俊 , 彭利坤 , 潘炜
船舶力学 | 流体与结构声学 2025,29(11): 1805-1817
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船舶力学 | 流体与结构声学 2025, 29(11): 1805-1817
孔口前后缘圆角处理对潜体流水孔流噪声的影响研究
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陈佳宝 , 吕帮俊, 彭利坤 , 潘炜
作者信息
  • 海军工程大学 动力工程学院,武汉 430033
  • 陈佳宝(1994-),男,博士研究生,讲师,E-mail:

    彭利坤(1975-),男,教授,博士生导师,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Influence of fillets at the leading and trailing edges of the flow hole on the noise of submerged body
Jia-bao CHEN , Bang-jun LÜ, Li-kun PENG , Wei PAN
Affiliations
  • College of Power Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.11.013
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为探究孔口前、后缘圆角处理对潜体流水孔流噪声特性的影响,本文以带单个流水孔的潜体为研究对象,基于大涡模拟湍流模型和FW-H(Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings)声学模型,利用STAR CCM+软件开展数值模拟,在验证仿真精度满足要求的基础上,深入探究在流速10 m/s下孔口不同圆角位置和圆角半径对流噪声的影响。结果表明:孔口前、后缘圆角处理,可降低流水孔的流噪声,尤其是二阶线谱噪声,从圆角位置来看,后缘圆角的降噪幅度均大于前缘圆角,外侧圆角的降噪幅度均大于内侧;在所研究的工况中,当孔口前缘和后缘外侧同时进行圆角处理,且圆角半径为10 mm时,其二阶线谱噪声最小为94.03 dB,相比于基准工况,降低了9.48 dB,且对应频率降低了4.72 Hz;孔口远场辐射噪声主要受孔腔后壁和腔底压力脉动的影响,孔口剪切层振荡对其影响相对较小。研究结论对潜体流水孔结构优化及低噪声设计具有一定的指导意义。

潜体  /  流水孔  /  圆角半径  /  流噪声  /  FW-H

In order to investigate the effect of fillets at the leading and trailing edges of flow holes on the noise characteristics of submerged body, a submerged body with a single flow hole was taken as the research object. Based on the large eddy simulation turbulence model and FW-H (Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings) acoustic model, numerical simulations were carried out using STAR CCM+ software. After verifying that the simulation accuracy meets the requirements, the influence of different fillet positions and radii of the orifice on flow noise was then deeply explored at a flow rate of 10 m/s. The results show that the treatment of fillets at the leading and trailing edges of the flow hole can reduce the flow noise of the flow hole, especially the second-order line-spectrum noise. Regarding fillet position, the noise reduction amplitude by the fillets at the trailing edges is greater than that at the leading edge, and the noise reduction amplitude at the outer rounded corners is greater than that at the inner edge. In the studied operating conditions, when the outer edges of the leading and trailing edges of the orifice are simultaneously rounded with a radius of 10 mm, the minimum second-order line-spectrum noise is 94.03 dB, which is 9.48 dB lower than that in the reference operating condition, and the corresponding frequency is reduced by 4.72 Hz. The far-field radiation noise of the orifice is mainly affected by the pressure pulsation on the back wall and bottom of the orifice, and the influence of the orifice shear layer oscillation is relatively small. The research conclusions provide guidance for the optimization of submerged body flow hole structure and the low-noise design.

submerged body  /  flow holes  /  fillet radius  /  flow noise  /  FW-H
陈佳宝, 吕帮俊, 彭利坤, 潘炜. 孔口前后缘圆角处理对潜体流水孔流噪声的影响研究. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (11) : 1805 -1817 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.11.013
Jia-bao CHEN, Bang-jun LÜ, Li-kun PENG, Wei PAN. Influence of fillets at the leading and trailing edges of the flow hole on the noise of submerged body[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (11) : 1805 -1817 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.11.013
潜体表面通常开设有流水孔、通海孔、通气孔等,这些孔口在潜体进行潜浮运动时可保证上层建筑或水舱内的水能够自由进出,从而实现潜体正常的上浮和下潜。流体流经流水孔时,边界层在开口前缘脱落形成具有振荡性质的自由剪切层,开孔周围产生不连续的壁面湍流边界层,孔腔内则产生非定常的涡旋运动,三者相互作用引发流噪声,对潜体水下航行的隐蔽性能具有一定的影响。为了降低潜体表面开孔产生的流噪声并提高隐蔽性,不少学者已在该领域开展了相关研究。
潜体表面的流水孔和非耐压舱室共同构成了开孔腔体,开孔腔体产生的流噪声的控制方法,可根据是否有外界能量输入分为主动控制和被动控制两大类。主动控制方法主要包括以下三种:第一,在空腔前缘增加外部射流或振荡板,以减弱孔口剪切层的自由振荡;第二,在空腔后缘布置激振器,破坏腔口剪切层自持振荡的反馈环;第三,在腔口前缘布置没有外界能量输入的零质量射流器等。尽管这些主动控制方法能够有效抑制空腔振荡产生的流噪声,但其主要适用于马赫数比较高的气动空腔噪声流域,且主动控制方法使得孔口结构更加复杂,具有一定的故障率。而对于马赫数极低(Ma < 0.01)的水流噪声领域,目前在公开发表的文献中还未见到相关应用。
对于水中开孔腔体的流噪声的控制研究,目前主要采用在孔口前后缘布置扰流体或改变开孔形状结构等被动控制方法。孟生等[1]比较了不同开孔形状和孔颈偏角对潜艇流水孔流噪声的影响,结果表明,相较于圆形、菱形、长方形,正方形流水孔的流噪声控制效果最佳,30°偏角流水孔的流噪声水平最低;邬明[2]对4种不同形状的流水孔(纵缝式、全孔式、底孔式和光体)的内外流场进行了数值模拟,得出了流水孔产生的阻力成分主要来自于导流板和孔壁,且流噪声随流水孔数量的增多而增大;周福昌等[3]对舰船纵缝式开口的流水孔流场及流噪声进行了数值仿真,研究结果表明流水孔的近场流噪声具有指向性,其近场平行于来流的辐射噪声比与来流相垂直的辐射噪声弱,并在优化流水孔的纵缝结构形式后,其噪声比原始纵缝噪声降低了10 dB;袁国清[4]的研究结果表明,在相同面积条件下,正方形或圆形开孔更有利于降低孔腔流噪声,且孔颈偏角的改变能够降低辐射噪声,其中孔口后缘偏角在30°和45°之间时流致直接辐射噪声最小;章文文等[5]提出一种基于“分流”原理的被动控制方法,即在空腔前缘的后上方一定高度处放置一称为“前缘分流体”的倒楔形块,结果表明前缘分流体可降低腔底脉动压力线谱达17.4 dB,对流激空腔振荡的抑制效果较好。
上述研究主要围绕开口形状、长宽比、孔颈偏角、前缘扰流体等因素对水中开孔流噪声的影响而进行,均取得了较好的研究成果。上述研究中,孔口前后缘均为直角或斜角形式,然而宁方立等[6]的研究结果表明,空腔流场内存在周期性漩涡碰撞,使后缘静态压力快速振荡,使其成为噪声源,这表明尖角对空腔噪声具有较大影响。此外,在目前流水孔流噪声的研究中,通常只着重于单一的开孔腔体的辐射噪声分析,缺少对潜体表面流水孔的整体频谱研究,潜体壳体可能会改变流水孔表面流场,从而影响其流噪声特性。
为减小流水孔孔口前、后缘尖角带来的流噪声,本文以带流水孔及孔腔的潜体为研究对象,对其开孔处的前、后缘分别作圆角处理,采用流体仿真软件STAR CCM+,基于大涡模拟湍流模型和FW-H(Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings)声学模型,对不同圆角半径下的近场和远场噪声进行仿真计算,探究圆角处理对流噪声的影响。
本研究利用大涡模拟湍流模型对潜体和空腔流场及壁面脉动压力进行数值模拟,并进行快速傅里叶变换得到近场空腔流噪声[7]。大涡模拟的主要思想可以归纳为对N-S(Navier-Stokes)方程进行低通滤波处理[8],将小于网格尺度的高频湍流脉动滤掉并收集到亚网格模型中。可用下列公式表达积分滤波处理过程
式中:是积分立方体的边长,其大小称为过滤长度,是样本瞬时速度,是过滤后的大尺度速度,是滤波函数,其表达式为
在滤波函数的作用下,湍流速度场等其他边界条件依然是不均匀量,但是小尺度的湍流脉动已经被消除,只留下比过滤长度更大的流场脉动压力。经过滤波处理的大涡模拟控制方程及其连续性方程为
上述两式为适合大涡模拟瞬态运行工况下的连续控制方程。其中,为流体密度;为任意网格节点在方向的坐标值;分别为方向上的速度分量;为过滤后的平均速度分量;为流体介质的动力黏性系数;为分子黏性引起的应力张量;称为亚格子尺度应力(SGS应力),表示小尺度涡量对所求解方程的影响程度[9],其具体表达式如下
流噪声预报方法主要分为直接计算方法和积分方法。直接计算方法主要通过求解N-S方程得到流噪声结果,该方法由于对网格和时间要求都很高,因此只适用于求解近场流噪声。在积分方法中应用最为广泛的为声类比方法,其中,Lighthill声类比方程更适合于求解远场辐射噪声[10]。为拓展流噪声计算方程Lighthill方程[11]的应用范围,Ffowcs-Williams等[12]综合考虑外界运动物体对声场的作用,引入Heaviside广义函数,得出了外界运动物体所引起声场变化的波动方程如下
将声类比方程作用对象扩大到边界控制面以外的流体或是边界控制面以内的固体,从而得到FW-H方程,方程如下所示
式中:表示在方向上的流体速度分量;表示垂直于平面的流体速度分量;表示垂直于物面方向的物体速度分量;为单位法向矢量,由物体边界指向流场;为狄拉克函数;为海维赛德函数;表示远场声压;表示物体表面,表示物体外部无界空间,为远场声速,为远场密度,表示动量应力张量,有
式中:表示表面压力应力张量,表示克罗内克符号。
下面依照Lafon蒸汽管道中的孔腔绕流实验构建相应的倒T型孔腔模型[4],开展精度验证仿真实验,计算域模型如图1所示。
为了精准获得腔体表面的脉动压力,利用STAR CCM+软件自适应网格生成功能,在整体网格以及边界条件进行初始化的基础上,针对腔体颈部、计算域下端面等重点部位进行网格加密处理,充分捕捉湍流在腔体入口的变化发展情况。通过网格模型参数设置,最后得到如图2所示的网格基础尺寸为0.07 m、网格总数为90万的网格模型。
图2所示将整个腔体设置为非渗透表面,在腔体底部正中央布置一个FW-H接收器,基于测得的流场信息进行声学计算,得到腔体噪声的峰值频率和总声级,将结构壁面设置为辐射声源面。计算时间步为10-4 s,时间离散为二阶,迭代最大物理时间为1 s。
将本次仿真结果与Lafon实验结果进行对比,如图3所示,同时采用Rossiter半经验公式进行预测[13],有
式中:是空腔振荡斯特罗哈尔数,为空腔振荡频率,为主流马赫数,n=1、2、3为N阶模态,为实验确定的常数,一般取。该公式能较为准确地预测空腔绕流自持振荡的峰值频率,通常被用于评价数值模拟结果是否正确。根据空腔振荡频率公式,当n=2时,;当n=4时,
验证实验仿真结果、Lafon实验测量结果以及半经验公式预测结果,如表1所示。从表中可知本文所用计算方法在频率预测上的误差低于8%,在幅值预测上的误差低不大于10.2%,从而验证了直接采用STAR CCM+进行声学计算的可行性,对比的结果表明该仿真方法计算精度符合要求,可用于开展后续仿真计算。
本研究以简化后的三维潜体模型为研究对象,潜体模型长L2=3700 mm,宽W2=650 mm,高H2=740 mm。在潜体壳体侧面正中央构建一个正方形开口的孔腔模型来模拟实艇表面流水孔,孔口颈部边长Lneck2=150 mm,颈部深度Hneck2=10 mm,下部腔体为正方体,边长Lhole2=300 mm,其整体与坐标轴的对应关系如图4所示,定义艇首方向为x轴正方向,艇体左舷方向为y轴正方向,轴向上为正。
为使流场充分发展,构建如图5~6所示的计算域。因潜体左右对称,仅计算一半区域。其中壳体前侧设置为速度入口,速度V=10 m/s;后侧设置为压力出口,相对压力设置为0;将虚拟实验池其他表面设置为对称平面,潜体表面设置为壁面。
为了获得精确的流场信息和声场信息,采用带有棱柱层的切割体网格划分潜体表面。在完成整体网格和表面条件初始化后,对艏部入流区、艉部尾流区域以及流水孔腔壁等关键区域进行自定义加密,以细化几何锐角与锐边。划分后的网格如图7图8所示。
为确保建立的网格模型能得到有效的仿真结果,开展了网格无关性验证。STAR CCM+中,加密区域的网格尺寸基于基础尺寸的相对百分比设置,通过调整基础尺寸即可得到不同网格方案[14]。确定网格分区和加密处理之后,根据ITTC规程,以0.2 m为基准,在三个方向上的加细比设置为,分别设置5种网格基础尺寸,网格尺寸和数量如表2所示。
在10 m/s的航速下,潜体保持0°改角在深潜状态下进行定深航行,潜体在水中受到纵向阻力。上述5种网格尺寸下定常状态总阻力的计算结果如图9所示,随着网格数量的逐渐增加,总阻力逐渐减小,网格数量为143.5万和281.8万时两者的总阻力计算结果已相当接近,仅相差1.6%(以281.8万的计算结果为基准)。表明网格尺寸在0.1414 m和0.1 m时,阻力计算结果受网格尺度的影响已经很小。
此外,还仿真得到了上述网格尺寸下同一FW-H接收点(见图8)的流噪声,频谱如图10所示。由图可知,随着网格尺寸的减小,网格尺寸0.1414 m和0.1 m下的线谱噪声和宽带噪声已较为接近。
因此,综合考虑阻力和流噪声计算精度和计算资源,本研究选择0.1414 m的基础网格尺寸,对应的网格数为143.5万,以此开展后续计算。
为探究流水孔孔口前、后缘的圆角半径对潜艇流水孔流噪声的影响,以圆角半径R=0 mm为基准,选取不同圆角半径R=2.5 mm、5.0 mm、7.5 mm、10.0 mm,分别变化前缘内侧、前缘外侧、后缘内侧以及后缘外侧的圆角,共计21个工况,前、后缘圆角如图11(b)所示,具体的仿真工况如表3所示,通过仿真计算比较不同圆角处理下的流场和辐射噪声。
为监测不同前后缘圆角工况下的近场噪声和远场辐射噪声,如图8所示,在孔口中心处和空腔底部中心壁面附近分别布置孔口压力监测点和空腔底部压力监测点,在孔腔外侧沿孔口中心的法线方向上布置有FW-H接收点[15]。首先利用k-ω湍流模型进行稳态计算,待流场稳定后,再利用大涡模拟湍流模型进行非稳态计算[16],计算时间步为10-4s,时间离散为二阶,迭代最大物理时间为2 s,设置噪声频率分辨率为1.58 Hz,最大噪声频率5000 Hz,流场流速V=10 m/s,雷诺数为3.7×107,边界层第一层网格尺寸为5×10-6m,相应无量纲厚度y+≈1。因流水孔孔腔表面为壁面,不会发生位移,故噪声源仅包含偶极子(孔壁压力脉动)和四极子噪声(空间湍流)[17]。其中偶极子噪声占主要成分,声源面为流水孔孔壁和腔壁表面,即FW-H表面,四极子噪声主要集中在低频段,声源域为流水孔及其孔腔包含的空间区域。
针对不同圆角半径的工况进行流场和声场仿真,获取FW-H接收点的流噪声数据,频谱分析如图12所示。
由于水动力噪声主要集中在低频段[5],为了便于分析,本研究只在0~300 Hz的低频段内,分析孔口圆角半径对流噪声的影响。另从全文的结果上看,二阶线谱噪声在所有线谱噪声中声压级相对较高,可看作主模态,因此,本研究重点关注二阶线谱噪声。
图12可知,孔口前缘内侧的圆角半径对流水孔的远场噪声具有一定影响,但其二阶线谱噪声随圆角半径的变化无明显规律。结合表4可知,孔口前缘内侧圆角半径为7.5 mm时的流水孔二阶线谱噪声声压级最小为100.84 dB,相比于工况1的103.51 dB,降低了2.67 dB,其对应频率为39.51 Hz,相比于工况1的41.09 Hz,降低了1.58 Hz。但圆角半径为7.5 mm时的三阶线谱噪声为101.37 dB,且圆角半径为5.0 mm时的三阶线谱噪声为103.08 dB,均高于它们的二阶线谱噪声。
图13结合表4可知,孔口前缘外侧圆角半径越大,流水孔二阶线谱噪声总体变化趋势越低,圆角半径为10 mm时二阶声压级最小为96.86 dB,相比于工况1,降低了6.65 dB,其对应频率为36.35 Hz,降低了4.74 Hz。孔口前缘外侧不同圆角半径下的二阶线谱噪声均高于三阶线谱噪声。
图14可知,孔口后缘内侧的圆角半径对流水孔的远场噪声具有一定影响,但其二阶线谱噪声随圆角半径的变化无明显规律。结合表4可知,孔口后缘内侧圆角半径为7.5 mm时的流水孔二阶线谱噪声声压级最小为97.31 dB,相比于工况1降低了6.2 dB,其对应频率为37.93 Hz,降低了3.16 Hz。但圆角半径为7.5 mm时的三阶线谱噪声为103.63 dB,同样圆角半径为5.0 mm时的三阶线谱噪声为102.43 dB,均高于它们的二阶线谱噪声。
图15结合表4可知,总体变化趋势为,孔口后缘外侧圆角半径越大,流水孔的二阶线谱噪声越低,圆角半径为5 mm时最小为96.43 dB,相比于工况1降低了7.08 dB,其对应频率为37.92 Hz,降低了3.17 Hz。
图12~15表4可知,流水孔孔口进行圆角处理可以降低流水孔的流噪声,尤其是二阶线谱噪声,但不同位置的降低程度各异。从降低幅值上看,处在孔口同一侧(内侧或外侧)的圆角,后缘的降噪幅度均大于前缘,表明孔口后缘圆角处理对流噪声的影响要大于前缘;而前后缘外侧圆角的降噪幅度均大于内侧,表明孔口外侧圆角处理对流噪声的影响要大于内侧。因此,为进一步降低流水孔的流噪声,可以考虑同时对前缘和后缘的外侧进行圆角处理,并改变其圆角半径。
图16表4可知,对孔口前缘和后缘外侧同时进行圆角处理,可显著降低低频段的线谱噪声和宽带谱噪声。其中,当圆角半径为10 mm时,其二阶线谱噪声为94.03 dB,明显低于其他圆角处理工况,相比于工况1的103.51 dB降低了9.48 dB,且对应频率由41.09 Hz降低至36.37 Hz,降低了4.72 Hz。一般来说频率越低,噪声传播距离越远,且不易被声呐察觉,因此,主模态频率降低,可有效提高潜体的隐蔽性。
根据上述结果及分析,可以发现前缘和后缘同时进行圆角处理对流水孔的流噪声具有较大影响,在所研究的工况中,孔口前缘和后缘外侧同时进行圆角处理,可显著降低线谱噪声和宽带谱噪声,当前缘和后缘外侧圆角半径均为10 mm时,远场噪声的二阶线谱噪声即最大声压级最小,相比于工况1降低了9.48 dB,对应频率降低了4.72 Hz。
为深入分析孔口圆角半径对流噪声的影响,如图8所示,在孔口中心和腔底壁面中心处分别布置脉动压力监测点,对监测到的随时间变化的脉动压力进行快速傅里叶变换,得到孔口前后缘、内外侧不同圆角半径下的近场噪声频谱图。考虑到外侧圆角对流噪声影响较大,同时为了控制论文篇幅,故本文仅以外侧的前缘和后缘相同圆角半径为例,对近场噪声结果进行分析。
图17~18可知,孔口和腔底流噪声的线谱噪声的变化趋势有所区别,两者的一阶线谱均无明显峰值,但腔底处的二阶线谱噪声明显高于三阶线谱噪声,孔口处的二阶线谱噪声和三阶线谱噪声较为接近。将图17图18对比图16可知,腔底处的近场噪声频谱图和远场噪声频谱图在形式上更为接近,在一定程度上可以说明,腔底位置的脉动压力是远场辐射噪声的主要来源之一。
通过表4~5对比分析可知,随着孔口外侧前、后缘圆角半径的逐渐增大,腔底中心处的近场二阶线谱噪声的变化趋势和远场二阶线谱噪声一致,两者的总体趋势均随圆角半径增大而逐渐降低,其中圆角半径R= 5.0 mm、7.5 mm处趋势略有起伏,噪声的最低值出现在前-后缘外侧圆角半径R=10 mm处,而孔口中心处的近场二阶线谱噪声的变化趋势无明显规律,且声压级幅值相差不大,进一步印证了腔底位置的脉动压力是远场辐射噪声的主要来源之一。
为探究孔口不同圆角位置对流水孔流噪声的影响,以圆角半径10 mm为例,通过后处理得到不同圆角位置的速度标量和矢量分布,如图19所示。
由速度标量云图可知,潜体表面水流在流经流水孔孔口的前缘时,由于曲率突变发生边界层分离,边界层厚度逐渐扩大,发展成具有振荡性质的自由剪切层。众多研究表明,剪切层振荡是空腔噪声的来源之一[5]。由速度矢量分布图可知:剪切层在孔口后缘附近出现了分流,一部分水流冲击后缘壁面产生回流,一部分沿后缘内侧流入腔内,还有一部分沿着后缘外侧流至潜体表面下游;流入腔内的流体冲击空腔后壁面,并沿后壁面流至腔底壁面,进而形成整个空腔回流。腔底的脉动压力常用来表征流激空腔振荡和流噪声特性。由3.3节可知,腔底的脉动压力是远场辐射噪声的主要来源之一。此外,由矢量图还可以看出,空腔内分布有大小和数量不一的漩涡,进行非定常的涡旋运动,由此产生的脉动压力也是孔腔流激噪声的来源之一。因此,流水孔的远场辐射噪声由上述三种因素共同决定。
表4可知,在孔口前缘内侧、前缘外侧、后缘内侧和后缘外侧分别进行半径10 mm的圆角处理时,前缘内侧和后缘内侧的二阶线谱噪声相较于基准工况略有降低,前缘外侧和后缘外侧的二阶线谱噪声则有明显降低。
不同圆角位置对流噪声的影响不同的原因在于,如图19所示,孔口前缘内侧圆角处理可减弱前缘内侧附近回流的边界层分离,而对孔口后缘附近和腔内整体流场影响不大;孔口前缘外侧圆角处理可减弱前缘外侧附近入流的边界层分离,另外由于曲面的导流作用,水流在到达孔口后缘之前逐渐进行了分流,从而导致水流对孔口后缘的冲击减弱,减弱了剪切层的振荡,且进一步减弱了对腔体后壁和腔底的冲击,降低其附近的脉动压力;孔口后缘内侧圆角处理对孔口后部的水流进入腔体具有导流作用,可在一定程度上减弱水流对孔口后壁和腔体后壁的冲击,降低其附近的脉动压力;孔口后缘外侧圆角处理可将孔口后部的一小部分水流导流至孔口下游,另一部分可较为平稳地沿腔内壁面附近运动,从而减弱水流对孔口后壁和腔体后壁的冲击,降低其附近的脉动压力,进而降低流噪声。经图19的矢量图对比分析可发现,前缘外侧和后缘外侧圆角处理时的孔腔后壁和腔底附近水流速度的法向分量较小,表明水流对壁面的冲击产生的反射流更少,由此引起的流噪声更低。
为分析同一圆角位置不同圆角半径对流水孔流噪声的影响不同的原因,经后处理得到如图20所示的孔口前-后缘外侧不同圆角半径下的速度标量和矢量分布图。由3.2节可知,在所研究的工况中,当前缘和后缘外侧圆角同时进行圆角处理时,流噪声性能较优,同时考虑到论文篇幅限制,故图20只展示了该工况下5种不同圆角半径下的速度标量和矢量分布图。
图20的矢量图对比分析可知,随着前-后缘外侧圆角半径逐渐增大,水流在孔腔后壁和腔底表面附近的速度法向分量总体减小,表明孔口入流对孔腔后壁和腔底的冲击总体逐渐减弱,但在半径为7.5 mm时,略有增强,导致了孔腔后壁和腔底的脉动压力总体逐渐减弱,这一点与表5中的腔底近场噪声结果保持一致。且由矢量图可知,随着前-后缘外侧圆角半径逐渐增大,空腔内的漩涡整体更少,流场更加均匀。壁面冲击减弱与漩涡数量减少这两个因素共同导致了流水孔远场辐射噪声总体随前-后缘外侧圆角半径的逐渐增大而逐渐减小。
随着前缘外侧圆角半径逐渐增大,水流流经孔口前缘产生的边界层分离逐渐减弱,但其曲面对水流的导流作用增强,会更容易使得水流在孔口后缘之前产生分流,使得水流对孔口后缘的冲击减弱,然而后缘外侧圆角半径的增大,会影响剪切层冲击孔口后缘及其分流。由图20中的标量图可知,在上述因素的共同作用下,孔口的剪切层振荡随前-后缘外侧圆角半径逐渐增大无明显变化规律,这一点与表5中的孔口近场噪声结果保持一致。由此说明,在本研究中孔口剪切层振荡对远场辐射噪声影响相对较小。
本研究以带有单个流水孔及其空腔的潜体为研究对象,对其开孔处的前、后缘分别进行圆角处理,采用流体仿真软件STAR CCM+,基于大涡模拟湍流模型和FW-H声学模型,对前、后缘不同圆角半径处理下,水流速度为10 m/s时的流水孔近场和远场噪声进行仿真计算,通过仿真分析,得出结论如下:
(1)流水孔孔口前后缘圆角处理,可以降低流水孔的流噪声(尤其是二阶线谱噪声),后缘降噪效果优于前缘,外侧优于内侧;
(2)在所研究的工况中,当孔口前-后缘外侧圆角半径为10 mm时,二阶线谱噪声降至94.03 dB(较工况1,降低9.48 dB),频率降低4.72 Hz;
(3)孔口远场辐射噪声主要受孔腔后壁和腔底的脉动压力的影响,孔口剪切层振荡对其影响相对较小。
上述研究结论可为潜体流水孔的优化设计提供一定的参考。
  • 国家部委基金资助项目(995-0204020404)
  • 海军工程大学自主研发项目(70145236)
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2025年第29卷第11期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.11.013
  • 接收时间:2025-05-14
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-14
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国家部委基金资助项目(995-0204020404)
海军工程大学自主研发项目(70145236)
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    海军工程大学 动力工程学院,武汉 430033

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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