Article(id=1241023038607650932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1241023036892172648, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.11.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747411200000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773812549496, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773812549496, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773812549496, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773812549496, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241023036892172648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='11', pageStart='1663', pageEnd='1826', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773812549088, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773812775651, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241023987245970093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1241023036892172648, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241023987245970094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1241023036892172648, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1757, endPage=1767, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241023038859309175, articleId=1241023038607650932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Simplified calculation methods for the ultimate strength of various damaged hull beams, columnId=1241023038716694896, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanic, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the influence of multiple damage modes on the ultimate bearing capacity of ship beams, the nonlinear finite element method was used to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of multiple groups of stiffened plates including pitting, fracture and sag damage modes and their combinations. The influence of multiple damage modes on the ultimate strength of the stiffened plate structure under axial compression is obtained, the ultimate strength calculation formula of the damaged stiffened plate is regressed, and the end shrinkage curves of the stiffener elements under the condition of depression, fracture and corrosion damage modes and their different combinations are constructed. The step-by-step iterative approach of the ultimate strength of the combined damaged hull beam under monotonic load is proposed, and the calculation procedures have been prepared. The actual ship calculation shows that the proposed method is simple to calculate, and the error between the proposed method and the ultimate bending moment calculation result of the finite element method is within 10%, which can be applied to the evaluation of the ultimate strength of old ships.

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为研究多种损伤模式对船体梁抗弯极限承载能力(简称极限弯矩)的影响,本文采用非线性有限元方法,进行了含点蚀、断裂、凹陷损伤模式及其组合的多组加筋板极限承载力的计算。获得了轴压作用下多种损伤模式组合对含带板扶强材(简称扶强材)极限强度的影响规律,回归出了损伤扶强材的极限强度计算公式,并构造了凹陷、断裂、点蚀损伤模式及其不同组合情况下的扶强材单元的端缩曲线。最后,提出了组合损伤船体梁极限弯矩的逐步迭代法,编制了计算程序。实船计算表明,所提方法计算简便,与有限元方法的极限弯矩计算结果的误差不超过10%,可应用于老旧船舶极限弯矩的评估。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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赵南(1985-),男,博士,研究员

吴剑国(1963-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1241023038607650932, language=CN, label=图6, caption=船体梁模型程序示意图, figureFileSmall=EjYb3CMSAgWU/wozbh3i1Q==, figureFileBig=RuoVfrSCSV6C6UV/kGF1xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241766161168269417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1241023038607650932, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Curve of locally dented and fractured hull girder, figureFileSmall=rxI9gDUTM8geCITpfDYARA==, figureFileBig=mDUYUz3+CJ6wua4HbzhyfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241766161260544109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1241023038607650932, language=CN, label=图7, caption=局部凹陷-断裂船体梁的曲线, figureFileSmall=rxI9gDUTM8geCITpfDYARA==, figureFileBig=mDUYUz3+CJ6wua4HbzhyfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241766161365401715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1241023038607650932, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Dimensional parameters of stiffened plates

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型编号横梁跨度/mm筋间距/mm带板厚度/mm屈服强度/MPa腹板高/mm腹板厚/mm翼缘宽/mm翼缘厚/mm
F-1250085073151507//
F-235008501631530014//
HP-1250085093151809//
HP-235008501431540016//
L-12500850931520069011
L-230008501131530089013
L-3350085014315350910014
L-4500085022315350910014
T-130008509315310810010
T-24500850153156131020013
T-3400085015315310810010
T-46000850253156131020013
), ArticleFig(id=1241766161461870712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1241023038607650932, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

加筋板模型尺寸参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型编号横梁跨度/mm筋间距/mm带板厚度/mm屈服强度/MPa腹板高/mm腹板厚/mm翼缘宽/mm翼缘厚/mm
F-1250085073151507//
F-235008501631530014//
HP-1250085093151809//
HP-235008501431540016//
L-12500850931520069011
L-230008501131530089013
L-3350085014315350910014
L-4500085022315350910014
T-130008509315310810010
T-24500850153156131020013
T-3400085015315310810010
T-46000850253156131020013
), ArticleFig(id=1241766161558339709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1241023038607650932, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

DOV of each model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型F-1F-8HP-1HP-7L-1L-4L-8L-18T-1T-7T-12T-18
DOV(%)612612661212661212
), ArticleFig(id=1241766161696751749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1241023038607650932, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各模型腐蚀体积损失率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型F-1F-8HP-1HP-7L-1L-4L-8L-18T-1T-7T-12T-18
DOV(%)612612661212661212
), ArticleFig(id=1241766161763860618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1241023038607650932, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Ultimate load capacity of various damage modes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型完整凹陷-断裂凹陷-腐蚀断裂-腐蚀凹陷-断裂-腐蚀
F-14.7480.95216382799279
F-82.0770.550224171171145142
HP-13.6930.59118313810010894
HP-72.3740.288244143155113110
L-13.6930.43820012813010095
L-43.0220.349229112171117116
L-82.3740.353239172185129129
L-181.5110.568265212181179170
T-13.6930.334196129160107105
T-72.2160.234253151171126119
T-122.2160.506213167177136134
T-181.3300.343290208179178165
均值(组合损伤/完整)-0.670.690.570.54
), ArticleFig(id=1241766161872912523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1241023038607650932, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各种损伤模式模型极限承载能力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型完整凹陷-断裂凹陷-腐蚀断裂-腐蚀凹陷-断裂-腐蚀
F-14.7480.95216382799279
F-82.0770.550224171171145142
HP-13.6930.59118313810010894
HP-72.3740.288244143155113110
L-13.6930.43820012813010095
L-43.0220.349229112171117116
L-82.3740.353239172185129129
L-181.5110.568265212181179170
T-13.6930.334196129160107105
T-72.2160.234253151171126119
T-122.2160.506213167177136134
T-181.3300.343290208179178165
均值(组合损伤/完整)-0.670.690.570.54
), ArticleFig(id=1241766161986158738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1241023038607650932, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Theoretical formula of damage stiffened plates

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
损伤
凹陷f=0.8419β+1.085λ-0.1306β2-2.113λβ+3.625λ2+0.2858λβ2+0.6818λ2β-4.752λ3
断裂f=0.3511β+0.876λ-0.06795β2-0.04463λβ
腐蚀f=-1.0421-0.93475β+7.2705λ-4.2672λβ+4.2518βλ2-9.8608λ3-2.3DOV
断裂-凹陷f=0.1945β+1.486λ-0.2142λβ-0.02103β2-0.4291λ2
凹陷-腐蚀f=-2.5705+1.5821β+11.2582λ-6.8039λβ+6.8658λ2β-16.1613λ3-0.44202DOV
断裂-腐蚀f=-2.2686+1.3381β+12.192λ-6.815βλ+7.5053βλ2-19.0607λ3-2.7823DOV
凹陷-断裂-腐蚀f=-0.15774-0.067794β+6.0144λ-0.027789λβ-10.1238λ2+5.4903λ3-1.8494DOV
), ArticleFig(id=1241766162086822043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1241023038607650932, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

损伤扶强材极限承载力系数拟合公式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
损伤
凹陷f=0.8419β+1.085λ-0.1306β2-2.113λβ+3.625λ2+0.2858λβ2+0.6818λ2β-4.752λ3
断裂f=0.3511β+0.876λ-0.06795β2-0.04463λβ
腐蚀f=-1.0421-0.93475β+7.2705λ-4.2672λβ+4.2518βλ2-9.8608λ3-2.3DOV
断裂-凹陷f=0.1945β+1.486λ-0.2142λβ-0.02103β2-0.4291λ2
凹陷-腐蚀f=-2.5705+1.5821β+11.2582λ-6.8039λβ+6.8658λ2β-16.1613λ3-0.44202DOV
断裂-腐蚀f=-2.2686+1.3381β+12.192λ-6.815βλ+7.5053βλ2-19.0607λ3-2.7823DOV
凹陷-断裂-腐蚀f=-0.15774-0.067794β+6.0144λ-0.027789λβ-10.1238λ2+5.4903λ3-1.8494DOV
), ArticleFig(id=1241766162174902428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1241023038607650932, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Accuracy of fitting formulas

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拟合精度参数凹陷断裂腐蚀凹陷-断裂凹陷-腐蚀断裂-腐蚀凹陷-断裂-腐蚀
R0.980.950.830.960.920.970.96
RMSE0.0230.0440.0320.0490.0190.0080.009
), ArticleFig(id=1241766163768737956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1241023038607650932, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

拟合公式的精度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拟合精度参数凹陷断裂腐蚀凹陷-断裂凹陷-腐蚀断裂-腐蚀凹陷-断裂-腐蚀
R0.980.950.830.960.920.970.96
RMSE0.0230.0440.0320.0490.0190.0080.009
), ArticleFig(id=1241766163877789865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1241023038607650932, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Validation of regression formula

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
损伤类型编号有限元(损伤/完整)公式预测值(损伤/完整)误差/%
凹陷T-120.870.816
T-180.790.812
断裂T-120.840.840
T-180.700.6310
腐蚀T-120.850.91-8
T-180.770.79-3
凹陷-断裂T-120.780.754
T-180.720.6510
凹陷-腐蚀T-120.830.804
T-180.620.66-7
断裂-腐蚀T-120.640.614
T-180.610.576
凹陷-断裂-腐蚀T-120.630.604
T-180.570.61-7
), ArticleFig(id=1241766163961675952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1241023038607650932, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

回归公式验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
损伤类型编号有限元(损伤/完整)公式预测值(损伤/完整)误差/%
凹陷T-120.870.816
T-180.790.812
断裂T-120.840.840
T-180.700.6310
腐蚀T-120.850.91-8
T-180.770.79-3
凹陷-断裂T-120.780.754
T-180.720.6510
凹陷-腐蚀T-120.830.804
T-180.620.66-7
断裂-腐蚀T-120.640.614
T-180.610.576
凹陷-断裂-腐蚀T-120.630.604
T-180.570.61-7
), ArticleFig(id=1241766164070727857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1241023038607650932, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Type parameters of Container ship

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
船体总长/m型宽/m型深/m
集装箱船33548.627.2
散货船3353618.3
), ArticleFig(id=1241766164167196854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1241023038607650932, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

集装箱船船型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
船体总长/m型宽/m型深/m
集装箱船33548.627.2
散货船3353618.3
), ArticleFig(id=1241766164246888635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1241023038607650932, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Ultimate bending moment of various damage modes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
船型损伤工况有限元法/(×106 kN·m)理论编程/(×106 kN·m)理论编程/有限元法
集装箱船完整中垂21.7121.330.98
完整中拱18.7118.640.99
凹陷中垂20.6220.180.98
凹陷中拱16.5716.841.01
断裂中垂20.0120.181.01
断裂中拱15.9416.801.05
凹陷-断裂中垂21.2921.190.99
凹陷-断裂中拱19.0318.480.97
断裂-腐蚀中垂19.4921.191.09
断裂-腐蚀中拱16.6017.671.06
散货船完整中垂6.286.180.98
完整中拱8.318.070.97
凹陷-断裂中垂6.336.601.04
凹陷-断裂中拱7.647.931.04
断裂-腐蚀中垂5.345.361.01
断裂-腐蚀中拱7.437.761.04
), ArticleFig(id=1241766164364329152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1241023038607650932, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

各种损伤模式的极限弯矩

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
船型损伤工况有限元法/(×106 kN·m)理论编程/(×106 kN·m)理论编程/有限元法
集装箱船完整中垂21.7121.330.98
完整中拱18.7118.640.99
凹陷中垂20.6220.180.98
凹陷中拱16.5716.841.01
断裂中垂20.0120.181.01
断裂中拱15.9416.801.05
凹陷-断裂中垂21.2921.190.99
凹陷-断裂中拱19.0318.480.97
断裂-腐蚀中垂19.4921.191.09
断裂-腐蚀中拱16.6017.671.06
散货船完整中垂6.286.180.98
完整中拱8.318.070.97
凹陷-断裂中垂6.336.601.04
凹陷-断裂中拱7.647.931.04
断裂-腐蚀中垂5.345.361.01
断裂-腐蚀中拱7.437.761.04
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多种损伤船体梁极限弯矩的简化计算方法研究
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赵南 1, 2 , 林楚豪 3 , 王仁华 4 , 赵新新 3 , 吴剑国 3
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2025,29(11): 1757-1767
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船舶力学 | 结构力学 2025, 29(11): 1757-1767
多种损伤船体梁极限弯矩的简化计算方法研究
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赵南1, 2, 林楚豪3, 王仁华4, 赵新新3, 吴剑国3
作者信息
  • 1.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 2.深海技术太湖实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 3.浙江工业大学,杭州 310014
  • 4.江苏科技大学,江苏 镇江 212100
  • 赵南(1985-),男,博士,研究员

    吴剑国(1963-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Simplified calculation methods for the ultimate strength of various damaged hull beams
Nan ZHAO1, 2, Chu-hao LIN3, Ren-hua WANG4, Xin-xin ZHAO3, Jian-guo WU3
Affiliations
  • 1.China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China
  • 2.Taihu Laboratory of Deepsea Technological Science, Wuxi 214082, China
  • 3.Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
  • 4.Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.11.009
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为研究多种损伤模式对船体梁抗弯极限承载能力(简称极限弯矩)的影响,本文采用非线性有限元方法,进行了含点蚀、断裂、凹陷损伤模式及其组合的多组加筋板极限承载力的计算。获得了轴压作用下多种损伤模式组合对含带板扶强材(简称扶强材)极限强度的影响规律,回归出了损伤扶强材的极限强度计算公式,并构造了凹陷、断裂、点蚀损伤模式及其不同组合情况下的扶强材单元的端缩曲线。最后,提出了组合损伤船体梁极限弯矩的逐步迭代法,编制了计算程序。实船计算表明,所提方法计算简便,与有限元方法的极限弯矩计算结果的误差不超过10%,可应用于老旧船舶极限弯矩的评估。

组合损伤  /  加筋板  /  船体梁极限弯矩  /  逐步迭代法

In order to study the influence of multiple damage modes on the ultimate bearing capacity of ship beams, the nonlinear finite element method was used to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of multiple groups of stiffened plates including pitting, fracture and sag damage modes and their combinations. The influence of multiple damage modes on the ultimate strength of the stiffened plate structure under axial compression is obtained, the ultimate strength calculation formula of the damaged stiffened plate is regressed, and the end shrinkage curves of the stiffener elements under the condition of depression, fracture and corrosion damage modes and their different combinations are constructed. The step-by-step iterative approach of the ultimate strength of the combined damaged hull beam under monotonic load is proposed, and the calculation procedures have been prepared. The actual ship calculation shows that the proposed method is simple to calculate, and the error between the proposed method and the ultimate bending moment calculation result of the finite element method is within 10%, which can be applied to the evaluation of the ultimate strength of old ships.

combined damages  /  stiffened plates  /  ultimate strength of hull beams  /  step-by-step iterative approach
赵南, 林楚豪, 王仁华, 赵新新, 吴剑国. 多种损伤船体梁极限弯矩的简化计算方法研究. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (11) : 1757 -1767 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.11.009
Nan ZHAO, Chu-hao LIN, Ren-hua WANG, Xin-xin ZHAO, Jian-guo WU. Simplified calculation methods for the ultimate strength of various damaged hull beams[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (11) : 1757 -1767 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.11.009
船舶与海洋平台结构因长期处于海水侵蚀和海浪作用的环境中,不可避免地产生各种损伤[1],如凹陷、断裂、腐蚀及其多种损伤的组合和积累,导致船体极限强度逐渐降低,危及船舶安全。现阶段国内外关于损伤船体极限弯矩的研究主要集中在单种损伤对极限弯矩的影响。在腐蚀损伤方面,通常可分为两种主要类型,即均匀腐蚀和点腐蚀。一般会假设板厚均匀减少,以计算含有腐蚀损伤的加筋板极限强度[2]。然而,腐蚀的主要形式通常是点腐蚀,导致板厚度的不均匀减薄。点蚀坑会降低构件强度,使得点蚀损伤影响大于同等体积损失下的均匀腐蚀[3],因此,点腐蚀损伤对船舶结构的安全性产生的影响不容忽视。Xu等[4]的研究发现,点蚀和均匀腐蚀导致的截面损失降低了对焊接头试件的强度,且热影响区内的点蚀导致延性显著下降,其极限强度与最小横截面的腐蚀损失率密切相关,此外,蚀坑的位置、直径和深度均会影响结构的失效模式[5-6]
针对凹陷损伤,Cai等[7]通过有限元分析,研究了凹陷长度、深度、宽度等参数对加筋板的极限强度影响。钟毅等[8]对加筋板的纵向刚度在变形前后的变化进行了研究,发现随着变形幅值的增加,加筋板的极限强度逐渐降低。胡康等[9]分析了初始变形、焊接残余应力以及它们的组合对船体板在纵向压力下的极限强度影响。
在断裂损伤方面,Paik等[10]研究了横向裂纹对钢板承载能力的影响,发现随着裂纹尺寸增大,其承载能力降低。袁园等[11]利用有限元法对中心穿透裂纹板的极限强度进行了计算,得出了裂纹板在不同加载条件下随裂纹长度增长的衰减趋势。张婧等[12]通过试验获得了含裂纹加筋板结构的极限压缩载荷、应力分布规律,得到相对于完整加筋板,裂纹的存在会削弱加筋板剩余承载能力,尤其对裂纹尖端的应力分布规律有较大的影响。
然而,目前大多数研究集中在单一类型的损伤(如腐蚀或断裂)对船体结构的极限承载能力的影响上。实际上,船舶常常同时存在多种损伤,仅基于单个受损部件的最大承载能力来评估船体结构的整体承载能力,可能导致对总体结构能力的高估。因此,有必要研究在多种损伤同时存在情况下的船舶结构的极限承载能力。
按照CCS规范,船体梁极限承载力计算的逐步迭代法是将横截面划分为三种基本单元[13]:扶强材单元、横向加筋板单元和硬角单元。鉴于150 m以上的船舶主要是采用纵骨架结构,扶强材单元(含带板)占主导,加上硬角单元的应力应变关系是按理想弹塑性模型,不考虑屈曲。因此,本文进行了轴压作用下扶强材腐蚀、断裂、凹陷及其多种损伤模式组合情况下的极限承载力的计算。根据非线性有限元计算结果回归出损伤扶强材的极限强度计算公式,构造了不同组合情况下的扶强材单元的端缩曲线,提出了计算组合损伤船体梁极限弯矩的理论方法,为损伤船体结构极限弯矩的衡准研究奠定了基础。
本文采用计算效率较高的(1/2+1/2)扶强材模型[14],利用ABAQUS软件进行有限元分析[15],模型见图1。单元的类型选用四节点壳单元(S4R),除面板宽度为90 mm,网格分为45 mm×50 mm外,其余网格尺寸均为50 mm×50 mm。边界条件为:与横梁平行的A1-A2和B1-B2边施加对称边界,B1-B2边上的所有节点的X方向位移被约束;纵向边界A2-B2和A1-B1限制X方向转角,A1-B1边上所有节点的Y方向位移被约束;A1-A2的所有节点在X方向均有相同的位移;横梁辅以边界条件代替。
本文选取了12个单跨单筋模型,其中包括了2个扁钢加筋板(F)、2个球扁钢加筋板(HP)、4个角钢加筋板(L)和4个T型钢加筋板(T),模型尺寸参数见表1,泊松比为0.3,弹性模量为206 GPa,假定钢材的应力-应变关系为理想弹塑性。
本文引入了点蚀、凹陷、断裂等三种损伤类型。点蚀的形态受多种复杂因素影响,包括结构的服役环境、构件尺度、位置以及结构板的制造工艺。根据实船腐蚀观测的结果可知,尽管点蚀在构件表面分布不均匀,但通常呈现圆柱、圆锥或椭球状的形状,其蚀坑的最大直径在25 mm~80 mm[16]。然而,与其他形状的蚀坑相比,圆柱形状的蚀坑更容易在有限元模型中进行建模,而在极限强度计算方面,蚀坑形状的差异通常对最终结果影响不大[17]。因此,圆柱形蚀坑被广泛采用。点蚀的分布、蚀坑尺寸和深度都具有复杂的随机性,其中蚀坑深度通常被视为描述点蚀演化的主要指标[18]
模拟加筋板随机点蚀损伤的主要步骤如下[19-20]:首先根据实测的腐蚀数据确定点蚀损伤的特征参数,包括腐蚀体积损失率、蚀坑直径和深度的统计值,并根据加筋板的结构参数建立其几何模型;然后将几何模型的带板划分为大小均匀的几何网格,并将网格交点作为可能出现点坑的位置;随后根据蚀坑统计参数,使用Rand函数生成随机的蚀坑直径和深度;再次使用Rand函数从上述带板网格交点中随机选择交点,将其作为可能的蚀坑位置(须判断所选位置是否与已有蚀坑位置重合;若无,则该网格交点可用;若有,则须重新随机选择网格交点,并重复上述判断过程,直至找出符合要求的网格交点);随即在所确定的蚀坑位置,根据前面随机确定的蚀坑直径,建立一个圆柱面,将其与带板几何模型发生布尔运算,构造出蚀坑区域;进一步执行上述蚀坑生成步骤直至蚀坑总体积达到了预定的腐蚀体积损失率;此后定义相应于带板和加筋厚度的壳体单元,用其划分加筋板几何模型的有限元网格;最终选择前期构造的蚀坑区域的有限元网格,根据随机生成的蚀坑深度,修改所选择的有限元网格的厚度,完成随机点蚀的模拟。本文模拟的随机点蚀中,参考了实测的蚀坑尺寸数据,确定了点蚀的尺寸参数,蚀坑直径和深度均值分别为25 mm和0.5 tt为板件厚度),标准差分别为1 mm和0.5 mm。此外,根据IACS规范的规定,腐蚀损伤程度不能超过规范限值,否则需要采取相应措施以保证船体板架结构的强度。因此,在模型中设置了腐蚀体积损失率(Degree of Corroded Volume Loss,DOV),具体数值如表2所示。
凹陷特指扶强材单元在腹板高度方向发生的塑性位移,其最大值按照规范的换板要求设定为6a/1000,其中a代表纵向扶强材的跨度。在有限元分析软件ABAQUS中,通过在靠近中部施加初始变形并使其沿两侧呈现三角函数形状进行扩散来模拟此情况[14]
对于断裂,本文不考虑裂纹扩展过程,设定为筋端部完全断裂,在有限元模型中通过删除位于加强筋与横梁交接处之间的连接单元来模拟扶强材腹板断裂[1214]
将三种不同的损伤进行组合,分别组合成凹陷-断裂,凹陷-腐蚀,断裂-腐蚀,凹陷-断裂-腐蚀四种情况,以T-1模型为例,各种损伤的有限元模型示意图见图2,其中(b)~(d)中的黑点是由于蚀坑区域采用了精细网格的效果,使用ABAQUS进行四种组合损伤扶强材极限承载能力分析。项目组还进行了多根组合损伤的扶强材的试验与有限元结果的对比,结果表明本文所述有限元仿真方法具有较高的精度,相关内容将另文详述。
使用ABAQUS软件对上述12组扶强材模型进行轴压作用下极限强度的计算。以T-1模型为例,得到多种损伤模式不同组合情况下,模型在极限状态下的变形和应力云图,如图3所示。12组扶强材模型在不同组合损伤情况下的极限强度汇总成表3
根据有限元结果得到以下结论:
(1)模型的断裂、凹陷和腐蚀均会降低扶强材的极限强度。凹陷、断裂和腐蚀三种损伤组合情况下,扶强材极限强度降低最显著,其组合损伤模型结果较完整模型结果平均下降54%,证明了组合损伤对船体结构极限强度有显著影响。
(2)凹陷损伤对断裂-腐蚀损伤的扶强材极限强度影响较小,在断裂-腐蚀损伤模型的基础上引入凹陷损伤,其极限强度平均仅下降3%。
(3)带板柔度系数变化,对组合损伤模型极限强度退化有显著影响,随带板长细比增加,极限强度退化程度越严重。相比之下,加强筋的类型对组合损伤扶强材结构极限强度退化程度的影响不大。
为了计算组合损伤的船体梁极限弯矩,本文根据有限元计算结果拟合出组合损伤的扶强材单元的极限强度计算公式,再构造其损伤后的应力-应变关系,在此基础上形成适用于组合损伤的船体梁极限弯矩逐步迭代计算方法。
由于加筋板是船舶与海洋结构的主要受力单元,其带板柔度系数、加强筋柔度系数是影响结构极限强度的主要参数。而对于腐蚀加筋板而言,腐蚀体积损失率被认为是评估其剩余强度的重要参数。因此,选取板格柔度系数、加强筋柔度系数、腐蚀体积损失率DOV作为主要影响参数,其参数定义为
式中:为屈服强度;b为带板的宽度和厚度;E为弹性模量;a为扶强材跨距,扶强材横截面的惯性矩半径;为腐蚀体积;为完整加筋板体积。
回归出计算多模式损伤扶强材极限承载力系数,即其与完整扶强材极限承载力之间比值的公式,见表4
拟合公式的验证精度见表5R方是决定系数,用来衡量自变量对因变量的解释程度。其取值范围是0到1,数值越高表示模型对数据的拟合程度越好;RMSE提供了预测误差的尺度,与实际数据的单位相同。较小的RMSE值表示预测与实际值之间的差异较小,表明模型表现较好。
为了检验回归公式的拟合质量,取10个同种损伤扶强材的计算结果进行公式拟合,然后再用余下的扶强材计算结果进行检验。检验结果见表6
表6中的误差项可以看出,拟合公式的预测值与有限元分析计算值相比,误差较小,两组数据的误差在10%之内,可见回归公式精确度较高。
把受压单元损伤折减后的临界应力,即回归公式所求损伤后扶强材单元的极限强度替代单元梁柱屈曲临界应力,代入扶强材的应力-应变关系[19],计算单元循环加载后的应力-应变关系,具体公式为
式中:为单调加载后的单元应力;为边缘函数;为加强筋的横截面面积;为带板宽度为As的净剖面积;为单元的净剖面积;为损伤折减后的单元梁柱屈曲临界应力。
根据式(2)得出不同组合损伤下扶强材单元的应力-应变关系,以T-1模型为例,其组合损伤模型的应力-应变曲线见图4。其中,完整扶强材-CSR曲线为依据规范[19]得到的完整扶强材的应力-应变曲线,理论曲线为本文回归推导出的组合损伤下扶强材的应力-应变曲线,有限元曲线为使用ABAQUS分析计算组合损伤模型得到的应力-应变曲线。
图4可得完整扶强材[19]、损伤扶强材理论和有限元方法的端缩曲线的趋势相同。相比于完整扶强材极值,损伤扶强材理论极值和损伤扶强材有限元极值降低了许多,理论值与有限元值更加接近。
基于本文的组合损伤扶强材单元的应力-应变关系,结合逐步迭代法,进行多种损伤模式组合的船体梁极限弯矩计算,并与有限元方法进行了对比。
(1)按照CCS规范[13],把船体梁的横截面划分为扶强材单元、横向加筋板单元和硬角单元;按照划分单元的规则,有序划分单元并编号;
(2)计算在静力加载作用下船体梁横截面的形心坐标,给船体梁设定一个微小的初始纵向弯曲曲率;
(3)根据横截面上各单元距离形心轴的距离,计算出各个单元此时的应变,然后根据第2节构造的组合损伤单元的应力-应变关系得到此时各单元的应力,对于受拉构件、硬角单元以及未损伤构件等的应力-应变关系,仍沿用CCS的规范定义[19],将所有单元的应力与面积相乘即可得出船体梁此时的轴力;
(4)由于应力-应变为非线性关系,每一步计算中在船体梁横截面上的单元引起的应力分布会导致中和轴位置的变化。要实现截面拉压力的平衡,需要调整其截面中和轴的位置,才可能再次满足平衡状态;根据新的形心轴位置对船体梁横截面上的单元进行计算,求得截面弯矩;
(5)当完成一次计算之后,在之前曲率的基础上增加一个曲率增量,返回到步骤(3)进行新一轮的计算,如此进行循环计算,直至计算的曲率达到要求的卸载曲率。通过多次计算得到多对数据,每对数据即表示一个曲率和对应弯矩,将这些数据在直角坐标系中汇点连线即得到船体梁的弯矩-曲率曲线,该曲线的峰值点即为对应的船体梁极限弯矩。
针对表7所示的集装箱船和散货船,使用ABAQUS软件建立船舯两个强横梁之间的单跨有限元模型。该模型采用4节点板壳单元,其中网格划分按照腹板和带板为板单元、翼缘为梁单元来划分。单元划分和边界条件选取等均按照规范[19]进行,有限元模型如图5所示。用已编制的船体梁极限弯矩Visual Basic程序,对船体梁进行建模与计算,具体界面如图6所示。
对于集装箱船,内、外底板处分别设置了两种单一损伤凹陷扶强材单元,各占内、外底板扶强材单元总数35.5%的11个加强筋腹板断裂单元和11个变形量为6a/1000(a为一跨加强筋跨长)的凹陷单元,同时,在相同位置和数量上设置了凹陷-断裂损伤和断裂-腐蚀损伤的两种组合损伤扶强材单元,腐蚀的DOV为12%,如图5(a)所示。
对于散货船,将甲板上所有的22个扶强材都设为损伤单元,在内、外底板上设有占内、外底板扶强材单元总数的46%的12个损伤扶强材单元,损伤设定为凹陷-断裂损伤和断裂-腐蚀损伤两种组合损伤(损伤程度同集装箱船),如图5(b)所示。
对船体梁进行单次静力加载,算得该荷载下的船体梁弯矩-曲率曲线。以凹陷-断裂船体梁为例,其弯矩-曲率曲线如图7所示。
分别把中拱、中垂工况下的极限弯矩结果进行汇总对比,结果如表8所示。
表8可以得到:1)损伤均会降低船体梁的极限弯矩,理论结果与有限元结果吻合较好,差值在5%左右;2)集装箱船体梁模型中垂极限弯矩大于中拱极限弯矩,散货船中垂极限弯矩小于中拱极限弯矩;3)凹陷单元造成的极限弯矩下降小于腹板断裂造成的折减。
本文进行了轴压作用下多种损伤模式扶强材的极限强度研究。构造了凹陷、断裂、腐蚀组合下的多种损伤模式的加筋板单元的端缩曲线,提出了轴压作用下的损伤船体梁极限弯矩计算的逐步迭代法,并与有限元结果进行了对比。主要结论如下:
(1)断裂、凹陷和腐蚀等组合损伤均会降低加筋板的极限强度。其中,凹陷损伤对于组合缺陷模型极限强度的影响小;而凹陷、断裂和点蚀组合对结构的极限承载能力削弱较大,对于加强筋腹板断裂、变形量为6a/1000(a为一跨加强筋跨长)的凹陷、DOV为12%腐蚀的组合损伤模型,其极限承载能力较完整模型结果平均下降54%。
(2)带板柔度系数变化对组合损伤模型极限强度退化有显著影响,带板长细比越大,极限强度退化越严重。相比之下,加强筋类型对组合损伤加筋板结构极限强度的退化程度影响不大。
(3)本文提出的计及各种损伤的船体梁逐步迭代法计算方便,其结果与有限元法误差在10%左右,可应用于老旧船舶极限弯矩的评估。
  • 国家重点研发计划资助项目(2022YFB3306200)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.11.009
  • 接收时间:2025-05-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-17
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国家重点研发计划资助项目(2022YFB3306200)
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    1.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
    2.深海技术太湖实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
    3.浙江工业大学,杭州 310014
    4.江苏科技大学,江苏 镇江 212100

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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