Article(id=1241023038515368303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1241023036892172648, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.11.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708876800000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773812549474, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773812549474, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773812549474, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773812549474, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241023036892172648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='11', pageStart='1663', pageEnd='1826', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773812549088, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773812775651, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241023987245970093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1241023036892172648, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241023987245970094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1241023036892172648, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1768, endPage=1781, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241023038813163889, articleId=1241023038515368303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Multimode vibration characteristics of flexible pipes based on a mode decomposition technique, columnId=1241023038716694896, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanic, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The multimode vibration characteristics associated with slender marine risers/pipes are widely seen in the case of complex marine environments. Firstly, by using a two-way fluid-structure interaction technique, numerical simulations were performed on the vortex-induced vibration of a flexible marine riser model subjected to shear and uniform flows. Secondly, based on the analysis of position-frequency-energy spectra, the multimode characterized vibration along the pipe span was investigated. Then, an empirical mode decomposition technique called FB-EMD, based on the Fourier transform and band-pass filter, was used to adaptively decompose the vibration data into some intrinsic mode functions. By analyzing the time-frequency characteristic information, the transient evolution characteristics of the vibration modes associated with the flexible riser model were then discovered. It is found that the phenomena of multimode vibration along the slender flexible pipes are quite common. With the increase of flow velocity, higher order vibration modes are continuously triggered, and with the energy transfer between modes, the apparent modes at different periods compete fiercely, often resulting in transient multimode coexistence. The time-frequency-energy Hilbert spectral analysis shows that the random and natural vibration modes caused by the combined effects of local vortex shedding and energy transfer from adjacent pipe sections are excited in a wide frequency band, and the energy of each dominant vibration mode is usually time-varying.

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在复杂的海洋载荷作用下,沿深海细长柔性管常出现多模态振动特征。文中首先采用双向流固耦合技术,实施了剪切流与均匀流作用下弹性管涡激振动的数值仿真。其次,利用位置-频率-能量谱分析方法,探讨了沿管轴向的多模态耦合振动响应。最后,使用一种全新的模态分解技术,对管体特定位置的振动响应信号进行自适应分解,由分解产生的固有模态函数分析振动过程的时频特征,进而获得弹性管振动模态的瞬态演变规律。研究发现:细长弹性管的多模态振动现象较为普遍;随着流速的增加,高阶振动模态不断被激发出,伴随着模态间的能量传递,各显性模态在不同时段竞争激烈,常出现瞬态共存现象。通过时间-频率-能量Hilbert谱分析发现,由局部旋涡脱落与临近管段振动能量传递共同引起的随机振动模态及固有振动模态在较宽的频带范围内发生,且各显性振动模态的能量通常都是时变的。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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韩家明(1997-),男,硕士研究生

陈正寿(1979-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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spectra related to different locations about IL and CF VIVs when Vmax=0.3 m/s, figureFileSmall=AQskzhEwsglBKZWN3Ls55w==, figureFileBig=+cTFQyDdOWuufUoC9Mlo8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241766183968510010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1241023038515368303, language=CN, label=图13, caption=剪切流速Vmax=0.3 m/s时顺流向与横流向不同测点位置处的振动位移响应TFE-Hilbert谱, figureFileSmall=AQskzhEwsglBKZWN3Ls55w==, figureFileBig=+cTFQyDdOWuufUoC9Mlo8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241766184064979003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1241023038515368303, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=TFE-Hilbert spectra at different locations for IL and CF VIVs when Vuni=0.3 m/s, figureFileSmall=xSeGr1Nn5bk8avQAdfwJsQ==, figureFileBig=mlzPona0VK9R2xEKnOGnkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241766184195002431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1241023038515368303, language=CN, label=图14, 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label=Tab.1, caption=

Key information about the pipe system

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立管特征数值单位
管体长度,L16m
FRP管外径,D34.8mm
抗弯刚度,EI575.6N·m2
顶张力,T981N
质量比,m*0.82/
结构阻尼,c2.34%/
), ArticleFig(id=1241766186032107596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1241023038515368303, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

管模型参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
立管特征数值单位
管体长度,L16m
FRP管外径,D34.8mm
抗弯刚度,EI575.6N·m2
顶张力,T981N
质量比,m*0.82/
结构阻尼,c2.34%/
), ArticleFig(id=1241766186115993680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1241023038515368303, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Test results associated with mesh independency

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网格序号控制参数评判标准参数
NCΔC/NCCD_meanCD_RMSCL_RMSfv
Mesh-1600.001 821.6421.6440.9723.749
Mesh-21200.000 911.7361.7510.9443.644
Mesh-31800.000 611.7871.7911.0263.621
Mesh-42400.000 451.8041.8161.0313.596
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网格无关性研究结果

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网格序号控制参数评判标准参数
NCΔC/NCCD_meanCD_RMSCL_RMSfv
Mesh-1600.001 821.6421.6440.9723.749
Mesh-21200.000 911.7361.7510.9443.644
Mesh-31800.000 611.7871.7911.0263.621
Mesh-42400.000 451.8041.8161.0313.596
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基于模态分解技术的弹性管多模态振动特征研究
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韩家明 , 陈正寿
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2025,29(11): 1768-1781
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船舶力学 | 结构力学 2025, 29(11): 1768-1781
基于模态分解技术的弹性管多模态振动特征研究
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韩家明, 陈正寿
作者信息
  • 浙江海洋大学 船舶与海运学院,浙江 舟山 316022
  • 韩家明(1997-),男,硕士研究生

    陈正寿(1979-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Multimode vibration characteristics of flexible pipes based on a mode decomposition technique
Jia-ming HAN, Zheng-shou CHEN
Affiliations
  • School of Naval Architecture and Maritime, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.11.010
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在复杂的海洋载荷作用下,沿深海细长柔性管常出现多模态振动特征。文中首先采用双向流固耦合技术,实施了剪切流与均匀流作用下弹性管涡激振动的数值仿真。其次,利用位置-频率-能量谱分析方法,探讨了沿管轴向的多模态耦合振动响应。最后,使用一种全新的模态分解技术,对管体特定位置的振动响应信号进行自适应分解,由分解产生的固有模态函数分析振动过程的时频特征,进而获得弹性管振动模态的瞬态演变规律。研究发现:细长弹性管的多模态振动现象较为普遍;随着流速的增加,高阶振动模态不断被激发出,伴随着模态间的能量传递,各显性模态在不同时段竞争激烈,常出现瞬态共存现象。通过时间-频率-能量Hilbert谱分析发现,由局部旋涡脱落与临近管段振动能量传递共同引起的随机振动模态及固有振动模态在较宽的频带范围内发生,且各显性振动模态的能量通常都是时变的。

涡激振动  /  模态分解技术  /  多模态振动  /  能量传递

The multimode vibration characteristics associated with slender marine risers/pipes are widely seen in the case of complex marine environments. Firstly, by using a two-way fluid-structure interaction technique, numerical simulations were performed on the vortex-induced vibration of a flexible marine riser model subjected to shear and uniform flows. Secondly, based on the analysis of position-frequency-energy spectra, the multimode characterized vibration along the pipe span was investigated. Then, an empirical mode decomposition technique called FB-EMD, based on the Fourier transform and band-pass filter, was used to adaptively decompose the vibration data into some intrinsic mode functions. By analyzing the time-frequency characteristic information, the transient evolution characteristics of the vibration modes associated with the flexible riser model were then discovered. It is found that the phenomena of multimode vibration along the slender flexible pipes are quite common. With the increase of flow velocity, higher order vibration modes are continuously triggered, and with the energy transfer between modes, the apparent modes at different periods compete fiercely, often resulting in transient multimode coexistence. The time-frequency-energy Hilbert spectral analysis shows that the random and natural vibration modes caused by the combined effects of local vortex shedding and energy transfer from adjacent pipe sections are excited in a wide frequency band, and the energy of each dominant vibration mode is usually time-varying.

vortex-induced vibration  /  mode decomposition technique  /  multimode vibration  /  energy transfer
韩家明, 陈正寿. 基于模态分解技术的弹性管多模态振动特征研究. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (11) : 1768 -1781 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.11.010
Jia-ming HAN, Zheng-shou CHEN. Multimode vibration characteristics of flexible pipes based on a mode decomposition technique[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (11) : 1768 -1781 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.11.010
随着海洋油气资源开发从近海向深海和极深海水域扩展,深海细长柔性立管的使用越来越普遍。由于实际海流的不均匀分布,大长径比的深海立管在发生涡激振动(VIV)时表现出与小长径比立管截然不同的柔性特性[1-3]。通常在柔性立管的不同区段会产生不同阶次的振动模态,而且相邻区段之间还会产生振动干扰,使得沿管轴向的振动特性变得非常复杂。近几十年来,许多学者开展了关于剪切流和均匀流作用下,弹/柔性海洋立管结构涡激振动响应的研究,与其相关的振动模态分析也备受关注[4-6]。Zhu等[7]进行了外部剪切流与内流耦合作用的相关柔性管实验研究,发现外流对管体的影响较大,同时伴随着发生多模态振动现象。Chen等[8]提出了一种基于模态能量的预测方法用来处理多模态锁定,并将该方法应用于改进后的尾流振子模型。
鉴于细长管体的振动过程通常具有非线性、非平稳的特性,涡激振动的多模态分析对信号分解手段提出了更高要求,也促进了振动信号分解技术的不断发展。Huang等[9]提出一种经验模态分解(EMD)方法,该算法将非平稳时变信号进行多尺度分解,将振动数据分解成多个信号分量,并提取各分量所携带的局部频率特征[10-11]。Wu等[12]对EMD进行优化,提出了集合经验模态分解(EEMD)方法;Rehman等[13]提出了适用于多元信号处理的多元经验模态分解(MEMD)方法。后两种方法可以看做是前一种方法的改进版,但三者都无法彻底解决模态混叠以及端点效应问题。Gilles[14]基于小波变换和窄带信号分析理论,提出了经验小波变换(EWT),该方法通过建立自适应小波滤波器组来提取信号幅度和频率调制分量,其时间频率尺度图既能反映时域特征,又能反映随时间变化的频谱特征全貌[15-16]。Dragomiretskiy[17]提出的变分模态分解(VMD)方法近年来也受到了众多关注,在K值选取合适的情况下可以有效地避免模态混叠。Chen等[18]提出了一种基于傅里叶变换与带通滤波技术的全新经验模态分解技术(FB-EMD),该方法采用自适应带宽限定,按照由高频至低频的顺序分解,使分解得到的组成信号完全符合窄带限定、两两正交,有效地解决了模态混叠现象,为时频谱分析提供了有效手段。
为准确地研究真实海洋工程中柔性立管的涡激振动响应特性,本文拟采用双向流固耦合技术,实施剪切流与均匀流作用下弹性管涡激振动的数值仿真。基于均方根振幅与位置-频率-能量(Position-Frequency-Energy,PFE)谱分析方法,探讨了沿弹性管轴向的多模态耦合振动响应。随后,利用FB-EMD经验模态分解技术,对管体特定位置的振动响应信号进行自适应分解,通过时间-频率-能量(Time-Frequency-Energy,TFE)Hilbert谱的分析方法,获取振动过程的时频特征信息,进而获得弹性管振动模态瞬态演变特性,阐述了弹性管的空间多模态分布与时频分布特征。
基于有限体积理论,所采用的LES方法通过对三维不可压Navier-Stokes方程进行滤波操作,目的是将流场中的一切流动变量分离为大尺度和小尺度湍流结构,以从流场中去掉小尺度涡,使得大尺度涡运动不受小尺度涡的干扰,导出满足大尺度涡运动的方程。如此,得到滤波后的连续性方程和动量方程公式如下
式中:ρ为流体密度;p为流体压力;uiuj为速度分量;μ为动力粘度;上波浪线“~”为对变量进行体积滤波处理;为亚格子(SGS)应力张量。其中,流场控制方程采用有限体积法离散,压力-速度耦合采用SIMPLE算法求解,动量方程采用有界中心差分格式离散。
本文所采用的弹性立管为玻璃纤维增强塑料(Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics,FRP)材质,质轻且坚硬。由于弹性管具有大长径比特性,故将其视为Euler-Bernoulli弯曲梁模型。基于有限元方法对管体的结构振动进行离散求解,离散后的管体瞬态动力学方程可表示为
式中:[M]为质量矩阵;[C]为阻尼矩阵;[K]为刚度矩阵;分别为节点的位移、速度和加速度;为管体表面的载荷激励。采用Newmark-β逐步积分法对式(3)进行求解。
双向流固耦合的过程中包含了多个内部迭代的时间步。首先由流体求解器计算得到管体上的流体力,并映射到管体结构单元上。然后由固体求解器计算XYZ三个方向上的管体运动,并作为流体网格运动条件反馈到映射界面。下一个时间步继续在更新的流体网格上求解流动方程,这个交互过程反复进行,直至全部求解时间结束。在外流的冲击下,弹性管会发生往复性振动,管体结构表面会产生较大的位移变形,这会对结构场和流场网格造成影响。因此,在物理模型中分别选择固体位移运动以及变形运动,来控制耦合交界面变形对结构场和流场网格的影响。
本文设置了剪切流与均匀流两种计算工况,用以研究弹性管在不同外流工况下对应的多模态特征。数值模型计算域设置如图1所示,将管体置于流场中距入口边界15D,距出口边界35D,距上下边界均15D的位置,其中计算域沿Y轴方向的长度与管长相等。流场计算域的左侧设置为速度进口边界,右侧设置为压力出口边界。流固耦合交界面设定为无滑移壁面,管体两端附近采用滑移壁面,其中A端为固定端,B端为铰接端,向B端施加预张力T=981 N。参考Chen等[19]的相关试验,相关参数如表1所示。沿Y轴方向施加不同的流速V(以最大流入速度Vmax作为剪切流的特征参数,以速度Vuni作为均匀流的特征参数,纵坐标y/L表示无因次化的管轴向位置),关于流速的设计如图2所示。
图3所示,流体域的网格拓扑结构采用多面体网格技术,以提高数值计算精度。在靠近管体表面的流体域对网格进行加密,对于远离管表面和尾流区域的其他流体域则采用较稀疏的计算网格,不仅可以有效减少计算量,也可以适用于后续弹性管计算出现的大变形问题。对于管体结构的有限元划分,在管体的环形截面沿周向细分为50个网格节点,沿轴向以适当的层间距拉伸成均匀的多层网格,如图4所示。
此外,为了满足LES湍流模型对计算域近壁面网格结构的计算要求,控制y+ < 1,y+的半经验估算公式如下[4]
式中:Δx是第一层网格高度。
为了降低不合理的计算网格设置对弹性管体涡激振动研究的不利影响,以刚性圆柱体作为测试对象,开展网格无关性验证。根据测试结果,选取合适的网格拓扑结构和尺寸,进而实施大长径比弹性管在不同流速下的涡激振动干涉计算。
网格无关性测试算例选取与图1相似的长方体计算域,设定圆柱体直径D=34.8 mm,长度LD,计算条件设定为雷诺数Re=2×104。网格密度的控制参数包括圆周向节点数NC,无量纲参数ΔC/NC(ΔC是圆柱体的圆周长度)。用于结果对比的评判标准参数包括拖曳力均值系数CD_mean,拖曳力均方根值CD_RMS,涡激升力均方根值CL_RMS,以及旋涡脱落频率fv,基于不同网格方案的数值仿真结果列于表2。对比结果显示,Mesh-3和Mesh-4的CD_meanCD_RMSCL_RMS以及fv的相对误差均在2%以内。为了提高计算效率和求解精度,下面选择Mesh-3的网格拓扑结构开展数值模拟工作。
在进行数值仿真前,需要通过数值模拟与实验结果进行对比以验证数值方法的有效性[1]。在当前的研究中,有两个数据集是关于公开的实验数据[20]进行对比验证的,分别为Test1103对应均匀流Vuni =0.20 m/s,Test1205对应剪切流Vmax=0.42 m/s。本文采用横流向上的管轴向RMS A/D对数值模拟与实验结果进行验证。从图5可以观察到,沿管轴向的无因次化RMS振幅在数值模拟与实验结果之间保持着良好的一致性。
FB-EMD分解技术是基于傅里叶变换与带通滤波对振动信号Xt)进行自适应分解,将其分解为一系列的固有模态函数(Intrinsic Mode Function,IMF)分量以及一个余项,用公式表示如下
式中:cit)为分解得到的第i个IMF信号组分;rnt)为分解后的剩余信号,也称为非模态项。
FB-EMD算法的分解流程如下[18]
1)对原始数据进行均值归零化处理,公式如下
式中:是预处理后得到的数据,的数学期望。
2)对执行傅里叶变换,公式如下
式中:是圆频率。
3)绘制功率谱,并以两个相邻最近的可识别的谱峰值对应的频率差值,作为最小带宽值BWmin,因此可以设定BWmin的一半为分解信号组分最大容许带宽的上限。
4)对时域信号执行希尔伯特变换获得,则关于的解析信号可用下式表示
的傅里叶变换,可表示为下列形式
由此可建立的关系,即对执行傅里叶变换,再通过式(9)便可直接得到。基于带通滤波技术,可使用式(10)的快速带通滤波器,从原始振动信号分解出一个信号组分
式中:,当m=N/2时,ω为奈奎斯特圆频率中的mjmk分别表示复数数列中的第j和第k个复数。将对应的解析信号执行傅里叶变换,可得
由此,可以确立整体振动信号与带通信号组分傅里叶变换之间的关系。
5)通过带通滤波器,由高频至低频按顺序进行筛分。可得到第一个IMF分量(IMF1)对应频带的上限值为奈奎斯特圆频率,即数列的取值上限值为第个复数。
6)确定IMF1的最大固有带宽。IMF1所对应频带的圆频率下限值与复数数列中对应序号关系式为开始向下依次取整数值,最后总能找到两个邻近值分别为mj=N/2-jmj=N/2-(j+1),其中对应截取区间的筛分信号符合,但是对应截取区间则不再符合基本带宽BBW(1)的基本条件。基于预设的窄带限定参数Cp(取1/15便可满足对于涡激振动问题的大部分分解要求)和对应于的IMF1的基本带宽BBW(1),形成一个针对此信号的最大容许带宽Cp↔BBW(1)。采用运算式,fix(mmax-(mmax-mmin)↔Cp)),mmax-1)确定IMF1对应于复数数列的取值下限序号,其中fix表示向零舍入,min、max分别表示取最小值和最大值运算。依据公式计算出IMF1的圆频率下限。确定后,便可以通过式(10)确定IMF1分量对应的傅里叶变换,由执行傅里叶逆变换,取数组的实部即可得IMF1,其满足FB-IMF的窄带限定,带宽表达式为
IMF1的固有带通滤波器可表示为
7)设定IMF1的下限阈值作为第二个IMF分量的上限阈值,重复执行步骤5)和6),即可获得IMF2。最后总能找到两个邻近值分别为mk=N/2-kmk+1=N/2-(k+1),其中对应截取区间的筛分信号符合基本带宽条件BBW(2),但是对应截取区间则不再符合基本带宽BBW(2)的基本条件。基于Cp↔BBW(2)、BWmin/2等带宽限定条件,进而确定,基于此计算得到IMF2。最后进入下一轮循环,直至信号分解从高频至低频分解结束。
8)将最后一项视为非模态项。尽管原始数据已经进行过归零化处理,但是最后一项并不一定为零。在分解过程中,当时,最后一个单组分的带宽通常是非谐波的,视为非模态项。其可能是一个单调函数或是常数,用来表示原始信号的整体趋势。
9)去除非模态项后,计算每一个IMF分量的相位与频率。
10)原始信号经FB-EMD分解后,将分解得到的所有IMF分量的时间-频率-能量绘制在一张图上,便是某一监测点的TFE-Hilbert谱,该图生动地展现出各IMF分量所对应的时频轴上的振动能量分布,其边际谱理论上为该监测点的傅里叶功率谱。
FB-EMD算法的优势是基于严格的窄带限定,通过傅里叶变换和带通滤波技术,将原始振动信号分解为一系列符合单组分标准的IMF分量。即使对于较为复杂的振动数据,其分解效率也较高。
区别于弹性支撑的刚性圆柱体所观察到的周期性涡激振动现象,沿细长弹性管发生的涡激振动现象具有显著的随机性特征,以及沿管轴向不同区段振动波形相互干扰。在实际海洋环境中,由于流速沿水深变动,依据斯特劳哈尔数计算式,可得沿弹性管轴向的旋涡脱落频率必然存在不同程度的差异。受管轴向临近区段振动影响,各区段常呈现出较为复杂的瞬态多模态振动特征。
本文选用无因次振幅RMS A/DA为瞬时振动幅度,D为立管直径)作为评估剪切流与均匀流作用下对弹性管多模态特征的基本参量[21]。由RMS A/D包络图的波峰(振动响应包络的极大值)个数可以直接读取管体的显著振动模态。图6(a)-(c)分别为3种剪切流Vmax=0.3 m/s、0.5 m/s、0.7 m/s与3种均匀流Vuni=0.3 m/s、0.5 m/s、0.7 m/s工况对应的RMS A/D包络图。
图6(a)所示,对于剪切流Vmax=0.3 m/s工况,在顺流向(in-line,IL)上为三阶振动模态占主导,横流向(cross-flow,CF)上一阶振动模态占主导,其RMS A/D最大值分别为0.12、0.22;对于均匀流Vuni= 0.3 m/s工况,立管模型顺流向与横流向上所激发出的显性振动模态分别为四阶与二阶,其RMS A/D最大值分别为0.20、0.50。可见在这两种外流作用下,流型的改变对立管横流向的最大值影响较为显著,其差值为0.28。
图6(b)所示,对于剪切流Vmax=0.5 m/s工况,立管模型的四阶、二阶振动模态分别在顺流向和横流向上被显著激发,其RMS A/D最大值分别为0.15、0.30;对于均匀流Vuni=0.5 m/s工况,顺流向与横流向分别激发出了六阶与四阶显性振动模态,其RMS A/D最大值分别为0.20、0.43。均匀流的RMS A/D最大值在横流向上仍比剪切流大,但两者的最大值差值减小到0.13。
Vmax增大至0.7 m/s时,如图6(c)所示,在剪切流工况下,管体在顺流向上激发出了五阶显性振动模态,在横流向上激发出了三阶显性振动模态,其中一个显著的包络峰值出现在y/L=0.8的位置处,这说明在该位置处管体在流体力与顶张力的共同作用下振动剧烈;在均匀流Vuni=0.7 m/s工况下,顺流向呈现七阶显性振动模态,横流向上激发出了四阶振动模态。观察发现,在这两种工况下剪切流与均匀流在横流向上的RMS A/D最大值差值较小。表明随着流速的增加,管体在剪切流的作用下,其RMS A/D值增幅更大,但在均匀流工况下增幅较小,即到达一定流速之后振动能量保持相对稳定,流速继续增加,只会使流固耦合能量传输加剧,以及沿管轴振动行波更易发生。
图7~12给出了不同剪切流与均匀流速下,顺流向与横流向的PFE能量谱[22],其中图(a)、(b)分别表示沿管轴向顺流向振动的二维和三维PFE能量谱,图(c)、(d)则表示沿管轴向横流向振动的对应谱型,图中PSD表示功率谱密度。通过研究沿管轴的功率谱密度分布,可以观察到各自振型对应交错出现的峰值和谷值。
对于剪切流速Vmax=0.3 m/s的工况,由图7(a)和7(b)可看到显性的第三阶固有振动模态和四阶次级固有振动模态在顺流向被显著激发,对应频率分别为F3rd=2.2 Hz,F4th=3.0 Hz,且第四阶次级振动模态的功率谱密度峰值约为第三阶主导模态对应值的1/3;由于各振型的谷值几乎接近于零,可以明确地判断出第三阶与四阶振动模态几乎都是以驻波形式存在。观察沿管轴向y/L的坐标位置对应的谱型,可以发现某些区域如y/L=0.05、0.33、0.68附近,其第三阶、四阶模态的振动能量大致相当;另一些区域如y/L=0.28、0.52、0.75附近,完全观察不到第四阶振动模态;某些区域如y/L=0.36、0.66附近,完全观察不到第三阶振动模态;其他大部分区域则存在三阶占主导、四阶模态伴随发生的现象,即第三阶、四阶模态共存,且主次分明地相互竞争。由图7(c)可以观察到横流向为一阶振动模态占主导,二阶为次级振动模态,对应频率分别为F1st=0.7 Hz,F2nd=1.4 Hz,并伴随产生振动能量不太显著的其他阶次振动模态。在此工况下,弹性管振动响应的一阶振动模态的能量权重较高,对沿管的振动模式贡献最大,管体的涡激振动主要表现出由基模主导的振动响应。由图7(d)可以观察到一阶主导振动模态的振型的峰值在管轴向中间y/L=0.50处,而二阶次级振动模态两个峰值并未关于管体中心对称,在靠近剪切流速较小的一侧其峰值更大。因此一、二阶主次振动模态叠加后,与图6(a)中波峰处于y/L =0.45位置基本吻合。由此可以看出,采用沿轴向PFE能量谱分析方法可以获得沿管轴振动模态的更多细节。
对于均匀流速Vuni=0.3 m/s的工况,由图8(a)和图8(b)可看出在顺流向以第四阶振动模态占主导,三阶、五阶振动模态伴随发生。其中,第四阶主导模态对应频率,其值主要取决于顺流向上的旋涡脱落频率而不再为管体的固有频率;上标“vor”表示该频率由旋涡脱落频率决定,在阶次相同但是出现频率差异的情况下,则采用“vor”后加数字编号的方式加以区分。其第三阶振动模态和五阶振动模态对应频率分别为。其第四阶主导模态的振动能量分布与图6(a)中均匀流顺流向的RMS A/D包络图振型相吻合,波峰呈现两端高中间低的趋势,而波谷的值均相等,立管模型整体的振动主要以驻波的形式存在。由图8(c)与图8(d)可发现横流向上激发出了第二阶主导模态、第五阶次级振动模态。二阶主导模态呈现出宽频带现象,对应频带宽度范围为(1 Hz,1.6 Hz)。
对于剪切流速Vmax=0.5 m/s的工况,由图9(a)和图9(b)可看出管体的振动在顺流向激发出了第四阶主导模态,第五阶次级振动模态,以及可识别的第二阶振动模态。四阶主导模态的功率谱密度4个峰值基本相等,但谷值不为0,说明四阶主导模态以驻波与间歇行波的形式存在。观察沿管轴向对应的谱型,发现在某些区域,如y/L=0.45附近,仅可以观察到四阶振动模态;某些区域,如y/L=0.29、0.5、0.75附近,则只能观察到第二阶与四阶振动模态,第五阶振动模态在这些位置未被激发。由图9(c)和图9(d)可看出在横流向激发出了二阶主导固有振动模态,以及第一、四阶振动模态能量相对较弱的两个次级振动模态。第二阶主导模态的能量分布并不均匀,以管体中部作为分界线,位于高流速区段的峰值明显高于低流速区段的对应值;另外,二阶主导模态的谷值点(谷值对应y/L坐标位置上的值)并未处于y/L=0.50的位置点,而是偏向于流速较小的一侧。表明在该流速工况下,管体位于高流速区段的振动要比管体低流速区段的振动更加强烈。
对于均匀流速Vuni=0.5 m/s的工况,管体的振动在顺流向激发出了第二阶固有振动模态与第六阶振动模态共两个较为显著的振动模态,其中第六阶振动模态对应频率为。由图10(a)与图10(b)可以看出这两个振动模态都为偶数阶模态,当管体以二阶振动模态出现时,位于沿管轴向y/Lϵ(0.5,1.0)区域的振动更为显著。在横流向激发出了双主振模态,由管体旋涡脱落所诱导的第三阶、四阶振动模态组成,以及一个可识别的第六阶振动模态。如图10(c)与图10(d)所示,三阶振动模态展现出两端低、中间高的振型,而四阶振动模态则为两端高、中间低的振型,两者叠加后,与图6(b)中均匀流横流向的RMS A/D包络图振型相吻合。当立管模型的振动模态并未锁定到某一固有振动模态时,由旋涡脱落所诱导的各模态间的能量传递会更加频繁,从而使各模态沿管轴向存在着强烈的空间竞争。
当剪切流Vmax=0.7 m/s时,由图11(a)与图11(b)可看出管体在顺流向激发出了第五阶固有振动模态,对应频率为F5th=4.4 Hz,其所对应的各功率谱密度峰值基本相等,但谷值并不为0,因此可以初步判断,沿管轴顺流向上的第五阶振动模态其波形传导以驻波为主,行波则短时出现。由图11(c)和图11(d)可发现在横流向上第三阶固有振动模态占主导,在y/L=0.8位置处的峰值异常显著。出现这种现象主要是由于在流-固耦合能量传递的过程中,位于流速较大的一侧,其流体向固体输入的能量要高于固体向流体中传输的能量。
当均匀流Vuni=0.7 m/s时,由图12(a)与12(b)可看出,在顺流向存在第七阶主导模态与第六阶次级振动模态两个较为显著的振动模态,其中的功率谱密度峰值约为的1/2。另外,在(0 Hz,6 Hz)的频率区段中可以观察到有振动能量较为微弱的多个振动模态出现。对于高流速工况,当振动模态并未锁定到立管模型的某一个或几个固有振动模态时,由旋涡脱落所诱导的各显性模态之间不仅能量传递会更加频繁,而且相邻不同阶次的其他振动模态也会被激发。由图12(c)与12(d)观察到在横流向上的多模态共存现象变得异常显著,除了第四阶主导模态之外,第一阶振动模态与第六阶振动模态的振动能量也具备一定权重,这主要是由于顺流向与横流向之间存在着较强的耦合作用所致。呈现出极不对称的空间分布,位于y/L=0.15位置处的峰值要显著高于其他峰值点(峰值对应y/L坐标位置上的值)的对应值,这表明流场与固体结构之间的耦合作用变得更加复杂,多种振动模式间相互竞争,彼此共存。
基于以上分析可以发现,不管是在剪切流还是均匀流工况下,通过PFE能量谱均能准确地分析出不同外流速度对弹性管多模态振动响应及其空间多模态的影响。沿管轴向各管段的主导模态、频率以及振动能量在空间分布上均具有一定的规律性。另外,对比这两种不同外流可以观察到,在顺流向上的主导频率约为横流向对应值的两倍。随着流速的增大,管体的振动在横流向上变化最为显著,较高的振动模态更容易被激发,而在均匀流下多种模态共存的现象要比剪切流下更加显著。
本文基于FB-EMD振动信号分解技术,对剪切流Vmax=0.3 m/s、0.7 m/s,均匀流Vuni=0.3 m/s、0.7 m/s共四个工况下,沿管轴不同测点位置的振动位移信号进行分解分析,并绘制TFE-Hilbert谱。由于TFE-Hilbert时频分析需要关于某一监测点展开,参照图6(a)的RMS A/D包络图,选定y/L =3/16与y/L=8/16两个振动强度相对较大的监测点。
图13给出了剪切流Vmax=0.3 m/s工况时,弹性管体顺流向与横流向不同测点振动位移响应的TFE-Hilbert谱。如图13(a)所示,在顺流向上,y/L=3/16测点处可以观察到第三阶模态占主导的单模态振动,其对应频率在tϵ(2 s,3 s)时段内发生了由(模态显现为三阶,对应频率由局部旋涡脱落频率决定)至F3rd=2.2 Hz的跃升,而在tϵ(12 s,13 s)时段内出现了由F3rd=2.2 Hz至下降,不过这种频率跳跃现象并不影响沿管轴呈现的第三阶振型。如图13(b)所示,y/L =8/16测点的位移响应频率也为单模态,其模态的能量分布集中,以及频率跳跃现象与监测点y/L =3/16所观察到的情况几乎一致。如图13(c)所示,在横流向上,y/L=3/16测点的位移响应频率呈现出较明显的多模态特征。主导模态F1st能量较集中,不过其附近存在较为明显的宽频带特征;F3rd的能量分布随时间呈振荡变化的趋势;能量较低,其量值在整个时间段内无显著变化。细长弹性管结构其2N阶模态F2N的频率通常不是N阶模态FN频率的2倍,加上局部流速较小,振动能量较低的情况,较难出现顺流向与横流向以固有振动模态方式同步锁定。以本算例为例,顺流向方向恰好锁定到第三阶固有模态,而横流向却不存在频率为1.1 Hz的固有模态,y/L=3/16附近管段旋涡脱落频率也不是1.1 Hz,在横流向上频率1.1 Hz临近处激发出了多个固有模态和随机振动模态,致使模态分散、跳跃现象频发。如图13(d)所示,局部流速较高的y/L=8/16测点较y/L=3/16测点的振动模态更为集中,横流向以第一阶固有模态占主导,其附近的宽频带特征有所减弱;而与顺流向同频的F3rd振动能量明显降低。观察发现,管体在顺流向与横流向各自以某一固有模态振动,形成较稳定的双谐振现象。
图14给出了均匀流Vuni=0.3 m/s工况,弹性管体顺流向与横流向不同测点振动位移响应的TFE-Hilbert谱。如图14(a)所示,在顺流向上,y/L=3/16测点处可以观察到第四阶模态占主导的单模态振动,其对应频率在tϵ(0 s,2 s)时段内发生了由(模态显现为四阶,对应频率由局部旋涡脱落频率决定)至的下降,而在tϵ(13 s,15 s)时段内出现了由的跃升。如图14(b)所示,y/L=8/16测点的位移响应频率呈现出较明显的多模态特征,主导模态仍为,其他两个显性模态分别为F5thtϵ(2 s,14 s)时段内能量分布较集中;的能量分布特征展现出由强变弱再增强的趋势,F5th振动能量分布恰好与其相反,出现由弱变强再减弱的趋势;另外,在频带范围(0.5 Hz,2.5 Hz)内有多个振动能量微弱的模态出现。如图14(c)所示,在横流向上,y/L=3/16测点的位移响应频率呈现较为明显的F2ndF3rd双模态振动。如图14(d)所示,y/L =8/16测点的多模态共存的现象更加显著,其中F1st为主导模态。从TFE-Hilbert谱中可以看出,F1st的能量分布稳定且集中,F2nd的能量较弱;F5th的能量分布特征在tϵ(5 s,6 s)时段内出现短时消失,振动能量转移至其他振动模态,这主要是由于弹性管多模态共存时,模态间相互竞争所致。相较于y/L =3/16,y/L=8/16测点顺流向和横流向的振动都较为复杂,这主要是由于该位置恰处于RMS A/D包络的波谷位置,参见图6(a),受两侧振动幅度较强管段的影响较大,由局部旋涡脱落与临近管段振动能量传递共同引起的随机振动模态及固有振动模态在较宽的频带范围内发生,振动强度不高,不易锁定至某一固定模态,各显性振动模态的能量通常也都是时变的。
图15给出了y/L=8/16测点在剪切流Vmax=0.7 m/s与均匀流Vuni=0.7 m/s工况时的振动位移响应的TFE-Hilbert谱。如图15(a)所示,在顺流向上,弹性管体在剪切流作用下呈现出较理想的单模态特征,其能量分布清晰可辨,未出现频率跳跃的现象。如图15(b)所示,在横流向上,也可以观察到较明显的单模态特征,固有振动模态F3rd频带宽度在tϵ(14 s,15 s)时段内出现短暂的下降,振动能量在tϵ(2 s,3 s)时段内呈现短时的降低。而在均匀流作用下,如图15(c)所示,尽管仍可以观察到较明显的单模态特征,但该振动模态对应的频率与振动能量分布沿时程不断变化。如图15(d)所示,横流向的振动呈现出显著的多频共存现象,其主导模态是由旋涡脱落所引起的第四阶随机振动模态,另外两个显性模态分别为F1st,其中的能量分布并不稳定,在tϵ(0 s,12 s)时段内振动能量较为显著,12 s之后能量逐渐变弱。而由F1st所引起的振动能量仅在tϵ(6 s,10 s)时段内可识别。相较于Vuni =0.3 m/s工况下,由局部旋涡脱落与临近管段共同引起的随机振动模态及固有振动模态在更宽的频带范围内发生,与图12(d)所观察到的现象相吻合。
本文基于双向流固耦合方法开展了剪切流与均匀流下立管模型的数值仿真,综合采用RMS A/D均方根振幅、PFE能量谱分析方法和TFE-Hilbert谱分析方法,分析了弹性管沿管轴向的空间多模态振动以及全局时间下弹性管的时频特征,主要结论如下:
(1)FB-EMD振动信号分解技术对弹性管涡激振动问题具有较高的适用性,能够有效地将非平稳信号分解为一系列具有明确物理含义的窄带信号组成分量,从而使得基于此振动过程的TFE-Hilbert谱可以精准、生动地展示各振动模态的瞬态时频演变特征。
(2)由均方根振幅与PFE能量谱观察发现,弹性管的振动响应呈现出明显的空间竞争模式,多模态间相互竞争、彼此共存。
(3)基于TFE-Hilbert谱,可以清晰地识别出监测点参与模态的振动能量时程变化。当振动并未锁定到某一固有振动频率时,由局部旋涡脱落与临近管段振动能量传递共同引起的随机振动模态及固有振动模态,通常会在较宽的频带范围内发生,振动强度不高,但多模态特征非常显著。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(41776105)
  • 浙江省自然科学基金资助项目(LY20E090003)
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2025年第29卷第11期
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(41776105)
浙江省自然科学基金资助项目(LY20E090003)
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    浙江海洋大学 船舶与海运学院,浙江 舟山 316022

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