Article(id=1241023038100132205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1241023036892172648, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.11.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747152000000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773812549376, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773812549376, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773812549376, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773812549376, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241023036892172648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='11', pageStart='1663', pageEnd='1826', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773812549088, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773812775651, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241023987245970093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1241023036892172648, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241023987245970094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1241023036892172648, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1690, endPage=1698, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241023038360179054, articleId=1241023038100132205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Hydrodynamic characteristics of the flow filed of underwater projectile passing through muzzle gas cloud in launch tube, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The stored air mass (i.e. muzzle gas cloud) ahead of a projectile nose in a vertical launch tube has significant influences on the flow field and loads during underwater launching. In this paper the process was simplified to an impulsively started projectile in a stationary vertical tube, which then passied through air mass with constant velocity. The flow was investigated using numerical simulation. The primary conclusions are as follows: The air mass is compressed, pushed out, entrained, and finally forms an annular oscillating bubble, which is accompanied by intense unsteady vortex around the muzzle platform and the projectile. The oscillating pressure induced by the bubble propagates through the flow field and attenuates with time and distance. The oscillating pressure can be considered as being linearly superimposed on original flow pressure, resulting in a periodic adverse pressure gradient along the projectile surface, which affects flow separation and cavitation. The oscillating drag coefficient for different volumes of the air mass can be normalized by dimensionless time defined using the velocity and equivalent spherical diameter of the air mass.

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筒口气团对水下航行体出筒过程流场与载荷特性具有重要影响。本文通过数值模拟方法,将该过程简化为航行体在垂直静止的筒中突然起动,并以定速穿越气团的过程,研究了其流场与力学特性。主要结果如下:筒口气团受航行体出筒挤压、驱赶、穿越与卷吸,在筒口平台及航行体周围形成振荡的环状气泡,筒口流场具有强烈的非定常涡运动特征;由环状气泡诱导的压力振荡影响整个流场,该压力随时间与距离衰减;流场振荡压力可近似认为线性叠加在航行体表面原有绕流压力上,使出筒过程中航行体母线上周期性地出现逆压梯度,这会影响可能在物面上出现的流动分离与空泡;在以气团当量球体直径和航速为特征量定义的无量纲时间下,不同气团体积的航行体振荡受力特性达到了归一化。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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戴旭刚(1988-),男,硕士,高级工程师,通讯作者,E-mail:

王宝寿(1963-),男,硕士,研究员。

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水下航行体穿越筒口气团的力学特性研究
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戴旭刚 1, 2 , 王宝寿 1 , 何振民 1, 2 , 许统华 1, 2
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025,29(11): 1690-1698
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025, 29(11): 1690-1698
水下航行体穿越筒口气团的力学特性研究
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戴旭刚1, 2 , 王宝寿1, 何振民1, 2, 许统华1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 2.水动力学全国重点实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 戴旭刚(1988-),男,硕士,高级工程师,通讯作者,E-mail:

    王宝寿(1963-),男,硕士,研究员。

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Hydrodynamic characteristics of the flow filed of underwater projectile passing through muzzle gas cloud in launch tube
Xu-gang DAI1, 2 , Bao-shou WANG1, Zhen-min HE1, 2, Tong-hua XU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China
  • 2.National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Hydrodynamics, Wuxi 214082, China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.11.003
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筒口气团对水下航行体出筒过程流场与载荷特性具有重要影响。本文通过数值模拟方法,将该过程简化为航行体在垂直静止的筒中突然起动,并以定速穿越气团的过程,研究了其流场与力学特性。主要结果如下:筒口气团受航行体出筒挤压、驱赶、穿越与卷吸,在筒口平台及航行体周围形成振荡的环状气泡,筒口流场具有强烈的非定常涡运动特征;由环状气泡诱导的压力振荡影响整个流场,该压力随时间与距离衰减;流场振荡压力可近似认为线性叠加在航行体表面原有绕流压力上,使出筒过程中航行体母线上周期性地出现逆压梯度,这会影响可能在物面上出现的流动分离与空泡;在以气团当量球体直径和航速为特征量定义的无量纲时间下,不同气团体积的航行体振荡受力特性达到了归一化。

筒口气团  /  数值模拟  /  压力振荡  /  涡运动  /  归一化

The stored air mass (i.e. muzzle gas cloud) ahead of a projectile nose in a vertical launch tube has significant influences on the flow field and loads during underwater launching. In this paper the process was simplified to an impulsively started projectile in a stationary vertical tube, which then passied through air mass with constant velocity. The flow was investigated using numerical simulation. The primary conclusions are as follows: The air mass is compressed, pushed out, entrained, and finally forms an annular oscillating bubble, which is accompanied by intense unsteady vortex around the muzzle platform and the projectile. The oscillating pressure induced by the bubble propagates through the flow field and attenuates with time and distance. The oscillating pressure can be considered as being linearly superimposed on original flow pressure, resulting in a periodic adverse pressure gradient along the projectile surface, which affects flow separation and cavitation. The oscillating drag coefficient for different volumes of the air mass can be normalized by dimensionless time defined using the velocity and equivalent spherical diameter of the air mass.

muzzle gas cloud  /  numerical simulation  /  pressure oscillation  /  unsteady vortex motion  /  normalization
戴旭刚, 王宝寿, 何振民, 许统华. 水下航行体穿越筒口气团的力学特性研究. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (11) : 1690 -1698 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.11.003
Xu-gang DAI, Bao-shou WANG, Zhen-min HE, Tong-hua XU. Hydrodynamic characteristics of the flow filed of underwater projectile passing through muzzle gas cloud in launch tube[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (11) : 1690 -1698 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.11.003
水下垂直弹射是航行体水下发射的一种重要方式,因其易于操作、反应迅速和可靠性高等特点被广泛采用。航行体最初通过自裂半球形隔膜密封在发射筒中[1],由于航行体头部与隔膜之间存在一定体积的空腔,空腔内的均压气体在航行体出筒过程中,受挤压后泄出筒口,形成气团,将会影响筒口力学环境。而筒口环境是影响航行体出筒过程多相流场与载荷特性的重要因素[2],同时出筒过程作为水下航行的初始阶段,其对后续过程的影响不可忽视。
目前很多学者对于出筒过程中筒口气团及其相关问题开展了研究。如闵景新等[3]研究了发射筒内均压气体及发射深度对出筒空泡的影响。李卓越等[4]研究了出筒过程中在筒口气团作用下航行体的流场与壁面载荷特性,并讨论了多种因素的影响规律。也有部分学者关注通过射流形成筒口气团,改变筒口环境以降低出筒载荷。陈飞宇等[5]、程栋等[6]研究了在发射筒口布置燃气发生器,利用燃气射流在航行器发射通道区域形成气幕,降低航行器出筒载荷。姚琰等[7]、王亚东等[8]分别针对同心筒发射方式下,筒口燃气射流形成的筒口气团对航行体受力与载荷的影响进行了实验和数值模拟研究,研究表明筒口气团会形成周期性振荡,其频率与航行体受力与载荷脉动频率相当。此外,也有很多学者关注弹尾离筒后的空泡特性及其影响。如程少华等[9]、尤天庆等[10]分别利用Rayleigh-Plesset方程,结合空泡独立膨胀原理和边界元方法对尾空泡的振荡特性及其影响开展了研究,获得了很多有意义的结果。Shi等[11]基于商业软件STAR-CCM+,采用LES方法模拟了航行体出筒后尾空泡的演化过程,并揭示了发射筒附近多次出现较大压力振荡的原因。虽然尾空泡形成的筒口气团与本文研究的出筒过程的筒口气团有一定区别,但其研究方法对本研究具有重要的借鉴意义。
综上所述,气团的演化发展及其对于筒口流场以及航行体的受力特性具有重要影响,筒口流场特性对掌握出筒过程中航行体受力情况具有重要意义。但是由于航行体出筒过程较为复杂,一方面流动本身涉及水-气密度的巨大变化,同时气泡的振荡特性与边界层流动耦合、气团与航行体相互作用使流动呈现强烈的非定常与非线性;另一方面航行体出筒过程受发射速度、加速度、横向来流速度、复杂边界等多种因素影响,导致出筒过程的影响因素过多,难以单独剥离出筒口气团的影响。本文通过将出筒过程简化为航行体突然起动穿越气团过程,研究了筒口气团的演化特性及其对于航行体流场与受力的影响,并揭示了筒口气团体积对于航行体受力的无量纲影响规律。
针对航行体水下穿越气团过程,本文采用VOF多相流模型模拟气液两相流动,气相采用理想气体模型,数值计算控制方程为非定常雷诺平均N-S方程。
多相流连续性方程为
整个计算域求解单独的动量方程,各相共享求得的速度场,如式(2)所示。
式中:为混合物密度,定义为,其中体积分数表示第k相流体体积占总体积的比例,并且有为流体微团在i方向上的速度,其计算表达式为:,其中为第k相体积分数,为第k相的密度,为第k相在i方向上的速度。为质量力,本文中为重力。为流体压力,为相体积分数的平均动力粘性系数,与密度定义的形式一致。为雷诺应力项,需要通过湍流模型来封闭方程。
本文计算流动为湍流流动。采用SST 湍流模型来建立流场中时均统计量和脉动量之间的关系,其湍动能和湍流耗散率的输运方程为
式中各系数表达式如下:为湍流扩散系数,为湍流生成项,为湍动能耗散项,为自定义源项湍流粘性系数,交叉扩散项。
采用商业软件STAR-CCM+求解器,数值离散方法采用有限体积法,时间离散为一阶隐式。压力速度耦合方式采用隐式非定常算法,压力及动量方程离散采用二阶中心差分格式。为捕捉更尖锐的空泡界面,利用高分辨率交界面捕捉格式(HRIC)来追踪气-液界面。
本文计算中采用的航行体直径D=100 mm,头部型线为一小平头外形,通过椭圆过渡至平直段,平头的直径为0.2D,椭圆长短轴比为2.5,头部型线长度为1D
本文采用重叠网格技术进行模拟航行体运动,计算域与边界设置见图1,计算域背景网格径向长度为40D,轴向为23D。发射筒内径为1.08D,始终保持静止。背景网格与重叠网格间采用零间隙网格技术以实现航行体与发射筒的适配。筒内设置两道密封环,密封环内径为1.004D,以匹配重叠网格零间隙的技术需求。航行体头部初始位置距离筒口平台一定距离,筒内存在一定体积的预置气体。通过调节距离以模拟不同的筒内初始气体体积,本文共模拟了初始气体为0.8~1.5倍航行体头部空腔容积的出筒过程。筒口上方为水流域,域内流体初始为静止状态。航行体初始处于静止状态。计算开始时,赋予航行体一个恒定向上运动速度,直至其完全出筒,计算结束。
为兼顾计算精度与计算资源,本文利用该问题的轴对称特性,采用1/4回转体模型,并结合网格局部加密技术;航行体重叠网格区域采用结构化网格,网格数约为900万;背景网格数约为400万,网格总数量约为1300万。网格及局部细节图见图2。航行体出筒空泡模拟方法及其网格验证见文献[12]。此外,对计算时间步长进行了独立性验证。不同步长下头部阻力的计算结果见图3,结果表明在当前步长范围内,计算结果保持收敛。综合网格与时间步长分析结果,最终确定本文航行体表面网格尺寸约为,算例CFL数为0.6,计算时间步长为,单个算例耗时约2100~2300核时。采用全y壁面处理方法以解析近壁面流动细节。
本节首先针对航行体穿越气团出筒过程进行分析,计算工况为航行体给定初始恒定速度u0=5.343 m/s,雷诺数Re=600 000。文中所有参数表述均进行了无量纲化,,头部阻力系数,式中x1为航行体系坐标,Fd为航行体头部阻力,S为航行体截面面积,特征量分别为D=0.1 m,t0=u0/D=18.72 ms,p0=101 325 Pa,
由于空泡是筒口环境的主要影响因素,首先分析筒口气团与航行体的相互作用过程。图4给出了航行体突然起动过程中空泡形态的演化过程,其中空泡界面显示气相体积分数为0.5。
图4所示,在初始t*=0.5~1.0时刻,由于航行体向上运动导致筒口预置气体受到挤压,并从筒口大量泄出;随后在航行体壁面附近的剪切与卷吸作用下,形成环状气泡,如同“项圈”缠绕在航行体周围。随着航行体的运动,筒内气体持续排出;当t*=1.5时刻,航行体头部已经完全出筒,筒内气体已完全排出,但此时环状气泡体积并未达到最大,与t*=1.0时刻相比,环状气泡的形态发生明显收缩,这是由于受到挤压的气泡内部压力与环境不平衡引起;当t*=2.0时刻,环状气泡再度膨胀,体积得到恢复,表明环状气泡演化存在一个明显的振荡过程,同时环状气泡收缩膨胀与航行体发生相互作用,会在航行体表面形成附着气泡,说明了环状气泡内部还存在复杂的流动;当t*=2.5~3.0时刻,随着航行体的继续运动,附着气泡向下滑移并消失,环状气泡由于空泡界面的不稳定性最终发生破碎。
为进一步研究环状气泡的演化过程,图5给出了对称面相图与压力图。从图中可以看出,在t*=1.074时刻,由于筒口附近流动的复杂性,初始环状气泡内部截面并非规则的圆形,其内侧与航行体作用形成附着空泡,且内侧附着空泡与外侧空泡通过一个通道保持连通。由压力图可以看出,此时筒口附近与泡内压力明显低于远处环境压力,表明在t*<1.074时刻,气泡受航行体挤压从而压力上升之后,一定存在因气泡过膨胀而压力下降乃至低于环境压力的过程。在t*=1.414时刻,空泡形态发生了明显的改变,外侧空泡体积明显减小,内侧空泡体积开始增大,同时伴随着泡内压力明显提升。在t*=1.660时刻,筒口与空泡的压力达到最大,明显高于远处环境压力;同时外侧空泡形态发生明显坍缩,体积降至最小,内侧气泡明显增大。在t*=1.904时刻,空泡压力再度下降,同时外侧空泡体积得以稍许恢复。通过t*=1.074~1.904时刻之间的环状气泡演化过程可以看出,环状气泡会经历明显的周期性膨胀与收缩过程,并对筒口环境有重要影响。
下面进一步研究环状气泡的振荡对于筒口流场环境的影响,图6给出了筒口平面的压力变化特征。图6(a)为筒口平面压力监测线示意图,图6(b)为监测线压力随时间变化的压力云图,图6(c)为距离筒口5个特定距离的压力监测点随时间变化曲线。
图6(b)可以看出,受到筒口气泡振荡的影响,整个筒口平面均处于一个压力周期振荡的环境中。且离筒口距离越近的位置,其影响越显著。
图6(c)可以看出,不同距离的测点的压力振荡周期性较为一致,但是振荡幅值明显不同。距离筒口1D的监测点,其压力峰谷幅值在本文数值模拟条件下最高达到5倍动压,显然振荡幅值取决于航行体运动速度,即筒口气团受挤压的剧烈程度。并且压力振荡幅值随时间呈现一定的衰减特性,经过三个周期后的峰谷幅值衰减至4倍动压。对比距筒口不同距离处的压力可以看出,不同位置的周期与相位基本一致,不同的是,距离筒口越近,振荡幅值越大。此外,我们发现图5t*=1.074~1.904四个时刻分别对应了波谷、波节、波峰与波节。由图6(c)同一时刻不同Ly*压力可知,在波谷时刻,筒口远端压力明显高于近端;随后两端压力差开始减小,在波节时刻基本消失;随后压力梯度开始反向,在波峰时刻达到反向极值,筒口近端压力远高于远端。上述结果表明,气泡振荡过程直接改变了筒口区域的压力梯度。
进一步分析筒口压力振荡环境对航行体流场与受力的影响,相比于固定表面的压力特性,航行体不断运动,其周围流场会同时耦合航行体边界层绕流,更为复杂。图7给出了四个典型压力振荡时刻的流场特征。
图7可知,筒口流场在航行体壁面剪切与卷吸的作用下会形成涡环结构。而涡的运动会受到筒口环境径向压力梯度的影响。由前文可知,在波谷t*=1.074时刻,筒口远端压力高于近端,涡会加速向航行体靠近;在波节t*=1.414时刻,其速度开始减速,于波峰t*=1.660时刻最接近航行体,此后涡会远离航行体运动。
结合图7中的速度场可以看出,由于t*=1.074时刻涡距离航行体较远,其对流场的主要影响是诱导出背离壁面的速度,涡的能量主要集中于图中左侧(箭头);t*=1.414时刻涡靠近航行体,携带流体向航行体运动,并在航行体后端诱导出向航行体头部的流动;t*=1.660时刻涡最接近航行体,涡的能量主要集中在靠近航行体一侧,此时涡诱导的二次流动最强;t*=1.904时刻涡离开航行体,并携带流体一同离去,由此诱导出背离壁面的二次流动。
当涡携带流体靠近航行体表面时,对航行体表面的流动起到加速作用,引起表面压力上升,阻力增大;而当涡携带流体离开时,压力下降,阻力减小。涡的运动引起了航行体受力的振荡,图8给出了航行体头部压力演化的特征压力云图。由图8可以看出,航行体头部的压力特征与筒口平面的压力特征具有相似性,均呈现了周期性的振荡;与筒口平台固定平面的衰减特性不同的是,前者振荡幅值衰减得更快,这是因为航行体头部内压力叠加有航行体运动(使其远离振荡源)的影响。图9给出了航行体头部压力特征监测点的压力变化曲线。
图9(a)可看出航行体表面呈现出明显的振荡特征。由前文分析可知,航行体向上运动时的表面压力主要受两个因素影响:一是由航行体的绕流特性及当地静压所决定的绕流基准压力,航行体位置不同的基准压力也不同;第二个是受到筒口气团振荡引起的振荡压力。这两种因素通过筒口的涡系运动相互耦合。在航行体定常绕流条件下,不同监测位置的基准压力并不相同,将图9(a)各曲线的值扣除其对应的基准压力后得到图9(b)所示的振荡压力。由图9(b)振荡压力变化特征可知,各监测点压力的振荡特性呈现明显的规律性:其振荡相位一致,周期相同,均围绕零点波动;监测点离筒口越远,振荡幅值越小;离筒口越近,振荡幅值越大。这也表明航行体表面的压力由绕流基准压力与振荡压力两部分近似线性叠加而成,这大大方便了力学特征的数学建模。
航行体表面整体压力幅值改变的同时,其轴向压力梯度也会发生改变。图10给出了在振荡的波谷与波峰时刻,航行体头部的表面压力分布情况。
图10可以看出,在振荡的波谷时刻如t*=1.074等,航行体整体表现为顺压梯度,振荡波峰时刻如t*=1.660等,航行体头部的大部分区域处于逆压梯度区间。过大的表面逆压梯度会改变航行体的绕流特性,可能引发航行体表面的流动分离及空泡形态变化。
筒口气体的体积是影响上述过程的重要因素,为此,本节进一步研究其对航行体受力特性的影响。本文在相同速度的条件下,通过改变初始航行体距离筒口的位置,模拟不同气体体积下航行体出筒过程。上述的筒口气体体积指排出的气体体积,其计算时未考虑筒内侧密封环与航行体间隙的体积。该体积以航行体头部容积为参考进行无量纲化。不同气体体积条件下航行体出筒过程中头部整体受力如图11所示。
图11可知,航行体的受力与表面压力的变化规律保持一致,均存在明显的振荡,且幅值随时间衰减,表明航行体头部受力特性主要由压力波动引起。在不同气体体积下,航行体头部阻力的振荡周期存在一定的差别:排出气体体积越大,振荡周期越长。
受扰动的球形气泡,其振荡频率与直径直接相关。因此,以排出气体体积V对应的等效球形气泡直径D*为特征长度进行量纲分析,引入新的无量纲时间,其中等效航行体头部容积,为排除气体体积。对不同气体体积工况下的航行体受力数据进行归一化,得到图12。可以看出,不同工况下的受力曲线随无量纲时间的振荡规律基本吻合,周期基本一致,仅初始幅值略有差异。可见,当航行体运动状态一定时,其受力的振荡特性主要由气泡的等效直径决定。
本文针对航行体突然起动并以定速穿越气团过程的空泡与力学特性进行了研究,得到如下主要结论:
(1)筒口气团因航行体出筒压缩泄出形成环状气泡,并伴随有强烈的涡运动特征;环状气泡因受初始扰动,其内外压不平衡,从而产生压力振荡并影响筒口环境;与气泡形态演化的复杂性不同,筒口环境压力呈现较为规则的振荡特性。
(2)筒口压力振荡幅值随时间与距离变化发生衰减,沿筒口平台径向产生压力梯度,进一步驱动涡运动与航行体绕流相互作用,影响航行体受力特性;航行体表面的压力可由绕流压力与振荡压力两部分近似线性叠加而成。
(3)航行体在筒口气团振荡压力峰值附近特定时期内,沿表面母线轴向会产生较大的逆压梯度,这对于气团与航行体相互作用以及表面空泡形态具有重要影响。
(4)在相同航行体出筒速度条件下,初始筒口气团体积越大,其对应的环状气泡振荡周期越长;其周期与初始气团边界形状几乎无关,主要由气体等效球形直径决定;不同体积的筒口气团航行体振荡受力特性,可通过以气团当量球体直径及航速为特征量的无量纲时间归一化。
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2025年第29卷第11期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.11.003
  • 接收时间:2025-05-14
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-14
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    1.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
    2.水动力学全国重点实验室,江苏 无锡 214082

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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