Article(id=1324427096382124698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1324426994615727048, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.09.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1778515200000, receivedDateStr=2026-05-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793697626442, onlineDateStr=2026-11-03, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793697626442, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793697626442, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793697626442, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324426994615727048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='9', pageStart='1397', pageEnd='1576', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793697602180, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793699937016, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324436787699000005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1324426994615727048, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324436787699000006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1324426994615727048, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1483, endPage=1494, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324427096570868379, articleId=1324427096382124698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Time-frequency inversion of multi-directional random waves based on ship motion information, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Real-time inversion of wave parameters in actual oceans using ship motion sensor data holds significant value for ship performance research. Compared to direct measurement methods, this indirect inversion approach offers advantages in real-time capability, cost efficiency, and ease of installation. Based on potential flow theory, this paper derives the wave-induced hull motion transfer function (response amplitude operator, RAO) using the principle of linear superposition. Combined with Kalman filtering (KF) technology, a time-frequency inversion model for wave parameters is proposed. The objective is to inversely determine the wave height time history and directional spectrum of random multi-directional waves based on the ship's multi-degree-of-freedom motion. Testing and validation were conducted using simulated multi-degree-of-freedom ship motion signals with noise as input. Results demonstrate that the KF model can effectively inverts directional spectra and wave height time histories for each principal wave direction and sea state level, with a maximum significant wave height inversion error of 10.08%. This indicates the KF model's potential for inverting wave directional spectra in real ocean environments.

, authors=Zhen-tao JIANG1, Wen-wei WU1, Cai-xia JIANG1, Yi-cong LU2, Wen-hua XU3, authorsList=Zhen-tao JIANG, Wen-wei WU, Cai-xia JIANG, Yi-cong LU, Wen-hua XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324427121191433143, articleId=1324427096382124698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=基于船舶运动信息的随机多向波浪时频反演研究, columnId=1241023038087549292, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=流体力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

利用船舶运动传感数据实时反演真实海洋中的波浪参数对船舶性能研究具有很高的价值,相比于直接测量方法,这种间接反演方法在实时性、投入成本和安装简便性方面均更有优势。本文基于势流理论,通过线性叠加原理获得波浪诱导船体运动传递函数(RAO),结合卡尔曼滤波(KF)技术,提出了一种波浪参数时频反演模型(简称KF模型),目的在于基于船舶多自由度运动反演随机多向波浪的波高时历和方向谱。通过生成带有噪声的船舶多自由度运动模拟信号作为输入进行测试和验证,结果表明,KF模型可以有效反演各主浪向、各级海况的方向谱和波高时历,有义波高反演相对误差最大为10.08%,表明了KF模型具有反演真实海洋环境中波浪方向谱的潜能。

, authors=蒋镇涛1, 吴文伟1, 蒋彩霞1, 陆奕聪2, 徐文华3, authorsList=蒋镇涛, 吴文伟, 蒋彩霞, 陆奕聪, 徐文华, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

蒋镇涛(1994–),男,博士研究生,工程师,E-mail:

徐文华(1991–),男,博士,高级实验师,通讯作者,E-mail:

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324427245804200583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324427096382124698, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Calculation cases with single motion signal input

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工况有义波高 /m平均周期 /s主浪向 /°输入信号
Case1280垂荡
Case2280横摇
Case3280纵摇
), ArticleFig(id=1324427245871309448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324427096382124698, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

单一运动信号输入计算工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况有义波高 /m平均周期 /s主浪向 /°输入信号
Case1280垂荡
Case2280横摇
Case3280纵摇
), ArticleFig(id=1324427245942612617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324427096382124698, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Calculation cases of multi-degree-of-freedom motion signal as input

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况有义波高 /m平均周期 /s主浪向 /°输入信号
Case4180垂荡+横摇+纵摇
Case5280垂荡+横摇+纵摇
Case6480垂荡+横摇+纵摇
Case7270垂荡+横摇+纵摇
Case8290垂荡+横摇+纵摇
), ArticleFig(id=1324427246001332874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324427096382124698, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

多自由度运动信号输入计算工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况有义波高 /m平均周期 /s主浪向 /°输入信号
Case4180垂荡+横摇+纵摇
Case5280垂荡+横摇+纵摇
Case6480垂荡+横摇+纵摇
Case7270垂荡+横摇+纵摇
Case8290垂荡+横摇+纵摇
), ArticleFig(id=1324427247704220299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324427096382124698, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Statistics on calculation errors for various operating conditions

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工况有义波高$ {h}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $ /m反演误差平均周期$ {T}_{01} $ /s反演误差
Case4($ {h}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $=1 m, $ {T}_{01} $=8 s)0.91408.60%7.92950.88%
Case5($ {h}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $=2 m, $ {T}_{01} $=8 s)1.82808.60%7.92930.88%
Case6($ {h}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $=4 m, $ {T}_{01} $=8 s)3.64358.91%7.91061.12%
Case7($ {h}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $=2 m, $ {T}_{01} $=7s)1.798510.08%6.91011.28%
Case8($ {h}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $=2 m, $ {T}_{01} $=9 s)1.86036.99%8.91260.97%
), ArticleFig(id=1324427247788106380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324427096382124698, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各工况计算误差统计

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工况有义波高$ {h}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $ /m反演误差平均周期$ {T}_{01} $ /s反演误差
Case4($ {h}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $=1 m, $ {T}_{01} $=8 s)0.91408.60%7.92950.88%
Case5($ {h}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $=2 m, $ {T}_{01} $=8 s)1.82808.60%7.92930.88%
Case6($ {h}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $=4 m, $ {T}_{01} $=8 s)3.64358.91%7.91061.12%
Case7($ {h}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $=2 m, $ {T}_{01} $=7s)1.798510.08%6.91011.28%
Case8($ {h}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $=2 m, $ {T}_{01} $=9 s)1.86036.99%8.91260.97%
), ArticleFig(id=1324427247863603853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324427096382124698, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Error statistics of inverse calculation of hs and T01 with different initial values

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hsT01主浪向 /°初始值hs估计值 /m误差(%)T01估计值 /s误差(%)
4 m8 s003.6575338.577.9129361.09
0-0.013.6599378.507.9133431.09
0-0.13.7739405.657.5915315.11
0-0.24.0791141.976.85737414.29
6003.8186514.527.9456466.75
0-0.013.8170044.577.9499890.63
0-0.13.8867812.827.6837273.95
0-0.24.1325693.306.98414112.7
2 m9 s001.8618856.908.9003661.11
0-0.011.8640096.808.8927211.19
0-0.12.0606663.057.4383317.02
0-0.22.56571828.305.83536935.16
6001.9225923.908.8024272.20
0-0.011.9168304.158.8085172.13
0-0.12.0546282.707.2945878.82
0-0.22.53084726.555.55699138.25
), ArticleFig(id=1324427247943295630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324427096382124698, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同初始状态向量下hs,T01反演误差统计表

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hsT01主浪向 /°初始值hs估计值 /m误差(%)T01估计值 /s误差(%)
4 m8 s003.6575338.577.9129361.09
0-0.013.6599378.507.9133431.09
0-0.13.7739405.657.5915315.11
0-0.24.0791141.976.85737414.29
6003.8186514.527.9456466.75
0-0.013.8170044.577.9499890.63
0-0.13.8867812.827.6837273.95
0-0.24.1325693.306.98414112.7
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工况主方向 /°反演误差 /°hs /m反演误差 $ {T}_{01} $ /s反演误差
Case500.0091.82808.60%7.92930.88%
Case9602.2801.91064.47%7.89801.28%
Case101204.2131.84987.51%7.66874.14%
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Case500.0091.82808.60%7.92930.88%
Case9602.2801.91064.47%7.89801.28%
Case101204.2131.84987.51%7.66874.14%
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基于船舶运动信息的随机多向波浪时频反演研究
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蒋镇涛 1 , 吴文伟 1 , 蒋彩霞 1 , 陆奕聪 2 , 徐文华 3
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2026,30(9): 1483-1494
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船舶力学 |流体力学 2026 , 30 (9) : 1483 -1494
基于船舶运动信息的随机多向波浪时频反演研究
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蒋镇涛1 , 吴文伟1, 蒋彩霞1, 陆奕聪2, 徐文华3
作者信息
  • 1中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 2中山大学 海洋工程与技术学院,广东 珠海 519082
  • 3哈尔滨工程大学 船舶工程学院,哈尔滨 150001
作者简介:

蒋镇涛(1994–),男,博士研究生,工程师,E-mail:

徐文华(1991–),男,博士,高级实验师,通讯作者,E-mail:

Time-frequency inversion of multi-directional random waves based on ship motion information
Zhen-tao JIANG1 , Wen-wei WU1, Cai-xia JIANG1, Yi-cong LU2, Wen-hua XU3
Affiliations
  • 1China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China
  • 2School of Ocean Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
  • 3College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.09.008
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利用船舶运动传感数据实时反演真实海洋中的波浪参数对船舶性能研究具有很高的价值,相比于直接测量方法,这种间接反演方法在实时性、投入成本和安装简便性方面均更有优势。本文基于势流理论,通过线性叠加原理获得波浪诱导船体运动传递函数(RAO),结合卡尔曼滤波(KF)技术,提出了一种波浪参数时频反演模型(简称KF模型),目的在于基于船舶多自由度运动反演随机多向波浪的波高时历和方向谱。通过生成带有噪声的船舶多自由度运动模拟信号作为输入进行测试和验证,结果表明,KF模型可以有效反演各主浪向、各级海况的方向谱和波高时历,有义波高反演相对误差最大为10.08%,表明了KF模型具有反演真实海洋环境中波浪方向谱的潜能。

卡尔曼滤波  /  波浪反演  /  船舶运动  /  波浪诱导船体运动RAO

Real-time inversion of wave parameters in actual oceans using ship motion sensor data holds significant value for ship performance research. Compared to direct measurement methods, this indirect inversion approach offers advantages in real-time capability, cost efficiency, and ease of installation. Based on potential flow theory, this paper derives the wave-induced hull motion transfer function (response amplitude operator, RAO) using the principle of linear superposition. Combined with Kalman filtering (KF) technology, a time-frequency inversion model for wave parameters is proposed. The objective is to inversely determine the wave height time history and directional spectrum of random multi-directional waves based on the ship's multi-degree-of-freedom motion. Testing and validation were conducted using simulated multi-degree-of-freedom ship motion signals with noise as input. Results demonstrate that the KF model can effectively inverts directional spectra and wave height time histories for each principal wave direction and sea state level, with a maximum significant wave height inversion error of 10.08%. This indicates the KF model's potential for inverting wave directional spectra in real ocean environments.

Kalman filter  /  wave inversion  /  ship motion  /  wave-induced hull motion RAO
蒋镇涛, 吴文伟, 蒋彩霞, 陆奕聪, 徐文华. 基于船舶运动信息的随机多向波浪时频反演研究. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (9) : 1483 -1494 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.09.008
Zhen-tao JIANG, Wen-wei WU, Cai-xia JIANG, Yi-cong LU, Wen-hua XU. Time-frequency inversion of multi-directional random waves based on ship motion information[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (9) : 1483 -1494 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.09.008
海洋环境中的波浪是海洋科学、船舶工程、远洋航运等诸多领域中大多数科学和工程问题的基本驱动力,波浪的估计在上述领域都至关重要。波浪估计主要包括波高时历、定向波谱和方向谱等时频信息,其在船舶设计、航线规划、航行操作、保险规则、事故调查等关键环节均有应用。波浪的估计手段主要包括两类:一类是浮标、测波雷达、卫星、双目测波装置等直接测量手段[1-3];另一类是通过船舶多自由度运动反演波浪参数的间接估计手段[4-5]。直接测量手段在过去的 30 年中取得了发展,尤其是双目测波、雷达测波等随船测波技术的应用解决了固定式测波设备灵活性差、测量范围小的问题,但仍有诸多局限,如:测试设备自身随船运动补偿机制缺失、长期测量受限、实时分析计算资源不足以及设备部署的协调规划、定期校准维护等问题。随着绿色化转型和数字化时代的到来,出于安全、减排和检查的要求,服役船舶对波浪估计的需求日益旺盛,间接测量手段具有低成本、高实时性、抗干扰的自然优势,通过船舶运动间接反演波浪时频信息,该方法迎来新的发展机遇。
通过船舶运动反演波浪参数的研究方法,根据是否对波浪谱进行假设,可分为有参数和无参数两类。有参数方法需假定波浪谱的形式,构建估计波浪谱与实际波浪谱之间的误差函数,通过若干误差最小化的数值优化方法反演波浪谱,因此仅能在频域范围内开展研究,国内外学者开展了相关研究[6-8]。不同于有参数方法,无参数方法不需要对波浪谱的具体形式进行假设,基于卡尔曼滤波技术的KF模型遵循无参数方法理念,直接在离散时间域构建波浪谱的状态空间方程,利用波浪诱导船舶运动传递函数构建具备相位解析能力的波浪参数时频反演模型,在处理传感器噪声干扰以及反演不确定度建模方面具有显著优势。
目前,国内外许多学者利用KF模型研究如何通过船舶运动反演波浪参数。Isnaini等[9]建立了定向波谱、方向波谱以及波高时历的零航速反演模型并开展仿真计算分析,Kim等[10-11]在此基础上利用维纳滤波方法修正垂荡运动传递函数,解决了大尺度船舶运动反演波浪在高频区域遇到的发散问题。Komoriyama[12]通过水池试验研究了零航速船模在不同浪向下的定向波谱和波高时历反演问题,发现使用运动信号反演波浪参数比使用船体梁应力信号能取得更好的反演效果。国内学者中仅有秦艺超[13]利用KF模型基于船体重心处的垂荡信号开展了相关研究,在仿真环境进行原理性测试,但未考虑传感器信号特征和初始估计误差。综上所述,当前研究大多集中在使用船体重心垂荡单一运动信号反演波浪参数,而未对船舶多源运动信号融合对反演效果的影响进行深入研究。
本文基于卡尔曼滤波技术,建立基于船舶运动信息的随机多向波浪时频反演模型(简称KF模型),分析信号融合对反演效果的提升效果,以及运动信号类型对不同浪向工况反演的敏感度,自主开发反演程序,以某试验船为例,利用船体重心处单一及组合运动信号开展不同浪向下的波浪时频反演计算与分析。
本文利用卡尔曼滤波技术,以船舶多自由度运动为输入,建立随机多向波浪的时频反演方法。卡尔曼滤波是一种用于估计系统在给定时间点状态的算法,基于测量模型以及系统模型进行估计,其本质是一种滤波器,通过最小化均方估计误差来优化估计。KF模型包含两个基本模型:系统模型和量测模型,分别对应预测和更新步骤。
在波浪反演场景中,将需要反演的未知方向谱在频率和浪向两个维度离散成若干个规则波的线性叠加,以状态空间矩阵xk的形式表示t = k时刻所有规则波的幅值和相位组合。
系统模型描述波浪参数xk从t = k到t = k+1时刻的演化,计入模型过程噪声ωk,公式为
$ x_{k+1}={{\boldsymbol{A}}}_{k}x_{k}^{}+{\omega }_{k} $
其中,$ {{\boldsymbol{A}}}_{k} $为状态转移矩阵。通常实际海域的波浪谱变化是以小时、天或者更长的时间为单位进行描述,而KF模型的迭代时间步长通常为秒级,可以认为在相邻时刻,实际波浪谱变化很小,因此本文将状态转移矩阵$ {{\boldsymbol{A}}}_{k} $设为单位矩阵,用于先验估计。
量测模型用于建立系统状态(波浪参数xk)与系统测量(船舶运动zk)之间的数学关系,计入量测噪声vk,公式为
$ z_{k}^{}={{\boldsymbol{H}}}_{k}x_{k}^{}+{v}_{k} $
其中,$ {{\boldsymbol{H}}}_{k} $为船舶运动量测矩阵,在本研究中为从波浪参数到船体运动的传递函数(RAO)。
过程噪声ωk和量测噪声vk的协方差表示为
$ {\boldsymbol{Q}}={\boldsymbol{E}}[{\omega }_{k}\omega _{k}^{{\mathrm{T}}}] $
$ {\boldsymbol{R}}={\boldsymbol{E}}[{v}_{k}v_{k}^{{\mathrm{T}}}] $
上面介绍了KF模型的两个基本模型,下面介绍KF模型的两个核心递归步骤:预测步骤和更新步骤。
预测步骤在初始时刻使用粗略的状态估计值$ {\hat{x}}_{\overline{1}} $和预测误差协方差阵$ {\boldsymbol{P}}_{1}^{-} $作为输入。在这个步骤中,根据当前时刻更新步骤计算的状态后验估计$ \hat{x}_{k}^{} $,计算下一时刻的状态先验估计$ {\hat{x}}_{\overline{k}+1} $。同时,计算下一时刻的先验估计协方差阵$ {\boldsymbol{P}}_{k+1}^{-} $。卡尔曼滤波增益$ {\boldsymbol{K}}_{k}^{} $用于平衡波浪状态系统模型和实际船舶运动测量模型之间的权重。$ {\hat{x}}_{\overline{k}+1} $、$ {\boldsymbol{P}}_{k+1}^{-} $和$ {\boldsymbol{K}}_{k}^{} $的计算公式为
$ {\hat{x}}_{\overline{k}+1}={{\boldsymbol{A}}}_{k}\hat{x}_{k}^{} $
$ {\boldsymbol{P}}_{k+1}^-={{\boldsymbol{A}}}_{k}{\boldsymbol{P}}_{k}^{}{{\boldsymbol{A}}}_{k}{}^{{\mathrm{T}}}+{{\boldsymbol{Q}}}_{k} $
$ {\boldsymbol{K}}_{k}^{}={\boldsymbol{P}}_{k}^-{{\boldsymbol{H}}}_{k}{}^{{\mathrm{T}}}{({{{\boldsymbol{H}}}_{k}}{{\boldsymbol{P}}_{k}^-}{{{\boldsymbol{H}}}_{k}}{{}^{{\mathrm{T}}}}+{{{\boldsymbol{R}}}_{k}})}^{-1} $
更新步骤涉及船体多自由度运动的传感器实测信息。在这一步中,使用加权平均的概念,通过卡尔曼滤波增益$ {\boldsymbol{K}}_{k}^{} $平衡波浪状态系统模型和实际船舶运动测量模型之间的权重,计算当前时刻的波浪状态后验估计$ \hat{x}_{k}^{} $。同时,利用预测步骤中计算的先验估计协方差阵$ {\boldsymbol{P}}_{k}^{-} $计算当前时刻的后验估计协方差阵$ {\boldsymbol{P}}_{k}^{} $。$ \hat{x}_{k}^{} $和$ {\boldsymbol{P}}_{k}^{} $的计算公式为
$ \hat{x}_{k}^{}=\hat{x}_{\overline{k}}^{}+{{\boldsymbol{K}}}_{k}({z}_{k}-{\boldsymbol{H}}\hat{x}_{\overline{k}}^{}) $
$ {\boldsymbol{P}}_{k}^{}=(I-{{\boldsymbol{K}}}_{k}{{\boldsymbol{H}}}_{k}){\boldsymbol{P}}_{k}^- $
KF模型的预测步骤和更新步骤在时域上递归地运行,根据运算结束后收敛的包含各组成波浪频率和相位信息的波浪状态向量估计$ \hat{x}_{k}^{} $,可进一步计算方向谱$ {S}_{\zeta }({\omega }_{j},{\theta }_{m}) $和每一时刻的波浪信息$ \zeta (t) $:
$ {S}_{\zeta }({\omega }_{j}\text{,}{\theta }_{m})=0.5\times \frac{1}{\Delta {\omega }_{j}}\times \frac{1}{\Delta {\theta }_{m}}\times (\hat{x}_{2j-1,m}^{2}+\hat{x}_{2j,m}^{2}) $
$ \zeta (t)=\left[\cos ({\omega }_{1}\cdot t),-\mathrm{sin}({\omega }_{1}\cdot t) \cdots \cos ({\omega }_{\mathrm{n}}\cdot t),-\mathrm{sin}({\omega }_{n}\cdot t)\right]\hat{x}_{k}^{{\mathrm{T}}} $
其中,n为波浪成分个数(j$ \times $m)。
波浪反演方法框架如图1所示,本文采用ISSC/ITTC推荐的定向波浪功率谱开展算例研究。
本文以一艘水线长LWL=165 m的小水线面船舶为研究对象,其湿表面模型如图2所示。取整船重心为波高的测量点,预设波浪和反演波浪均取该处的波浪值进行运算和分析。
对于来自固定方向波浪的功率谱$ S(\omega ) $,本文采用ISSC或ITTC推荐的海浪谱作为基础,并在此基础上引入方向分布系数,构造方向谱作为目标靶谱。对于开放且充分发展的海域条件,第15届ISSC建议使用如下双参数频谱公式
$ S(\omega )=\frac{A}{{\omega }^{5}}\exp \left(-\frac{B}{{\omega }^{4}}\right) $
其中,$ A=\dfrac{173H_{1/3}^{2}}{{T}_{01}{}^{4}} $,$ B=\dfrac{691}{{T}_{01}{}^{4}} $。$ H_{1/3}^{} $为有义波高, $ {T}_{01} $为平均波浪周期,定义为谱重心处频率对应的周期。
对于固定方向的不规则波模拟,可以通过N个规则波叠加而成。将波浪参数的状态向量$ x_{k}^{} $离散为维度为2N的列向量,通过对波浪状态向量进行后处理可得到相应的波浪时频参数。状态向量$ x_{k}^{} $包含幅值$ a_{N}^{} $和相位$ \phi _{N}^{} $两组信息,用于表述不同频率和相位规则波的组成,表示为
$ x_{k}^{}=[a_{1}^{},\phi _{1}^{},a_{2}^{},\phi _{2}^{}, \cdots ,a_{N}^{},\phi _{N}^{}]_{2N}^{} $
为构造船舶运动量测矩阵$ {{\boldsymbol{H}}}_{k} $,采用商用水动力软件AQWA计算研究对象的波浪诱导船体运动传递函数(RAO)。基于线性自由面边界条件和物面边界条件,建立计算模型并进行网格划分,全局网格尺寸1.5 m,最小网格尺寸0.5 m,湿网格数量为2810。设置了计算频率上、下界分别为3 rad/s和0.14 rad/s,频率间隔为60个,该范围基本涵盖了对船舶运动有贡献的波浪频段。横摇、纵摇和垂荡的附加阻尼取值为临界阻尼的8%。本文仅研究零航速下的波浪反演问题,$ \theta $=180°计算工况下垂荡和纵摇运动传递函数如图3所示。
学者已经证明了KF模型对已知浪向波浪的时频反演具有良好的性能,在这些研究中,假设波浪能量集中在主浪向上。然而,在实际海况中,所有的波浪成分很难沿着同一方向传播,波浪在主浪向周围存在扩散现象。为模拟随机波浪在主浪向周围的扩散,通常使用2s余弦方向扩散函数$ D(\theta ) $,见公式(14),将方向扩散函数与定向波浪功率谱$ S(\omega ) $相乘可得到方向谱$ S(\omega ,\theta ) $,见公式(15)
$ D(\theta )=\frac{{2}^{(2s-1)}s!(s-1)!}{{\text{π}} (2s-1)!}{\cos }^{2s}(\theta -\overline{\theta }) $
$ S(\omega ,\theta )=D(\theta )\cdot S(\omega ) $
其中,s为方向扩散系数,$ \overline{\theta } $为主浪向。
考虑到真实海洋环境中的波浪,在方向谱预设过程中,将有义波高设置为1~4 m,平均周期设置为7~9 s,反演谱的上下界与RAO计算的设置一致。理论方向谱按照N个频率间隔和M个浪向在频率和浪向两个维度进行离散,构建方向谱的状态空间矩阵xk(aNM,ϕNM)表示为公式(16),相比于公式(13),增加了浪向离散信息。
$ x_{k}^{}={\left[\begin{array}{c}a_{11}^{},\phi _{11}^{},\cdots ,a_{n1}^{},\phi _{n1}^{},\cdots ,a_{N1}^{},\phi _{N1}^{}\\,\cdots ,\\a_{1m}^{},\phi _{1m}^{},\cdots ,a_{nm}^{},\phi _{nm}^{},\cdots ,a_{Nm}^{},\phi _{Nm}^{}\\,\cdots ,\\a_{1M}^{},\phi _{1M}^{},\cdots ,a_{nM}^{},\phi _{nM}^{},\cdots ,a_{NM}^{},\phi _{NM}^{}\end{array}\right]}_{2N\times M} $
本文算例研究中,根据给定的波浪方向谱$ S(\omega ,\theta ) $,生成波高时历和在该波浪环境中的船体运动。其中,船体运动$ z(t) $作为KF反演模型的输入,计算公式如下
$ z(t)=\sum \limits_{m=1}^{{n}_{\theta }}\sum \limits_{j=1}^{{n}_{f}}\sqrt{2{S}_{z}({\omega }_{j},{\theta }_{m})\Delta \omega \Delta \theta }\cdot \cos ({\omega }_{j}t+{\varepsilon }_{jm}+{\varphi }_{jm}) $
$ {S}_{z}({\omega }_{j},{\theta }_{m})=RA{O}_{jm}{}^{2}S({\omega }_{j},{\theta }_{m}) $
其中,$ S $为波浪方向谱,$ {S}_{z} $为船舶运动谱;$ {n}_{\theta } $和$ {n}_{f} $分别为频率和浪向离散总数, j和m为序号;$ {\varepsilon }_{jm} $为随机相位,$ {\varphi }_{jm} $为运动传递函数的相位;$ \Delta \omega $和$ \Delta \theta $分别为频率和浪向间隔。
在公式(17)计算得到的运动信号中添加相当于传感器误差标准差的白噪声,以模拟真实传感器测量信号,白噪声的频率范围设定为与输入波浪谱$ S(\omega ,\theta ) $相同。将包含传感器误差的运动时间序列数据输入KF模型以开展波浪反演,如图4所示。
参考文献[10]利用单一运动信号输入反演已知定向波浪的功率谱曲线,结果表明在预设工况下得到的反演功率谱能量分布与理论谱基本吻合。本节将上述研究推广到未知浪向的随机波浪方向谱的反演,利用无航速条件下船舶单一运动信号(垂荡、横摇、纵摇)作为输入信号,反演未知浪向随机波浪的方向谱。计算以60°为浪向间隔均匀离散,使用6个浪向角的船舶运动响应RAO进行波浪反演,总时长为80个平均周期,计算工况见表1。
计算得到的反演谱与理论谱对比结果如图5所示。谱周向以船艏所指方向为0°,径向则代表了波浪的频率分量,频率由内向外逐渐增加,能够反映不同频率波段的能量分布情况。图中的每一个点都代表在某一具体方向、某一具体频率下的波浪能量密度,通过这些点的空间分布,可以直观地展现出波浪能量的空间−频率结构信息。
可以看出,使用单一垂荡信号进行反演,反演谱与理论谱在主方向上的能量分布基本吻合,即在波浪主频范围能量较为集中,但是谱密度值整体偏小。在整个浪向范围,垂荡信号的反演波浪谱呈环状扩散,与理论谱在主方向附近扩散的结果相差甚远,无法准确识别主浪向范围。使用横摇和纵摇输入的反演波浪谱也呈现出类似的问题,使用横摇信号反演时,能够识别来自y方向的波浪,使用纵摇信号反演时,能够识别来自x方向的波浪,虽然在频率上能够识别波浪主频范围,但是无法准确反演波浪的主频能量值和主浪向。
综上,虽然由单个自由度运动响应无法成功反演未知方向随机波浪的方向谱,但反演结果与系统输入具有对应性,有必要进一步利用多自由度运动信号输入进行方向谱反演。
为研究KF模型对不同有义波高和平均周期的随机多向波浪的反演能力,将主浪向0°下的垂荡、纵摇、横摇运动信号融合作为输入。设置有义波高$ {h}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $=1、2、4 m,平均周期$ {T}_{01} $=7、8、9 s,具体工况见表2,每个工况数据时长为80个平均周期,采样间隔为0.2 s。
得到Case4、Case8方向谱反演结果如图6(a)(b)、7(a)(b)所示,可知,理论谱在主方向上存在能量峰值点,并在对称于主方向轴的两个方向上呈现能量扩散,不同波高、周期下多源融合信号输入的反演谱很好地复现了能量峰值点及其扩散现象,与理论谱的能量扩散范围吻合性很好,误差均在10%以内,理论谱和反演谱的能量扩散均集中在−45°~45°范围内。将6个均匀离散的浪向角下的波浪功率谱对比曲线绘制如图6(c)和7(c)所示,可知,多自由度运动信号输入在各浪向能量峰值点附近区域能够获得比较稳定的反演结果,峰值能量反演结果偏低,反演谱型和理论谱型基本一致,反演效果理想。
进一步,观察80个平均波浪周期工况时长反演过程中有义波高$ {h}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $和平均周期$ {T}_{01} $的收敛趋势,以及方向谱状态空间矩阵xk收敛后400~500 s之间波高时历的反演结果,Case4和Case8反演结果如图8所示。可知,计算模型基本在140 s后达到收敛,有义波高反演误差10%以内,平均周期$ {T}_{01} $误差则更低。
最后,统计Case4~Case8中有义波高$ {h}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $和平均周期$ {T}_{01} $两个关键参数的反演误差,见表3。可知,KF模型对于有义波高$ {h}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $=1、2、4 m,平均周期$ {T}_{01} $=7、8、9 s范围内的随机多向波浪反演性能比较稳定,表现出较强的适应能力,$ {h}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $和$ {T}_{01} $反演误差分别在10.1%和1.3%以内,反演效果良好,说明KF模型反演方向谱具有向实船应用推广的潜力。
由于初始状态向量$ {\hat{x}}_{\overline{1}} $的选择直接影响KF模型的收敛行为和短期估计精度,进而可能为反演结果的可靠性和稳定性引入系统性偏差,为量化这一影响,本部分通过敏感性分析评估初始状态向量的偏差程度与反演结果之间的关联性。当初始状态向量设置为零向量时,系统收敛后各频率、方向对应的状态向量值绝大部分在0.1以内,极值约为0.15。基于此结果,在敏感性分析中将初始状态向量的取值区间设定为0~0.2,以确保分析范围涵盖收敛时的极值并留有适当余量。分别研究0°、60°浪向角下,$ {h}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $=4 m, $ {T}_{01} $=8 s和$ {h}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $=2 m, $ {T}_{01} $=9 s的定向波浪反演工况,使用融合的多自由度信号作为输入,对比分析不同初始状态向量下$ {h}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $、$ {T}_{01} $的反演误差见表4,其中$ \overline{\theta } $=60°, $ {h}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $=2 m, $ {T}_{01} $=9 s工况的收敛曲线见图9。可以看出,$ {h}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $、$ {T}_{01} $的收敛速度基本不受初始状态向量取值大小的影响,反演模型基本在第17个波浪周期附近完成收敛。初始值设置为0~0.01区间的值时,反演效果保持稳定,$ {h}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $、$ {T}_{01} $的反演误差在10%以内;随着初始状态向量的取值范围扩大至0~0.1,$ {h}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $的反演误差有所降低,但$ {T}_{01} $的反演误差明显增大,仍能控制在10%以内;然而,当初始状态向量的取值范围扩大到0~0.2时,$ {h}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $、$ {T}_{01} $的反演误差出现了明显的不稳定和增大现象,最大误差分别达到28.3%和38.25%。
经分析,在多向波反演中,随着波浪参数未知量的增加尤其是浪向维度的增高,反演问题呈现多解特性。在这种情况下,当初始估计值偏离真值较远时,卡尔曼滤波难以收敛到真实波浪参数。本研究中采用零初始状态向量的设置不仅有效简化了算法的初期数值计算,更重要的是避免了因不当初始值选择而引入的系统性偏差,特别是在多方向波浪反演这类高维逆问题中。这种设置在缺乏海洋环境先验信息时是合理的策略选择。
为研究KF模型在不同主浪向$ \overline{\theta } $条件下的反演能力,将入射主浪向$ \overline{\theta } $作为变量开展波浪反演研究,设置Case9和Case10两个计算工况,主浪向$ \overline{\theta } $分别为60°和120°,其余参数设置与Case5一致,Case9反演结果如图10所示。由图可知,在主浪向$ \overline{\theta } $为60°时,反演谱与理论谱呈现一致的谱型,且谱峰值点的能量集中程度与理论谱高度吻合,表明KF模型既能够很好地捕捉主波向上的波浪能量特征,也能准确反映出波浪能量在各波浪频率上的分布情况。
统计Case5、Case9和Case10三个不同主浪向计算工况的反演误差如表5所示。其中,主浪向反演结果采用下式计算
$ {\overline{\theta }}_{反演}=\left[\sum \limits_{1}^{{n}_{\theta }}{\theta }_{n}{m}_{0}\right]/{n}_{\theta } $
$ {m}_{0}=\int S(\omega ){\mathrm{d}}\omega $
其中,$ {n}_{\theta } $为浪向离散的个数;$ {m}_{0} $为波浪谱的零阶矩,也即谱面积。
分析可知,反演方向谱在不同主浪向$ \overline{\theta } $下均展现出优异的主浪向识别能力,在$ \overline{\theta } $=0°时主浪向反演精度最高,误差仅为0.009°,对其它两个主浪向的反演,误差均在5°以内,对于$ {h}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $和$ {T}_{01} $两个关键参数的反演,虽然在$ \overline{\theta } $=0°时$ {h}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $反演误差最大,但其$ {T}_{01} $反演误差最小,综合可以认为$ \overline{\theta } $=0°时整体反演效果最佳。这可能是由于在主波向正对船头时,船舶运动响应对各方向波浪能量的敏感度最为均衡,多自由度运动信号提供的信息互补性最强,从而使得反演结果能够更全面、更准确地反映真实的波浪能量分布情况。在$ \overline{\theta } $=60°和$ \overline{\theta } $=120°的两组计算工况,反演方向谱同样能够较好地捕捉到主波向上的能量集中特征,前者效果略优于后者,说明主浪向对KF模型的反演效果存在一定的敏感性,斜向尾随浪反演效果不如斜向迎浪,这可能与反问题的不确定性有关。然而,整体上KF模型仍然能够较为准确地反映波浪能量在空间的分布趋势,具备较强的复杂工况适应能力与方向识别能力。
本文针对随机多向波浪时频反演问题,结合卡尔曼滤波技术,提出了一种波浪参数时频反演模型,以某小水线面船舶为研究对象,通过方向分布系数模拟真实随机多向波浪并生成船舶多自由度模拟运动作为模型输入,利用多自由度运动信号融合实现了未知主浪向条件下波高时历和方向谱的有效反演,有义波高和平均周期反演效果良好,文章还进一步分析了影响KF反演模型的主要参数,可以得到以下结论:
(1)单一运动信号输入无法解决未知主浪向条件的波浪方向谱反演问题,多自由度信号融合提供更强的信息互补性,能够更全面、更准确地反映真实的波浪能量分布情况,实现方向谱有效反演。KF模型总体性能良好,主浪向$ \overline{\theta } $、有义波高$ {h}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $和平均周期$ {T}_{01} $的反演误差最大为4.213°、10.08%、4.14%。
(2)初始状态向量$ {\hat{x}}_{\overline{1}} $的元素取为0附近的小值,对不同浪向及海况下的方向谱反演均具有良好的收敛精度,对反演效果影响不大;随着$ {\hat{x}}_{\overline{1}} $元素的取值范围扩大到0~0.2时,$ {h}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $、$ {T}_{01} $的反演误差出现了明显的不稳定和增大现象,对反演效果造成显著的负面影响。
(3)KF模型在处理传感器噪声干扰以及反演不确定度建模方面具有优势,使用KF模型反演真实海洋环境中的方向谱具有向实船应用推广的潜力。
(4)本方法在真实海洋波浪反演中可能存在船波耦合非线性特征适配性差、运动RAO易失配等不足,下一步应采用实船运动实测数据开展波浪反演研究并与实测波浪结果进行比较分析,深入探讨本方法反演真实海洋波浪的适用性。
  • 中国船舶科学研究中心稳定支持项目(WDZC70202030201)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.09.008
  • 接收时间:2026-05-12
  • 首发时间:2026-11-03
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2026-05-12
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中国船舶科学研究中心稳定支持项目(WDZC70202030201)
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    1中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
    2中山大学 海洋工程与技术学院,广东 珠海 519082
    3哈尔滨工程大学 船舶工程学院,哈尔滨 150001
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