Article(id=1281204142278423052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281202552578478607, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.05.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758384000000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783392471141, onlineDateStr=2026-07-07, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783392471141, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783392471141, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1783392471141, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1281202552578478607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='5', pageStart='659', pageEnd='842', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783392092127, creator='13041195026', updateTime=1783395243852, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281215774769525418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281202552578478607, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281215775176372907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281202552578478607, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=764, endPage=778, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281204142517498381, articleId=1281204142278423052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Overall performance analysis of main bearing in single-point mooring system, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the single-point mooring (SPM) system, the main bearing is a critical component that withstands mooring force, making its load-bearing performance under actual working conditions of great significance. However, research on this type of bearing remains limited, and existing studies have not considered the actual mooring force and installation structure. Therefore, this study focuses on the Soft Yoke Mooring System (SYMS) and proposes an overall finite element equivalent modeling method for the main bearing, by considering the mooring force and installation structure. In addition, to avoid extensive nonlinear contact problems, rollers and bolts are equivalently modeled using nonlinear springs and beam elements. After verifying the model's accuracy, we compare it with the traditional model under equivalent load and analyze the effects of upper load, bolt preload, and friction coefficient on the load-bearing performance of the main bearing. Finally, based on the maximum roller load obtained from both the overall and traditional models, a local contact model is established to calculate the safety factor of the main bearing. The results indicate that the overall equivalent model more accurately reflects the load distribution and deformation characteristics of the main bearing. Both the overall displacement and the bolt displacement decrease with increasing preload and friction coefficient, while contact pressure exhibits an increasing trend. The calculated safety factor of the main bearing in the overall model is 1.43, which is significantly lower than the safety factor of 2.51 obtained from the traditional model. This indicates that the traditional model overestimates the load-bearing capacity of the main bearing, while the overall model provides a more accurate assessment. Thus, the overall model provides a more reliable basis for the design of such bearings.

, authors=Yang YU1a, 1b, Hao-lin SHI1a, 1b, Xiao-wei LIU1a, 1b, Lei ZHOU2, Zhong-zhen SUN1a, 1b, Qing-hao DUAN1a, 1b, authorsList=Yang YU, Hao-lin SHI, Xiao-wei LIU, Lei ZHOU, Zhong-zhen SUN, Qing-hao DUAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hao-lin SHI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281204170426397365, articleId=1281204142278423052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=单点系泊主轴承整体性能分析研究, columnId=1241023038926410098, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=结构力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

单点系泊系统中,主轴承作为承受系泊力的关键部件,其在实际工况下的承载性能研究具有重要意义。但目前针对该类轴承的研究较少,现有研究也未考虑到其实际系泊受力形式和安装结构的影响。为此,本文以软刚臂式单点系泊系统为研究对象,提出了考虑系泊受力以及安装结构的单点系泊主轴承整体有限元等效建模方法,为了避免大量的非线性接触,该方法利用非线性弹簧和梁单元对滚动体及螺栓进行等效处理。在验证整体模型准确性后,将其与载荷等效后的传统模型进行对比,并分析了上部载荷、螺栓预紧力以及摩擦系数对主轴承承载性能的影响。最后,基于整体与传统模型所得到的滚子最大载荷,建立了局部接触模型,进而计算主轴承安全系数。结果表明:整体等效模型更能准确反映主轴承的受力与变形特性;整体模型的位移及螺栓位移随着预紧力以及摩擦系数增大而减小,而接触压力呈增大趋势;计算得到整体模型下的主轴承安全系数为1.43,明显小于传统模型所得安全系数2.51,由此可见,传统模型会高估主轴承的承载能力,而整体模型能对主轴承的承载能力进行准确评估,从而为该类轴承的设计提供更为准确的依据。

, authors=余杨1a, 1b, 施昊林1a, 1b, 刘晓伟1a, 1b, 周雷2, 孙仲真1a, 1b, 段庆昊1a, 1b, authorsList=余杨, 施昊林, 刘晓伟, 周雷, 孙仲真, 段庆昊, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=施昊林, authorNote=

余 杨(1988–),男,博士,教授

刘晓伟(1997–),男,博士

周雷(1978–),男,博士,高级工程师

孙仲真(1999–),男,博士

段庆昊(1989–),男,硕士,工程师

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施昊林(2001–),男,硕士,通讯作者,E-mail:
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周雷(1978–),男,博士,高级工程师

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articleId=1281204142278423052, language=CN, label=图17, caption=各类模型接触应力分布, figureFileSmall=Jc56lHzErmRaJBOhgFxDgg==, figureFileBig=CXuE18r/mGe/YW/bZlRd5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281204179096023826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281204142278423052, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Sizes of three types of rollers

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滚子类型长度 /mm直径 /mm数量
主推滚子4030120
径向滚子5035100
辅推滚子3025120
), ArticleFig(id=1281204179171521299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281204142278423052, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

三类滚子尺寸

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滚子类型长度 /mm直径 /mm数量
主推滚子4030120
径向滚子5035100
辅推滚子3025120
), ArticleFig(id=1281204179234435860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281204142278423052, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Main scale parameters of hull

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船体参数单位数值
垂线间长LBPm270
型宽m45
型深m26
作业吃水m16
排水量t16.5
), ArticleFig(id=1281204179309933333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281204142278423052, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

船体主尺度参数

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船体参数单位数值
垂线间长LBPm270
型宽m45
型深m26
作业吃水m16
排水量t16.5
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Environmental parameters

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环境载荷参数数值
波浪有义波高(m)4.9
周期(s)10
浪向(度)180
流速(m/s)0.8
流向(度)180
风速(m/s)20
风向(度)180
), ArticleFig(id=1281204179632894743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281204142278423052, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

环境载荷参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环境载荷参数数值
波浪有义波高(m)4.9
周期(s)10
浪向(度)180
流速(m/s)0.8
流向(度)180
风速(m/s)20
风向(度)180
), ArticleFig(id=1281204180111045400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281204142278423052, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

The material properties and structural dimensions of the main bearing

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料属性弹性模量
E/GPa
泊松比
μ
主推滚子节圆直径
D1 /mm
径向滚子节圆直径
D2 /mm
辅推滚子节圆直径
D3 /mm
42CrMo2060.3338632843354
), ArticleFig(id=1281204182120117017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281204142278423052, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

主轴承材料属性及结构尺寸

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料属性弹性模量
E/GPa
泊松比
μ
主推滚子节圆直径
D1 /mm
径向滚子节圆直径
D2 /mm
辅推滚子节圆直径
D3 /mm
42CrMo2060.3338632843354
), ArticleFig(id=1281204182187225882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281204142278423052, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Comparison of the maximum load calculations for various models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
滚子类型整体等效模型传统等效模型误差解析模型误差
主推滚子47174 N45472 N3.74%45289 N3.76%
径向滚子75740.4 N72933.3 N3.85%71455.2 N6.00%
), ArticleFig(id=1281204182245946139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281204142278423052, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

各类模型计算最大载荷对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
滚子类型整体等效模型传统等效模型误差解析模型误差
主推滚子47174 N45472 N3.74%45289 N3.76%
径向滚子75740.4 N72933.3 N3.85%71455.2 N6.00%
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单点系泊主轴承整体性能分析研究
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余杨 1a, 1b , 施昊林 1a, 1b , 刘晓伟 1a, 1b , 周雷 2 , 孙仲真 1a, 1b , 段庆昊 1a, 1b
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2026,30(5): 764-778
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船舶力学 |结构力学 2026 , 30 (5) : 764 -778
单点系泊主轴承整体性能分析研究
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余杨1a, 1b, 施昊林1a, 1b , 刘晓伟1a, 1b, 周雷2, 孙仲真1a, 1b, 段庆昊1a, 1b
作者信息
  • 1a.天津大学 水利工程智能建设与运维全国重点实验室 天津 300072
  • 1b.天津大学 天津市港口与海洋工程重点实验室,天津 300072
  • 2.海洋石油工程股份有限公司,天津 300451
通讯作者:
施昊林(2001–),男,硕士,通讯作者,E-mail:
作者简介:

余 杨(1988–),男,博士,教授

刘晓伟(1997–),男,博士

周雷(1978–),男,博士,高级工程师

孙仲真(1999–),男,博士

段庆昊(1989–),男,硕士,工程师

Overall performance analysis of main bearing in single-point mooring system
Yang YU1a, 1b, Hao-lin SHI1a, 1b , Xiao-wei LIU1a, 1b, Lei ZHOU2, Zhong-zhen SUN1a, 1b, Qing-hao DUAN1a, 1b
Affiliations
  • 1a.Tianjin University State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Intelligent Construction and Operation Tianjin 300072, China
  • 1b.Tianjin University Tianjin Key Laboratory of Port and Ocean Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
  • 2.Offshore Oil Engineering Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300451, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.05.009
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单点系泊系统中,主轴承作为承受系泊力的关键部件,其在实际工况下的承载性能研究具有重要意义。但目前针对该类轴承的研究较少,现有研究也未考虑到其实际系泊受力形式和安装结构的影响。为此,本文以软刚臂式单点系泊系统为研究对象,提出了考虑系泊受力以及安装结构的单点系泊主轴承整体有限元等效建模方法,为了避免大量的非线性接触,该方法利用非线性弹簧和梁单元对滚动体及螺栓进行等效处理。在验证整体模型准确性后,将其与载荷等效后的传统模型进行对比,并分析了上部载荷、螺栓预紧力以及摩擦系数对主轴承承载性能的影响。最后,基于整体与传统模型所得到的滚子最大载荷,建立了局部接触模型,进而计算主轴承安全系数。结果表明:整体等效模型更能准确反映主轴承的受力与变形特性;整体模型的位移及螺栓位移随着预紧力以及摩擦系数增大而减小,而接触压力呈增大趋势;计算得到整体模型下的主轴承安全系数为1.43,明显小于传统模型所得安全系数2.51,由此可见,传统模型会高估主轴承的承载能力,而整体模型能对主轴承的承载能力进行准确评估,从而为该类轴承的设计提供更为准确的依据。

单点系泊系统  /  主轴承  /  软刚臂式  /  安装结构  /  系泊受力  /  等效建模  /  有限元分析

In the single-point mooring (SPM) system, the main bearing is a critical component that withstands mooring force, making its load-bearing performance under actual working conditions of great significance. However, research on this type of bearing remains limited, and existing studies have not considered the actual mooring force and installation structure. Therefore, this study focuses on the Soft Yoke Mooring System (SYMS) and proposes an overall finite element equivalent modeling method for the main bearing, by considering the mooring force and installation structure. In addition, to avoid extensive nonlinear contact problems, rollers and bolts are equivalently modeled using nonlinear springs and beam elements. After verifying the model's accuracy, we compare it with the traditional model under equivalent load and analyze the effects of upper load, bolt preload, and friction coefficient on the load-bearing performance of the main bearing. Finally, based on the maximum roller load obtained from both the overall and traditional models, a local contact model is established to calculate the safety factor of the main bearing. The results indicate that the overall equivalent model more accurately reflects the load distribution and deformation characteristics of the main bearing. Both the overall displacement and the bolt displacement decrease with increasing preload and friction coefficient, while contact pressure exhibits an increasing trend. The calculated safety factor of the main bearing in the overall model is 1.43, which is significantly lower than the safety factor of 2.51 obtained from the traditional model. This indicates that the traditional model overestimates the load-bearing capacity of the main bearing, while the overall model provides a more accurate assessment. Thus, the overall model provides a more reliable basis for the design of such bearings.

single-point moring system  /  main bearing  /  Soft Yoke Mooring System  /  installation structure  /  mooring force  /  equivalent modeling  /  Finite Element Analysis
余杨, 施昊林, 刘晓伟, 周雷, 孙仲真, 段庆昊. 单点系泊主轴承整体性能分析研究. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (5) : 764 -778 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.05.009
Yang YU, Hao-lin SHI, Xiao-wei LIU, Lei ZHOU, Zhong-zhen SUN, Qing-hao DUAN. Overall performance analysis of main bearing in single-point mooring system[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (5) : 764 -778 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.05.009
伴随FPSO和超大型油轮等海上装备的快速发展,单点系泊已成为重要的系泊方式,现有研究已针对于将军柱[1]、系泊铰接接头[2]及悬链式锚腿系泊(CALM)浮标运动[3]进行了分析。而主轴承作为单点系泊系统中承受系泊力的关键部件,其承载能力的准确计算对于确保系统安全运行尤为重要。
单点系泊主轴承为典型的大直径转盘轴承,它是一种承载能力较高的三排圆柱滚子转盘轴承,该类轴承能够在低速、重载工况下同时承受轴向载荷、径向载荷及倾覆力矩的综合作用。国内外学者针对该类轴承开展了大量研究,首先是基于理论分析进行研究,Göncz等[4] 提出了考虑套圈变形与游隙的计算模型。Zhang等[5]基于非线性赫兹接触以及切片法建立了静力学解析模型。有限元法也被广泛应用于轴承性能的计算,但由于转盘轴承有限元建模过程中存在大量非线性接触问题,导致计算收敛性较差。因此,大量研究[69]是采用非线性弹簧等效模拟滚子与滚道的接触刚度,从而提高计算效率。
基于等效方法,部分学者分析了安装结构对轴承性能的影响。He等[10]、黄龙艺等[11]和刘向辉等[12]研究了螺栓预紧力、螺栓数量等对于转盘轴承的承载性能影响。温建民[13]讨论了有无支撑结构、不同支撑结构以及其刚度对轴承的影响,结果表明支撑结构对轴承力学性能有显著影响。Chen等[14]与Gao等[15]对风机系统中的轴承结构建立了包含安装结构的整体有限元模型,结果显示载荷分布曲线与理论解或刚体模型都存在差异。综上所述,安装结构的弹性变形对轴承承载性能的影响是不可忽略的。
尽管现有研究在滚子等效建模和安装结构相关研究中取得一定进展,但针对单点系泊系统主轴承的研究甚少,马邦勇[16]对悬链式锚腿系泊(CALM)单点系泊系统浮筒中主轴承的选型进行了研究;何春勇等[17]建立了单点系泊主轴承的内外圈以及滚动体模型;琚选择等[18]通过水动力计算得到系泊力,并将系泊力通过公式等效转换为主轴承的外载分布。然而,现有研究尚未反映主轴承的真实系泊受力形式,也未考虑安装结构对其承载性能的影响。
为此,本文以软刚臂式单点系泊系统为研究对象,提出了一种考虑系泊受力及安装结构的单点系泊主轴承整体有限元等效建模方法,同时通过非线性弹簧和梁单元对滚动体及螺栓进行等效处理。在验证整体等效模型的准确性后,进一步对比了其与传统等效模型在轴承力学行为模拟方面的差异。随后研究了上部载荷、螺栓预紧力及摩擦系数对轴承性能的影响。最后,结合整体与传统模型计算得到的滚子最大载荷,建立局部接触模型,进一步求得主轴承的安全系数,从而为此类轴承的设计提供参考。
本文以软刚臂式单点系泊系统为研究对象,该系统总体方案如图1(a)所示,包括一座系泊平台、软刚臂系泊系统以及一艘浮式生产储卸油装置(FPSO)。其中,软刚臂系泊系统主要包括主轴承系统、软刚臂结构、系泊腿、FPSO刚臂支架以及滑环堆栈系统等。主轴承系统作为核心部分,直接承受系泊力并为转台与上部结构等提供支撑,其与软刚臂的连接如图1(b)所示。该软刚臂式单点系泊系统的工作原理为:系泊腿和软刚臂将FPSO在环境载荷下的运动转化为系泊力,并通过主轴承系统传递至相对海底静止的系泊平台,从而实现FPSO的风向标效应。
主轴承系统的构造如图2(a)所示,主要分为主轴承部分、转动铸件以及固定铸件,Y轴为主轴承的轴向方向。主轴承部分采用传统的三排圆柱滚子转盘轴承,如图2(b),由内套圈(上下两部分)、外套圈、主推滚子、辅推滚子、径向滚子以及连接螺栓组成;外套圈通过连接螺栓与转动铸件连接,内套圈则通过连接螺栓与固定铸件相连,共同构成完整的承载和连接结构。
固定铸件直接焊接于系泊平台的立柱上,因此其相对于大地保持静止;转动铸件伸出的U形结构与软刚臂系泊系统相连,并直接承受来自软刚臂的系泊力;此外,其外伸悬臂结构承受转台及上部结构的压力。为了更准确地模拟主轴承的实际受力情况,在有限元建模过程中,载荷设置如图2(c)所示:首先,将U形结构的上表面与系泊点耦合;随后,将主轴承系统承受的系泊力分解为水平系泊力和垂向系泊力,直接施加于该加载点;同时,转台和上部结构对悬臂结构的压力通过四个集中载荷施加于悬臂结构上。
单点系泊系统中的主轴承尺寸较大,滚子与滚道以及螺栓与套圈之间存在大量复杂的接触对,这在计算中不仅耗费大量的计算资源,还可能导致计算无法收敛。为此,本文利用非线性弹簧和梁单元分别等效滚子和螺栓,从而在保证计算精度的前提下,显著提升计算效率,并增强模型的收敛性。
对滚子进行等效建模时,首先根据表1中的三类滚子尺寸,通过式(1)[19]计算各类滚子的接触刚度,并基于接触刚度绘制载荷–变形关系曲线(见图3)。结合滚子刚度曲线,采用6个、5个和5个非线性弹簧分别对主推滚子、辅推滚子和径向滚子进行等效建模,其中每根非线性弹簧的刚度为滚子总刚度与弹簧数量的比值。由此建立的滚子等效模型如图4所示。
$ {K}_{{\mathrm{r}}}={\left(3.85\times {10}^{5}\right)}^{-\tfrac{10}{9}}{L}_{{\mathrm{r}}}^{\tfrac{8}{9}} $
式中:$ {K}_{{\mathrm{r}}} $为滚子接触刚度,单位为N/mm,$ {L}_{{\mathrm{r}}} $为滚子有效接触长度,单位为mm。
在对主轴承的连接螺栓建模时,采用Beam31梁单元等效模拟内外圈的螺栓。并通过MPC梁约束将内层梁单元的顶端与上内套圈上表面的螺栓接触区域相耦合,底端与固定铸件下底面的螺栓接触区域相耦合,外侧梁单元的建模过程与内侧相同。为进一步模拟螺栓在安装过程中的预紧状态,对梁单元施加预紧力(Bolt load),梁单元等效建模示意如图4所示。
本文选取渤海某软刚臂式单点系泊系统,其中FPSO船体为16万吨级,其构型参数如表2所示。所选取渤海海域的环境载荷条件为十年一遇工况,具体如表3所示。整个系泊系统的系泊力可通过AQWA、OrcaFlex等水动力软件计算获得。在上述FPSO以及风浪流作用下,计算所得作用于系泊塔上最大水平系泊力$ {F}_{x} $大小为2200 kN,垂向系泊力$ {F}_{y} $为1601 kN。同时,由于主轴承上部存在维护平台等结构,设置作用于四个外伸悬臂结构载荷大小均为100 kN,总计上部载荷$ P $为400 kN。主轴承系统的材料属性及结构尺寸如表4所示,连接螺栓采用高强度M42螺栓。
在ABAQUS有限元分析软件中建立整体等效结构有限元模型,如图5所示,U1、U2、U3分别表示x、y、z方向的位移,UR1、UR2、UR3分别表示围绕x、y、z轴的转动位移。建模流程如下:
1)建立单点系泊主轴承及其安装结构的实体模型,并进行网格划分。根据表1中的材料属性,为各个部件赋予材料参数。随后定义接触对,分别为转动铸件与外套圈、下内套圈与上内套圈,以及下内套圈与固定铸件。接触对均设置为面–面接触,摩擦形式采用罚函数定义,摩擦系数为0.2,法向行为选用硬接触模型。
2)按照1.2节中的等效方法,将滚子以非线性弹簧单元进行等效,并在ABAQUS中设置非线性弹簧的属性为“只压不拉”。同时,采用梁单元对螺栓进行等效模拟,建立MPC梁约束并施加400 kN的预紧力以模拟螺栓的安装状态。
3)载荷设置:将转动铸件U形结构(挂载处)上表面与参考点RP-FORCE耦合,随后将水平系泊力和垂向系泊力直接施加到RP-FORCE上;同时,将转动铸件的4个悬臂结构的上表面分别与参考点RP-1、RP-2、RP-3和RP-4耦合,并对这四个参考点均施加100 kN的上部载荷。边界条件设置为:固定铸件内表面与RP-FIX耦合,并施加固定约束;限制RP-FORCE的四个自由度(U3 = UR1 = UR2 =UR3 = 0)。
单点系泊系统主轴承类型为三排圆柱滚子转盘轴承,而对于此类轴承,大部分研究是在承受轴向力、径向力以及倾覆力矩的情况下进行分析[5]。为了与所建立的整体等效模型进行对比分析,本文建立传统等效结构有限元模型,即仅建立主轴承内外圈以及滚子。同时,将整体等效模型所承受的垂向系泊力$ {F}_{y} $、水平系泊力$ {F}_{x} $以及上部载荷压力$ P $等效为传统等效模型所承受的轴向载荷$ {F}_{{\mathrm{a}}} $、径向载荷$ {F}_{{\mathrm{r}}} $以及倾覆力矩$ F $,载荷等效方式如图6所示。基于载荷等效后所建立的传统等效模型如图7所示,具体建模过程如下:
1)对于传统等效模型,仅建立主轴承的内外套圈结构,无需考虑安装结构及相互接触作用。
2)按照与整体等效模型相同的方式对滚子进行等效,即用6、5和5个非线性弹簧对主推、辅推和径向滚子进行等效。该模型中并未考虑螺栓结构,故无需对其进行等效。
3)载荷等效:根据传统等效模型的RP-1的载荷施加位置与整体等效模型载荷施加位置RP-1的几何位置关系,将轴承所受到的轴向系泊力$ {F}_{y} $、径向系泊力$ {F}_{x} $以及上部载荷压$ P $等效为轴向载荷$ {F}_{a} $、径向载荷$ {F}_{{\mathrm{r}}} $以及倾覆力矩$ {M}_{{\mathrm{r}}} $的计算公式,如式(2)所示
$ \begin{cases} {M}_{{\mathrm{r}}}=0.425\cdot {F}_{x}+2.44\cdot {F}_{y}\\{F}_{{\mathrm{a}}}={F}_{y}+P\\{F}_{{\mathrm{r}}}={F}_{x}\end{cases} $
计算得到的轴向载荷$ {F}_{{\mathrm{a}}} $、径向载荷$ {F}_{{\mathrm{r}}} $以及倾覆力矩$ {M}_{{\mathrm{r}}} $大小分别为2001 kN、2200 kN以及−2971015 kN·M。
4)载荷设置:将外套圈的外表面与主轴承的几何中心点RP-1进行耦合,将承受的倾覆力矩以及径向载荷施加于参考点上;将轴向载荷以压力的形式施加于外套圈上表面。
边界条件设置为:上下内套圈的内表面固定约束;约束与外套圈外表面耦合的RP-1点的三个方向自由度(U3 = UR1 = UR2 = 0)。
为了分析安装结构的存在是否对求解结果有影响,将整体等效模型的边界条件以及载荷施加情况设置为与2.2节传统等效模型一致,分别求解各个模型的滚子载荷分布并进行对比。另外,建立解析模型[20]以进一步验证模型计算结果的准确性。
理论模型计算时,首先将每一排的滚子以极坐标的方式表示出其在转盘轴承中的位置,各滚子的位置角表示为
$ {\varphi }_{i}=\frac{2{\text{π}} }{Z}(i-1) \;\;i=1,2,\cdots ,Z $
式中:$ {\varphi }_{i} $为滚子的位置角,Z分别为主推、辅推以及径向滚子的数量,i为滚动编号。
其中径向滚子受力平衡计算如下
径向滚子在法线接触上的变形为
$ \delta _{\varphi }^{{\mathrm{r}}}={\delta }_{{\mathrm{r}}}\cos \varphi $
其中,$ {\delta }_{{\mathrm{r}}} $为转盘轴承整体径向位移。
任意位置处径向滚子所承受的载荷为
$ Q_{\varphi }^{{\mathrm{r}}}={K}_{{\mathrm{r}}}{\left({\delta }_{{\mathrm{r}}}\cos {\varphi }_{{\mathrm{r}}}\right)}^{\tfrac{10}{9}} $
式中:$ {K}_{{\mathrm{r}}} $为径向滚子与滚道面的接触刚度,计算公式如下
转盘轴承承受的径向载荷与滚子承受载荷受力平衡
$ {F}_{{\mathrm{r}}}-\sum \limits_{\varphi =0}^{2{\text{π}} }{Q}_{\varphi }\cos \varphi =0 $
其中,主推与辅推滚子受力平衡计算如下
三排圆柱滚子轴承轴向上下排滚动体受到轴向载荷$ {F}_{a} $和倾覆力矩$ {M}_{{\mathrm{r}}} $的联合作用,转盘轴承外圈将会沿着轴向方向产生整体位移$ {\delta }_{{\mathrm{a}}} $和转动角$ \theta $,因此可计算得到主推、辅推滚子在法线接触上的变形为$ \delta _{\varphi }^{{\mathrm{u}}} $$ \delta _{\varphi }^{{\mathrm{l}}} $,计算公式如下
$ \delta _{\varphi }^{{\mathrm{u}}}=\frac{1}{2}d_{{\mathrm{m}}}^{{\mathrm{u}}}\theta \cos \varphi +{\delta }_{{\mathrm{a}}} $
$ \delta _{\varphi }^{{\mathrm{l}}}=-\frac{1}{2}d_{{\mathrm{m}}}^{{\mathrm{l}}}\theta \cos \varphi -{\delta }_{{\mathrm{a}}} $
其中,$ {\delta }_{{\mathrm{a}}} $为转盘轴承整体径向位移,$ d_{{\mathrm{m}}}^{{\mathrm{l}}} $为下排滚子的分布圆直径,$ d_{{\mathrm{m}}}^{{\mathrm{u}}} $为下排滚子的分布圆直径,$ \theta $为转盘轴承内圈产生的倾角位移。
任意位置处主推与辅推滚子的所承受的载荷$ Q_{\varphi }^{u} $$ Q_{\varphi }^{l} $表达式如下
$ Q_{\varphi }^{{\mathrm{u}}}={K}_{{\mathrm{u}}}{\left(\frac{1}{2}d_{{\mathrm{m}}}^{{\mathrm{u}}}\theta \cos \varphi +{\delta }_{{\mathrm{a}}}\right)}^{\tfrac{10}{9}} $
$ Q_{\varphi }^{{\mathrm{l}}}={K}_{1}{\left(-\frac{1}{2}d_{{\mathrm{m}}}^{{\mathrm{l}}}\theta \cos \varphi -{\delta }_{{\mathrm{a}}}\right)}^{\tfrac{10}{9}} $
其中,$ {K}_{{\mathrm{u}}} $$ {K}_{{\mathrm{l}}} $分别主推滚子和辅推滚子与滚道面的接触刚度,利用公式(1)进行计算得到。
转盘轴承在轴向上的平衡为轴向载荷$ {F}_{{\mathrm{a}}} $和倾覆力矩$ {M}_{{\mathrm{r}}} $以及主推与辅推滚子承受载荷的受力平衡,得到平衡方程如下
$ M-\frac{1}{2}\left[\sum \limits_{\varphi =0}^{2{\text{π}} }\left(d_{{\mathrm{m}}}^{{\mathrm{l}}}Q_{\varphi }^{{\mathrm{l}}}-d_{{\mathrm{m}}}^{{\mathrm{u}}}Q_{\varphi }^{{\mathrm{u}}}\right)\cos \varphi \right]=0 $
$ {F}_{{\mathrm{a}}}-\sum \limits_{\varphi =0}^{2{\text{π}} }\left(Q_{\varphi }^{{\mathrm{l}}}-Q_{\varphi }^{{\mathrm{u}}}\right)=0 $
$ {\delta }_{{\mathrm{a}}} $$ {\delta }_{{\mathrm{r}}} $$ \theta $为迭代参数,输入等效得到的轴向载荷$ {F}_{{\mathrm{a}}} $、径向载荷$ {F}_{{\mathrm{r}}} $以及倾覆力矩$ {M}_{{\mathrm{r}}} $,对方程组(6)、(11)与(12)进行迭代求解。从而得到主推、径向以及辅推滚子的每一个滚子所承受的载荷。
由于主推滚子以及径向滚子是主要承载滚子,而辅推滚子所承受的载荷较小,因此仅对计算得到的主推滚子以及径向滚子的载荷分布曲线进行对比,图8所示。同时,列出了整体等效模型与另外两种模型之间最大载荷误差对比,如表5所示。从图中可见,在相同的边界条件下,整体等效模型与传统等效模型所计算得到的载荷分布曲线非常接近,最大载荷误差分别为3.74%和3.85%,由此可说明安装结构以及连接螺栓的存在不会影响后续分析。此外,整体等效模型与解析模型计算所得的最大载荷误差为3.76%和6.00%,由此可以证明所建立的整体等效模型以及传统等效模型的准确性。
在2.3节中,通过图8可知,在与传统等效模型相同的边界条件和载荷设置下,通过与传统等效模型以及解析模型的对比,验证了本文所建立的整体等效模型的准确性。而2.1节建立的整体等效模型考虑了真实系泊受力,将其与传统等效模型的计算结果进行对比分析,两种模型的滚子承受载荷分布对比如图9所示,可见其载荷分布虽在趋势上相近,但仍存在一定的差异。同时二者在结构变形方面也存在差异,具体如下
1)整体等效模型计算得出的径向滚子最大载荷为78 kN,与传统等效模型的72 kN相比,差异较小。这是由于径向滚子主要承受径向载荷,倾覆力矩对其影响较小,因此两种模型的径向滚子最大载荷计算结果较为接近。对于主推滚子,整体等效模型计算的最大载荷为84 kN,而传统等效模型为45 kN,整体等效模型计算出的最大载荷比传统等效模型高出86.7%。这种差异是因为整体等效模型直接将载荷施加到转动铸件的挂载处,导致变形集中于U形结构一侧,使下排承载滚子的数量相对减少,从而增加了单个滚子的承载能力。相较之下,传统等效模型未能充分考虑实际工况的力学特性,导致其对主推滚子载荷的计算偏小(偏于危险)。
2)图10为整体等效模型和传统等效模型的位移云图,整体等效模型的最大变形集中于承载的U形结构附近,并且其变形与传统模型存在显著差异。传统等效模型的整体结构表现出一个较为理想化的旋转角度,这是由于模型中未考虑转动铸件的U形结构对载荷的集中影响,导致力的传递路径更加均匀。而在整体等效模型中,由于U形结构位于转动铸件的中间位置,集中载荷作用会导致整体结构两侧产生翘曲现象,从而使整体变形与传统模型的理想化旋转状态有所不同。
3)图11显示了整体模型中螺栓的变形和应力分布情况。结果表明,外层螺栓的位移和等效应力显著高于内圈螺栓,特别是在转动铸件U形结构所在的区域。这是由于系泊力的集中载荷作用使转动铸件及其U型结构位移远大于内圈及固定铸件,而外层螺栓连接转动铸件与外套圈,因此会承受更大的载荷,从而导致其位移以及应力远大于内圈螺栓。基于以上分析,建议在生产过程中增强转动铸件附近螺栓的结构强度,以更好地适应软刚臂单点系泊系统主轴承的实际工况,从而延长系统的使用寿命。
综上所述,整体等效模型能够更准确地描述单点系泊系统主轴承的系泊受力和变形特性,特别是在主推滚子载荷分布和结构变形的模拟上更加贴近真实工况。
连接在转动铸件上的转台是为人员提供滑环以及主轴承维护通道的平台,以及为上部结构来提供支撑,因此人员数量以及上部结构重量不确定,会导致作用于外伸悬臂上的载荷并非固定值。因此,在本文2.1节整体等效模型的基础上,分别施加上部载荷0 kN、50 kN、100 kN、150 kN和200 kN,并通过有限元分析得到主推滚子在不同上部载荷下的载荷分布情况,如图12所示。
图12中可以看出,随着上部载荷从0 kN增至200 kN,主推滚子最大载荷从81 kN增至88 kN,并且参与承载的滚子数量也随之增多。这表明,上部载荷大小对滚子载荷分布具有显著影响,同时也能体现本文所提出的模型能够充分考虑单点系泊系统中转台和上部结构对主轴承的压力,从而准确反映主轴承在系泊系统中的受力特点,更加贴合实际工况。
螺栓是主轴承系统中重要的连接构件,而螺栓的预紧力会影响整个结构刚度从而影响载荷分布。因此对2.1节中的整体有限元模型施加200 kN至700 kN的不同预紧力,分析得到不同预紧力对结构位移以及接触应力的影响,如图13所示。其中,整体位移代表整个主轴承模型中的最大位移,由2.4节可知,最大位移的位置处于U型结构处。螺栓位移则指内外圈螺栓产生的最大位移,接触应力为固定铸件的接触应力。
图13中显示整体位移和螺栓位移随着预紧力的增大而减小;固定铸件的接触应力大小整体呈上升趋势。这是因为更大的预紧力可以使转动铸件、固定铸件以及主轴承之间的连接更加的紧密,使整个主轴承系统形成一个更为刚性的整体,在承受外力时整体受力,从而使其产生的位移逐渐减小。此外,预紧力较小时,各部件仅通过螺栓传递载荷,从而导致接触面较小。而随着预紧力增大,部件之间接触更为紧密,从而使接触面积增大,接触应力也逐渐增大。图14印证了上述现象:当预紧力为700 kN时,固定铸件几乎整个接触面都存在接触应力,而预紧力为100 kN时的接触面上仅有接触面边缘存在部分接触应力。综上所述,在预紧力较小时,接触面积并不合理,同时为了减小整体结构的位移,在实际工程中,应当施加该螺栓级别所允许的较大预紧力。
在单点系泊系统的主轴承系统中,各部件之间的摩擦系数是描述部件间相对运动时阻力大小的无量纲参数。摩擦系数会受到材料属性、润滑状况和接触条件等因素的影响。为研究摩擦系数对轴承性能的影响,在3.2节预紧力为700 kN的模型的基础上分别设定接触面摩擦系数为0.2、0.25、0.3、0.35和0.4,从而得到不同摩擦系数对位移以及接触应力的影响,如图15所示,其中,整体位移、螺栓位移以及接触应力的定义与3.2节一致。
图15可知,整体位移和螺栓位移随着摩擦系数的增大而减小;而固定铸件的接触应力则逐渐增大。这是因为摩擦系数增大意味着接触面之间的摩擦力增大,从而导致接触应力增大。但同时摩擦力增大,使得各部分连接更为紧密,从而使得载荷传递更为连续,因此整体位移呈现减小的趋势。但是摩擦系数的变化对整个主轴承性能的影响相比于预紧力产生的影响相对较小,上述位移以及接触应力的变化幅度均较小。
在计算得到主轴承中主推滚子承受的最大载荷后,为精确计算最大载荷下主推滚子的安全系数,建立滚子与滚道的局部接触有限元模型。由于滚子的母线修形对其应力分布有很大的影响,若母线轮廓为直母线,则滚子边缘接触应力会急剧上升,出现应力集中现象。因此,需对滚子的母线进行修形,以避免出现应力集中现象。本文选取的修形公式[21]如下
$ Z({x}_{k})=0.000\;35{D}_{{\mathrm{we}}}\ln \left[\begin{aligned} \frac{1}{1-{\left(\dfrac{2{x}_{k}}{{L}_{{\mathrm{we}}}}\right)}^{2}}\end{aligned}\right], \left(-\dfrac{{L}_{{\mathrm{we}}}}{2} \lt {x}_{k} \lt \dfrac{{L}_{{\mathrm{we}}}}{2}\right) $
式中: $ {L}_{{\mathrm{we}}} $为滚子有效长度, $ {D}_{{\mathrm{we}}} $为滚子直径,$ {Z(x}_{k }) $为滚子母线轴向几何修形量,$ {x}_{k } $为滚子轴向坐标变量,$ {D}_{{\mathrm{we}}} $为滚子的直径。
由于局部模型为对称结构,为减少计算量,仅建立四分之一模型。图16为局部有限元模型图,包括边界条件以及网格划分。建模流程如下:将滚子四分之一模型的上表面与参考点RP-1耦合,将载荷施加于参考点上;同时仅释放RP-1的U2自由度,约束其余自由度;将滚道下底面设置为固定约束,对称面设置为对称约束。此外,滚子与滚道之间设置摩擦接触,摩擦系数为0.25。
根据整体与传统等效模型计算所得的主推滚子最大载荷(整体模型84 kN、传统模型45 kN),将这两组载荷分别作为局部模型的集中载荷进行对比计算;同时,建立滚子未修形的局部模型,用于验证滚子修形的合理性。图17为各模型计算所得的接触应力分布图,由图可知,未修形模型的最大接触应力存在显著的边缘应力集中现象,其数值远高于修形模型的最大接触应力。修形后的模型则表现出更加均匀的接触应力分布,显著改善了应力集中现象。因此,基于公式(13)对滚子进行修形,能够有效优化接触应力分布,验证了改方法的合理性与可行性。
随后在局部模型计算所得的接触应力大小的基础上,以安全系数的方式对滚子的承载性能进行评价,安全系数的计算公式[22]如下
$ {N}_{{\mathrm{s}}}={\left(\frac{\left[\sigma \right]}{{\sigma }_{\text{max}}}\right)}^{2} $
其中,$ [\sigma ] $为许用接触应力值,取为4000 MPa[23]$ {\sigma }_{\max} $为计算得到的滚子最大接触应力。
由上述分析可得,整体模型下主推滚子的最大接触应力为3349.3 MPa,而传统模型下为2526.26 MPa。进一步计算得到整体模型的安全系数为1.43,显然低于传统模型所得的安全系数2.51。所以,采用传统模型进行计算会明显高估轴承的承载能力,而整体模型的计算结果更能真实反映轴承的承载能力。
本文以软刚臂式单点系泊系统为对象,提出了一种考虑系泊受力以及安装结构的单点系泊主轴承整体有限元等效建模方法,并将滚子等效为非线性弹簧,连接螺栓等效为梁单元。在验证了整体等效模型的准确性后,对实际系泊受力形式下的整体等效模型进行了承载性能分析,得出以下结论:
1)本文以渤海16万吨级FPSO及十年一遇的海况条件为研究背景,主轴承系统所考虑的水平系泊力为2200 kN,垂向系泊力为1601 kN。本文所建立的整体等效模型计算的主推滚子最大载荷(84 kN)较传统模型(45 kN)高出86.7%,且整体模型两侧会产生翘曲现象。此外,整体模型中外层螺栓的位移和应力显著高于内圈螺栓,尤其是转动铸件U形结构附近的螺栓。
2)随着上部载荷从0 kN增至200 kN,主推滚子最大载荷由81 kN增大至88 kN,承载的滚子数量增加。整体位移和螺栓位移随着预紧力以及摩擦系数的增大而减小,而接触应力呈增大趋势;但相较于预紧力,摩擦系数的变化对于主轴承性能的影响较为微弱。
3)基于两种模型所得主推滚子最大载荷,建立局部接触模型并考虑滚子修形,计算得到整体模型下滚子的接触应力为3349.3 MPa,而传统模型下为2526.26 MPa。进而计算得到整体模型的安全系数为1.43,该值明显小于传统模型所得的安全系数2.51。
综上所述,与传统的等效建模方法相比,本文提出的单点系泊主轴承整体等效建模方法能够准确反映主轴承的受力以及变形特性;能够精准计算主轴承的安全系数,从而为其承载能力评估以及优化设计提供准确依据。

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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.05.009
  • 接收时间:2025-09-21
  • 首发时间:2026-07-07
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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    1a.天津大学 水利工程智能建设与运维全国重点实验室 天津 300072
    1b.天津大学 天津市港口与海洋工程重点实验室,天津 300072
    2.海洋石油工程股份有限公司,天津 300451

通讯作者:

施昊林(2001–),男,硕士,通讯作者,E-mail:
参考文献
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cblx/CN/10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.05.009
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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