Article(id=1281203071573274983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281202552578478607, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.05.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753718400000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783392215864, onlineDateStr=2026-07-07, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783392215864, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783392215864, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1783392215864, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1281202552578478607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='5', pageStart='659', pageEnd='842', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783392092127, creator='13041195026', updateTime=1783395243852, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281215774769525418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281202552578478607, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281215775176372907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281202552578478607, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=708, endPage=721, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281203076547719529, articleId=1281203071573274983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Numerical study on ice resistance characteristics of ship in broken ice fields under wave effects, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The coexistence of waves and broken ice is a prominent feature in marginal ice zones. Ships navigating in these areas are subjected to combined loads from both ice and wave actions. While current research has obtained substantial findings on ship ice resistance characteristics under either single wave or ice conditions, studies on coupled wave-broken ice interactions remain relatively scarce, resulting in insufficient understanding of the ship-ice-wave interaction mechanisms and their impacts on vessel navigation performance. To investigate ice resistance characteristics in broken ice fields under wave effects, this study developed a numerical model by adopting a coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics-Discrete Element Method (CFD-DEM) for ship navigation in wave-affected broken ice environments. The numerical wave tank was first established using the Finite Volume Method (FVM), while the broken ice model was developed through the Discrete Element Method (DEM). The validity of the ship resistance model under either single wave or ice conditions was verified through comparisons between theoretical solutions and experimental data. Subsequently, the ice resistance characteristics of ships navigating in wave-affected broken ice fields were systematically analyzed, with particular focus on the influences of wave parameters and ice concentrations. The results demonstrated that wave action significantly alters the ship-ice interaction process, inducing distinct periodic fluctuations in ice resistance. Notably, the ice resistance under combined wave-ice conditions consistently exceeds that observed in still water conditions with equivalent ice concentrations. Furthermore, the influence of key parameters including wavelength, wave height, and ice concentration on ice resistance behavior was also elucidated.

, authors=Ze-hui OU, Bao-yu NI, Guang-yu YUAN, Kai ZHONG, authorsList=Ze-hui OU, Bao-yu NI, Guang-yu YUAN, Kai ZHONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Guang-yu YUAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281203430135935677, articleId=1281203071573274983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=波浪影响下碎冰区船舶冰阻力特性的数值研究, columnId=1241023038087549292, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=流体力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

波浪与碎冰并存是极地冰缘区的显著特征,在冰缘区航行的船舶会遭受碎冰和波浪载荷的共同作用,现阶段针对单一波浪或碎冰条件下船舶冰阻力特性的研究比较丰富,而对波浪与碎冰耦合作用下的船舶冰阻力特性研究相对匮乏,这导致船–冰–波浪相互作用机理及其对船舶航行性能的影响机制尚不清晰。为探究波浪影响下碎冰区船舶的冰阻力特性,本文基于计算流体动力学–离散元(CFD-DEM)耦合方法,构建了波浪影响下碎冰区船舶航行的数值模型,首先,基于有限体积方法(FVM)建立数值波浪水池,并引入离散元方法构建碎冰模型,通过与理论和模型实验结果对比,验证了单一波浪作用和单一碎冰作用下船舶阻力模型的有效性,随后,分析了波浪影响下碎冰区船舶冰阻力特性,并探究了波浪参数以及碎冰密集度的影响。研究结果表明:波浪的存在显著影响了船–冰相互作用过程,使冰阻力呈现明显的周期性,波浪影响下碎冰区船舶的冰阻力始终大于静水碎冰条件下的船舶冰阻力,同时揭示了波长、波高以及碎冰密集度等参数对冰阻力特性的影响规律。

, authors=欧泽辉, 倪宝玉, 袁广宇, 钟凯, authorsList=欧泽辉, 倪宝玉, 袁广宇, 钟凯, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=袁广宇, authorNote=

欧泽辉(2002−),男,硕士研究生

倪宝玉(1986−),男,教授

, correspAuthorsNote=
袁广宇(1995–),男,博士,通讯作者,E-mail:
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欧泽辉(2002−),男,硕士研究生

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Journal of Marine Science and Application, 2016, 15(2): 105‒111., articleTitle=Experimental study on the resistance of a transport ship navigating in level ice, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1281203563925844812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281203071573274983, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=41, issue=1, pageStart=25, pageEnd=47, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=44, authorNames=Gravesen H, Sørensen S L, Vølund P, journalName=Cold Regions Science and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gravesen H, Sørensen S L, Vølund P, et al. Ice loading on Danish wind turbines: Part 2. Analyses of dynamic model test results[J]. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2005, 41(1): 25‒47., articleTitle=Ice loading on Danish wind turbines: Part 2. Analyses of dynamic model test results, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1281203565976859469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281203071573274983, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=45, authorNames=张宁波, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张宁波. 基于SPH方法的船-冰-波耦合数值模型研究[D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工程大学, 2020., articleTitle=基于SPH方法的船-冰-波耦合数值模型研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1281203566513730382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281203071573274983, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=46, authorNames=Zhang N B, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang N B. Research on coupled ship-ice-wave numerical modeling using SPH method[D]. Harbin: Harbin Engineering University, 2020. 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caption=波浪影响下不同碎冰密集度(C)条件的冰阻力, figureFileSmall=hvnOO4rjGmouomEQjQ8QkA==, figureFileBig=aSMWOQiKevd8JwP+0H3NFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281203511979389713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281203071573274983, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Geometric arrangement of the computational domain

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物理量符号/单位
船长 $ L $ /m122.5
船宽 $ B $ /m22.32
吃水 $ T $ /m7.85
计算域长度 $ {L}_{1} $ /m1000
计算域宽度 $ {B}_{1} $ /m190
计算域高度 $ H $ /m30
碎冰区长 $ {L}_{2} $ /m140
碎冰区宽 $ {B}_{2} $ /m60
), ArticleFig(id=1281203512776307474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281203071573274983, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

计算域几何布置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物理量符号/单位
船长 $ L $ /m122.5
船宽 $ B $ /m22.32
吃水 $ T $ /m7.85
计算域长度 $ {L}_{1} $ /m1000
计算域宽度 $ {B}_{1} $ /m190
计算域高度 $ H $ /m30
碎冰区长 $ {L}_{2} $ /m140
碎冰区宽 $ {B}_{2} $ /m60
), ArticleFig(id=1281203513308984083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281203071573274983, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Detailed parameter values

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物理量符号/单位取值
垂线间长 $ {L}_{\rm{pp}} $ /m122.5
波长 $ \lambda $ /m122.5
傅汝德数 $ {F}_{\text{n}} $0.179
方形系数 $ {C}_{\rm{B}} $0.636
水线入口长度 $ {L}_{\text{E}} $ /m38
角频率f / (rad·s−1)0.5
纵摇回转半径 $ {k}_{{yy}} $0.25
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具体参数值

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物理量符号/单位取值
垂线间长 $ {L}_{\rm{pp}} $ /m122.5
波长 $ \lambda $ /m122.5
傅汝德数 $ {F}_{\text{n}} $0.179
方形系数 $ {C}_{\rm{B}} $0.636
水线入口长度 $ {L}_{\text{E}} $ /m38
角频率f / (rad·s−1)0.5
纵摇回转半径 $ {k}_{{yy}} $0.25
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Results of numerical validation

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波长 $ \lambda $/m波幅 $ {\zeta }_{\rm{a}} $/m模拟均值 /MN计算均值 /MN相对误差平均误差
61.251.000.2720.2854.6%9.3%
122.500.3770.47019.8%
245.000.2360.2283.5%
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数值验证结果

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波长 $ \lambda $/m波幅 $ {\zeta }_{\rm{a}} $/m模拟均值 /MN计算均值 /MN相对误差平均误差
61.251.000.2720.2854.6%9.3%
122.500.3770.47019.8%
245.000.2360.2283.5%
), ArticleFig(id=1281203516962222873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281203071573274983, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Results of numerical validation

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密集度(C实验总阻力均值 /MN模拟总阻力均值 /MN误差
60%0.650.7615.7%
70%0.770.837.2%
80%0.910.931.6%
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数值验证结果

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密集度(C实验总阻力均值 /MN模拟总阻力均值 /MN误差
60%0.650.7615.7%
70%0.770.837.2%
80%0.910.931.6%
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波浪影响下碎冰区船舶冰阻力特性的数值研究
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欧泽辉 , 倪宝玉 , 袁广宇 , 钟凯
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2026,30(5): 708-721
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船舶力学 |流体力学 2026 , 30 (5) : 708 -721
波浪影响下碎冰区船舶冰阻力特性的数值研究
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欧泽辉, 倪宝玉, 袁广宇 , 钟凯
作者信息
  • 1.哈尔滨工程大学 船舶工程学院,哈尔滨 150001
通讯作者:
袁广宇(1995–),男,博士,通讯作者,E-mail:
作者简介:

欧泽辉(2002−),男,硕士研究生

倪宝玉(1986−),男,教授

Numerical study on ice resistance characteristics of ship in broken ice fields under wave effects
Ze-hui OU, Bao-yu NI, Guang-yu YUAN , Kai ZHONG
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.05.005
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波浪与碎冰并存是极地冰缘区的显著特征,在冰缘区航行的船舶会遭受碎冰和波浪载荷的共同作用,现阶段针对单一波浪或碎冰条件下船舶冰阻力特性的研究比较丰富,而对波浪与碎冰耦合作用下的船舶冰阻力特性研究相对匮乏,这导致船–冰–波浪相互作用机理及其对船舶航行性能的影响机制尚不清晰。为探究波浪影响下碎冰区船舶的冰阻力特性,本文基于计算流体动力学–离散元(CFD-DEM)耦合方法,构建了波浪影响下碎冰区船舶航行的数值模型,首先,基于有限体积方法(FVM)建立数值波浪水池,并引入离散元方法构建碎冰模型,通过与理论和模型实验结果对比,验证了单一波浪作用和单一碎冰作用下船舶阻力模型的有效性,随后,分析了波浪影响下碎冰区船舶冰阻力特性,并探究了波浪参数以及碎冰密集度的影响。研究结果表明:波浪的存在显著影响了船–冰相互作用过程,使冰阻力呈现明显的周期性,波浪影响下碎冰区船舶的冰阻力始终大于静水碎冰条件下的船舶冰阻力,同时揭示了波长、波高以及碎冰密集度等参数对冰阻力特性的影响规律。

CFD-DEM方法  /  碎冰区  /  船–波浪–冰相互作用  /  冰阻力特性

The coexistence of waves and broken ice is a prominent feature in marginal ice zones. Ships navigating in these areas are subjected to combined loads from both ice and wave actions. While current research has obtained substantial findings on ship ice resistance characteristics under either single wave or ice conditions, studies on coupled wave-broken ice interactions remain relatively scarce, resulting in insufficient understanding of the ship-ice-wave interaction mechanisms and their impacts on vessel navigation performance. To investigate ice resistance characteristics in broken ice fields under wave effects, this study developed a numerical model by adopting a coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics-Discrete Element Method (CFD-DEM) for ship navigation in wave-affected broken ice environments. The numerical wave tank was first established using the Finite Volume Method (FVM), while the broken ice model was developed through the Discrete Element Method (DEM). The validity of the ship resistance model under either single wave or ice conditions was verified through comparisons between theoretical solutions and experimental data. Subsequently, the ice resistance characteristics of ships navigating in wave-affected broken ice fields were systematically analyzed, with particular focus on the influences of wave parameters and ice concentrations. The results demonstrated that wave action significantly alters the ship-ice interaction process, inducing distinct periodic fluctuations in ice resistance. Notably, the ice resistance under combined wave-ice conditions consistently exceeds that observed in still water conditions with equivalent ice concentrations. Furthermore, the influence of key parameters including wavelength, wave height, and ice concentration on ice resistance behavior was also elucidated.

CFD-DEM method  /  broken ice field  /  ship-wave-ice interaction  /  ice resistance characteristics
欧泽辉, 倪宝玉, 袁广宇, 钟凯. 波浪影响下碎冰区船舶冰阻力特性的数值研究. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (5) : 708 -721 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.05.005
Ze-hui OU, Bao-yu NI, Guang-yu YUAN, Kai ZHONG. Numerical study on ice resistance characteristics of ship in broken ice fields under wave effects[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (5) : 708 -721 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.05.005
北极航道是连接太平洋北部与大西洋北部的最短航线,目前每年可通航5个月左右,较传统航道缩短5000~6000公里,极大缩短了航行时间,降低了燃油消耗[1]。极地冰缘区位于海冰覆盖区与开阔海域的交界地带,是冰区船舶从无冰水域进入冰区的初始过渡区。作为北极航线必经的重要区域,极地冰缘区不仅潜藏着海冰威胁,还涉及到波浪与海冰的复杂相互作用机制,该区域的主要特点就是波浪与碎冰共存[2],这对冰区船舶设计、航行性能及策略提出了新的要求。
冰区船舶阻力分析方法大致可分为三类:理论分析、模型试验以及数值模拟方法。对于冰区船舶阻力的理论分析,Lindqvist[3]提出了一种极地船舶冰阻力的估算方法,将总阻力分为破冰阻力、浸没阻力和滑动阻力三个部分。Aboulazm[4]提出了一种船舶在破碎冰场中航行的二维分析方法,包括“微观模型”和“宏观模型”以预测冰阻力。Spencer[5]综合前人研究将冰区船舶总阻力分为四个部分: 敞水阻力、浮冰阻力、清冰阻力以及破冰阻力。Zong等[6]采用简化的碰撞过程来模拟船舶与浮冰的碰撞过程,并考虑附加质量等部分流体效应的影响,得到船舶阻力的预测公式,计算结果与试验吻合良好。而对于波浪影响下碎冰区船舶的阻力,王帅[7]通过船模试验,指出波浪–浮冰共同作用下的船体总阻力不能简单认为是静水阻力、波浪增阻和浮冰阻力三者的加和,需要考虑波浪与浮冰相互作用引起的阻力变化分量,称之为波浪–浮冰–船体耦合增阻。骆婉珍[8]指出波浪影响下船舶总阻力可以划分为:静水阻力、波浪增阻、碎冰阻力以及耦合增阻,并揭示了耦合增阻的产生机制,给出了相应的经验公式。波浪–冰耦合下船舶阻力的试验方面,因受限于试验设施,现阶段开展的试验研究仍相对匮乏。日本大阪大学Sawamura等[9]采用人工合成冰在带有造波设施的拖曳水池中进行了模型试验,对敞水、波浪、浮冰及三者耦合作用下的阻力特性进行了对比分析,探究了冰–波浪相互作用对冰阻力的影响。骆婉珍[8]使用石蜡冰,同样在造波水池对冰缘区船–冰–波浪阻力进行了研究,通过改变波浪参数和冰密集度以及船舶航速,总结了各参数对船舶总阻力的影响规律。
在数值模拟方面,针对敞水区域船舶波浪增阻的研究已经较为广泛,Jung等[10]采用多目标优化方法——非支配排序遗传算法II(NSGA-II)对船舶在波浪中的运动进行了模拟,通过对不同船型进行敏感性分析,比较优化解与基准船之间的差异,预测了相应船型的水动力性能。Ley[11]基于切片理论、边界元法和非定常雷诺平均纳维–斯托克斯(Navier-Stokes)方程等数值方法,预测了船舶在极端波浪条件下的运动响应,在小到中等波高下,数值结果与实验数据均吻合良好,为船舶的结构设计提供了参考依据。对于冰区船舶阻力的数值模拟研究,已经有许多方法应用到了静水中冰阻力的计算,如有限元法(FEM)、近场动力学法(PD)、离散元法(DEM)等,其中离散元方法因其在处理大量不规则形状碎冰与流场的复杂交界面、碎冰块堆积以及动态断裂过程等问题方面的优势而被广泛应用于冰阻力的计算中,其有效性也得到了广泛验证。Guo等[12]采用有限元法(FEM)结合流固耦合算法,通过数值模拟预测了破冰船在碎冰条件下的阻力性能。Ni等[13]采用计算流体动力学–离散元(CFD-DEM)耦合方法模拟了船舶在层冰中的运动,为理解和预测极地船舶在冰区条件下的航行性能提供了重要的理论依据和技术手段。
关于波浪影响下碎冰区船舶阻力特性的研究,由于波浪会显著影响碎冰的运动状态,如碎冰在波浪的作用下发生翻转、滑动和堆积,这些能量与运动状态发生变化的碎冰再与船舶发生碰撞,从而产生耦合增阻,因此需要考虑碎冰与波浪的耦合作用。Luo等[14]利用模型试验方法,在模拟冰缘区环境的拖曳水池中进行了不同的波浪参数、碎冰密集度以及船舶速度的试验,研究指出与单一波浪或碎冰条件相比较,船舶在碎冰–波浪耦合环境中的运动更加不稳定,波浪与碎冰之间的相互作用会使船舶总阻力显著增加。李欣昂[15]基于CFD-DEM方法,探讨了碎冰与波浪联合作用下的船舶冰阻力性能,并分析了波长和波高等波浪参数变化对冰阻力的影响。王嘉安[16]基于光滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)与任意拉格朗日–欧拉(S-ALE)结合方法和浸没式罚函数接触算法,模拟了船舶在冰缘区复杂航行环境下的力学行为,对冰缘区航行船舶所受耦合总阻力及各阻力成分开展定量分析,总结了波浪增阻、碎冰增阻、船–冰–波浪耦合增阻规律,研究指出,总阻力随航速、波高以及碎冰密集度的增加而增大。
通过对已有研究分析可以发现,现有冰缘区船舶阻力研究更偏向于单一波浪或层冰、碎冰等冰况对船舶总阻力的影响,对波浪–碎冰耦合作用下船舶冰阻力变化以及相关因素影响规律的探究仍存在不足。为此,本文基于内置成熟DEM模块且可与CFD耦合计算的商业软件[17],采用CFD-DEM耦合方法,建立了波浪影响下碎冰区船舶航行的数值模型,通过与理论和试验结果对比,验证了模型的有效性,并开展了波浪影响下碎冰区船舶冰阻力特性的数值研究。
本文的数值研究基于CFD-DEM耦合方法,该方法在处理船–冰–波浪的复杂相互作用问题时,能够针对波浪、冰的不同特性以及碰撞过程进行对应的模拟,对分析本文研究问题具有良好的适用性。首先建立了斯托克斯(Stokes)波波浪水池,采用源项技术控制数值模型的波浪生成,基于DEM方法生成碎冰模型和碎冰域,最终建立了船–碎冰–波浪耦合数值模型。
对于流场模拟方面,本文基于有限体积法(FVM),控制方程为雷诺平均方程[18] (Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes, RANS),其表达式如下
$ \rho \frac{{\mathrm{d}}{\overline{u}}_{i}}{{\mathrm{d}}t}=-\frac{\partial \overline{p}}{\partial {x}_{i}}+\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left[\mu \left(\frac{\partial {\overline{u}}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{j}}+\frac{\partial {\overline{u}}_{j}}{\partial {x}_{i}}\right)\right]+\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left(-\rho \overline{{{{u}^{\prime}}}_{i}{{{u}^{\prime}}}_{j}}\right)+{g}_{i} $
式中:$ {\overline{u}}_{i} $表示各方向上的雷诺平均速度分量,$ {{{u}^{\prime}}}_{i} $表示各方向上的脉冲速度,其中
$ -\rho \overline{{{{u}^{\prime}}}_{i}{{{u}^{\prime}}}_{j}}={\mu }_{t}\left(\frac{\partial {u}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{j}}+\frac{\partial {u}_{j}}{\partial {x}_{i}}\right)-\frac{2}{3}\rho {\delta }_{ij}k $
式中:$ {\nu }_{\text{t}} $为涡粘系数$ {\nu }_{\text{t}}={\mu }_{\text{t}}/\rho $$ {\delta }_{ij} $为Kronecker函数,$ k $为湍动能,即脉动速度平方和
$ k=\frac{1}{2}\overline{{{{u}^{\prime}}}_{i}{{{u}^{\prime}}}_{i}}=\frac{1}{2}\left(\overline{{{{u}^{\prime}}}^{2}}+\overline{{{{v}^{\prime}}}^{2}}+\overline{{{{w}^{\prime}}}^{2}}\right) $
当前,求解有关涡粘系数的模型主要以k-ω模型,k-ε模型为主,其中
$ {\mu }_{{\mathrm{t}}}=\rho {C}_{\mu }\frac{{k}^{2}}{\varepsilon } $
标准k-ε模型因其广泛的适用性和稳定性被普遍认可,本模拟同样选用k-ε湍流模型。
在本研究中,基于离散元方法(DEM)进行碎冰模型的建立,以简单的颗粒单元为例,离散颗粒单元的运动应满足牛顿第二定律方程[19]
$ m\frac{{\mathrm{d}}{\boldsymbol{v}}_{{\mathrm{p}}}}{{\mathrm{d}}t}={\boldsymbol{F}}_{{\mathrm{g}}}+{\boldsymbol{F}}_{{\mathrm{f}}}+{\boldsymbol{F}}_{{\mathrm{c}}} $
$ I\frac{{\mathrm{d}}{\boldsymbol{w}}_{{\mathrm{p}}}}{{\mathrm{d}}t}={\boldsymbol{M}}_{{\mathrm{f}}}+{\boldsymbol{M}}_{{\mathrm{c}}} $
式中:$ m $$ I $分别表示冰颗粒的质量和转动惯量;$ {\boldsymbol{v}}_{\rm{p}} $$ {\omega }_{\rm{p}} $分别表示冰颗粒的速度和角速度;$ {\boldsymbol{F}}_{\rm{g}} $表示重力;$ {\boldsymbol{F}}_{\rm{f}} $$ {\boldsymbol{M}}_{\rm{f}} $分别表示作用于颗粒的流体力和力矩;$ {\boldsymbol{F}}_{\rm{c}} $$ {\boldsymbol{M}}_{\rm{c}} $分别表示来自其他颗粒或船体的接触力和力矩。
考虑到碎冰和流体的相互作用,颗粒的流体力$ {\boldsymbol{F}}_{\rm{f}} $包括拖曳力$ {\boldsymbol{F}}_{\rm{d}} $、压力梯度力$ {\boldsymbol{F}}_{\rm{p}} $和升力$ {\boldsymbol{F}}_{\rm{l}} $。基于流体网格计算作用于冰颗粒的流体力,将每个冰颗粒投影至流体网格,并将周围流体网格所包含的流体力插值到冰颗粒上计算得到冰颗粒的合力与合力矩[20]
拖曳力$ {\boldsymbol{F}}_{\rm{d}} $和阻力矩$ {\boldsymbol{M}}_{\rm{d}} $由下式计算
$ {\boldsymbol{F}}_{\rm{d}}=\frac{1}{2}{C}_{\rm{D}}{\rho }_{\rm{f}}{A}_{\rm{p}}\left| {v}_{\rm{r}}\right| {v}_{\rm{r}} $
$ {\boldsymbol{M}}_{\rm{d}}=\frac{1}{2}{\rho }_{\rm{f}}{\left(\frac{D}{2}\right)}^{5}{C}_{\rm{R}}\left| {\omega }_{\rm{r}}\right| {\omega }_{\rm{r}} $
其中,$ {A}_{\rm{p}} $表示颗粒的投影面积,$ D $表示颗粒直径。$ {v}_{\rm{r}} $$ {\omega }_{\rm{r}} $分别表示冰颗粒与流体之间的相对速度和角速度。$ {C}_{\rm{D}} $$ {C}_{\rm{R}} $分别表示拖曳力系数和拖曳力矩系数, 其详细表达式可参考 Haider[21]
压力梯度力$ {\boldsymbol{F}}_{\rm{p}} $的表达式如下
$ {\boldsymbol{F}}_{\rm{p}}=-{V}_{\rm{P}}\nabla {p}_{\rm{s}} $
其中,$ {V}_{\rm{P}} $表示冰颗粒的体积,$ \nabla {p}_{\rm{s}} $ 表示流体中的静压梯度。
升力$ {\boldsymbol{F}}_{\rm{l}} $分为剪切升力$ {\boldsymbol{F}}_{\rm{lr}} $和旋转升力$ {\boldsymbol{F}}_{\rm{ls}} $,如下式
$ {\boldsymbol{F}}_{\rm{l}}={\boldsymbol{F}}_{\rm{lr}}+{\boldsymbol{F}}_{\rm{ls}} $
$ {\boldsymbol{F}}_{\rm{lr}}={C}_{\rm{lr}}\frac{\rho \pi }{8}{D}^{2}\left| {v}_{\rm{r}}\right| \frac{{\omega }_{\rm{r}}\times {v}_{\rm{r}}}{\left| {\omega }_{\rm{r}}\right| } $
$ {\boldsymbol{F}}_{\rm{ls}}={C}_{\rm{ls}}\frac{\rho \pi }{8}{D}^{3}\left({v}_{\rm{r}}\times \omega \right) $
其中,$ \omega $表示流体的角速度,系数$ {C}_{\rm{lr}} $$ {C}_{\rm{ls}} $按照Saffman[22]和Sommerfeld[23]的方法确定。
冰–冰或船–冰相互作用的接触力$ {\boldsymbol{F}}_{\rm{c}} $是使用线性弹簧接触模型计算的,线性弹簧接触模型本质上是一种弹簧–阻尼器模型,其中弹簧提供弹性力,阻尼器提供粘性阻尼[24]。因此,接触力$ {\boldsymbol{F}}_{\rm{c}} $可以分解为沿两个球体中心连线方向的法向和与之垂直的切向。法向分量$ {\boldsymbol{F}}_{\rm{n}} $和切向分量$ {\boldsymbol{F}}_{\rm{t}} $可以表示为:
$ {\boldsymbol{F}}_{\rm{c}}={F}_{\rm{n}}\boldsymbol{n}+{F}_{\rm{t}}{\tau } $
其中,$ \boldsymbol{n} $$ {\tau } $分别是法向和切向的单位向量。颗粒–颗粒接触模型和接触力如图1所示,其中入射方向表示这两个颗粒之间的相对速度方向。在计算船–冰接触力时,船体可以视为直径无限大的颗粒。在这种情况下,法向和切向方向分别为碰撞位置局部船体的法向和切向。
同样,接触力矩$ {\boldsymbol{M}}_{\rm{c}} $可以表示为
$ {\boldsymbol{M}}_{\rm{c}}={M}_{\rm{n}}\boldsymbol{n}+{M}_{\rm{t}}{\tau } $
其中,$ {M}_{\rm{n}} $$ {M}_{\rm{t}} $分别是法向和切向扭矩分量。式(13) 和 式(14) 的细节可参考 Ni 等[13]
涉及复杂边界条件的动态流固耦合过程一直是数值模拟研究中的一大挑战,特别是联合运用多种求解技术进行耦合模拟时,计算复杂程度显著增加。CFD-DEM耦合模拟技术也面临着若干亟待攻克的难关,其中两大核心难题尤为突出[25]:首先在于如何有效地协调不同物理过程之间的时间尺度差异。其次,需要注意网格尺度与颗粒尺寸的匹配问题。随着耦合模拟技术的不断推进和完善,该技术促进了更为精确和高效流固耦合模拟技术的发展。其中,单向耦合方法在模拟过程中,主要研究流体流动变化对颗粒受力的影响,忽略了颗粒对流体流动的反馈作用,这样的简化显著降低了计算的复杂度,从而提升了计算效率。He等[26]采用单向耦合方法,探究了规则波浪影响下的层冰响应及破碎,验证了单向耦合方法在研究波浪–冰相互作用上的有效性。Mucha[27]和Luo等[28]都进行了碎冰场中船舶阻力模拟探究,从计算效率与计算精度等方面对比了单双向耦合方法,研究表明两种耦合方法对预测的船舶阻力均不会产生显著差异,但单向耦合方法在计算效率方面远优于双向耦合。本文的研究主要关注碎冰群在波浪作用下运动状态的变化,以及碎冰分布状态和密集度的改变对于船舶冰载荷的影响规律,在满足计算精度和计算效率的情况下,本文最终采用单向耦合形式,单向耦合流程如图2所示。
根据所选“雪龙2”号破冰船船型对波浪–碎冰数值水池进行几何布置,具体参数如表1所示。
碎冰模型区域构建如图3所示,船舶运动基于重叠网格技术实现,长140 m、宽60 m的碎冰场布置在船舶初始位置之前,船舶后方背景域边界设置为压力出口边界条件,其他背景域边界均设置为速度入口边界条件,波浪传播方向与船舶航行方向相反,船舶向前航行通过碎冰区。
如上所述,采用源项(Wave Forcing)技术模拟波浪生成[29],为了避免水池末端的波浪反射对数值模拟结果产生影响,本文在水池末端245 m处对波浪垂向速度施加阻尼,以此抑制波浪反射效果。基于以上方法,首先针对波浪环境进行模拟,并依据理论结果进行验证。为了节约计算资源、确定合适网格尺寸,首先进行了网格收敛性分析,网格如图4所示。
图5中精细网格基础尺寸0.1 m,中等网格基础尺寸1.0 m,粗糙网格基础尺寸5.0 m。在距离水池入口10 m处设置监测点1进行波高监测,经过三组网格数量下波形监测结果的对比,三组波高时历曲线均吻合良好。
图6中将网格基础尺寸设置为1.0 m时,提取的波高时历曲线与理论值进行对比,结果显示,监测点1处的模拟波高结果与理论预测高度契合,验证了数值模拟产生的波浪形态具有较高的准确性,从而有效验证了数值波浪水池造波功能原理的可靠性。
为了保证模拟的准确性以及节省计算时间,本文后续数值模型中,选取中等网格划分方法对含波浪数值案例进行处理。
在波浪环境模拟准确性得到验证后,继续对波浪影响下船舶阻力进行模拟验证。关于波浪条件下船舶阻力的理论研究,发展较为成熟的是频域势流理论[30]。本文采用考虑黏性的计算流体力学方法对波浪影响下船舶阻力特性进行模拟(如图7所示),并以适合本文考虑船型的Liu等[31]2017年提出的经验公式对船舶波浪增阻进行估算,与数值模拟结果进行对比验证。验证工况波浪参数为波长122.5 m,波幅1.0 m,周期8.85 s,水深7.85 m。
根据频域势流理论,船舶在任意波长的顶头波中的附加阻力,可使用以下公式估算[31]
$ {R}_{\rm{AW}}={R}_{\rm{AWR}}+{R}_{\rm{AWM}} $
其中,$ {R}_{\rm{AWR}} $代表由于波浪产生的附加阻力,$ {R}_{\rm{AWM}} $代表由于船舶运动产生的附加阻力。
波浪产生的附加阻力公式通过典型设计数据的推导可以被简化为[3132]
$ {R}_{\text{AWR}}=\frac{2.25}{2}\rho gB\zeta _{\rm{a}}^{2}{\alpha }_{\rm{T}}{\text{sin}}^{2}E\left(1+5\sqrt{\frac{{L}_{\rm{pp}}}{\lambda }}{F}_{\text{n}}\right){\left(\frac{0.87}{{C}_{\rm{B}}}\right)}^{1+4\sqrt{{F}_{\text{n}}}} $
其中,$ \rho $为水的密度;$ g $为重力加速度;$ B $为船宽;$ {\zeta }_{\rm{a}} $为波幅;$ {L}_{\rm{pp}} $为垂线间长;$ \lambda $为波长;$ {F}_{\text{n}} $为傅汝德数;$ {C}_{\rm{B}} $为方形系数;$ {\alpha }_{\rm{T}}=1-{{\mathrm{e}}}^{-2kT} $为草稿系数(draft coefficient);$ k $为波数,T为船舶吃水;$ E= a \text{tan}(B/2{L}_{\text{E}}) $是水线入口角度;而$ {L}_{\text{E}} $是水线入口长度,其测量方法由图8给出,本文取“雪龙2”的水线入口长38 m。
对于船舶运动产生的附加阻力$ {R}_{\rm{AWM}} $,具体公式如下[31]
$ {R}_{\text{AWM}}=4\rho g\zeta _{\rm{a}}^{2}{B}^{2}/{L}_{\text{pp}}{\overline{\omega }}^{{{b}_{1}}}\exp \left[\frac{{b}_{1}}{{d}_{1}}\left(1-{\overline{\omega }}^{{{d}_{1}}}\right)\right]{a}_{1}{a}_{2} $
其中,
$ {a}_{1}=60.3C_{\rm{B}}^{1.34}{\left(\frac{0.87}{{C}_{\rm{B}}}\right)}^{1+{{F}_{\text{n}}}} $
$ {a}_{2}={F}_{\rm{n}}{}^{1.5}\exp \left(-3.5{F}_{\rm{n}}\right) $
$ F_{\mathrm{n}}\geq 0.05 $时,
$ \overline{\omega }=\frac{\sqrt{{L}_{\text{pp}}/g}\sqrt[3]{{k}_{{yy}}}F_{\text{n}}^{0.143}}{1.17}2{\text{π}} f $
$ {C}_{\rm{B}}\leq 0.75 $时,
$ {{b}}_{1}=\begin{cases} 11.0\overline{\omega } \lt 1\\-8.5\overline{\omega }\geq 1\end{cases} $
$ {{d}}_{1}=\begin{cases} 14.0\overline{\omega } \lt 1\\-566{\left(\dfrac{L_{\mathrm{pp}}}{B}\right)}^{-2.66}\times 6\overline{\omega }\geq 1\end{cases} $
其中,$ {k}_{{yy}} $为纵摇回转半径;$ \overline{\omega } $为频率因子(frequency factor),$ {a}_{1} $$ {a}_{2} $分别是振幅因子(amplitude factor)和速度校正因子(speed correction factor)。具体参数如表2所示。
数值验证结果如表3,通过经验公式计算出的波浪附加阻力均值与静水阻力均值相加得到波浪阻力均值。当$ \lambda $=122.50 m时,波长与船长比为1,在此波长下辐射波对波浪附加阻力贡献最大,且船舶与水面之间的相对运动最为剧烈[33],导致波浪附加增阻显著提升,波浪阻力也就更大。波浪总阻力模拟均值与计算均值的平均误差约为9.3%。
参考哈尔滨工程大学室外冰池中进行的静水工况下船模碎冰区拖航试验,对船舶静水碎冰条件下阻力计算数值模型进行验证。该型船模与本文模拟使用船型均为“雪龙2”号[19]。本文数值模拟中的碎冰形状与该试验中保持一致,试验采用聚丙烯非制冷合成冰,简化模型冰为正方形,边长为0.067 m,厚度为0.01497 m,这种规则形状的碎冰是对实际冰区不同尺寸和随机形状的冰块真实碎冰场的简化处理,该简化方案Marnix等[34]已经过相应试验验证了其有效性,且当碎冰的尺寸需满足小于或等于Lu等[35]提出的临界长度时,即可视作不发生二次破碎,临界长度计算公式如下
$ l=\sqrt[4]{\frac{W}{K}} $
式中:$ K $为弹性系数($ K=\rho g $$ \rho $为水密度);$ W $为海冰抗弯刚度
$ W=\frac{E{H}^{3}}{12(1-{\upsilon }^{2})} $
其中,$ E $为海冰杨氏模量(1.0 GPa),$ \upsilon $为泊松比(0.3),$ H $为碎冰厚度。根据傅汝德–柯西相似准则(Huang等[36]),通过上式计算得冰临界长度为0.1497 m,按缩尺比($ A=60 $)则数值模拟冰临界长度为8.982 m,本文中模拟冰长2.5 m满足上述条件。
由于实验中采用的是模型尺度,而本文的模拟采用的是实船尺度,所以要根据相似关系对船舶以及碎冰各项尺寸进行比例变换。参考模型试验中的船模缩尺比$ A $为60,参考试验中碎冰密集度60%、70%、80%,航速0.8 m/s的工况,依照傅汝德相似准则进行对应实尺度的模拟计算,$ \textit{v}={\textit{v}}_{0}\sqrt{A} $$ R={R}_{0}{A}^{3} $,其中,$ \textit{v} $$ R $表示实船的速度和总阻力值[37]$ {\textit{v}}_{0} $$ {R}_{0} $表示模型船的速度和总阻力值,得到试验与数值结果对比验证结果如表4图9所示,可以得出碎冰区船舶总阻力均值相互吻合良好,误差均在16.0%以下。同时,如图10所示,模拟结果与模型试验现象吻合良好。
基于前文建立及验证的数值模型,本节针对波浪影响下碎冰区阻力特性开展研究,在船舶碎冰运动数值模拟中引入波浪条件,完成对波浪影响下碎冰区船舶运动的数值模拟。以波长船长比为1.0、波高2.0 m、碎冰密集度60%为基础工况,且所有工况航速$ v $均为6.2 m/s。
不同时刻波浪影响下碎冰区船舶运动的模拟场景如图11所示,在波浪作用下,碎冰群会随着波浪移动,在波长方向上碎冰分布发生变化,碎冰在下跨零点附近集中,而在上跨零点附近扩散,碎冰密集度随之发生变化;这一现象与波浪中流体质点的运动形式密切相关,如图12所示在波浪下跨零点两侧,质点速度方向相反,都指向下跨零点,所以碎冰在波浪下跨零点附近集中;而在波浪上跨零点附近,质点速度方向相反且都远离上跨零点,所以碎冰在波浪上跨零点附近扩散[15]
图13分别显示了船舶在静水、波浪条件下冰阻力随时间变化的时历曲线和对比情况,其中$ {R}_{\rm{ice}} $表示碎冰条件下船舶冰阻力,静水条件下船舶冰阻力表现出了较强的波动性,这是船–碎冰碰撞在时间上的随机性导致的,而波浪的存在会使船舶的冰阻力在此基础上产生明显的周期性变化,冰阻力曲线剧烈波动,且总体趋势上出现了较为明显的极大值和极小值,由船–冰–波浪相互作用特征可知(图11 (b)~(c)),波浪影响下的碎冰区出现了明显的集中和扩散现象,碎冰集中处碎冰密集度变大,而扩散处密集度减小,宏观上来看,碎冰密集度的明显改变导致了船舶冰阻力陡增以及剧减的变化状态,冰阻力出现周期性变化。
尽管冰阻力剧烈波动,但从图13的均值来看,波浪作用下船舶受到的阻力均值仍略高于静水条件。如图14 (b)所示,波浪的存在会使碎冰的运动状态更加复杂。船舶不仅会挤压碎冰,还会随波浪起伏与碎冰发生更多的碰撞和摩擦,此外,波浪会使碎冰的分布发生变化,导致碎冰在船舶周围不均匀堆积,从而在船–冰接触时产生更大的阻力。相比之下,静水碎冰条件下碎冰分布相对均匀,不会因波浪作用而产生局部的集中堆积,从而使船舶受到的冰阻力相对较小。此外,数值模拟结果表明,与静水工况相比,波浪作用会导致船尾后方排开的开阔水道宽度显著增加,水道宽度在波浪作用下增大的主要原因可能是波浪加剧了碎冰与船舶间的相互作用,受到更大冲击力的碎冰漂移距离明显增加,水道宽度的增加表明船舶与碎冰相互作用过程中传递了更多能量,这也间接解释了波浪影响下冰阻力更大的现象[38]
碎冰在不同波浪条件下的运动特性不同,直接导致了船–冰–波浪耦合作用方式的不同,碎冰阻力也会随着波浪特性变化而改变,在探究波浪与浮冰相互作用的研究中,波长被证实对浮冰的动态响应起着关键作用[8]。本节致力于分析在不同波长条件下,碎冰区船舶冰阻力变化的特征,在波高2.0 m、碎冰密集度60%前提下,选取四组不同的波长与船长比($ \lambda /L $)为0.5、1.0、1.5和2.0。
波长对船–冰–波浪相互作用的影响方面,在相同波高、同一航速下,波长船长比的改变会影响碎冰的分布。如图15所示,当$ \lambda /L=0.5 $时,波浪周期较短,碎冰群频繁出现扩散和集中现象,随着$ \lambda /L $的增大,由于波速随着波长的增加而增大,波浪影响下的碎冰运动速度和位移相较静水时也就更大,碎冰向周围水域的扩散现象更明显,局部碎冰密集度相较初始碎冰域减小程度更大。
图16 (a)所示,$ {R}_{{\mathrm{i}}\_ {\mathrm{wave}}} $为波浪碎冰条件下船舶冰阻力随波长船长比的变化特性。在波浪影响下,当船舶进入碎冰区后,冰阻力逐渐趋于稳定并出现周期性变化,冰阻力周期略小于波浪周期。
在这种变化趋势影响下,整体冰阻力均值变化明显,如图16 (b)所示,随着$ \lambda /L $增大,冰阻力均值随之减小,碎冰区船舶冰阻力均值总体上与$ \lambda /L $呈现线性负相关关系。
为了研究波浪波高对船舶在波浪碎冰条件下阻力特性的影响,在波长船长比为1.0、碎冰密集度为60%的前提下,选取四组不同的波高1.0 m、2.0 m、3.0 m以及4.0 m开展研究。
通过图17 (a)和(b)的对比,可以发现,随着波高的增加,碎冰群的扩散与集中现象更加明显。同一波长下,波高越大,波陡也就越大,波浪的非线性效应更加明显,更易发生波浪的破碎,在破碎波的作用下,碎冰群会受到更强的冲击力和剪切力,原本相对聚集的碎冰会被更有力地推开,碎冰的集中和扩散现象更加明显。
针对波高影响下的冰阻力变化方面,如图18 (a)所示,波浪的影响加剧了冰密集度分布不均的现象,导致了冰阻力的波动幅度随之扩大,更加明显地体现出冰阻力的周期性。针对船舶冰阻力均值而言(图18 (b)),随着波高增加,碎冰区船舶冰阻力均值也不断增大,呈现近乎二次函数增长趋势。
为了研究波浪影响下,碎冰密集度对船舶阻力的影响,保持波长船长比1.0、波高2.0 m不变,分别选取50%、60%、70%和80%四组碎冰密集度对波浪影响下船舶碎冰区航行过程进行模拟。
图19所示,碎冰密集度的增加导致船舶航行中与碎冰碰撞频率显著增加,同时船舶推开碎冰群所需推力更大,船舶冰阻力变大。如图20 (a)所示,在不同密集度影响下,船舶冰阻力变化趋势并无明显改变,均保持周期性波动且周期并无明显变化,不同的是,密集度的增加明显导致冰阻力时历曲线的上移,冰阻力整体上升。
图20 (b) 展示了波浪条件下以及静水工况时的冰阻力均值变化。与现有研究规律类似,静水条件下冰阻力随密集度的增加而增大,呈线性正相关,其中,80%密集度时的冰阻力几乎是50%密集度时冰阻力的两倍,波浪影响下的冰阻力均值也随密集度增加而增大,且始终大于静水条件下的对应值。现有研究表明,波浪作用与冰密集度增大均使得船舶冰阻力增大。为了量化分析波浪在冰密集度变化时对冰阻力的贡献程度,定义了波浪作用下船舶冰阻力相较于静水条件时增长百分比$ \eta $$ \eta =\left({R}_{{\mathrm{i}}\_ {\mathrm{wave}}}-{R}_{{\mathrm{i}}\_ {\mathrm{sw}}}\right)/{R}_{{\mathrm{i}}\_ {\mathrm{sw}}} $),如图20 (c)所示。在碎冰密集度增大时,$ \eta $大体呈现增大趋势。如前文分析,波浪的作用明显改变了碎冰与船舶的相对速度,船–冰碰撞更加剧烈,密集度的增加显著提升了该剧烈碰撞的频次,因此导致了$ \eta $逐步增大。在较小密集度时,碎冰分布较为分散,冰块间运动活跃,船–冰碰撞仍然激烈;而在70%密集度时,碎冰分布较为密集,冰块之间开始相互接触、相互约束,导致船–冰碰撞减少,因此$ \eta $相对于60%密集度时较小;在80%密集度时,碎冰在波浪作用下形成整体结构,船舶需要通过挤压作用顶开碎冰群形成的整体结构,阻力急剧增大,相较静水工况冰阻力甚至增大了近10%。
本文基于CFD-DEM耦合方法,搭建了数值波浪水池,在此基础上引入碎冰DEM模型,经验证,建立了船–碎冰–波浪耦合模型,对船舶在波浪条件下碎冰区阻力特性开展了数值模拟,主要结论如下:
(1)波浪对船–碎冰作用的影响:波浪影响下,碎冰的运动状态和分布情况更加复杂,碎冰群会产生明显的集中和扩散现象,船舶冰阻力表现出较为明显的周期性;波浪影响下船尾后方排开的水道更加宽阔。
(2)波浪参数变化对冰阻力的影响:波浪影响下,碎冰区船舶航行冰阻力呈现周期性变化,其阻力均值总是大于静水碎冰条件下的阻力均值;船舶冰阻力与波长–船长比负相关;在波长船长比保持不变的前提下,随着波高的增大,冰阻力均值逐渐增大。
(3)碎冰密集度对冰阻力的影响:不同碎冰密集度下的冰阻力周期保持一致,并且波浪影响下冰阻力均值总是大于相同密集度下静水碎冰条件下的冰阻力;随着碎冰密集度的增加,波浪作用下船舶冰阻力相较于静水条件的增长百分比大体呈现出增加趋势。

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2026年第30卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.05.005
  • 接收时间:2025-07-29
  • 首发时间:2026-07-07
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-29
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    1.哈尔滨工程大学 船舶工程学院,哈尔滨 150001

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袁广宇(1995–),男,博士,通讯作者,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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