Article(id=1281202557234156047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281202552578478607, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.05.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756224000000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783392093237, onlineDateStr=2026-07-07, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783392093237, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783392093237, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1783392093237, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1281202552578478607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='5', pageStart='659', pageEnd='842', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783392092127, creator='13041195026', updateTime=1783395243852, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281215774769525418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281202552578478607, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281215775176372907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281202552578478607, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=671, endPage=683, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281202558467281424, articleId=1281202557234156047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Numerical simulation of C-type turning performance of a self-propelled biomimetic robotic shark, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To improve the C-type turning performance of a biomimetic robotic shark, the kinematics and hydrodynamics of the C-type turning motion of a self-propelled robotic shark were studied using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation method. A simulation model of the robotic shark and its turning kinematic and dynamic equations were established. The influences of parameters such as the minimum curvature radius R0 of fish body bending, the asymmetry coefficient Rs of caudal fin, and the distance between fish and wall (dh) on turning velocity and hydrodynamic parameters were numerically studied, and the evolution process of flow field structure during C-type turning process was analyzed. The results indicate that the smaller R0 is, the shorter the turning distance becomes and the larger the turning angle is. The asymmetric caudal fin can contribute to improving turning performance, but excessive Rs will lead to a decrease in turning stability. The wall effect is conducive to increasing turning speed and reducing turning distance.

, authors=Ou XIE, Ji-ping LUO, Chen-bo ZHANG, authorsList=Ou XIE, Ji-ping LUO, Chen-bo ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ou XIE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281202582739718730, articleId=1281202557234156047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=自推进仿生机器鲨鱼C型转向性能数值模拟, columnId=1241023038087549292, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=流体力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了提高仿生机器鲨鱼的C型转向性能,本文采用计算流体动力学仿真方法开展了自推进机器鲨鱼C型转向的运动学和水动力学研究。建立了机器鲨鱼仿真模型及其转向运动学与动力学方程,同时数值研究了鱼体弯曲最小曲率半径R0、尾鳍非对称系数Rs和靠壁距离dh等参数对转向速度和水动力参数的影响规律,分析了C型转向过程中流场结构的演变过程。结果表明,减小R0可缩短转向距离、增大转向角度;尾鳍的非对称性有助于改善转向效果,但Rs过大会导致转向稳定性下降;适当的靠壁距离能够提升转向速度、减小转向距离。

, authors=谢鸥, 罗继平, 张陈波, authorsList=谢鸥, 罗继平, 张陈波, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=谢鸥, authorNote=

罗继平 (2001–),男,硕士研究生

张陈波 (1999–),男,硕士研究生

, correspAuthorsNote=
谢 鸥 (1983–),男,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,通讯作者,E-mail:
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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Study on the influence of rudder and fin combined control on ship's turning characteristics, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1281202583716991563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202557234156047, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1281202586921439820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202557234156047, companyId=1281202583716991563, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1281202586950799949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202557234156047, companyId=1281202583716991563, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.苏州科技大学 机械工程学院,江苏 苏州 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自推进仿生机器鲨鱼C型转向性能数值模拟
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谢鸥 , 罗继平 , 张陈波
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2026,30(5): 671-683
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船舶力学 |流体力学 2026 , 30 (5) : 671 -683
自推进仿生机器鲨鱼C型转向性能数值模拟
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张陈波 (1999–),男,硕士研究生

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谢鸥 , 罗继平, 张陈波
作者信息
  • 1.苏州科技大学 机械工程学院,江苏 苏州 215009
通讯作者:
谢 鸥 (1983–),男,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,通讯作者,E-mail:
作者简介:

罗继平 (2001–),男,硕士研究生

张陈波 (1999–),男,硕士研究生

Numerical simulation of C-type turning performance of a self-propelled biomimetic robotic shark
Ou XIE , Ji-ping LUO, Chen-bo ZHANG
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.05.002
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为了提高仿生机器鲨鱼的C型转向性能,本文采用计算流体动力学仿真方法开展了自推进机器鲨鱼C型转向的运动学和水动力学研究。建立了机器鲨鱼仿真模型及其转向运动学与动力学方程,同时数值研究了鱼体弯曲最小曲率半径R0、尾鳍非对称系数Rs和靠壁距离dh等参数对转向速度和水动力参数的影响规律,分析了C型转向过程中流场结构的演变过程。结果表明,减小R0可缩短转向距离、增大转向角度;尾鳍的非对称性有助于改善转向效果,但Rs过大会导致转向稳定性下降;适当的靠壁距离能够提升转向速度、减小转向距离。

仿生机器鲨鱼  /  C型转向  /  非对称尾鳍  /  壁面效应  /  数值模拟

To improve the C-type turning performance of a biomimetic robotic shark, the kinematics and hydrodynamics of the C-type turning motion of a self-propelled robotic shark were studied using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation method. A simulation model of the robotic shark and its turning kinematic and dynamic equations were established. The influences of parameters such as the minimum curvature radius R0 of fish body bending, the asymmetry coefficient Rs of caudal fin, and the distance between fish and wall (dh) on turning velocity and hydrodynamic parameters were numerically studied, and the evolution process of flow field structure during C-type turning process was analyzed. The results indicate that the smaller R0 is, the shorter the turning distance becomes and the larger the turning angle is. The asymmetric caudal fin can contribute to improving turning performance, but excessive Rs will lead to a decrease in turning stability. The wall effect is conducive to increasing turning speed and reducing turning distance.

biomimetic robotic shark  /  C-type turning  /  asymmetric caudal fin  /  wall effect  /  numerical simulation
谢鸥, 罗继平, 张陈波. 自推进仿生机器鲨鱼C型转向性能数值模拟. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (5) : 671 -683 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.05.002
Ou XIE, Ji-ping LUO, Chen-bo ZHANG. Numerical simulation of C-type turning performance of a self-propelled biomimetic robotic shark[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (5) : 671 -683 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.05.002
根据推进器官的不同,鱼类的推进模式可分为身体/尾鳍推进模式BCF(Body and/or Caudal Fin)和中央鳍/对鳍推进模式MPF(Median and/or Paired Fin)两大类。鲨鱼是BCF推进模式鱼类中的佼佼者,具有游动速度快、机动性强等特点。为了捕食猎物和逃避敌害,鲨鱼进化出了优越的C型转向能力,可实现快速启动和短距离、大角度转弯。目前关于鱼类C型转向的研究通常采用高速摄像机进行活体观测,以揭示其运动学和水动力学规律。陈宏等[1]通过高速摄像技术建立了鱼形机器人快速转向的运动学方程,并揭示了鱼体中线运动步态和质心的运动规律。韩珍等[2]基于序列图像处理法研究了机器鱼的转向性能,分析了C型转弯效果的影响因素。刘元森等[3]采用数字图像处理技术对斑马鱼C型机动运动数据进行重构和性能分析,揭示了作用于鱼体的流体动力和机械能的变化规律。
敬军等[4]利用高速摄像机定量研究了鲫鱼从静止状态到逃逸反应的运动过程,通过软件分析得到了鱼体的速度和转动角速度分布,并从力学角度定性解释了机动过程。随着计算流体动力学技术CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)的发展,CFD仿真技术被逐渐应用到鱼类C型转向的数值模拟中。Wang等[5]建立了新的曲率模型,采用优化算法拟合模型参数并通过自主游动数值模拟揭示了斑马鱼C型转弯和C型逃逸的力学特性。Borazjani等[6]采用三维仿真和实验测试的方法研究了太阳鱼C型启动逃逸反应的水动力学机制,揭示了整个运动过程中力的动态变化。冯亿坤等[78]以金枪鱼为研究对象,建立了C型转弯运动模型,提出了一种鱼体与流体相互作用的耦合求解方法,并通过开发UDF程序实现了金枪鱼的大变形运动,详细揭示了金枪鱼在C型转向过程中的运动性能、水动力性能和尾涡结构。Li等[9]数值模拟了金枪鱼在C型转向中背鳍对水动力学的影响特性。以上工作主要集中在鱼类C型转向中鱼体躯干的运动学及水动力学研究方面。然而,尾鳍作为C型转向的主要器官却很少有人关注。此外,鲨鱼拥有特殊的非对称尾鳍,已有研究表明尾鳍的外形结构对其稳态游动的水动力产生影响[10],而对其C型转向性能的影响有待进一步研究。
鲨鱼通常在浅海的珊瑚礁岛或深海的海沟中栖息和捕猎,海底复杂的地面及其附着物所形成的壁面效应对其游动性能有影响。研究人员采用实验和数值模拟的方法对机器鱼的近壁面稳态游动进行了广泛的研究[1113],揭示了壁面效应对机器鱼水动力及流场结构的影响机制。但关于壁面效应对鱼类瞬态转向运动的影响研究鲜有报道。本文以机器鲨鱼为研究对象,采用CFD仿真分析最小曲率半径、尾鳍结构及壁面效应对其转向性能的影响,研究结果为仿生水下机器人运动控制提供理论基础。
巨齿鲨是曾经占据顶级掠食者地位的大型鲨鱼,其能够在复杂的海洋环境中捕获各类猎物,主要得益于其具备的快速C型转向运动能力。本文以巨齿鲨为仿生对象研究机器鲨鱼C型转向的运动特性,如图1(a)所示,其外形呈长纺锤形且鳍肢发达。图1(b)所示为仿生机器鲨鱼的三维几何模型。为了描述机器鲨鱼的运动,建立了两个坐标系:全局坐标系O-XYZ和鱼体坐标系o-xyz,分别用于描述机器鲨鱼在流场中的运动和自身的变形运动。机器鲨鱼的具体几何特征参数如表1所示。
研究人员通过活体观测发现鱼类的C型转向运动可分为三个阶段:弯曲阶段(S1),保持阶段(S2)和伸展阶段(S3) [7]。为了方便运动学建模,将转向运动过程中保持平直状态的鱼体前半部分定义为AB段,而产生柔性大变形的鱼体后半部分及尾鳍定义为BC段(如图1(b)所示俯视图),其中AB=BC=0.5L。鱼体AB段中心线的运动方程可表示为
$ \begin{cases} x(l,t)=l\\z(l,t)=0\end{cases} \left(l \lt {l}_{{\mathrm{s}}}\right) $
式中:l为鱼体中心线的坐标;${l}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $为鱼体BC段的起始坐标,t为时间。
在转向的弯曲阶段,鱼体BC段中心线可近似看成为以Rt)为曲率半径的圆弧,表示为
$ R(t)=\dfrac{{R}_{0}}{\theta (t)} $
式中:R0表示最小曲率半径;θt)表示曲率变化函数,定义为
$ \theta (t)=1-\dfrac{2}{1+{10}^{at}}-\dfrac{1}{1+{10}^{(b-t)c}} $
式中:b表示整个C型转向的持续时间系数,ac分别表示弯曲阶段及伸展阶段的持续时间系数,基于文献[14]对真实鲨鱼转向运动过程的观察结果,并结合仿生机器鲨鱼的转向操控需求,确定选取a=3,b=1.2,c=10,则弯曲阶段、保持阶段及伸展阶段的持续时间分别为0.6 s、0.4 s、0.5 s。
根据方程式(2),鱼体BC段中心线的运动方程可表示为
$ \begin{cases} x(l,t)={l}_{{\mathrm{s}}}+R(t)\cdot \sin \left[(l-{l}_{{\mathrm{s}}})/R(t)\right]\\z(l,t)=R(t)-R(t)\cdot \cos \left[(l-{l}_{{\mathrm{s}}})/R(t)\right]\end{cases} (l \gt {l}_{{\mathrm{s}}}) $
本文基于ANSYS Fluent 2021仿真平台进行数值模拟,计算域控制方程为三维粘性不可压缩连续性方程和 (RANS)方程,表示如下[1516]
$ \begin{cases} \dfrac{\partial (\rho {u}_{i})}{\partial {x}_{i}}=0\\\dfrac{\partial (\rho {u}_{i})}{\partial t}+\dfrac{\partial (\varphi {u}_{i}{u}_{j})}{\partial {x}_{i}}=\rho {f}_{i}-\dfrac{\partial p}{\partial {x}_{i}}+\dfrac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{i}}\left[\left(\mu +{\mu }_{t}\right)\left(\dfrac{\partial {u}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{j}}+\dfrac{\partial {u}_{j}}{\partial {x}_{i}}\right)\right]\end{cases} $
式中:ui表示流体的速度分量(i=1,2,3分别表示为xyz三个方向),p表示压力,fi表示沿uii=1,2,3)方向的体力分量,μμi表示流体动力粘度和湍流粘度。采用标准k-ε模型来模拟流体的湍流特性且在机器鲨鱼表面施加无滑移壁面条件
$ {u}_{{\mathrm{s}}}=\left({u}_{1},{u}_{2},{u}_{3}\right)={u}_{{\mathrm{r}}}+{u}_{y}+{u}_{{\mathrm{d}}} $
式中:us为鱼体表面运动速度;ur为鱼体平移速度;uy=wy×r为鱼体绕质心的转动速度,其中r为相对于质心的位置向量,wy为转动角速度;ud为鱼体柔性变形速度。
机器鲨鱼的转向运动可看作是在X-Z平面上的3自由度运动:沿X轴的纵向平移运动,沿Z轴的侧向平移运动和绕Y轴转动运动。运动方程表示为[17]
$ \begin{cases} m\dfrac{{\mathrm{d}}{u}_{{\mathrm{r}}}}{{\mathrm{d}}t}=F\\\dfrac{{\mathrm{d}}({w}_{y}{I}_{y})}{{\mathrm{d}}t}={I}_{y}\dfrac{{\mathrm{d}}{w}_{y}}{{\mathrm{d}}t}+{w}_{y}\dfrac{{\mathrm{d}}{I}_{y}}{{\mathrm{d}}t}={M}_{y}\end{cases} $
式中:m为鱼体质量;ur=(ux, uz),其中uxuz分别为X轴和Z轴方向的平移速度;F=(Fx, Fz),其中FxFz分别为X方向和Z方向的水动力;Iy转动惯量;My为转动力矩。
在鱼体表面对压力和粘性力及它们关于质心的矩进行积分,可求得FxFzMy分别为
$ {F}_{x}={\int }_{S}\left(-p{n}_{1}+{\tau }_{1j}{n}_{j}\right){\mathrm{d}}S $
$ {F}_{z}={\int }_{S}\left(-p{n}_{3}+{\tau }_{3j}{n}_{j}\right){\mathrm{d}}S $
$ {M}_{y}={\int }_{S}\left(r\times \left(\left(-p{n}_{1}+{\tau }_{1j}{n}_{j}\right){n}_{1}+\left(-p{n}_{3}+{\tau }_{3j}{n}_{j}\right){n}_{3}\right)\right){\mathrm{d}}S $
式中:p为表面单元dS的压力,nj为第j个单元的单位法向矢量,τ为粘性应力张量。
此外,为了揭示尾鳍非对称性对翻滚力矩Mx的影响,采用以下方程对Mx进行求解
$ {M}_{x}={\int }_{S}\left(r\times \left(\left(-p{n}_{2}+{\tau }_{2j}{n}_{j}\right){n}_{2}+\left(-p{n}_{3}+{\tau }_{3j}{n}_{j}\right){n}_{3}\right)\right){\mathrm{d}}S $
为实现机器鲨鱼的柔性大变形及其自主推进运动[18],如图2(a)所示,采用四面体非结构化网格对鱼体及其周围部分流域空间进行离散,并对鱼体表面进行局部网格加密(Y+=2.45),以确保计算精度。同时,对外部流场区域使用六面体结构化网格进行离散(见图2(b)),提高计算效率。在数值计算过程中,鱼体网格与外部流域空间网格通过重叠网格技术进行信息交互。整个流场计算域的尺寸为4L×4L×3LL为鲨鱼长度)(见图2(c)),dh(靠壁距离)为鱼头顶点到流域边界壁面的距离,流域入口边界处的速度与出口边界处的压力梯度均设置为0,其余边界均设置为无滑移壁面。
采用三种不同尺寸的网格,粗网格(网格大小0.013L、网格数量2.7×106)、中等网格(网格大小0.01L、网格数量5.2×106)和细网格(网格大小0.007L、网格数量1.47×107),并在相同仿真条件(R0=0.3、空旷水域)下进行网格密度的无关性验证。如图3(a)所示为不同网格密度下的侧向力Fz,提取误差最大时刻(见局部放大图)的数据进行分析可知,中等网格与细网格、粗网格仿真结果的相对误差分别为0.24%、0.53%。同理,选取中等网格,分别对Δt1=0.5×10−3 s、Δt2=1×10−3 s和Δt3=1.5×10−3 s三种时间步长进行了无关性验证,如图3(b)所示,提取误差最大时刻(见局部放大图)的数据进行分析可知,Δt2与Δt1、Δt3仿真结果的相对误差分别为0.18%和0.51%。综合考虑到计算精度及计算时间成本,选择中等网格尺寸和中等时间步长进行计算。进一步,图3(c)给出了本文的数值计算方法在不同频率f下的平均阻力系数,并与文献[19]中的试验结果进行了对比,可以看出,本文的计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,表明本文数值计算方法能够对仿生机器鲨鱼的C型转向运动进行有效模拟。
为了探究鱼体BC段柔性变形程度对机器鲨鱼转向运动的影响,本节选取不同的最小曲率半径(R0=0.2,0.3,0.4)对机器鲨鱼的C型转向过程进行了数值模拟。
图4所示为机器鲨鱼C型转向过程中FxMy的时变曲线,其相应的位姿变化如图5所示。由图4(a)可知,在弯曲阶段(S1)启动时,鱼体的BC段由平直状态朝Z轴正方向快速偏转,类似船舶回转初期因舵叶对水流的作用而受到反作用力,从而在鱼体上产生一个突变的Fx;随着偏转幅度增大,尾鳍受到沿X轴正方向的流体反作用分力(见图5t=0.15 s时刻),这导致Fx出现了一个小幅度的下降,这与船舶回转过程中因舵面偏转角度变化而导致的推力变化相似。之后鱼体AB段朝Z轴正方向快速偏转,带动BC段沿X轴正方向推动流体(见图5t=0.6 s时刻的位姿),从而产生沿X轴负方向呈快速增长趋势的Fx直到保持阶段(S2)结束。进入伸展阶段(S3)时,鱼体的AB段偏转到与X轴呈现出大夹角(见图5t=1.05 s时刻),此时BC段快速回摆将受到沿X轴正方向的流体反作用力,从而使Fx出现下降。待BC段伸展到接近平直状态时,伸展运动变缓慢,鱼体在流体的惯性力作用下Fx出现反弹,最后鱼体伸展到平直状态并保持(见图5t=1.5 s时刻),此时Fx回落并趋于稳定。此外,R0越小,鱼体BC段偏转的幅度和速度越大,从而在转向过程中产生的Fx越大,这类似于船舶中舵角越大,船体所受横向力越大,从而对船舶的回转性能影响越显著。由图4(b)可知,在弯曲阶段(S1)启动时,鱼体BC段快速偏转会使My产生一个大的波动,随后鱼体缓慢偏转直至最后保持C形姿态(保持阶段(S2)),My基本保持稳定,这类似于船舶在回转过程中,舵面初始快速偏转产生较大转船力矩,随着船体逐渐回转,转船力矩趋于稳定。进入伸展阶段(S3)后,鱼体BC段快速回摆,从而使My产生一个相反方向的波动。最后鱼体伸展到平直状态,My回落并保持稳定。同理,R0越小,My的波动幅值越大。进一步,由图5可知,R0越小,机器鲨鱼转向结束时沿X轴方向的移动距离(即转向距离)越小,且转过的角度越大,这与船舶的“舵面积越大或舵角越大,则转船力矩越大,进而回转角速度越大,转过角度越大”的原理相一致[20]
进一步,图6所示为仿生机器鲨鱼在C型转向过程中X-Z平面的速度矢量分布。由图可见,在弯曲阶段(t=0.15 s)时,鱼体末端开始向Z轴正方向弯曲,产生射流1(红色虚线),接着在鱼体周围形成射流2(蓝色虚线),如图中t=0.6 s所示,依据动量守恒定理,鱼体受到射流的反方向(Z轴负方向)的偏航力矩。进入保持阶段(t=0.9 s)后,作用于鱼体的射流2强度变得更大,为鱼体转向提供了沿X轴和Z轴负方向所需的推进力,这也进一步解释了保持阶段鱼体上FxMy为何提升。之后,鱼体BC段开始回摆直至伸展阶段结束(t=1.5 s),射流2逐渐离开鱼体并沿着Z轴负方向发展成一个强推进射流3(黑色虚线)。此外,R0越小,鱼体尾部形成射流强度越大,产生的水动力值也越大。
图7所示为仿生机器鲨鱼在C型转向过程中uxwy的时变曲线。由图可知,在弯曲阶段(S1),借助鱼体BC段快速偏转产生的流体动力,uxwy都随时间呈增长趋势。进入保持阶段(S2)后,wy仍保持增长趋势,但ux在持续增长一段时间后开始下降。其主要原因是在保持阶段鱼体AB段与X轴的夹角越来越大,受到X轴方向的流体阻力快速增大,同时伴随着鱼体尾部朝X轴负向转动,也会受到沿X轴正方向的流体反作用分力。在伸展阶段(S3),由于鱼体BC段经历了快速回摆(t=1~1.25 s)和缓慢舒展(t=1.25~1.5 s)过程,ux由缓慢下降逐渐平稳,而wy则由快速下降逐渐趋于平稳。进一步,在转向过程中R0越小,则ux越小,而wy越大,进一步说明减小R0可减小转向距离,提高转向速度和最终转向角度。
图8所示为仿生机器鲨鱼在转向过程中尾涡的演变过程,为清晰展示尾涡的结构,图中局部放大图的视角为黑色箭头方向。由图可知,在弯曲阶段(t=0.3 s),鱼体BC段快速朝Z轴正向弯曲,在尾鳍末端形成了一个涡环(红色圆圈)。随着弯曲运动的进行,涡环逐渐扩大并从尾部脱落,可以发现,此涡的产生并不随着鱼体发生显著平移,而是随着鱼体的弯曲快速转向。进入保持阶段后(t=0.9 s),鱼体胸鳍和背鳍产生的涡流向尾部扩散并作用于鱼体BC段为其提供持续的转向动力。之后鱼体BC段开始回摆,进入伸展阶段,尾鳍末端再次产生一个涡环(黑色圆圈),随着时间推移,涡环逐渐增大并与尾部涡流分离(1.5 s)。因此,涡环的反作用力为机器鲨鱼沿Z轴正向(也即转向后的鱼体推进方向)运动提供了动力。对比图8中不同R0的尾涡可知,R0越小,鱼体转向过程中形成的两个涡环强度越大,从而提供的转向动力也越强。进一步解释了机器鲨鱼转向过程的水动力和速度特性。
为了探究尾鳍形状对机器鲨鱼转向性能的影响,定义尾鳍的非对称系数为
$ R_{\mathrm{s}}=\dfrac{{S}_{1}}{{S}_{2}} $
其中,S1S2分别表示尾鳍上叶和下叶的面积。
图9所示,本文建立了5种非对称鲨鱼尾鳍模型并对其C型转向过程进行了数值仿真。
图10所示为仿生机器鲨鱼在C型转向过程中Fx和翻滚力矩Mx的时变曲线。由图10(a)可知,尾鳍结构对Fx的影响较小且主要体现在伸展阶段。由相应的局部放大图可知,在伸展阶段(S3),随着Rs增大,Fx的幅值会随之减小,从而缩短了转向距离,但Rs=3时其幅值反而增大。此结果表明,增大尾鳍的非对称性有助于改善转向效果,但过大的非对称性反而带来不利影响。进一步,由图10(b)可知,Mx主要出现在鱼体BC段快速弯曲和快速回摆阶段,Rs越大,Mx的波动幅值越大,表明机器鲨鱼的尾鳍结构非对称性越大,转向稳定性越差。
图11所示为仿生机器鲨鱼在C型转向过程中推进速度ux和偏转角速度wy的时变曲线。由图可知,在弯曲阶段(S1)和保持阶段(S2),Rsux没有明显的影响,但进入伸展阶段(S3)后期时,随着Rs的增大ux会略有下降,而Rs=3时,ux又会出现相对明显提升。同理,非对称尾鳍能提高wy,但过大的非对称性(Rs=3)反而降低了wy。由此可知,适当增加尾鳍的非对称性能够提高仿生机器鱼C型转向的性能。
图12为具有不同结构尾鳍的仿生机器鲨鱼C型转弯结束时刻(t=1.5 s)的尾涡结构。 由图可知,鱼体后部产生的尾涡主要由上层涡(红色圆圈)和下层涡(黑色圆圈)两个部分构成。随着Rs增大,上层涡和下层涡的体积比也逐渐增大,也即上层涡与下层涡的强度比增大。这种尾涡强度的差异导致仿生机器鲨鱼尾鳍的上叶和下叶鳍面受力不平衡,从而降低了转弯过程中的稳定性。
为了揭示壁面效应对于仿生机器鲨鱼C型转向性能的影响,本文通过改变靠壁距离(dh=2L,0.6L,0.4L,0.35L)开展了一系列数值仿真实验。
图13所示为仿生机器鲨鱼在不同靠壁距离dh下实现C型转向过程中推进力Fx与偏航力矩My的时变曲线。由图可知,FxMy的取值在弯曲阶段(S1)和保持阶段(S2)基本不随dh变化,而在伸展阶段(S3)有所差异。其主要原因是在弯曲阶段鱼体BC段远离壁面弯曲,不受壁面影响,而在伸展阶段鱼体BC段靠近壁面回摆,与壁面产生了交互作用。进一步由局部放大图可知,dh越小,Fx的幅值越小,而My的幅值越大。
图14所示为仿生机器鲨鱼在不同dh下的推进速度ux和偏转角速度wy的时变曲线。由图14(a)可知,壁面效应对ux的影响从保持阶段(S2)持续到伸展阶段(S3),且dh越小,ux的幅值越小,转向距离越小。而壁面效应对wy的影响仅发生在伸展阶段(S3)的后半期,且dh越小,wy的幅值越大,转向速度越快(见图14(b))。此结果表明,靠近壁面能有效改善机器鲨鱼的转向性能。
进一步,图15所示为仿生机器鲨鱼在不同dh下伸展阶段(S3)尾涡结构的演变过程。由图可知,随着dh减小,机器鲨鱼伸展摆尾形成的尾涡在沿Z轴负方向扩散演变过程中会与壁面接触交互。受到壁面的阻碍作用后,尾涡被压缩变形,强度增大,从而使鱼体受到沿Z轴正方向的反作用力增强,提升了转向速度。此外,尾涡与壁面黏附阻碍了其在X轴方向的脱落过程,降低了X轴方向的动能,从而使机器鲨鱼在X轴方向的推进力减小,缩短了转向距离。
本文通过数值仿真研究了仿生机器鲨鱼在C型转向过程中鱼体尾部弯曲程度、尾鳍非对称性、靠壁距离等对其运动速度和水动力参数的影响,得出的主要结论如下:
(1) 减小R0能够减小推进力Fx和推进速度ux,同时增大偏航力矩My和偏转角速度wy,从而提高转向速度和转向角度,减小转向距离。通过调整机器鲨鱼转向过程中的R0,可获得不同的转向角度和转向速度,以适应不同的水下工况。
(2) 提高Rs能够降低推进力Fx和推进速度ux,从而改善转向性能,但Rs过大会导致伸展阶段(S3)的翻滚力矩Mx的幅值变大,从而导致转向运动稳定性下降。因此,设计仿生机器鲨鱼的尾鳍时,应对Rs进行优化,以实现高效且稳定的转向性能。
(3) 靠近壁面转向能减小推进力Fx和推进速度ux,同时增大偏航力矩My和偏转角速度wy,有利于改善机器鲨鱼的转向性能。在工程应用中,可通过引导机器鲨鱼利用环境中的壁面效应来提升其转向性能,以适应复杂的水下作业环境。

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2026年第30卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.05.002
  • 接收时间:2025-08-27
  • 首发时间:2026-07-07
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-27
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    1.苏州科技大学 机械工程学院,江苏 苏州 215009

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谢 鸥 (1983–),男,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,通讯作者,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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