Article(id=1281204247576424858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281203336514867310, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.04.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762704000000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783392496246, onlineDateStr=2026-07-07, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783392496246, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783392496246, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1783392496246, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1281203336514867310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='4', pageStart='507', pageEnd='658', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783392279032, creator='13041195026', updateTime=1783395286077, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281215949713945277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281203336514867310, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281215949713945278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281203336514867310, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=638, endPage=647, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281204247769362843, articleId=1281204247576424858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Planar real-time nearfield acoustic holography based on various impulse response functions, columnId=1241023038381158513, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydro/Structural Acoustics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to establish a comprehensive planar Real-Time Nearfield Acoustic Holography (RT-NAH) system and effectively avoid overdependence on the Laplace transform table when deriving impulse response functions, an alternative method based on the Rayleigh integral is proposed. Firstly, the pressure-pressure, normal velocity-pressure, normal acceleration-pressure, and normal displacement-pressure impulse response functions are systematically derived based on the Rayleigh integral. Then, a comprehensive planar RT-NAH system is constructed based on the obtained impulse response functions. Finally, simulation of a simply supported thin aluminum plate is performed to evaluate the correctness of the derived impulse response functions. The analysis of the reconstruction results demonstrates that high accuracy is achieved when reconstructing pressure and normal velocity, whereas relatively lower accuracy is observed for normal acceleration and displacement. The primary factors contributing to the lower accuracy when reconstructing the normal acceleration and displacement are further investigated.

, authors=Wen-yuan WU, Xiao-zheng ZHANG, Yong-bin ZHANG, authorsList=Wen-yuan WU, Xiao-zheng ZHANG, Yong-bin ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiao-zheng ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281204278819795720, articleId=1281204247576424858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=基于不同脉冲响应函数的平面实时近场声全息, columnId=1241023038515376243, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=流体与结构声学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为建立完整的平面实时近场声全息技术体系,并有效避免在脉冲响应函数推导过程中对Laplace变换表的过度依赖,本文提出了一种基于Rayleigh积分的理论推导方法。首先,基于Rayleigh积分系统推导了声压−声压、法向振速−声压、法向加速度−声压以及法向位移−声压脉冲响应函数的具体表达式;然后,基于所获得的各类脉冲响应函数,构建了完整的平面实时近场声全息技术体系;最后,通过简支薄铝板的数值仿真验证了所推导脉冲响应函数的正确性。重建结果的对比分析表明,在重建声压和法向振速时具有较高的精度;而在重建法向加速度和法向位移时精度相对较低,并进一步深入分析了重建结果精度低的主要原因。

, authors=吴文渊, 张小正, 张永斌, authorsList=吴文渊, 张小正, 张永斌, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张小正, authorNote=

吴文渊(1998–),男,博士研究生

张永斌(1981–),男,博士,教授

, correspAuthorsNote=
张小正(1985–),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:
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Impulse response functions between acoustic quantities on source plane $ S $ and pressure on hologram plane $ H $

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型脉冲响应函数
注:表中$ {{\rho }}_{0} $为介质的密度。
声压−声压 $ G_{{\mathrm{p p}}}\left(k_x, k_y, \Delta z, t\right)=\delta\left(t-\Delta z / c_0\right)-K \Delta z \dfrac{J_1\left(c_0 K \sqrt{t^2-\left(\Delta z / c_0\right)^2}\right)}{\sqrt{t^2-\left(\Delta z / c_0\right)^2}} H\left(t-\Delta z / c_0\right) $
法向振速−声压 $ G_{{\mathrm{v p}}}\left(k_x, k_y, \Delta z, t\right)=\rho_0 c_0 \delta\left(t-\Delta z / c_0\right)-\rho_0 c_0^2 K \dfrac{t J_1\left(c_0 K \sqrt{t^2-\left(\Delta z / c_0\right)^2}\right)}{\sqrt{t^2-\left(\Delta z / c_0\right)^2}} H\left(t-\Delta z / c_0\right) $
法向加速度−声压 $ G_{{\mathrm{a p}}}\left(k_x, k_y, \Delta z, t\right)=\rho_0 c_0 J_0\left(c_0 K \sqrt{t^2-\left(\Delta z / c_0\right)^2}\right) H\left(t-\Delta z / c_0\right) $
法向位移−声压 $ \begin{aligned}& G_{{\mathrm{s p}}}\left(k_x, k_y, \Delta z, t\right)=\rho_0 c_0 \delta^{\prime}\left(t-\Delta z / c_0\right)-\frac{1}{2} \rho_0 c_0^2 K^2 \Delta z \delta\left(t-\Delta z / c_0\right) +\\&\qquad \rho_0 c_0^2 K\left\{\frac{t^2+\left(\Delta z / c_0\right)^2}{\left[t^2-\left(\Delta z / c_0\right)^2\right]^{\frac{3}{2}}}\left[J_1\left(c_0 K \sqrt{t^2-\left(\Delta z / c_0\right)^2}\right)\right] -\frac{c_0 K t^2}{t^2-\left(\Delta z / c_0\right)^2}\left[J_0\left(c_0 K \sqrt{t^2-\left(\Delta z / c_0\right)^2}\right)\right]\right\} H\left(t-\Delta z / c_0\right)\end{aligned} $
), ArticleFig(id=1281204287279706936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281204247576424858, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

源平面$ S $上声学量与全息面$ H $声压之间的脉冲响应函数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型脉冲响应函数
注:表中$ {{\rho }}_{0} $为介质的密度。
声压−声压 $ G_{{\mathrm{p p}}}\left(k_x, k_y, \Delta z, t\right)=\delta\left(t-\Delta z / c_0\right)-K \Delta z \dfrac{J_1\left(c_0 K \sqrt{t^2-\left(\Delta z / c_0\right)^2}\right)}{\sqrt{t^2-\left(\Delta z / c_0\right)^2}} H\left(t-\Delta z / c_0\right) $
法向振速−声压 $ G_{{\mathrm{v p}}}\left(k_x, k_y, \Delta z, t\right)=\rho_0 c_0 \delta\left(t-\Delta z / c_0\right)-\rho_0 c_0^2 K \dfrac{t J_1\left(c_0 K \sqrt{t^2-\left(\Delta z / c_0\right)^2}\right)}{\sqrt{t^2-\left(\Delta z / c_0\right)^2}} H\left(t-\Delta z / c_0\right) $
法向加速度−声压 $ G_{{\mathrm{a p}}}\left(k_x, k_y, \Delta z, t\right)=\rho_0 c_0 J_0\left(c_0 K \sqrt{t^2-\left(\Delta z / c_0\right)^2}\right) H\left(t-\Delta z / c_0\right) $
法向位移−声压 $ \begin{aligned}& G_{{\mathrm{s p}}}\left(k_x, k_y, \Delta z, t\right)=\rho_0 c_0 \delta^{\prime}\left(t-\Delta z / c_0\right)-\frac{1}{2} \rho_0 c_0^2 K^2 \Delta z \delta\left(t-\Delta z / c_0\right) +\\&\qquad \rho_0 c_0^2 K\left\{\frac{t^2+\left(\Delta z / c_0\right)^2}{\left[t^2-\left(\Delta z / c_0\right)^2\right]^{\frac{3}{2}}}\left[J_1\left(c_0 K \sqrt{t^2-\left(\Delta z / c_0\right)^2}\right)\right] -\frac{c_0 K t^2}{t^2-\left(\Delta z / c_0\right)^2}\left[J_0\left(c_0 K \sqrt{t^2-\left(\Delta z / c_0\right)^2}\right)\right]\right\} H\left(t-\Delta z / c_0\right)\end{aligned} $
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基于不同脉冲响应函数的平面实时近场声全息
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吴文渊 , 张小正 , 张永斌
船舶力学 | 流体与结构声学 2026,30(4): 638-647
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船舶力学 |流体与结构声学 2026 , 30 (4) : 638 -647
基于不同脉冲响应函数的平面实时近场声全息
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吴文渊, 张小正 , 张永斌
作者信息
  • 1.合肥工业大学 噪声振动研究所,合肥 230009
通讯作者:
张小正(1985–),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:
作者简介:

吴文渊(1998–),男,博士研究生

张永斌(1981–),男,博士,教授

Planar real-time nearfield acoustic holography based on various impulse response functions
Wen-yuan WU, Xiao-zheng ZHANG , Yong-bin ZHANG
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.04.012
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为建立完整的平面实时近场声全息技术体系,并有效避免在脉冲响应函数推导过程中对Laplace变换表的过度依赖,本文提出了一种基于Rayleigh积分的理论推导方法。首先,基于Rayleigh积分系统推导了声压−声压、法向振速−声压、法向加速度−声压以及法向位移−声压脉冲响应函数的具体表达式;然后,基于所获得的各类脉冲响应函数,构建了完整的平面实时近场声全息技术体系;最后,通过简支薄铝板的数值仿真验证了所推导脉冲响应函数的正确性。重建结果的对比分析表明,在重建声压和法向振速时具有较高的精度;而在重建法向加速度和法向位移时精度相对较低,并进一步深入分析了重建结果精度低的主要原因。

实时近场声全息  /  脉冲响应函数  /  Rayleigh积分  /  Fourier变换

In order to establish a comprehensive planar Real-Time Nearfield Acoustic Holography (RT-NAH) system and effectively avoid overdependence on the Laplace transform table when deriving impulse response functions, an alternative method based on the Rayleigh integral is proposed. Firstly, the pressure-pressure, normal velocity-pressure, normal acceleration-pressure, and normal displacement-pressure impulse response functions are systematically derived based on the Rayleigh integral. Then, a comprehensive planar RT-NAH system is constructed based on the obtained impulse response functions. Finally, simulation of a simply supported thin aluminum plate is performed to evaluate the correctness of the derived impulse response functions. The analysis of the reconstruction results demonstrates that high accuracy is achieved when reconstructing pressure and normal velocity, whereas relatively lower accuracy is observed for normal acceleration and displacement. The primary factors contributing to the lower accuracy when reconstructing the normal acceleration and displacement are further investigated.

Real-Time Nearfield Acoustic Holography (RT-NAH)  /  impulse response function  /  Rayleigh integral  /  Fourier transform
吴文渊, 张小正, 张永斌. 基于不同脉冲响应函数的平面实时近场声全息. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (4) : 638 -647 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.04.012
Wen-yuan WU, Xiao-zheng ZHANG, Yong-bin ZHANG. Planar real-time nearfield acoustic holography based on various impulse response functions[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (4) : 638 -647 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.04.012
近场声全息NAH(Nearfield Acoustic Holography)技术是声学研究领域的一项关键性技术,在声源识别、定位与重建等方面发挥着不可或缺的作用。其基本原理是通过测量全息面上的声场数据(如声压、质点振速、加速度及位移等),结合声场传递关系,反演求解声源面上的声场分布[1]。自近场声全息技术被提出以来,国内外学者相继提出了多种全息算法[24]。这些算法在过去的40年间显著推动了近场声全息技术的理论与应用研究进展。
为避免在处理时变信号时因变换算子的使用而导致频谱泄漏和时域环绕误差,Thomas等[57]提出了实时近场声全息技术RT-NAH(Real-Time Nearfield Acoustic Holography)。该方法能够在时域内直接实现声场重建,显著提高了近场声全息技术在瞬态信号分析中的适用性,并通过所推导的声压−声压脉冲响应函数成功实现了声压场的重建。2014年,Zhang等[8]推导了声压−质点振速脉冲响应函数,在时域波数域中建立了声压与质点振速之间的理论关系,并提出了一种基于该关系的非接触式实时测量与可视化结构瞬态振动的方法。通过撞击钢板的实验,验证了该方法的有效性与可行性。Geng等[9]将时域平面波叠加法扩展应用于冲击板辐射法向加速度的重建,推导了声压−质点加速度脉冲响应函数,为钢板振动特性与声辐射机理的研究提供了重要的理论支撑。通过钢球撞击矩形钢板的实验验证,进一步证实了所提方法的有效性与可靠性。Bi等[10]将实时近场声全息技术与力源重建技术相结合,成功实现了时域中施加于平板上的分布力或集中力的重建,并首次推导了声压与瞬态力之间的关系,为工程实践中辐射噪声成因的诊断提供了重要的理论依据。
尽管已有研究中对部分脉冲响应函数进行了推导,但大多数推导基于波动方程或Helmholtz方程,并通过逆Laplace变换实现。因此,这些方法普遍存在过度依赖Laplace变换表的局限性。为克服这一问题,本文提出一种基于Rayleigh积分的脉冲响应函数的推导方法。该方法不仅避免了对逆Laplace变换的需求,还成功构建了一个系统化且完整的脉冲响应函数推导框架。利用这一框架,可以采用相似的方法系统地推导出声压−声压、法向振速−声压、法向加速度−声压以及法向位移−声压脉冲响应函数的具体表达式,并根据这些脉冲响应函数,建立完整的平面实时近场声全息技术,实现声压、法向振速、法向加速度以及法向位移的重建。
图1所示,位于近场的传感器阵列用于测量全息面$ H $上随时间变化的声压信号$ {p}\left(x,y,{z}_{H},t\right) $。所测得的信号作为输入数据,用于重建源平面$ S $上的声压$ {p}\left({x}_{S},{y}_{S},{z}_{S},t\right) $、法向振速$ v\left({x}_{S},{y}_{S},{z}_{S},t\right) $、法向加速度$ a\left({x}_{S},{y}_{S},{z}_{S},t\right) $以及法向位移$ s\left({x}_{S},{y}_{S},{z}_{S},t\right) $。其中,声压−声压脉冲响应函数的详细推导如下,其余脉冲响应函数的推导过程可以使用相似的方法得到。
在直角坐标系$ O\left(x,y,z\right) $中,假设声源位于$ {z}_{S} $的源平面$ S $上,则在$ {z}\geq {z}_{S} $的自由场中,Rayleigh第二积分公式表示为
$ \begin{split}&p(x,y,{z}_{H},\omega )=\\&\quad \frac{1}{2\text{π}}\int\nolimits_{-\mathrm{\infty }}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\int\nolimits_{-\mathrm{\infty }}^{\mathrm{\infty }}p({x}_{S},{y}_{S},{z}_{S},\omega )\frac{\partial }{\partial {z}_{H}}\left(\frac{\text{e}^{{\mathrm{i}}kr}}{r}\right)\mathrm{d}{x}_{S}\mathrm{d}{y}_{S}\end{split} $
式中:$ p(x,y,{z}_{H},\omega ) $为全息面上任意一点的频域声压;$ p({x}_{S},{y}_{S},{z}_{S},\omega ) $为源平面上的频域声压;$ {r}= \sqrt{{({x}-{{{x}}_{{S}}})}^{2}+{({y}-{{{y}}_{{S}}})}^{2}+{({{{z}}_{{H}}}-{{{z}}_{{S}}})}^{2}} $。式(1)展开后可以写为
$ p(x,y,{z}_{H},\omega )=\int\nolimits_{-\mathrm{\infty }}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\int\nolimits_{-\mathrm{\infty }}^{\mathrm{\infty }}p({x}_{S},{y}_{S},{z}_{S},\omega )\frac{\Delta {z}}{2\text{π}}\left(\frac{\text{e}^{{\mathrm{i}}kr}}{{r}^{3}}+\frac{\left(-{\mathrm{i}}\omega \right)\text{e}^{{\mathrm{i}}kr}}{{c}_{0}{r}^{2}}\right)\mathrm{d}{x}_{S}\mathrm{d}{y}_{S} $
式中:$ \Delta {{z=z}}_{{H}}{{-z}}_{{S}} $$ {c}_{0} $为空气中的声速。
对式(2)两侧同时进行一维时间反Fourier变换,从而推导出时域中的Rayleigh第二积分公式
$ p(x,y,{z}_{H},{t})=\int\nolimits_{-\mathrm{\infty }}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\int\nolimits_{-\mathrm{\infty }}^{\mathrm{\infty }}p({x}_{S},{y}_{S},{z}_{S},t)\overset{t}{\otimes }\frac{\Delta z}{2\text{π}}\left(\frac{\delta (t-r/{c}_{{0}})}{{r}^{3}}+\frac{{\delta }^{\prime}(t-r/{c}_{\text{0}})}{{c}_{0}{r}^{2}}\right)\mathrm{d}{x}_{S}\mathrm{d}{y}_{S} $
式中:$ \otimes $表示卷积运算;$ \delta (t) $为单位脉冲函数;$ {\delta }^{\prime}(t) $为单位脉冲函数对时间t的导数。上式可以简化为
$ {p}({{x, y, z}}_{{H}}{, t})=p({x}_{S},{y}_{S}{{, z}}_{{S}}{, t})\overset{{x}}{\otimes }\overset{{y}}{\otimes }\overset{{t}}{\otimes }\frac{\Delta z}{2\text{π} }\left(\frac{{\delta }({t}-\sqrt{{{x}}^{2}+{{y}}^{2}+{({{{z}}_{{H}}}-{{{z}}_{{S}}})}^{2}}{{/c}}_{0})}{{({{{x}}^{2}}+{{{y}}^{2}}+{{({{{z}}_{{H}}}-{{{z}}_{{S}}})}^{2}})}^{\frac{3}{2}}}+\frac{{\delta }^{\prime}\text{}({t}-\sqrt{{{x}}^{2}+{{y}}^{2}+{({{{z}}_{{H}}}-{{{z}}_{{S}}})}^{2}}{{/c}}_{0})}{{{c}}_{0}({{x}}^{2}+{{y}}^{2}+{({{{z}}_{{H}}}-{{{z}}_{{S}}})}^{2})}\right) $
对上式两边同时进行二维空间Fourier变换,可以得到声压−声压重建时的时间卷积公式为
$ {P}({{k}}_{{x}}{{, k}}_{{y}}{{, z}}_{{H}}{, t})=P({{k}}_{{x}}{{, k}}_{{y}}{{, z}}_{{S}}{, t})\overset{{t}}{\otimes }{{G}}_{\text{pp}}({{k}}_{{x}}{{, k}}_{{y}}{,}\Delta {z, t}) $
式中:$ {{k}}_{{x}} $$ {{k}}_{y} $分别为$ {x} $方向和$ {y} $方向的波数分量;$ {{G}}_{\text{pp}}({{k}}_{{x}}{{, k}}_{{y}}{,}\Delta {z, t}) $为声压−声压脉冲响应函数,可以进一步表示为
$ {{G}}_{{{\mathrm{pp}}}}({{k}}_{{x}}{{, k}}_{{y}}{,}\Delta {z, t})=\frac{\Delta {z}}{2\text{π} }\int\nolimits_{-\mathrm{\infty }}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\int\nolimits_{-\mathrm{\infty }}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\left(\frac{\delta ({t}-\sqrt{{{x}}^{2}+{{y}}^{2}+{(\Delta {z})}^{2}}{{/c}}_{0})}{{\left(\sqrt{{{x}}^{2}+{{y}}^{2}+{(\Delta {z})}^{2}}\right)}^{3}}+\frac{{\delta }^{\prime}({t}-\sqrt{{{x}}^{2}+{{y}}^{2}+{(\Delta {z})}^{2}}{{/c}}_{0})}{{{c}}_{0}{\left(\sqrt{{{x}}^{2}+{{y}}^{2}+{(\Delta {z})}^{2}}\right)}^{2}}\right){{{\mathrm{e}}}}^{-{{\mathrm{i}}}({{{k}}_{{x}}}{x}+{{{k}}_{{y}}}{y})}\mathrm{d}{x}\mathrm{d}{y} $
使用换元法,令$ {{k}}_{{x}}=K\cos \phi $$ {{k}}_{{y}}=K\sin \phi $$ {x}={\rho }\cos {\theta } $$ {y}={\rho }\mathrm{sin}{\theta } $,其中$ K=\sqrt{{{k}}_{{x}}{}^{2}+{{k}}_{{y}}{}^{2}} $,则式(6)可以重新写为
$ {{G}}_{\text{pp}}({{k}}_{{x}}{{, k}}_{{y}}{,}\Delta {z, t})=\frac{\Delta {z}}{2\text{π} }\int\nolimits_{0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\int\nolimits_{0}^{2\text{π}}{\text{e}}^{-{\text{i}K\rho }{{\mathrm{cos}}}({\theta }-\phi )}\left(\frac{\delta ({t}-\sqrt{{{\rho }}^{2}+{(\Delta {z})}^{2}}{{/c}}_{0})}{{\left(\sqrt{{{\rho }}^{2}+{(\Delta {z})}^{2}}\right)}^{3}}+\frac{{\delta }^{\prime}({t}-\sqrt{{{\rho }}^{2}+{(\Delta {z})}^{2}}{{/c}}_{0})}{{{c}}_{0}{\left(\sqrt{{{\rho }}^{2}+{(\Delta {z})}^{2}}\right)}^{2}}\right){\rho }\mathrm{d}{\theta }\mathrm{d}{\rho } $
根据Bessel函数的定义$\left( \displaystyle\int\nolimits_{0}^{2\text{π}}{\text{e}}^{-\text{i}K\rho \cos (\theta -\phi )}\text{d}\theta =2\text{π} {{J}}_{0}({K\rho })\right) $,上式可以简化为
$ {{G}}_{\text{pp}}({{k}}_{{x}}{{, k}}_{{y}}{,}\Delta {z, t})=\Delta {z}\int\nolimits_{0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\left(\frac{\delta ({t}-\sqrt{{{\rho }}^{2}+{(\Delta {z})}^{2}}{{/c}}_{0})}{{\left(\sqrt{{{\rho }}^{2}+{(\Delta {z})}^{2}}\right)}^{3}}+\frac{{\delta }^{\prime}({t}-\sqrt{{{\rho }}^{2}+{(\Delta {z})}^{2}}{{/c}}_{0})}{{{c}}_{0}{\left(\sqrt{{{\rho }}^{2}+{(\Delta {z})}^{2}}\right)}^{2}}\right){{J}}_{0}({K\rho }){\rho }\mathrm{d}{\rho } $
式中:$ {{J}}_{0} $为零阶第一类Bessel函数。再令$ \sqrt{{{\rho }}^{2}+{(\Delta {z})}^{2}}{{/c}}_{0}=q $,脉冲响应函数可以简化为
$ {G}_{\text{pp}}({{k}}_{{x}}{{, k}}_{{y}}{,}\Delta {z, t})=\Delta {z}\int\nolimits_{\frac{\Delta {z}}{{{c}}_{0}}}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\left(\frac{\delta ({t}-{q})}{{{c}}_{0}{{q}}^{2}}+\frac{{\delta }^{\prime}({t}-{q})}{{{c}}_{0}{q}}\right){{J}}_{0}\left({{c}}_{0}{K}\sqrt{{{q}}^{2}-{(\Delta {{{z/c}}_{0}})}^{2}}\right)\mathrm{d}{q} $
通过运用分部积分法,可对式(9)中的积分进行求解,进而获得时域波数域中声压−声压脉冲响应函数
$ {{G}}_{\text{pp}}({{k}}_{{x}}{{, k}}_{{y}}{,}\Delta {z, t})=\delta ({t}-\Delta {{z/c}}_{0})-{K}\Delta {z}\frac{{{J}}_{1}\left({{c}}_{0}{K}\sqrt{{{t}}^{2}-{(\Delta {{{z/c}}_{0}})}^{2}}\right)}{\sqrt{{{t}}^{2}-{(\Delta {{{z/c}}_{0}})}^{2}}}{H}({t}-\Delta {{z/c}}_{0}) $
式中:$ {{J}}_{1} $为一阶第一类Bessel函数;$ {H}({t}) $为单位阶跃函数。
其余脉冲响应函数的推导可参照上述方法完成,具体的推导过程在此不再详述,所得脉冲响应函数的表达式详见表1
由式(5)可知,若要获取重建面上声压的时域波数谱,则需对式(5)进行解卷运算。其具体解卷过程如下:
首先将时间离散为$ {{t}}_{{n}}=({n}-1)\Delta {t} $,其中$ \Delta {t} $为时间离散间隔,$ {n}=1,2,\cdots {N} $。假设$ {{t}}_{{k}} $是声波到达全息面的第一个时间步阶,则在每一对波数点$ \left({{k}}_{{x}}{{, k}}_{{y}}\right) $处,式(5)可以被表示为矩阵的形式
$ {\boldsymbol{P}}_{{H}}={\boldsymbol{G}}_{\text{pp}}{\boldsymbol{P}}_{{S}} $
式中
$\boldsymbol{P}_H=\left[\begin{array}{llll}P_H\left(t_k\right) & P_H\left(t_{k+1}\right) & \cdots & P_H\left(t_N\right)\end{array}\right]^{\mathrm{T}} $
$\boldsymbol{P}_S=\left[\begin{array}{llll}P_S\left(t_1\right) & P_S\left(t_2\right) & \cdots & P_S\left(t_{N-k+1}\right)\end{array}\right]^{\mathrm{T}} $
$\boldsymbol{G}_{{\mathrm{p p}}}=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}\boldsymbol{G}_{{\mathrm{p p}}}\left(t_k\right) & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\\boldsymbol{G}_{{\mathrm{p p}}}\left(t_{k+1}\right) & \boldsymbol{G}_{{\mathrm{p p}}}\left(t_k\right) & \cdots & \cdots \\\cdots & \cdots & \cdots & 0 \\\boldsymbol{G}_{{\mathrm{p p}}}\left(t_N\right) & \cdots & \boldsymbol{G}_{{\mathrm{p p}}}\left(t_{k+1}\right) & \boldsymbol{G}_{{\mathrm{p p}}}\left(t_k\right)\end{array}\right]^{\mathrm{T}} $
式中:$ {\boldsymbol{P}}_{{H}} $$ {\boldsymbol{P}}_{{S}} $分别为全息面和声源面上的时域声压波数谱;$ {\boldsymbol{G}}_{\text{pp}} $为声压−声压脉冲响应函数矩阵;上标$ \mathrm{T} $表示转置。对$ {\boldsymbol{G}}_{\text{pp}} $进行奇异值分解可以得到
$ {\boldsymbol{G}}_{\text{pp}}=\boldsymbol{U}\boldsymbol{S}{\boldsymbol{V}}^{\mathrm{H}} $
式中:$ \boldsymbol{U} $$ \boldsymbol{V} $为酉矩阵;$ \boldsymbol{S} $为奇异值对角矩阵;上标$ \mathrm{H} $表示共轭转置。将式(15)代入式(11)得到
$ {\boldsymbol{P}}_{{S}}=\boldsymbol{V}{\boldsymbol{S}}^{-1}{\boldsymbol{U}}^{{\text{H}}}{\boldsymbol{P}}_{{H}}=\sum\limits_{n=1}^{{N}-{k}+1}\frac{\boldsymbol{u}_{{n}}^{H}{\boldsymbol{P}}_{{H}}}{{{s}}_{{n}}}{\boldsymbol{v}}_{{n}} $
式中:$ {\boldsymbol{u}}_{n} $$ {\boldsymbol{v}}_{{n}} $分别是矩阵$ \boldsymbol{U} $$ \boldsymbol{V} $的第$ {n} $个列向量,$ {{s}}_{{n}} $为奇异值矩阵$ \boldsymbol{S} $的第$ {n} $个奇异值。由于奇异值矩阵$ \boldsymbol{S} $中存在较小的奇异值,这可能导致重建误差被急剧放大,从而影响重建结果的准确性。为抑制这种放大效应,在求解式(16)的求逆过程中引入Tikhonov正则化方法[7,11],最终可得正则化解为
$ \boldsymbol{P}_S^\lambda=\sum_{n=1}^{N-k+1} \frac{s_n^2}{s_n^2+\lambda^2} \frac{\boldsymbol{u}_n^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{P}_H}{s_n} \boldsymbol{v}_n $
式中:$ {\lambda} $为正则化参数,可以通过L曲线法[12]或广义交叉验证法GCV(Generalized Cross-Validation)[13]确定其取值。上述解卷过程最终可以得到每个波数点$ \left({{k}}_{{x}}{{, k}}_{{y}}\right) $的正则化解$ \boldsymbol{P}_{{S}}^{{\lambda}}\left({{k}}_{{x}}{{,k}}_{{y}},{z}_{S},t\right) $,再对其进行二维空间反Fourier变换,即可获得重建面上的声压$ p\left({{x}}_{S}{{,y}}_{S},{z}_{S},t\right) $
仿真中采用矩阵简支薄铝板模型,以验证本文基于Rayleigh积分推导出的脉冲响应函数的正确性。所用薄板的参数如下:长度$ {l}_{x}=0.6\;\mathrm{m} $、宽度$ {l}_{{y}}=0.6\;\mathrm{m} $、厚度$ {h}=5\;\mathrm{mm} $、密度$ \rho =2\;700\;\mathrm{kg}\cdot{\mathrm{m}}^{-3} $、杨氏模量$ E=7.1\times {10}^{10}\;\mathrm{Pa} $以及泊松比$ \upsilon =0.33 $。激振力的表达式如下
$ {f}({x, y, t})=\left\{\begin{aligned}& 5\mathrm{sin}(1000\text{π} \times {t})\;\mathrm{N}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2},& {x}\in \left[{{x}}_{{a}}{{, x}}_{{b}}\right],{y}\in \left[{{y}}_{{a}}{{, y}}_{{b}}\right]\\&0\;\mathrm{N}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2},&其他\end{aligned}\right. $
式中:$ {{x}}_{{a}}=0.2\;\mathrm{m} $$ {{x}}_{{b}}=0.25\;\mathrm{m} $$ {{y}}_{{a}}=0.2\;\mathrm{m} $$ {{y}}_{{b}}=0.25\;\mathrm{m} $。全息面$ H $与源平面$ S $的位置分别为$ {{z}}_{H}=0.05\;\mathrm{m} $以及$ {{z}}_{S}=0\;\mathrm{m} $。源平面、重建面以及全息面上的理论数据通过模态叠加法以及时域Rayleigh方法获得。由于无法直接获取源平面上的声压分布,因此选择重建位于$ {{z}}_{R}=0.008\;\mathrm{m} $处的重建面$ R $上的声压。全息面孔径大小为$ 0.6\;\mathrm{m}\times 0.6\;\mathrm{m} $,在$ x $$ y $方向上的网格间隔均为$ 0.03\;\mathrm{m} $。为了降低Fourier变换中卷绕误差的影响,对空间域中的声压数据进行了零填充处理,补零后的孔径大小扩展至$ 1.8\;\mathrm{m}\times 1.8\;\mathrm{m} $。采样频率为$ 500\;\mathrm{kHz} $,共采集301个时间点的数据。全息面上的理论声压数据通过模态叠加法和时域Rayleigh积分法计算得到。为了使数值仿真结果更接近实际情形,在理论声压信号中加入了信噪比SNR(Signal-to-Noise Ratio)为$ 30\;\mathrm{dB} $的高斯白噪声。
为了客观评估某一空间点的重建结果优劣,引入相位指标因子$ {T}_{1} $和幅值指标因子$ {T}_{2} $,其定义如下
$ {{T}}_{1}({x, y, z})=\frac{\left\langle {{B}}_{{{\mathrm{th}}}}({x, y, z, t}){{B}}_{{{\mathrm{re}}}}({x, y, z, t})\right\rangle }{\sqrt{\left\langle {B}_{{{\mathrm{th}}}}^{2}({x, y, z, t})\right\rangle \left\langle {B}_{{{\mathrm{re}}}}^{2}({x, y, z, t})\right\rangle }} $
$ {{T}}_{2}({x, y, z})=\frac{\left| \sqrt{\left\langle {B}_{{{\mathrm{th}}}}^{2}({x, y, z, t})\right\rangle }-\sqrt{\left\langle {B}_{{{\mathrm{re}}}}^{2}({x, y, z, t})\right\rangle }\right| }{\sqrt{\left\langle {B}_{{{\mathrm{th}}}}^{2}({x, y, z, t})\right\rangle }} $
式中:$ \langle \rangle $表示时域平均;${{B}}_{{{\rm{th}}}}({x, y, z, t})$表示重建面上的理论声压以及源平面上的理论法向振速、法向加速度和法向位移;${{B}}_{{{\rm{re}}}}({x, y, z, t})$表示重建面上的重建声压以及重建面上的重建法向振速、法向加速度和法向位移。$ {T}_{1} $$ {T}_{2} $的取值范围均为$ \left[0,1\right] $。其中,$ {T}_{1} $的值越接近1且$ {T}_{2} $的值越接近0,表示重建结果的精度越高。为了评估时域重建结果的准确性,我们选取了四个具有代表性的空间点用于展示,其中两点位于源平面($ {{S}}_{1}(0.18\;\mathrm{m},0.18\;\mathrm{m},0\;\mathrm{m}) $$ {{S}}_{2}(0.30\;\mathrm{m},0.39\;\mathrm{m},0\;\mathrm{m}) $),另外两点位于重建面($ {{R}}_{1}(0.18\;\mathrm{m},0.18\;\mathrm{m},0.008\;\mathrm{m}) $$ {{R}}_{2}(0.30\;\mathrm{m},0.39\;\mathrm{m},0.008\;\mathrm{m}) $)。
由于脉冲响应函数的衰减速度会影响重建结果的准确性,衰减速度越慢,重建结果的准确性越低[14]图2展示了在$ {{k}}_{{x}}{{=k}}_{{y}}{=}10 $$ {{k}}_{{x}}{{=k}}_{{y}}{=}100 $条件下推导得到的脉冲响应函数的归一化结果对比。图2(a)显示,在$ {{k}}_{{x}}{{=k}}_{{y}}{=}10 $时,声压−声压、法向振速−声压以及法向位移−声压脉冲响应函数的衰减速度较快,而法向加速度−声压脉冲响应函数的衰减速度明显较慢。如图2(b)所示,在$ {{k}}_{{x}}{{=k}}_{{y}}{=}100 $时,法向加速度−声压脉冲响应函数的衰减速度虽有所提升,但仍明显慢于其他三种脉冲响应函数。因此,在使用声压重建法向加速度时,可能会导致重建结果的准确性降低。注意到声压−声压脉冲响应函数相较于其他三个脉冲响应函数略微提前,这是由于我们重建的声压位于重建面$ R $上,而法向振速、加速度和位移则是在源面$ S $上进行重建,因此脉冲响应函数中的$ \Delta {z} $值存在差异,从而导致响应时刻有所提前。
图3展示了$ {{R}}_{1} $$ {{R}}_{2} $位置处理论声压与重建声压的时域波形对比。结果表明,这两个点的重建结果与理论值具有良好的一致性。具体而言,$ {{R}}_{1} $$ {{R}}_{2} $对应的$ {T}_{1} $值分别为0.9996和0.9987,$ {T}_{2} $值分别为0.0164和0.0092。图4进一步展示了重建面上$ {T}_{1} $值和$ {T}_{2} $值的空间分布情况,其中超过83%的空间点的$ {T}_{1} $值大于0.9,超过77%的空间点的$ {T}_{2} $值小于0.1。结果表明,所推导的声压−声压脉冲响应函数具有正确性。
运用法向振速−声压脉冲响应函数,重建了源平面各个点处的时域波形。图5展示了$ {{S}}_{1} $$ {{S}}_{2} $位置处理论法向振速和使用基于声压的实时近场声全息方法重建得到的法向振速时域波形对比,结果表明两者均吻合较好。进一步地,$ {{S}}_{1} $$ {{S}}_{2} $对应的$ {T}_{1} $值分别为0.9998和0.9994,$ {T}_{2} $值分别为0.0028和0.0380。图6(a)和6(b)分别展示了源平面上各空间点的重建法向振速的相位指标因子$ {T}_{1} $和幅值指标因子$ {T}_{2} $的空间分布情况。结果表明,超过71%的$ {T}_{1} $值超过0.9,有超过50%的$ {T}_{2} $值低于0.1,验证了所推导的法向振速−声压脉冲响应函数的正确性。
图7(a)和7(b)分别展示了源平面上$ {{S}}_{1} $$ {{S}}_{2} $两点处理论法向加速度与重建法向加速度的时域波形对比。结果表明,尽管重建波形存在较明显的毛刺现象,但其整体趋势与理论值具有良好的一致性。图8进一步展示了重建面上各空间点所计算的$ {T}_{1} $值和$ {T}_{2} $值的空间分布情况,其中图8(a)显示超过64%的$ {T}_{1} $值大于0.9,图8(b)显示超过49%的$ {T}_{2} $值小于0.1。对法向加速度的重建结果进行深入分析发现,在重建过程中,由于法向加速度−声压脉冲响应函数衰减速度较慢并且脉冲响应函数矩阵的列向量之间存在数值相似性,从而导致累积误差显著增大。为减小累积误差,可采用手动选择正则化参数的方法。
图9展示了源平面上$ {{S}}_{1} $$ {{S}}_{2} $两点处理论法向位移与基于声压的实时近场声全息重建法向位移的时域波形对比。结果表明,两者具有较好的一致性。其中,$ {{S}}_{1} $点处的$ {T}_{1} $值和$ {T}_{2} $值分别为0.9994和0.0035,$ {{S}}_{2} $点处的$ {T}_{1} $值和$ {T}_{2} $值分别为0.9921和0.1081。图10进一步展示了源平面上各点$ {T}_{1} $值和$ {T}_{2} $值的空间分布情况,图10(a)显示超过37%的空间点$ {T}_{1} $值大于0.9,图10(b)显示超过24%的空间点$ {T}_{2} $值小于0.1。法向位移重建结果相较于其他重建结果较差的主要原因在于其量级较小,更容易受到外部干扰的影响。通过对重建结果进行深入分析发现,在激励源附近,重建结果具有较高的准确性,这主要归因于激励源附近的信噪比较高。
本文首先提出了一种用于推导源平面声压、质点振速、法向加速度、法向位移与全息面声压之间脉冲响应函数的方法。该方法基于Rayleigh积分公式与Fourier变换,有效避免了传统方法过度依赖Laplace变换表的局限性,并可通过相似思路推导出各类脉冲响应函数,从而为脉冲响应函数的系统化推导提供了一个完整的理论框架。基于推导所得的不同脉冲响应函数,本文进一步构建了完整的平面实时近场声全息技术体系,能够通过测量全息面声压,重建得到重建面上的声压以及源平面上的法向振速、法向加速度和法向位移。通过对矩阵简支薄铝板的仿真分析,本文验证了所推导脉冲响应函数的正确性。对重建结果进行深入分析和对比发现,在重建声压及法向振速时,均表现出较高的精度;在重建加速度时,由于累积误差的影响,时域波形中出现毛刺现象;而在重建法向位移时,激励源附近的重建结果具有较高精度,但随着距离增加,重建结果精度逐渐下降。

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2026年第30卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.04.012
  • 接收时间:2025-11-10
  • 首发时间:2026-07-07
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-10
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    1.合肥工业大学 噪声振动研究所,合肥 230009

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张小正(1985–),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cblx/CN/10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.04.012
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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