Article(id=1281203468627055053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281203336514867310, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.04.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756137600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783392310529, onlineDateStr=2026-07-07, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783392310529, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783392310529, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1783392310529, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1281203336514867310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='4', pageStart='507', pageEnd='658', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783392279032, creator='13041195026', updateTime=1783395286077, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281215949713945277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281203336514867310, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281215949713945278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281203336514867310, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=601, endPage=612, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281203469818237390, articleId=1281203468627055053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Friction-induced vibration stability of ship bearing-shaft system using modal-coupling theory, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The propulsion shaft system of a ship is a critical component of the powertrain, subjected to direct contact between the shaft and bearing under various operating conditions, such as low speed, heavy load, and startup/shutdown phases. These conditions can lead to friction-induced vibrations and even result in issues such as flutter and noise. In this paper, a four-degree-of-freedom coupled model of the ship propulsion shaft system is developed on the basis of modal coupling theory to investigate the modal coupling phenomenon in detail. A combined complex modal analysis and the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method are applied to analyze modal coupling instability and identify the critical friction factor. The results indicate that the minimum critical friction coefficient is a crucial parameter influencing the stability of the system. The impact of both proportional and non-proportional damping conditions on the critical friction coefficient is examined. Furthermore, the effects of various damping parameters on the modal coupling instability of the system is summarized. These findings provide important theoretical support for vibration control and stability optimization in propulsion shaft systems, significant value for advancing theoretical models and optimizing practical engineering applications.

, authors=Kai-yan GAOa, b, Qian-wen HUANGa, b, Zhi-hao XIEa, authorsList=Kai-yan GAO, Qian-wen HUANG, Zhi-hao XIE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qian-wen HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281203553746260679, articleId=1281203468627055053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=基于模态耦合的船舶轴承−轴系摩擦振动稳定性研究, columnId=1241023038926410098, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=结构力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

船舶推进轴系作为动力系统的重要组成部分,在低速、重载以及启停等工况下,轴与艉轴承之间的直接接触可能引发摩擦振动,进而导致颤振和噪声问题。本文基于模态耦合理论建立了船舶推进轴系的四自由度耦合模型,采用复模态分析法和四阶龙格库塔法分析了模型的模态耦合不稳定性和临界摩擦因数,研究表明,最小临界摩擦因数是决定系统稳定性的关键参数。在此基础上,分析了系统在比例阻尼与非比例阻尼条件下,临界摩擦因数随不同阻尼参数的变化趋势,总结了阻尼对系统模态耦合不稳定性的影响规律,为船舶推进轴系振动控制及其稳定性优化提供了重要的理论支持,对推动理论模型的发展与实际工程应用的优化具有重要的研究价值。

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高锴焱(1999–),男,硕士

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黄千稳(1987–),男,副教授,博士生导师,通讯作者,E-mail:
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基于模态耦合的船舶轴承−轴系摩擦振动稳定性研究
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高锴焱 a, b , 黄千稳 a, b , 谢志豪 a
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2026,30(4): 601-612
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船舶力学 |结构力学 2026 , 30 (4) : 601 -612
基于模态耦合的船舶轴承−轴系摩擦振动稳定性研究
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b.武汉科技大学 冶金装备及其控制教育部重点实验室,武汉 430081, bio={"content":"

高锴焱(1999–),男,硕士

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高锴焱(1999–),男,硕士

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高锴焱a, b, 黄千稳a, b , 谢志豪a
作者信息
  • a.武汉科技大学 机械工程学院,武汉 430081
  • b.武汉科技大学 冶金装备及其控制教育部重点实验室,武汉 430081
通讯作者:
黄千稳(1987–),男,副教授,博士生导师,通讯作者,E-mail:
作者简介:

高锴焱(1999–),男,硕士

Friction-induced vibration stability of ship bearing-shaft system using modal-coupling theory
Kai-yan GAOa, b, Qian-wen HUANGa, b , Zhi-hao XIEa
Affiliations
  • a.Wuhan University of Science and Technology School of Mechanical Engineering Wuhan 430081, China
  • b.Wuhan University of Science and Technology Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Equipment and Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430081, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.04.009
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船舶推进轴系作为动力系统的重要组成部分,在低速、重载以及启停等工况下,轴与艉轴承之间的直接接触可能引发摩擦振动,进而导致颤振和噪声问题。本文基于模态耦合理论建立了船舶推进轴系的四自由度耦合模型,采用复模态分析法和四阶龙格库塔法分析了模型的模态耦合不稳定性和临界摩擦因数,研究表明,最小临界摩擦因数是决定系统稳定性的关键参数。在此基础上,分析了系统在比例阻尼与非比例阻尼条件下,临界摩擦因数随不同阻尼参数的变化趋势,总结了阻尼对系统模态耦合不稳定性的影响规律,为船舶推进轴系振动控制及其稳定性优化提供了重要的理论支持,对推动理论模型的发展与实际工程应用的优化具有重要的研究价值。

船舶推进轴系  /  摩擦自激振动  /  模态−耦合  /  稳定性分析

The propulsion shaft system of a ship is a critical component of the powertrain, subjected to direct contact between the shaft and bearing under various operating conditions, such as low speed, heavy load, and startup/shutdown phases. These conditions can lead to friction-induced vibrations and even result in issues such as flutter and noise. In this paper, a four-degree-of-freedom coupled model of the ship propulsion shaft system is developed on the basis of modal coupling theory to investigate the modal coupling phenomenon in detail. A combined complex modal analysis and the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method are applied to analyze modal coupling instability and identify the critical friction factor. The results indicate that the minimum critical friction coefficient is a crucial parameter influencing the stability of the system. The impact of both proportional and non-proportional damping conditions on the critical friction coefficient is examined. Furthermore, the effects of various damping parameters on the modal coupling instability of the system is summarized. These findings provide important theoretical support for vibration control and stability optimization in propulsion shaft systems, significant value for advancing theoretical models and optimizing practical engineering applications.

ship propulsion shaft system  /  friction self-excited vibration  /  mode-coupling  /  stability analysis
高锴焱, 黄千稳, 谢志豪. 基于模态耦合的船舶轴承−轴系摩擦振动稳定性研究. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (4) : 601 -612 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.04.009
Kai-yan GAO, Qian-wen HUANG, Zhi-hao XIE. Friction-induced vibration stability of ship bearing-shaft system using modal-coupling theory[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (4) : 601 -612 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.04.009
船舶作为水上基本交通工具,是人类开发探索海洋的重要载体。船舶推进轴系是船舶运行的动力核心,推进轴系的动态特性对于船舶的运行稳定性有着重要的影响。船舶艉轴承是推进系统的重要组成部分,其性能直接影响到船舶的整体运行效率和安全性。然而,由于船舶工作环境的复杂性,艉轴承常常面临润滑状态不稳定的问题,甚至可能出现干摩擦现象,这会导致严重的摩擦和磨损[12]。特别是在低速、重载、启动和停机等工况下,不良的润滑状态不仅增加摩擦噪声[34],还对船舶的安全性、隐蔽性构成威胁,同时也会缩短推进轴系的使用寿命[5]。因此,针对艉轴承的润滑状态进行有效管理与优化显得尤为重要。
摩擦是一种普遍存在的现象,在机械系统中引入阻尼元件被认为是缓解摩擦振动的有效手段[6]。然而,在工程应用中,阻尼的配置通常采用“试凑法”,即通过不断调整阻尼部件的参数,以期获得较优的减振效果。这种方法往往导致试验过程耗费大量人力和财力。因此,深入研究阻尼对系统界面摩擦振动行为的影响机制,是为阻尼在工程应用中的合理设计和优化提供理论支持的关键。在系统运行过程中,振动不仅受到外部因素的影响,还受系统内部各部件间不同振动模态耦合效应的显著影响。模态耦合理论在振动问题的研究中具有重要意义[7]
在船舶运行过程中,推进轴系与尾轴承的直接接触会诱发摩擦自激振动,造成刚度矩阵的不对称,产生系统模态耦合的不稳定,从而导致推进轴系的振动加剧、颤振与噪声。通过深入分析不同参数对轴−轴承系统摩擦自激振动的影响,可以为系统设计优化提供更精确的理论依据,进而有效提高船舶运行的安全性。有关模态耦合理论的研究主要集中在汽车制动盘、列车高速制动等相关领域[810]。Kang等[11]基于圆盘的双模态和多模态模型,建立了综合动力学模型来描述刹车尖叫的机理,该模型表明,每种颤振模式下均存在一个与最大尖叫倾向相对应的速度。Hoffmann等[1213]提出了弹簧−质量块−皮带的二自由度模型,用于研究比例阻尼与非比例阻尼对摩擦振动的影响,并提出阻尼影响摩擦振动的反馈机理。Charroyer等[14]通过模态耦合相关的理论和方法,针对具有平面或直线摩擦的有阻尼和无阻尼系统进行了参数研究和数值分析,探讨了平面或直线摩擦的基本影响,并对存在平面摩擦的不稳定悖论进行了扩展。而与船舶有关的研究中,Lin等[15]提出了考虑随机粗糙表面摄动的三自由度模态耦合模型,通过复特征值分析研究了三自由度系统的稳定性。结果表明,摩擦振动和噪声的峰值频率由系统的固有频率决定,并发现了一种新的现象,即当两模态频率接近时,即使系统是稳定的,振动也会放大。
阻尼对摩擦自激振动有着复杂的影响,研究者们已对带有阻尼的摩擦系统动力学展开了广泛探讨。然而,在许多研究工作中,阻尼效应通常被视为系统的一部分,而非研究的核心或重点,这在一定程度上可能导致其对摩擦振动的影响未得到充分揭示。因此,本文从摩擦系统动力学的角度,深入剖析阻尼效应对系统振动特性和稳定性的影响,对于推进理论模型的发展与实际工程应用的优化具有重要的研究价值。本文建立了船舶推进轴系的四自由度耦合模型,分析了在不同参数下系统阻尼对于推进轴系稳定性的影响,给出了不同系统参数下的分岔边界和模态耦合不稳定区域的变化规律,以便更好地理解和优化船舶推进系统的性能,从而提高船舶的安全性和效率。
模态耦合理论的主要研究方法是将摩擦力引入轴系−轴承摩擦副,从而导致系统刚度矩阵的不对称性,使系统的特征值变为复数。系统的稳定性可通过特征值的实部和虚部的变化趋势来分析。其中,特征值的实部代表系统的衰减系数,当其大于零时,系统处于不稳定状态;特征值的虚部对应系统的特征频率,当多个特征值的虚部接近时,可能引发系统不稳定。因此,本文基于模态耦合理论对船舶推进轴系中存在的摩擦自激振动现象进行分析,并基于船舶艉轴承的相关结构,建立了如图1所示的四自由度的力学模型。其中,$ {m}_{1}、{m}_{\text{2}} $分别表示轴和轴承的质量,$ {k}_{1}、{k}_{2}、{c}_{1}、{c}_{2} $分别表示轴的法向与切向的刚度以及阻尼,$ {k}_{3}、{k}_{4}、{c}_{3}、{c}_{4} $分别为轴承的刚度以及阻尼,$ p $表示轴所受到的外力。$ {k}_{{\mathrm{h}}} $表示轴与轴承之间的接触刚度。
假设轴以一定速度顺时针旋转,由于摩擦力的存在,会使得轴与轴套发生相对平移,轴与轴承圆心连线产生偏转角,其示意图如图2所示。
本文主要研究目标为由摩擦引起的振动,此时可知,轴与轴承之间的摩擦力通过接触刚度与摩擦系数之间的关系来表示,其表达式如下
$ {F}_\text{N}={k}_\text{h}({x}_{1}\sin \theta +{y}_{1}\cos \theta -{x}_{2}\sin \theta -{y}_{2}\cos \theta ) $
$ {F}_{{\mathrm{f}}}=\mu (v)({F}_\text{N}+p) $
式中:$ {F}_\text{N} $表示轴与轴承间的法向接触力,$ \theta $表示轴与轴承圆心产生偏转角,$ \mu $表示轴颈与轴承间的动摩擦因数,$ p $表示系统受到的外部载荷。通过建立的模型可写出系统的动力学方程,其表达式如下
$ {\boldsymbol{M}}\ddot{X}+{\boldsymbol{C}}\dot{X}+{\boldsymbol{K}}X={\boldsymbol{F }}$
其中
$ \boldsymbol{M}=\left(\begin{matrix}{m}_{1} & & & \\ & {m}_{1} & & \\ & & {m}_{2} & \\ & & & {m}_{2}\end{matrix}\right)\;\; \boldsymbol{C}=\left(\begin{matrix}{c}_{1} & & & \\ & {c}_{2} & & \\ & & {c}_{3} & \\ & & & {c}_{4}\end{matrix}\right)\;\; \boldsymbol{K}=\left(\begin{matrix}{k}_{1} & & & \\ & {k}_{2} & & \\ & & {k}_{3} & \\ & & & {k}_{4}\end{matrix}\right)\;\; \boldsymbol{F}=\left(\begin{array}{c}-{F}_\text{N}\sin \theta +{F}_\text{f}\cos \theta \\-{F}_\text{N}\cos \theta -{F}_\text{f}\sin \theta \\{F}_\text{N}\sin \theta -{F}_\text{f}\cos \theta \\{F}_\text{N}\cos \theta +{F}_\text{f}\sin \theta \end{array}\right) $
式中:$ \boldsymbol{F} $表示轴与轴承在xy方向上受到的分力。由公式 (1) 和 (2) 可知,$ {F}_\text{N} $$ {F}_\text{f} $的大小与接触刚度$ {k}_\text{h} $相关,因此可以通过移项,将$ \boldsymbol{K} $矩阵进一步变换得到修正刚度矩阵。同时为了引入阻尼比,对转换后公式两端同时除以质量,得到的公式如下
$ {\boldsymbol{M}}_{0}\ddot{X}+{\boldsymbol{C}}_{\text{0}}\dot{X}+{\boldsymbol{K}}_{0}X={\boldsymbol{F}}_{0} $
其中,
$ {\boldsymbol{C}}_{0}=\left(\begin{matrix}\text{2}{D}_{1}{\omega }_{1} & & & \\ & \text{2}{D}_{2}{\omega }_{2} & & \\ & & \text{2}{D}_{3}{\omega }_{3} & \\ & & & \text{2}{D}_{4}{\omega }_{4}\end{matrix}\right)\;\;\;{\boldsymbol{K}}_{0}=\left(\begin{matrix}{k}_{11} & {k}_{12} & k & {k}_{14}\\{k}_{21} & {k}_{22} & {k}_{23} & {k}_{24}\\{k}_{31} & {k}_{32} & {k}_{33} & {k}_{34}\\{k}_{41} & {k}_{42} & {k}_{43} & {k}_{44}\end{matrix}\right)\;\;\;{\boldsymbol{F}}_{0}=\left(\begin{array}{c}\mu p\cos \theta /{m}_{1}\\-\mu p\sin \theta /{m}_{\text{1}}\\-\mu p\cos \theta /{m}_{\text{2}}\\\mu p\sin \theta /{m}_{\text{2}}\end{array}\right) $
$ {D}_{i}=\frac{{c}_{i}}{2{m}_{j}{\omega }_{i}}\quad (i=1,\text{2,3,4};j=1,\text{2}) $
$ \omega _{i}^{2}=\begin{cases} ({k}_{i}+{k}_\text{h}\sin \theta (\sin \theta -\mu \cos \theta ))/{m}_{j}\quad (i=1,3;j=1,2)\\({k}_{i}+{k}_\text{h}\cos \theta (\cos \theta +\mu \sin \theta ))/{m}_{j}\quad (i=2,4;j=1,2)\end{cases} $
$ \begin{cases} {k}_{ii}=\omega _{i}^{\text{2}}\quad (i=1,2,3,4)\\{k}_{21}={k}_{43}={k}_\text{h}\sin \theta (\cos \theta +\mu \sin \theta )\\{k}_{13}={k}_{31}={k}_\text{h}\sin \theta (\mu \cos \theta -\sin \theta )\\{k}_{23}={k}_{41}=-{k}_\text{h}\sin \theta (\cos \theta +\mu \sin \theta )\\{k}_{24}={k}_{34}=-{k}_\text{h}\cos \theta (\cos \theta +\mu \sin \theta )\\{k}_{12}=-{k}_{14}=-{k}_{32}={k}_\text{h}\cos \theta (\sin \theta -\mu \cos \theta )\end{cases} $
此时,$ {\boldsymbol{M}}_{0} $$ {\boldsymbol{C}}_{0} $$ {\boldsymbol{K}}_{0} $分别为转换后的质量、阻尼、刚度矩阵。$ D $为不同自由度对应的阻尼比,$ \omega $表示固有频率。当系统在平衡位置时,其向量可以表示为$ {\boldsymbol{U}}_{0}={\left[{X}_{\text{1e}},{Y}_{\text{1e}},{X}_{\text{2e}},{Y}_{\text{2e}}\right]}^{\mathrm{T}} $,力向量$ {F}_{0} $可以表示为
$ {\boldsymbol{F}}_{0}={\boldsymbol{K}}_{0}{\boldsymbol{U}}_{0} $
当系统产生微小扰动$ {\boldsymbol{U}}_{{\mathrm{d}}}={\left[{X}_{1{\mathrm{d}}},{Y}_{1{\mathrm{d}}},{X}_{2{\mathrm{d}}},{Y}_{2{\mathrm{d}}}\right]}^\text{T} $时,其位移量$ \boldsymbol{U} $可表示为
$ \boldsymbol{U}={\left[{X}_{1{\mathrm{e}}}+{X}_{1{\mathrm{d}}},{Y}_{1{\mathrm{e}}}+{Y}_{1{\mathrm{d}}},{X}_{2{\mathrm{e}}}+{X}_{2{\mathrm{d}}},{Y}_{2{\mathrm{e}}}+{Y}_{2{\mathrm{d}}}\right]}^\text{T} $
式中:$ {X}_{{\mathrm{e}}}、{Y}_{{\mathrm{e}}} $分别表示各自由度平衡点位置的坐标分量,$ {X}_{{\mathrm{d}}}、{Y}_{{\mathrm{d}}} $表示各自由度位移分量。因此联立式(5)、(10)和(11)可得
$ \boldsymbol{M}{\ddot{\boldsymbol{U}}}_{{\mathrm{d}}}+{\boldsymbol{C}}_{0}{\dot{\boldsymbol{U}}}_{{\mathrm{d}}}+{\boldsymbol{K}}_{0}{\boldsymbol{U}}_{{\mathrm{d}}}=0 $
为了求解式上式引入$ \boldsymbol{V}={\left[{\boldsymbol{U}}_{{\mathrm{d}}},{\dot{\boldsymbol{U}}}_{{\mathrm{d}}}\right]}^{\mathrm{T}} $则可将式(12)转化为状态空间方程
$ \dot{\boldsymbol{V}}=\boldsymbol{J}\boldsymbol{V} $
式中:系统的雅可比矩阵可以表示为
$ \boldsymbol{J}=\left(\begin{matrix}0 & \boldsymbol{E}\\-{\boldsymbol{M}}^{-1}\boldsymbol{K} & -{\boldsymbol{M}}^{-1}\boldsymbol{C}\end{matrix}\right) $
非对称的刚度矩阵$ {\boldsymbol{K}}_{0} $导致系统产生复特征值解,因此通过状态变量变换可将系统的动力学方程转化为一阶状态空间形式,其对应的系统雅可比矩阵可用于描述系统在平衡位置附近对微小扰动的线性响应行为。因此,通过以上变换,可将系统的动力学方程转化为与雅可比矩阵的特征值$ \lambda $有关的问题,并通过分析其特征值的实部和虚部的变化趋势来判断系统的稳定性。根据复模态分析法可知,当系统特征值实部小于等于0时系统稳定,即
$ \forall \lambda\quad \text{Re}\left(\lambda \right)\leq 0 $
当系统特征值实部大于零时系统不稳定,即
$ \forall \lambda\quad \text{Re}\left(\lambda \right) \gt 0 $
为了验证模态耦合理论的可行性和计算的准确性,本文对相关文献的模型进行了验证[16]。在给定相关参数下对其稳定性进行了分析。
图3为文献[16]中的计算结果,图4为本文验证的结果。图中计算了在摩擦因数与法向力共同作用下,两自由度的系统会得到两个完整的耦合平面。随着摩擦因数的增大,系统的特征实部逐渐出现大于零的情况,此时系统的特征频率逐渐靠近,进而发生模态耦合现象。临界摩擦因数会随外力的增大而发生变化,说明外力对系统稳定性有显著影响。
由于模态耦合理论的主要判定条件为实部大于零,因此在得到的三维图中会出现一条曲线,定义这条曲线为临界曲线,在不同参数取值情况下,该曲线上对应的摩擦因数为临界摩擦因数。本文对文献中临界摩擦因数相关的结果进行了验证。图5为文献中临界摩擦因数的变化图像,而图6为本文验证后得到的图像。可以发现在临界摩擦因数随外力变化时,表现出先减小后增大的趋势,且当力较小时,临界摩擦因数的取值较大。当阻尼为变量时,临界摩擦因数则表现出先增大后减小的趋势,且其变化趋势随着阻尼的增大逐渐减小。对比图5图6可以发现,验证结果中曲线的整体变化趋势与文献结果保持一致,虽具体计算结果存在一些差异,但整体差异较小。这验证了本文模态耦合理论的准确性和可行性。
船舶推进系统中艉轴承出现的摩擦振动尤为显著。因此,本研究主要集中于分析推进轴系第三段的质量以及艉轴承的质量,以便更准确地评估其对振动特性和稳定性的影响,其质量分别为$ {m}_{1}=600\text{ kg} $$ {m}_{2}=330\text{ kg} $。同时,由于在船舶运行过程中很多参数会发生变化,本文主要侧重于分析阻尼对系统稳定性的影响,因此模型中其余相关参数取定值。轴与轴承的切向刚度分别为$ {k}_{1}=\text{2}\times {10}^{\text{8}}\;\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{m} $$ {k}_{3}=\text{3}\times {10}^{\text{8}}\;\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{m} $$ {k}_\text{h}=\text{6}\times {10}^{\text{7}}\;\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{m} $,法向刚度通过比例关系确定为$ {k}_{3}=0.8{k}_{1} $$ {k}_{4}=1.2{k}_{3} $,偏转角$ \theta ={\text{12}}^{\circ } $。此时系统各部分间的阻尼比成比例关系,且该比例与各个方向的固有频率相关。此时$ {D}_{3}=({\omega }_{\text{1}}\text{/}{\omega }_{3}){D}_{1} $,其中$ {D}_{\text{1}}=D $,通过计算得到以下结果。
图7可以发现,系统在四自由度情况下会出现两组相互耦合的曲线,分别代表轴和轴承的稳定性随系统中摩擦因数的变化情况。图7(a)显示,当摩擦因数逐渐增大到某一临界值时,轴和轴承的特征实部会出现大于零的情况。此时,图7(b)中的特征频率曲线也出现重合现象,这表明系统发生了模态耦合,此时系统表现出不稳定状态。通过以上分析可知,在给定参数的情况下,四自由度系统会出现两个耦合点,即有两个对应的临界摩擦因数。为确定系统的稳定性主要受哪个临界摩擦因数的影响,本文开展了相应的时域分析进行验证,其分析结果如下。
由于进行时域分析时,系统不同自由度的振动速度变化形式基本保持一致,且振动速度基本相近,因此图8仅展示在不同摩擦因数情况下,轴x方向振动速度的变化情况。可以发现,当系统的摩擦因数小于最小临界摩擦因数时,系统处于稳定状态。初始阶段的振动速度较大,随着时间的推移,速度逐渐减小,最终保持在一定的范围内。图9显示在摩擦因数小于最小临界摩擦因数时,系统有两个共振频率。对比图7(b)可以发现,得到的频率与模态耦合理论求得的特征频率相对应。当系统的摩擦因数大于最小临界摩擦因数时,系统表现为不稳定的状态,且振动速度持续增长。此时系统的振动幅值会向同一共振频率靠近,且摩擦因数越大其趋势越明显。
系统最小临界摩擦因数的大小同样影响系统稳定性,图10 对比了两组不同最小临界摩擦因数下,系统振动速度以及位移的表现情况。为了使最小临界摩擦因数发生更加明显的变化,本文选取两种刚度组合情况下的系统进行时域分析,此时摩擦因数取定值0.1。由于分析结果中系统各方向振动形式基本保持一致,因此同样仅展示轴x方向的分析结果。
图10(a)、(c)分别为第一组刚度情况下的特征频率及时程图,此时$ {k}_{1}=\text{1}\times {10}^{\text{8}}\;\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{m} $$ {k}_{3}=\text{2}\times {10}^{\text{8}}\;\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{m} $,其余参数不变。观察图10(a)可以发现最小临界摩擦因数取值为0.26。图10(c)中振动速度与位移的取值分别为±4×10−7和9.82×10−6左右。而图10(b)中系统的最小临界摩擦因数取值为0.67,此时系统刚度的取值为$ {k}_{1}=\text{5}\times {10}^{\text{8}}\;\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{m} $$ {k}_{3}=\text{6}\times {10}^{\text{8}}\;\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{m} $。在第二种情况下,系统的振动速度与位移有一定程度的减小,振动速度与位移的取值分别为±1.4×10−7和1.958×10−6左右。对比以上的分析结果可以得出系统的临界摩擦因数越大,系统稳定性越强。
在振动系统的分析中,不同的阻尼特性会对系统的振动响应和稳定性产生不同影响。根据阻尼与系统参数的关系,可将其分为比例阻尼和非比例阻尼两类。比例阻尼[17]是指系统的阻尼力与位移或速度呈线性关系,这种阻尼特性通常适用于线性动态系统,有助于简化数学模型和分析过程。然而,在许多工程应用中,阻尼特性往往难以严格满足比例关系。非比例阻尼[18]描述了阻尼力与系统状态之间存在更复杂的非线性或耦合关系的情况,阻尼不再单纯与位移或速度成正比。
首先分析系统在比例阻尼情况下的稳定性变化趋势,造成比例阻尼的主要原因包括推进轴系运行过程中摩擦效应以及流体润滑所引起的粘性阻尼,这些因素对系统的振动特性及稳定性具有重要影响。因此在比例阻尼情况下,定义系统各部分的阻尼比呈比例关系,具体如下
$ {\beta }_{{\mathrm{s}}}=\frac{{D}_{1}}{{D}_{2}},\quad {\beta }_{{\mathrm{b}}}=\frac{{D}_{3}}{{D}_{4}},\quad {D}_{3}=\left(\frac{{\omega }_{1}}{{\omega }_{3}}\right){D}_{1} $
式中:$ {\beta }_{{\mathrm{s}}} $$ {\beta }_{{\mathrm{b}}} $分别表示轴和轴承不同方向阻尼的比例系数。此时定义$ {D}_{1}=D $,通过$ D $来确定比例阻尼系统中的阻尼比。
图11展示在不同阻尼比情况下系统特征值的变化情况。当摩擦因数$ \mu $作为控制参数时,模态耦合效应导致系统稳定性随摩擦因数增大而发生显著变化,当系统摩擦因数超过某一临界值后,系统出现模态耦合现象。进一步分析表明,当阻尼比增大时,特征值实部曲线下移,即系统的衰减系数有一定程度减小,系统稳定性进一步增强。此外,特征值虚部随阻尼比的增大表现出不完全合并现象,且此现象在高阻尼比条件下更加突出。因此可以得出,系统阻尼比越大,整体稳定性越强。根据第三章的分析可知,系统的稳定主要受到最小临界摩擦因数的影响。当系统的摩擦因数超过最小临界摩擦因数后,系统将表现为不稳定状态,因此,接下来围绕最小临界摩擦因数展开分析。
图12展示了比例阻尼情况下,临界摩擦因数随阻尼比$ D $$ {\beta }_\text{s} $变化的图像。观察图12(a)可以发现,当阻尼比取值较小时,系统的临界摩擦因数有一个突变的过程,从接近于零快速增大到0.2左右。随后临界摩擦因数的变化趋于平缓,但所得到的面中还存在一个转折点,在转折点之后临界摩擦因数的增长率进一步减小。观察图12(b)、(c)可以看出,随着$ {\beta }_\text{s} $的增大,临界摩擦因数的值有一定程度的减小,但临界摩擦因数随着阻尼比的增大不断增大,且在$ {\beta }_\text{s} $取值较小时,临界摩擦因数的增长速率会有一个转折点,其位置随$ {\beta }_\text{s} $的增大逐渐向后移动。当阻尼比为变量时,临界摩擦因数随着阻尼比的增大逐渐增大,但随着$ {\beta }_\text{s} $的增大会出现一定程度的减小。
图13展示了当$ {\beta }_\text{s} $分别取2和10时,系统临界摩擦因数在$ {\beta }_\text{b} $$ D $共同作用下的变化趋势。观察图像可以发现,系统临界摩擦因数的变化趋势与$ {\beta }_\text{b} $为定值时有所不同,所得到的平面并没有较明显的转折,临界摩擦因数随着阻尼比的增大逐渐增大。但在阻尼比较小时的突变过程仍然存在。当$ {\beta }_\text{b} $取值较小时,临界摩擦因数随阻尼比增大的趋势更加明显,$ {\beta }_\text{b} $取值越大,增大趋势越平缓。对比图13(a)、(b)可以发现,当$ {\beta }_\text{s} $取10时系统的临界摩擦因数取值相较于$ {\beta }_\text{s} $取2时能达到的最大值变小。
图14展示了在不同阻尼比条件下,系统临界摩擦因数的变化趋势。图中分别给出了阻尼比$ D $取 0.01 和 0.03 时,系统临界摩擦因数随阻尼比例系数$ {\beta }_\text{s} $$ {\beta }_\text{b} $变化的情况。可以发现,当$ D $取0.01时系统临界摩擦因数相对较小,且变化趋势相对平缓。只有当$ {\beta }_\text{s} $$ {\beta }_\text{b} $较小时系统临界摩擦因数才会有较大的变化。而当增大$ D $后,系统受到$ {\beta }_\text{b} $的影响较大,当$ {\beta }_\text{b} $较小时临界摩擦因数会取到较大值,而当$ {\beta }_\text{s} $较小时,计算得到的特征实部未出现大于零的点,曲面并不完整,但是由于此时并不存在临界摩擦因数,系统的稳定性得到了相应的提高。
仅考虑比例阻尼不足以全面反映系统复杂的动力学行为。在船舶推进轴系中,轴承的材料、几何形状等因素可能导致非比例阻尼的出现。基于此,本文进一步分析了非比例阻尼条件下系统临界摩擦因数的变化情况,分析结果如下。
图15展示了当轴阻尼的相关参数为变量时临界摩擦因数的变化图像。此时,轴承的法向阻尼比以及比例系数为定值,取值分别为$ {D}_{3}=0.03 $$ {\beta }_\text{b}=2 $。通过图15(a)可以发现,系统的临界摩擦因数随参数的变化有着较大的波动,当$ {D}_{1} $$ {\beta }_\text{s} $值较小时,临界摩擦因数的波动较大,但随着参数的增大,临界摩擦因数逐渐趋于稳定。从图15(b)中可以看出,在$ {\beta }_\text{s} $取不同的值时,临界摩擦因数随着$ {D}_{1} $的增加有着相同的变化趋势,随着阻尼比的增大,临界摩擦因数有着较大的增长率,但是当阻尼比超过某一定值后,增长率减小。且$ {\beta }_\text{s} $的取值越小,这种现象越明显。而在图15(c)中,当以$ {\beta }_\text{s} $为变量时,临界摩擦因数呈下降趋势,当$ {D}_{1} $值较小时,下降趋势更为明显;随着$ {D}_{1} $增大,下降的趋势逐渐减弱。
图16展示了在轴承阻尼的相关参数为变量时临界摩擦因数的变化图像。对比图15(a)图16(a)可以发现,在轴承参数为变量的情况下,图像的变化有着相同的趋势。当阻尼比较大时,容易取到较大的临界摩擦因数。例如,当$ {D}_{3} $$ {\beta }_\text{b} $都取较大的值时,临界摩擦因数的变化趋势逐渐减小。当$ {D}_{3} $取较小的值时,临界摩擦因数表现出先增加后减小的趋势。同时临界摩擦因数随着$ {\beta }_\text{b} $的变化有着相同的趋势,且其变化趋势更加的明显。
基于模态耦合理论,本文分析了阻尼对船舶推进轴系振动特性与稳定性的影响。研究发现,不同阻尼配置对系统稳定性有显著影响,最小临界摩擦因数是决定系统稳定性的关键参数。这一结论不仅丰富了理论研究,还为船舶推进轴系的设计与优化提供了技术支持。基于本文的研究分析总结出以下结论:
(1) 系统的特征实部和特征虚部在不同的阻尼条件下呈现多种变化形式。阻尼的配置对系统稳定性有显著影响,特别是最小临界摩擦因数在系统稳定性中起到关键作用。
(2) 在比例阻尼情况下,系统的临界摩擦因数随阻尼比的增大而显著提高。法向阻尼和切向阻尼的比例系数越小,临界摩擦因数的增长越明显,系统整体稳定性越强。
(3) 非比例阻尼条件下,单独改变轴或轴承的阻尼参数对系统稳定性的影响显著。系统在高阻尼比与大比例系数的条件下表现更稳定。
基于模态耦合理论,可以更系统地分析船舶推进轴系与轴承系统中多参数对摩擦自激振动的综合影响。通过优化阻尼配置,不仅能够显著提升轴系的稳定性,还可以有效减小振动幅度。然而,在实际运行过程中,阻尼易受多种因素的影响。为应对这一复杂性,未来研究可进一步结合润滑油特性、轴系不平衡等关键因素,开展与阻尼效应的耦合分析,以深入揭示这些因素对振动特性及系统稳定性的协同作用机制。

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2026年第30卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.04.009
  • 接收时间:2025-08-26
  • 首发时间:2026-07-07
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-26
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    a.武汉科技大学 机械工程学院,武汉 430081
    b.武汉科技大学 冶金装备及其控制教育部重点实验室,武汉 430081

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黄千稳(1987–),男,副教授,博士生导师,通讯作者,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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