Article(id=1281203338985312366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281203336514867310, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.04.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754582400000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783392279620, onlineDateStr=2026-07-07, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783392279620, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783392279620, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1783392279620, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1281203336514867310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='4', pageStart='507', pageEnd='658', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783392279032, creator='13041195026', updateTime=1783395286077, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281215949713945277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281203336514867310, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281215949713945278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281203336514867310, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=568, endPage=581, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281203340646256751, articleId=1281203338985312366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=A novel POD-DMD method for flow field reconstruction of trimaran in waves, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Reduced-order models (ROMs) offer an effective means to extract the dominant features of flow fields while significantly reducing computational resources, which provides an important means for the analysis and interpretation of nonlinear complex flow field information. Although ROMs have been widely applied to reconstruct fields of steady-state flows with different geometries or transient flows with one geometry, the study on reconstructing transient flow fields with different geometries remains limited. In this study, a novel flow field reconstruction method combining Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) and Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) is proposed, and then applied to reconstruct the wave field of a trimaran under different side hull layouts at a wave length equal to the ship length. The results indicate that the reconstructed flow fields exhibit lower errors compared with the original flow fields by high-fidelity simulation, which validates the reasonableness and feasibility of the proposed method, laying a solid foundation for subsequent studies on flow field prediction and optimization for hull forms.

, authors=Xin-wang LIU1, Xu SUN1, Xiao-hang JI1, Lei YUAN1, Bao-ying MU2, Yu-chuan WANG2, Lei LIU2, Li-xin LU2, authorsList=Xin-wang LIU, Xu SUN, Xiao-hang JI, Lei YUAN, Bao-ying MU, Yu-chuan WANG, Lei LIU, Li-xin LU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bao-ying MU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281203406266143051, articleId=1281203338985312366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=基于POD-DMD的三体船在波浪中运动流场重构方法研究, columnId=1241023038087549292, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=流体力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

降阶模型在降低计算资源消耗的同时,能够有效提取复杂流动的主要特征,为非线性复杂流场信息的分析与解释提供了重要手段。虽然降阶模型已广泛应用于复杂流场的重构中,但基本针对不同几何形状下的稳态流场或针对同一几何形状下的瞬态流场开展研究,而针对不同形状下瞬态流场重构方法的研究较少。因此,本文提出了一种结合本征正交分解(POD)方法与动态模态分解(DMD)方法的流场降阶与重构方法,并将该方法应用于在船长与波长相等时不同侧体布局下三体船的波浪场重构问题中。结果表明,与高精度数值模拟计算所得的原始流场相比,重构流场的误差较小,整体重构效果理想,验证了所提出方法的合理性与可行性,可为后续的船舶流场预测与优化设计等研究奠定坚实基础。

, authors=刘鑫旺1, 孙旭1, 姬小航1, 袁垒1, 母宝颖2, 王宇川2, 刘垒2, 卢立鑫2, authorsList=刘鑫旺, 孙旭, 姬小航, 袁垒, 母宝颖, 王宇川, 刘垒, 卢立鑫, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=母宝颖, authorNote=

刘鑫旺(1995–),男,博士,副教授

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母宝颖(1993–),女,硕士,助理研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:
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刘鑫旺(1995–),男,博士,副教授

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刘鑫旺(1995–),男,博士,副教授

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figureFileBig=pkJPrSeqMKsdLaq2Z381ug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281203441796092321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281203338985312366, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The parameters of the Wigley trimaran model's main body

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参数符号/单位数值参数符号/单位数值
垂线间长 $ L/\text{m} $4型深 $ D/\text{m} $0.41
最大船宽 $ B/\text{m} $0.4排水体积 $ \nabla /{\text{m}}^{3} $0.089
吃水 $ T/\text{m} $0.25湿表面积 $ {S}_{{\mathrm{W}}}/{\text{m}}^{2} $1.189
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Wigley三体船模型主体的参数

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参数符号/单位数值参数符号/单位数值
垂线间长 $ L/\text{m} $4型深 $ D/\text{m} $0.41
最大船宽 $ B/\text{m} $0.4排水体积 $ \nabla /{\text{m}}^{3} $0.089
吃水 $ T/\text{m} $0.25湿表面积 $ {S}_{{\mathrm{W}}}/{\text{m}}^{2} $1.189
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Design variables and their ranges

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设计变量下界上界备注
a−0.250.5无因次化纵向间距
b0.10.25无因次化横向间距
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设计变量及其范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设计变量下界上界备注
a−0.250.5无因次化纵向间距
b0.10.25无因次化横向间距
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The corresponding energy proportion of each mode

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模态KE模态KE模态KE模态KE
10.29070.806130.897190.940
20.55780.827140.907200.946
30.64990.847150.915210.950
40.698100.862160.922220.954
50.740110.875170.929
60.776120.887180.935601.000
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各模态对应的能量占比

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模态KE模态KE模态KE模态KE
10.29070.806130.897190.940
20.55780.827140.907200.946
30.64990.847150.915210.950
40.698100.862160.922220.954
50.740110.875170.929
60.776120.887180.935601.000
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基于POD-DMD的三体船在波浪中运动流场重构方法研究
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刘鑫旺 1 , 孙旭 1 , 姬小航 1 , 袁垒 1 , 母宝颖 2 , 王宇川 2 , 刘垒 2 , 卢立鑫 2
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2026,30(4): 568-581
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船舶力学 |流体力学 2026 , 30 (4) : 568 -581
基于POD-DMD的三体船在波浪中运动流场重构方法研究
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刘鑫旺1, 孙旭1, 姬小航1, 袁垒1, 母宝颖2 , 王宇川2, 刘垒2, 卢立鑫2
作者信息
  • 1.哈尔滨工程大学 数学科学学院,哈尔滨 150001
  • 2.交通运输部水运科学研究院,北京 100088
通讯作者:
母宝颖(1993–),女,硕士,助理研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:
作者简介:

刘鑫旺(1995–),男,博士,副教授

A novel POD-DMD method for flow field reconstruction of trimaran in waves
Xin-wang LIU1, Xu SUN1, Xiao-hang JI1, Lei YUAN1, Bao-ying MU2 , Yu-chuan WANG2, Lei LIU2, Li-xin LU2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mathematical Sciences, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
  • 2.China Waterborne Transport Research Institute, Beijing 100088, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.04.006
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降阶模型在降低计算资源消耗的同时,能够有效提取复杂流动的主要特征,为非线性复杂流场信息的分析与解释提供了重要手段。虽然降阶模型已广泛应用于复杂流场的重构中,但基本针对不同几何形状下的稳态流场或针对同一几何形状下的瞬态流场开展研究,而针对不同形状下瞬态流场重构方法的研究较少。因此,本文提出了一种结合本征正交分解(POD)方法与动态模态分解(DMD)方法的流场降阶与重构方法,并将该方法应用于在船长与波长相等时不同侧体布局下三体船的波浪场重构问题中。结果表明,与高精度数值模拟计算所得的原始流场相比,重构流场的误差较小,整体重构效果理想,验证了所提出方法的合理性与可行性,可为后续的船舶流场预测与优化设计等研究奠定坚实基础。

本征正交分解  /  动态模态分解  /  三体船  /  波浪场重构

Reduced-order models (ROMs) offer an effective means to extract the dominant features of flow fields while significantly reducing computational resources, which provides an important means for the analysis and interpretation of nonlinear complex flow field information. Although ROMs have been widely applied to reconstruct fields of steady-state flows with different geometries or transient flows with one geometry, the study on reconstructing transient flow fields with different geometries remains limited. In this study, a novel flow field reconstruction method combining Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) and Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) is proposed, and then applied to reconstruct the wave field of a trimaran under different side hull layouts at a wave length equal to the ship length. The results indicate that the reconstructed flow fields exhibit lower errors compared with the original flow fields by high-fidelity simulation, which validates the reasonableness and feasibility of the proposed method, laying a solid foundation for subsequent studies on flow field prediction and optimization for hull forms.

Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD)  /  Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD)  /  trimaran  /  wave field reconstruction
刘鑫旺, 孙旭, 姬小航, 袁垒, 母宝颖, 王宇川, 刘垒, 卢立鑫. 基于POD-DMD的三体船在波浪中运动流场重构方法研究. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (4) : 568 -581 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.04.006
Xin-wang LIU, Xu SUN, Xiao-hang JI, Lei YUAN, Bao-ying MU, Yu-chuan WANG, Lei LIU, Li-xin LU. A novel POD-DMD method for flow field reconstruction of trimaran in waves[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (4) : 568 -581 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.04.006
随着计算机技术的快速发展,基于数值模拟研究复杂流动现象已成为最主要的手段之一。尽管运用有限元法、有限体积法等能够对物理现象进行模拟,但当处理较为复杂的工况条件时,数值模拟所需的计算资源会急剧攀升,实现高精度的数值模拟显著增加了计算成本和存储空间。鉴于此,为节约计算成本并减少资源消耗,降阶模型ROM(Reduced-Order Model)应运而生。作为一种数值模拟的近似方法,降阶模型不需要求解偏微分方程,仅从数据出发挖掘流场内在的相关性并进行重组,本质上是一种数据驱动的方法,可显著降低计算资源。
目前较为常用的降阶模型包含:本征正交分解方法POD(Proper Orthogonal Decomposition)、动态模态分解方法DMD(Dynamic Mode Decomposition),以及人工神经网络方法等。其中,POD方法是由Loeve和Karhunen于1945年提出的一种模态分解方法[1]。Holmes[2]在后续的研究工作中为其提供了详尽的数学推导过程与解释说明。POD方法凭借其高效的重构效率、广泛的适用范围等显著优势,被广泛地应用于对湍流相干结构的提取、分解以及重构等工作之中。1967年,Lumley[3]首次将POD方法应用于湍流研究领域,通过分解流场中关于空间和速度的相关函数,实现了对流场相干结构的精准识别,随后在众多研究者的不懈努力之下,POD方法在流体力学领域获得了更为广泛且深入的应用。刘浩等[4]基于POD方法建立气动力降阶模型,由已知的翼型表面压力分布高效获得最优翼型形状。张嶔等[5]利用POD方法分析三维交叉管在特定间隙比下的涡量数据,并探究尾涡的演变规律。王博等[6]基于两个方向的高速摄影实验结果,通过POD方法研究了撞击射流动态变化过程中的空间和时间特征。肖颖等[7]、肖裕程等[8]通过将POD方法、径向基函数RBF(Radial Basis Function)、长短时记忆神经网络LSTM(Long Short-term Memory)等不同代理模型结合,以提升瞬态流场预测的准确性。Li等[9]使用POD方法和生成对抗网络GAN(Generative Adversarial Networks)来重建具有空间信息缺失的湍流快照,结果表明该方法可以准确再现瞬时速度场。
Schmid[1011]于2010年基于Koopman分析方法提出了DMD方法,并将其巧妙应用于流体动力系统之中,依据模态分解后所获取的特征值来深入分析其流动演化规律,并针对瞬态流动开展稳定性分析。杜晓庆等[12]利用DMD方法,对串列双圆柱的涡量场进行模态分解,在低维空间分析了不同模态的流场特征,基于分解后的主模态建立了降阶模型,并对串列双圆柱流场重构误差进行分析。刘士杰等[13]基于DMD方法提取方柱绕流中的主要模态并建立了流场降阶模型,结果表明,基于DMD方法提取的少量模态能够基本重构原始流场。陈昌哲等[14]以KCS船模为研究对象,采用标准DMD方法对船舶运动进行模态分解,并将分解得到的模态用于船舶运动的重构,以实现对船舶运动的时序预测。Le等[15]使用高阶DMD方法来识别多孔壁上湍流通道流的动力学结构。袁猛等[16]利用DMD方法对仿真得到的双圆柱绕流流场的涡量数据进行了分析,研究了不同流动阶段的绕流流场的稳定性以及截断位置对预测效果的影响。
综上所述,虽然POD、DMD方法已广泛应用于复杂流场的重构中,但基本为针对不同几何形状下的稳态流场(采用POD)或针对同一几何形状下的瞬态流场(采用POD或DMD),而针对不同形状下瞬态流场重构方法的研究较少。因此,基于已有研究,参考POD可捕捉空间相关性强的流场快照的主要模态,以及DMD可捕捉近似线性流体动力学系统的时间演化特征的思想,本文提出了一种考虑不同几何形状下瞬态流场的高效重构方法POD-DMD,可兼顾POD和DMD两种降阶模型各自的优点,从而实现不同几何形状(如船舶、翼型等)在不同时刻的流场重构。本文的主要内容如下:第一节为数值方法,主要介绍POD-DMD流场重构方法与流程;第二节对三体船在波浪中运动的数值模拟工况及结果进行描述;第三节为基于POD-DMD得到的流场重构结果以及误差分析;第四节为本文的主要结论以及对未来工作的展望。
POD方法的核心思想是根据能量标准,利用最小二乘法在原始数据样本中找到一组最优正交基,使其线性组合可以实现对原始数据样本的低维近似[17]。主要过程为:假定由相近船型在同一物理工况下计算得到的流场数据为$ \boldsymbol{x} $,如速度、温度、涡量场。当各计算工况对应网格没有相同的拓扑关系时,参考文献[18-19],可以通过代理模型建立每个原始(非结构化)网格与流场数据的映射关系,进而实现对新的(结构化)网格的流场数据插值,最终获得具有相同的网格拓扑关系的流场数据。当计算设置的网格具有相同的拓扑关系时,可以根据不同船型对应的流场集合$ \left\{\boldsymbol{x}\right\}_{{n}_{{\mathrm{p}}}}^{N} $组成的矩阵$ \boldsymbol{X} $,其中$ {n}_{{\mathrm{p}}} $为网格节点数,N为样本船型数量。
$ \boldsymbol{X}=\left[{\boldsymbol{x}}_{1},{\boldsymbol{x}}_{2}\cdots ,{\boldsymbol{x}}_{N}\right]={\left[\begin{matrix}x_{1}^{1} & x_{2}^{1} & \cdots & x_{N}^{1}\\x_{1}^{2} & x_{2}^{2} & \cdots & x_{N}^{2}\\\vdots & \vdots & \cdots & \vdots \\x_{1}^{{n}_{{\mathrm{p}}}} & x_{2}^{{n}_{{\mathrm{p}}}} & \cdots & x_{N}^{{n}_{{\mathrm{p}}}}\end{matrix}\right]}_{{{n}_{{\mathrm{p}}}}\times N} $
假设对于任意$ {\boldsymbol{x}}_{i} $可以表示为$ {\boldsymbol{x}}_{i}={\overline{\boldsymbol{x}}}+\overset{\mathrm{\infty }}{\underset{j=1}{{\displaystyle\sum}^{\text{}}}}{a}_{ij}{\boldsymbol{u}}_{j} $,其中$ {\boldsymbol{u}}_{j}(j=1,2,\cdots ) $为标准正交基,而$ ({\boldsymbol{u}}_{i}{,}{\boldsymbol{u}}_{j})={\delta }_{ij} $,且$ {\overline{\boldsymbol{x}}}=\dfrac{1}{N}\overset{N}{\underset{i=1}{{\displaystyle\sum}^{\text{}}}}{\boldsymbol{x}}_{i} $,由正交性有
$ {a}_{ij}={({{\boldsymbol{x}}_{i}}-{\overline{\boldsymbol{x}}})}^{\text{T}}{\boldsymbol{u}}_{j} $
假设$ M(N \gt M) $已知,进行数值截断,重构流场可以表示为$ \boldsymbol{x}_{i}^{{\mathrm{rec}}}={\overline{\boldsymbol{x}}}+\overset{M}{\underset{j=1}{{\displaystyle\sum}^{\text{}}}}{a}_{ij}{\boldsymbol{u}}_{j} $
考虑由于选取截断到$ M $个基向量引起真实流场和重构流场之间的误差$ {E}_{M} $
$ E_M\left(\boldsymbol{u}_1, \boldsymbol{u}_2, \cdots, \boldsymbol{u}_M\right)=\sum_{i=1}^N\left\|\boldsymbol{x}_i-\boldsymbol{x}_i^{{\mathrm{r e c}}}\right\|_2^2$
则有
$ E_M\left(\boldsymbol{u}_1, \boldsymbol{u}_2, \cdots, \boldsymbol{u}_M\right)=\sum_{i=1}^N\left\|\boldsymbol{x}_i-\overline{\boldsymbol{x}}\right\|_2^2-\sum_{j=1}^M \boldsymbol{u}_j^{\mathrm{T}}\left[\sum_{i=1}^N\left(\boldsymbol{x}_i-\overline{\boldsymbol{x}}\right)\left(\boldsymbol{x}_i-\overline{\boldsymbol{x}}\right)^{\mathrm{T}}\right] \boldsymbol{u}_j $
$ {\tilde{\boldsymbol{x}}}={\boldsymbol{x}}_{i}-{\overline{\boldsymbol{x}}} $,定义矩阵$ \widetilde{\boldsymbol{X}}=({{\tilde{\boldsymbol{x}}}}_{1}\text{,}{{\tilde{\boldsymbol{x}}}}_{2},\cdots ,{{\tilde{\boldsymbol{x}}}}_{N}) $及相关矩阵$ \boldsymbol{S} $,其中$ \boldsymbol{S} $表示为
$ \boldsymbol{S}=\widetilde{\boldsymbol{X}}{\widetilde{\boldsymbol{X}}}^{\text{T}}=({{\tilde{\boldsymbol{x}}}}_{1},{{\tilde{\boldsymbol{x}}}}_{2},\cdots ,{{\tilde{\boldsymbol{x}}}}_{N})\left(\begin{array}{l}{\tilde{\boldsymbol{x}}}_{1}^{\text{T}}\\{\tilde{\boldsymbol{x}}}_{2}^{\text{T}}\\\vdots \\{\tilde{\boldsymbol{x}}}_{N}^{\text{T}}\end{array}\right)=\overset{N}{\underset{i=1}{{\sum}^{\text{​}}}}{{\tilde{\boldsymbol{x}}}}_{i}{\tilde{\boldsymbol{x}}}_{i}^{\text{T}}=\overset{N}{\underset{i=1}{{\sum}^{\text{​}}}}({\boldsymbol{x}}_{i}-{\overline{\boldsymbol{x}}}){({{\boldsymbol{x}}_{i}}-{\overline{\boldsymbol{x}}})}^{\text{T}} $
因此,误差可以表示为
$E_M=\sum_{i=1}^N\left\|\boldsymbol{x}_i-\overline{\boldsymbol{x}}\right\|_2^2-\sum_{j=1}^M \boldsymbol{u}_j^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{S} \boldsymbol{u}_j$
为了寻找到一组最优正交基,定义关于误差的最小化问题
$ \begin{gathered}[b]\min {E}_{M}({\boldsymbol{u}}_{1},{\boldsymbol{u}}_{2},\cdot \cdot \cdot ,{\boldsymbol{u}}_{M})=\overset{N}{\underset{i=1}{{\sum}^{\text{}}}}\left|\left|{\boldsymbol{x}}_{i}-{\overline{\boldsymbol{x}}}\right|\right|_{2}^{2}-\overset{M}{\underset{j=1}{{\sum}^{\text{}}}}\boldsymbol{u}_{j}^{\text{T}}\boldsymbol{S}{\boldsymbol{u}}_{j}\\s.t. \boldsymbol{u}_{j}^{\text{T}}{\boldsymbol{u}}_{j}=1,\quad (j=1,2,\cdots ,M)\end{gathered} $
根据拉格朗日乘数法,可以得到最优解满足$ {\boldsymbol{S}} u_{j}=\lambda_{j} u_{j} $。因此,所需标准正交基就是相关矩阵$ \boldsymbol{S} $的单位特征向量。
对于特征向量的求解,一种是直接求解相关矩阵$ \boldsymbol{S} $的特征值及特征向量,另外一种就是通过对$ \widetilde{\boldsymbol{X}} $$ {\widetilde{\boldsymbol{X}}}^{\text{T}} $进行奇异值分解进而计算$ \boldsymbol{S} $的特征向量。由于$ \widetilde{\boldsymbol{X}} $的行数通常远大于列数,因此,为了降低计算量,节省计算资源,本文主要采用后一种方法。
$ \widetilde{\boldsymbol{X}}\in {\mathbb{R}}^{m\times n} $且矩阵$ \widetilde{\boldsymbol{X}} $的秩为$ r $,则存在正交矩阵$ \boldsymbol{U}\in {\mathbb{R}}^{m\times m} $及正交矩阵$ \boldsymbol{V}\in {\mathbb{R}}^{n\times n} $,使得
$ \widetilde{\boldsymbol{X}}=\boldsymbol{U}\boldsymbol{D}{\boldsymbol{V}}^{\text{T}}=\boldsymbol{U}{\left(\begin{matrix}{\boldsymbol{S}}_{r} & 0\\0 & 0\end{matrix}\right)}_{m\times n}{\boldsymbol{V}}^{\text{T}} $
其中,$ {\boldsymbol{S}}_{r}=\text{diag}\{{\sigma }_{1},\cdots ,{\sigma }_{r}\} $,且$ {\sigma }_{1}\geq \cdots \geq {\sigma }_{r} \gt 0 $$ \widetilde{\boldsymbol{X}} $的正奇异值。
正交矩阵$ \boldsymbol{U}\in {\mathbb{R}}^{m\times m} $可以表示为$ \boldsymbol{U}=({\boldsymbol{u}}_{1},{\boldsymbol{u}}_{2},\cdots ,{\boldsymbol{u}}_{r},\cdots ,{\boldsymbol{u}}_{m})=({\boldsymbol{U}}_{1},{\boldsymbol{U}}_{2}) $,其中$ {\boldsymbol{U}}_{1}=({\boldsymbol{u}}_{1},{\boldsymbol{u}}_{2},\cdots ,{\boldsymbol{u}}_{r}) $$ {\boldsymbol{U}}_{2}= ({\boldsymbol{u}}_{r+1},\cdots ,{\boldsymbol{u}}_{m}) $
正交矩阵$ \boldsymbol{V}\in {\mathbb{R}}^{n\times n} $可以表示为$ \boldsymbol{V}=({\boldsymbol{v}}_{1},{\boldsymbol{v}}_{2},\cdots ,{\boldsymbol{v}}_{{r}},\cdots ,{\boldsymbol{v}}_{n})=({\boldsymbol{V}}_{1},{\boldsymbol{V}}_{2}) $,其中$ {\boldsymbol{V}}_{1}=({\boldsymbol{v}}_{1},{\boldsymbol{v}}_{2},\cdots ,{\boldsymbol{v}}_{r}) $$ {\boldsymbol{V}}_{2}= ({\boldsymbol{v}}_{r\text{+}1},\cdots ,{\boldsymbol{v}}_{n}) $
这样经奇异值分解,$ \widetilde{\boldsymbol{X}} $可以表示为
$ \begin{split}&\widetilde{\boldsymbol{X}}=\boldsymbol{U}\left(\begin{matrix}{\boldsymbol{S}}_{r} & 0\\0 & 0\end{matrix}\right){\boldsymbol{V}}^{\text{T}}=({\boldsymbol{U}}_{1},{\boldsymbol{U}}_{2})\left(\begin{matrix}{\boldsymbol{S}}_{r} & 0\\0 & 0\end{matrix}\right)({{\boldsymbol{V}}_{1}},{{\boldsymbol{V}}_{2}})^{\text{T}}={\boldsymbol{U}}_{1}{\boldsymbol{S}}_{r}\boldsymbol{V}_{1}^{\text{T}}=({\boldsymbol{u}}_{1},{\boldsymbol{u}}_{2},\cdots ,{\boldsymbol{u}}_{r})\text{diag}\{{\sigma }_{1},\cdots ,{\sigma }_{r}\}({{\boldsymbol{v}}_{1}},{{\boldsymbol{v}}_{2}},\cdots ,{{\boldsymbol{v}}_{r}})^{\text{T}}=\\&\qquad {\sigma }_{1}{\boldsymbol{u}}_{1}\boldsymbol{v}_{1}^{\text{T}}+{\sigma }_{2}{\boldsymbol{u}}_{2}\boldsymbol{v}_{2}^{\text{T}}+\cdot \cdot \cdot +{\sigma }_{r}{\boldsymbol{u}}_{r}\boldsymbol{v}_{r}^{\text{T}} \end{split}$
其中,$ {\boldsymbol{u}}_{j} $为矩阵$ \boldsymbol{U} $的第j列对应的列向量,$ \boldsymbol{v}_{j}^{\text{T}} $为矩阵$ {\boldsymbol{V}}^{\text{T}} $的第j行对应的行向量,$ {\sigma }_{j} $为矩阵$ \widetilde{\boldsymbol{X}} $的从大到小排列的第j个正奇异值$ (1\leq j\leq r) $。进而有
$\begin{split}&\boldsymbol{S}{\boldsymbol{u}}_{j}=\widetilde{\boldsymbol{X}}{\widetilde{\boldsymbol{X}}}^{\text{T}}{\boldsymbol{u}}_{j}=(\boldsymbol{U}\boldsymbol{D}{\boldsymbol{V}}^{\text{T}}\boldsymbol{V}{\boldsymbol{D}}^{\text{T}}{\boldsymbol{U}}^{\text{T}}){\boldsymbol{u}}_{j}=(\boldsymbol{U}{\boldsymbol{D}}^{2}{\boldsymbol{U}}^{\text{T}}){\boldsymbol{u}}_{j}=\\&\qquad \boldsymbol{U}\text{diag}(\sigma _{1}^{2},\sigma _{2}^{2},\cdot \cdot \cdot ,\sigma _{r}^{2},0,\cdot \cdot \cdot ,0){\boldsymbol{U}}^{\text{T}}{\boldsymbol{u}}_{j}=\sigma _{j}^{2}{\boldsymbol{u}}_{j}\end{split}$
$ {\boldsymbol{u}}_{j} $取为正交矩阵$ \boldsymbol{U} $的各列。
之后,需要确定截断的个数$ M $:记$ \widetilde{\boldsymbol{X}} $的正奇异值个数为$ r $,从获取流场总能量(信息)的角度出发,基向量$ {\boldsymbol{u}}_{j} $所含能量可以定义为每个样本在基模态(矢量)$ {\boldsymbol{u}}_{j} $方向投影的平方和,有
$ \overset{N}{\underset{i=1}{{\sum}^{\text{}}}}{\left|\left|\left({{\tilde{\boldsymbol{x}}}}_{i},{\boldsymbol{u}}_{j}\right)\right|\right|}^{2}=\overset{N}{\underset{i=1}{{\sum}^{\text{}}}}{\left|\left|\left(\overset{\mathrm{\infty }}{\underset{k=1}{{\sum}^{\text{}}}}{a}_{ik}{\boldsymbol{u}}_{k},{\boldsymbol{u}}_{j}\right)\right|\right|}^{2}=\overset{N}{\underset{i=1}{{\sum}^{\text{}}}}a_{ij}^{2}=\overset{N}{\underset{i=1}{{\sum}^{\text{}}}}{\left({\tilde{\boldsymbol{x}}}_{i}^{\text{T}}{\boldsymbol{u}}_{j}\right)}^{\text{T}}\left({\tilde{\boldsymbol{x}}}_{i}^{\text{T}}{\boldsymbol{u}}_{j}\right)=\boldsymbol{u}_{j}^{\mathrm{T}}\widetilde{\boldsymbol{X}}{\widetilde{\boldsymbol{X}}}^{\text{T}}\boldsymbol{u}=\sigma _{j}^{2} $
由上式可知,基向量$ {\boldsymbol{u}}_{j} $所含能量可以由对应的奇异值来表示,故可采用下述公式进行截断
$ E=\frac{\displaystyle\sum_{j=1}^M \sigma_j^2}{\displaystyle\sum_{j=1}^r \sigma_j^2} \times 100 \text{%} $
根据截断公式,将$ M $确定为$ E\geq p $$ p $为给定能量占比)时所对应的最小正整数,此时认为相关矩阵$ \boldsymbol{S} $所蕴含的信息可以通过前$ M $个最大的特征值所对应的特征向量进行线性表出。
DMD方法是一种将非线性动态系统转化为线性动态系统的方法[20],假设在采样时间步长恒定的时间序列下,得到的快照流场数据之间近似存在某种线性变化关系,通过将不同时刻数据向量化,可认为后一采样时刻数据对应向量是当前时刻数据向量进行同一线性变换得到的。
对于第i个样本船型来说,分别选取第1个时刻到第$ (N-1) $个典型时刻流场数据记为$ {\boldsymbol{X}}_{i\_ 1}=[{\boldsymbol{x}}_{i\_ 1}, {\boldsymbol{x}}_{i\_ 2},\cdots {\boldsymbol{x}}_{i\_ }{}_{N-1}] $;第2个时刻到第N个典型时刻流场数据记为$ {\boldsymbol{X}}_{i\_ 2}=[{\boldsymbol{x}}_{i\_ 2},\cdots ,{\boldsymbol{x}}_{i\_ }{}_{N}] $
因此,可以用DMD方法中的传递矩阵来描述船舶周围复杂流场,如船舶在波浪中运动时的波浪场。设$ {\boldsymbol{A}}_{i} $为某船型结构的波浪场传递矩阵(即 Koopman 算子矩阵)[19],则$ {\boldsymbol{X}}_{i\_ 1} $$ {\boldsymbol{X}}_{i\_ 2} $可以由传递矩阵$ {\boldsymbol{A}}_{i} $进行表示为
$ {\boldsymbol{X}}_{i\_ 2}={\boldsymbol{A}}_{i}{\boldsymbol{X}}_{i\_ 1} $
可以通过矩阵的广义逆求解得到传递矩阵$ {\boldsymbol{A}}_{i} $,记$ {\left[{\boldsymbol{X}}_{i\_ 1}\right]}^{\dagger } $$ {\boldsymbol{X}}_{i\_ 1} $的广义逆,则传递矩阵$ {\boldsymbol{A}}_{i} $的表达式为
$ {\boldsymbol{A}}_{i}={\boldsymbol{X}}_{i\_ 2}{\left[{\boldsymbol{X}}_{i\_ 1}\right]}^{\dagger } $
将上述两种降阶模型有机结合,本文提出了一种POD-DMD方法,用于实现船舶在波浪中流场的高效重构,主要流程如图1所示。在基于计算流体动力学CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)数值模拟得到N种样本船型对应的流场数据后,首先基于POD方法对所有样本船型的初始时刻流场数据进行降阶,经过能量截断得到相应的POD基模态,并与待重构船型的流场数据结合计算得到相应的基系数,进而得到待重构船型的初始时刻流场重构结果;随后,基于DMD方法对待重构船型全部典型时刻的流场数据进行处理,获取相应的传递矩阵。最终,通过POD基模态与基系数线性组合得到的初始流场,并结合DMD方法构建的线性动态系统,实现了待重构船型在任意典型时刻的波浪场高效重构。基于上述方法,本文使用自主研发的船海数智设计优化(Marine Hydrodynamic Intelligent Optimization-HEU)软件进行数值算例验证与分析。
三体船一般是由一个较大的主体和两个较小的、且关于主体中纵剖面对称的侧体构成。与单体船相比,三体船在高速航行时具有更加优异的水动力性能,而合理的片体间距会进一步改善其阻力及耐波性能,主要原因是侧体处于不同位置时,侧体和主体形成不同的兴波干扰,进而影响全船压力分布。
本文选用三体船作为研究对象,主、侧体均为Wigley船型,三体船的三维模型如图2所示,其主体的主要几何参数如表1所示,而其两个侧体的形状与主体完全一致,只是各主尺度皆为主体的一半。
图3所示,设$ (a,b) $为根据主体垂线间长无因次化的侧体中心相对于主体中心的有向距离,为了研究不同侧体位置对三体船周围流场的影响规律,同时尽可能地节约计算资源,采用优化拉丁超立方方法在船型样本空间(取值范围见表2)内选择60组不同的$ (a,b) $值进而生成60个样本船型。
同时,为了考虑实际中较危险的工况,本文选择在航速为1.88 m/s、入射波为一阶迎浪Stokes波,波幅为0.025 m,且波长与船长相等的条件下,进行粘流CFD数值仿真。
采用文献[21]中方法进行网格无关性验证后,利用粘流CFD数值计算可以得到不同三体船型迎浪规则波下运动对应的流场数据,并且选取一个遭遇周期T内的9个典型时刻,即$ {t}_{i}=\dfrac{T}{9}i\;\;(i=0,1,\cdots ,8) $,以某一个样本船型为例($ a=-0.110,b=0.138 $),其对应的各典型时刻流场如图4所示。
将非结构化网格下的流场数据(即自由面波高)映射成结构化网格下的流场数据后(映射后网格数为6650)[19],利用所提出POD-DMD方法对流场数据进行降维重构,其总体流程方案图如图5所示。首先,提取60组不同侧体布局三体船对应的初始时刻流场信息,并拼成相关矩阵;随后,对相关矩阵进行奇异值分解,将分解后得到的基模态按照其对应的奇异值大小进行降序排列;最后,根据公式(12)进行能量截断,就可以得到初始时刻流场信息相关矩阵的前若干个主要模态,各模态对应的奇异值和前若干模态能量总占比如图6所示。
当设置截断值为95%,即$ E\geq 95\mathrm{\% } $时,根据表3可以发现,模态个数为21时对应的流场信息总能量占比超过95%。因此,选取前21个模态作为基模态,此时认为其对应的线性组合能够总体表征原始流场全部信息,图7中展示出了部分基模态。
以某一船型($ a=-0.110,b=0.138 $)为例,其对应的POD基模态系数可由公式(2)计算得到。进而,可实现对其初始时刻流场的重构,如图8(a)所示。
随后,根据DMD方法得到该船型下的传递矩阵A,矩阵云图如图9所示。最后,基于POD-DMD方法实现对于该船型布局下其他典型时刻的流场重构,重构结果如图8(b)~(i)所示。
通过CFD计算的原始流场(图4)和重构流场(图8)可以得到重构误差图(见图10)。同时,为了对主、侧体附近的波高误差进行定量分析(如图11所示),对y = 0.25 m以及y = 0.45 m处的原始流场与重构流场波高进行提取,波高沿船长的变化曲线如图12所示。
图1012看出,误差主要集中在三体船侧体附近,主要是由于波长船长比接近所谓“共振”区,船体的运动幅度相对于规则波波高的比值较大,导致该工况下具有的剧烈流动现象。而侧体的主尺度相对较小,使得其附近流场的非线性现象相对显著。
总体而言,在POD基模态数达到21时,波浪场重构误差整体较小,这说明本文所提出的POD-DMD方法可以实现对不同布局三体船在波浪中运动的流场高精度重构。
为考虑不同几何形状下的瞬态流场重构,本文提出了一种POD-DMD方法,该方法结合了POD和DMD两种降阶模型各自的优点,可实现不同几何形状(如船舶、翼型等)在不同时刻的流场快速重构。以三体船在规则波中运动时的波浪场重构为例,基于POD方法对不同样本三体船型下的初始时刻流场进行降维处理,建立了不同布局下三体船初始时刻的流场数据与POD基模态系数之间的对应关系,通过改变能量截断位置可以得到不同误差级下的基模态,进而可以实现对任意布局初始时刻流场的快速重构;基于DMD思想,将三体船在波浪场中做周期性运动这一非线性系统近似处理为线性系统,以获取传递矩阵,最终实现对于任意已知布局下、任意典型时刻流场的快速重构,验证了所提出POD-DMD方法的合理性和可行性。因此,本文所提出方法在其他船型上也具备较大应用潜力,并可为后续优化设计,以及未来航运、作战中实时分析调节航速、船型、附体、布局对流场与船体性能的影响等提供理论与数据支撑。
除了实现对任意已知布局(形状)下典型时刻流场的快速重构,对其他任意未知布局(形状)下典型时刻流场的快速预报更为重要,这是未来工作的重点之一。进一步,还可针对典型时刻之外的其他时刻流场的快速预报方法进行研究。

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2026年第30卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.04.006
  • 接收时间:2025-08-08
  • 首发时间:2026-07-07
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-08
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    1.哈尔滨工程大学 数学科学学院,哈尔滨 150001
    2.交通运输部水运科学研究院,北京 100088

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母宝颖(1993–),女,硕士,助理研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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