Article(id=1281203490194178146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281203336514867310, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.04.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754755200000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783392315672, onlineDateStr=2026-07-07, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783392315672, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783392315672, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1783392315672, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1281203336514867310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='4', pageStart='507', pageEnd='658', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783392279032, creator='13041195026', updateTime=1783395286077, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281215949713945277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281203336514867310, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281215949713945278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281203336514867310, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=547, endPage=556, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281203492987584612, articleId=1281203490194178146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Numerical study on the influence of superhydrophobicity on the fusion characteristics of ventilated cavitating flow on a flat plate, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper, the large eddy simulation and level-set/volume-of-fluid (CLSVOF) coupled interface capture method is used to calculate the ventilated cavity flow of porous flat plate under two wall contact angles (90° and 160°), and the influence of wall superhydrophobicity on the development characteristics of ventilated cavity fusion of flat plate is studied. The results show that compared with the typical experimental results, the numerical calculation method can better simulate the shape of ventilated cavitation and the wall superhydrophobicity. Compared with the flat plate with a contact angle of 90°, it is found that the flat plate with a contact angle of 160° will have a near-wall velocity slip phenomenon, which will increase the spanwise velocity of the cavity and promote the fusion of the cavity, so that the position of the cavity fusion is advanced by 41%. The pressure fluctuation of the cavity after fusion is smaller, and the resistance of the plate with a contact angle of 160° is smaller than that of the plate with a contact angle of 90°.

, authors=Zheng-hong WU1, Chang-li HU1, Zhi-ying WANG2, Cheng CHENG1, Yue WU1, authorsList=Zheng-hong WU, Chang-li HU, Zhi-ying WANG, Cheng CHENG, Yue WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281203562269098152, articleId=1281203490194178146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=超疏水性对平板通气空泡融合特性影响的数值研究, columnId=1241023038087549292, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=流体力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文采用大涡模拟和level-set/volume-of-fluid(CLSVOF)耦合的界面捕捉方法计算了两种壁面接触角(90°和160°)下多孔平板通气空泡流动,研究了壁面超疏水性对平板通气空泡融合发展特性的影响。结果表明:与典型实验结果相比,该数值计算方法可以较好地模拟通气空泡的形态以及壁面超疏水性。相比于接触角为90°的平板,接触角为160°的平板会出现近壁面的速度滑移现象,使得空泡展向速度增大,促进了空泡的融合,使融合发生位置提前了41%。此外,融合后的空泡压力波动更小,且接触角为160°时的平板所受到的阻力较小。

, authors=吴政宏1, 胡常莉1, 王志英2, 程诚1, 吴越1, authorsList=吴政宏, 胡常莉, 王志英, 程诚, 吴越, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

吴政宏(1999–),男,硕士研究生

胡常莉(1986–),女,博士,副教授,E-mail:

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滑移速度/(m·s−1滑移长度/mm
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滑移速度/(m·s−1滑移长度/mm
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超疏水性对平板通气空泡融合特性影响的数值研究
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吴政宏 1 , 胡常莉 1 , 王志英 2 , 程诚 1 , 吴越 1
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2026,30(4): 547-556
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船舶力学 |流体力学 2026 , 30 (4) : 547 -556
超疏水性对平板通气空泡融合特性影响的数值研究
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胡常莉(1986–),女,博士,副教授,E-mail:

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吴政宏1, 胡常莉1 , 王志英2, 程诚1, 吴越1
作者信息
  • 1.南京理工大学 能源与动力工程学院,南京 210094
  • 2.中国科学院 力学研究所,北京 100190
作者简介:

吴政宏(1999–),男,硕士研究生

胡常莉(1986–),女,博士,副教授,E-mail:

Numerical study on the influence of superhydrophobicity on the fusion characteristics of ventilated cavitating flow on a flat plate
Zheng-hong WU1, Chang-li HU1 , Zhi-ying WANG2, Cheng CHENG1, Yue WU1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
  • 2.Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.04.004
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本文采用大涡模拟和level-set/volume-of-fluid(CLSVOF)耦合的界面捕捉方法计算了两种壁面接触角(90°和160°)下多孔平板通气空泡流动,研究了壁面超疏水性对平板通气空泡融合发展特性的影响。结果表明:与典型实验结果相比,该数值计算方法可以较好地模拟通气空泡的形态以及壁面超疏水性。相比于接触角为90°的平板,接触角为160°的平板会出现近壁面的速度滑移现象,使得空泡展向速度增大,促进了空泡的融合,使融合发生位置提前了41%。此外,融合后的空泡压力波动更小,且接触角为160°时的平板所受到的阻力较小。

通气空泡  /  空泡融合  /  接触角

In this paper, the large eddy simulation and level-set/volume-of-fluid (CLSVOF) coupled interface capture method is used to calculate the ventilated cavity flow of porous flat plate under two wall contact angles (90° and 160°), and the influence of wall superhydrophobicity on the development characteristics of ventilated cavity fusion of flat plate is studied. The results show that compared with the typical experimental results, the numerical calculation method can better simulate the shape of ventilated cavitation and the wall superhydrophobicity. Compared with the flat plate with a contact angle of 90°, it is found that the flat plate with a contact angle of 160° will have a near-wall velocity slip phenomenon, which will increase the spanwise velocity of the cavity and promote the fusion of the cavity, so that the position of the cavity fusion is advanced by 41%. The pressure fluctuation of the cavity after fusion is smaller, and the resistance of the plate with a contact angle of 160° is smaller than that of the plate with a contact angle of 90°.

ventilated cavitation  /  cavitation fusion  /  contact angle
吴政宏, 胡常莉, 王志英, 程诚, 吴越. 超疏水性对平板通气空泡融合特性影响的数值研究. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (4) : 547 -556 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.04.004
Zheng-hong WU, Chang-li HU, Zhi-ying WANG, Cheng CHENG, Yue WU. Numerical study on the influence of superhydrophobicity on the fusion characteristics of ventilated cavitating flow on a flat plate[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (4) : 547 -556 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.04.004
在航行体表面采用通气空泡的方式可以实现航行体减阻的目的[1]。为了形成覆盖航行体的稳定空泡,工程上多采用多孔均压排气技术,但该技术存在通气空泡在航行体表面不易融合、融合后形态不稳定等问题[2]
为了解决通气空泡融合困难的问题,国内外学者大多都关注于通气孔的排列方式,孙铁志等[3]发现增设气孔数量、缩减孔间距可以促进空泡融合,但开孔数量过多会导致航行体结构强度损失。马贵辉[4]在航行体肩部开设双排气孔,发现前排气孔会影响后排气孔的压力场,从而空泡可以快速融合,但空泡表面波动不稳定,空泡出现尾部泄气现象。崔震宇[5]在航行体肩部增设凹槽,实验结果表明,凹槽的存在可以促进空泡沿航行体轴向扩展融合,但开设凹槽使得航行体负载强度降低。
国内外学者发现,疏水表面可以起到稳定气膜稳定性的特点[6]。胡海豹等[7]研究了疏水表面对气层封存的效果,结果表明,疏水表面有利于气体的封存,剪切力相对较弱。Wang等[8]采用横向疏水微沟槽表面实现了壁面上稳定的空气滞留。郭沛洋等[9]通过实验构造了亲疏−超疏水相间隔的表面,增强了壁面气膜的稳定性。Henoch等[10]将光滑PVC平板与具备超疏水平板进行减阻对比,发现层流中所受阻力下降40%,湍流中所受阻力下降10%。前人研究表明,疏水表面不仅可以维持气膜稳定,还可以减小阻力。因此,对于水下多孔通气形成的气液两相流动,壁面疏水性是否能够维持空泡稳定是一个值得深入研究的问题。
鉴于此,本文以多孔通气平板为研究对象,开展壁面疏水性对通气空泡流动特性的影响研究,探讨壁面疏水性对通气空泡融合特性的影响机制,该研究工作可为水下多孔通气空泡的工程应用提供一定的理论支撑。
本文的数值计算基于均相流模型。均相流模型是把气相和液相的混合物视为一种均匀介质,并将两相对应参数的加权平均值作为均匀介质的流动参数。在这种模型中,两相流动通过单流体模型来计算,每一个计算单元里都含有相同的气体体积分数。均相流模型以两个假设为基础:(1)气液两相间热力学平衡;(2)气液两相的速度相等。均相流模型气、液两相流的连续性方程和动量方程为
$ \frac{\partial {\rho }_\text{m}}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial \left({\rho }_\text{m}{u}_{j}\right)}{\partial {x}_{j}}=0 $
$ \frac{\partial \left({\rho }_\text{m}{u}_{i}\right)}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial \left({\rho }_\text{m}{u}_{i}{u}_{j}\right)}{\partial {x}_{j}}=-\frac{\partial p}{\partial {x}_{i}}+\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left({\mu }_\text{m}\frac{\partial {u}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{j}}\right) $
$ {\rho }_\text{m}={\rho }_\text{v}{\alpha }_\text{v}+{\rho }_{{\mathrm{l}}}\left(1-{\alpha }_\text{v}\right) $
$ {\mu }_\text{m}={\mu }_\text{v}{\alpha }_\text{v}+{\mu }_{{\mathrm{l}}}\left(1-{\alpha }_\text{v}\right) $
式中:下标ij表示坐标方向;ρmμmup分别为混合相的密度、粘性系数、速度和压强。设液相密度为ρl,气相密度为ρv,液相粘性系数为μl,气相粘性系数为μv,气相体积分数为αv
本文采用level-set/volume-of-fluid(CLSVOF)耦合方法[11]来进行气液交界面的捕捉。
通气空泡涉及到复杂的气液多相湍流流动,因此湍流模型的选择对准确模拟出通气空泡的流动至关重要,本文对比了RNG k-ε湍流模型和大涡模拟。
(1)RNG k-ε模型
RNG k-ε模型是由Yakhot等采用“重整化群”的数学方法推导出来的,与标准k-ε模型不同之处主要是在ε方程中增加了R项,即
$ \frac{\partial \left({\rho }_\text{m}\varepsilon \right)}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial \left({\rho }_\text{m}\varepsilon {u}_{j}\right)}{\partial {x}_{j}}=\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left[\left({\mu }_\text{m}\text+\frac{{\mu }_{\text{t}}}{{\sigma }_{\varepsilon }}\right)\frac{\partial \varepsilon }{\partial {x}_{j}}\right]+{C}_{\varepsilon 1}{P}_{t}\frac{\varepsilon }{k}-\left({C}_{\varepsilon 2}\rho \frac{{\varepsilon }^{2}}{k}+R\right) $
式中:R为流场变化度,定义为
$ R=\frac{{C}_{\mu }\rho {\eta }^{3}\left(1-\dfrac{\eta }{{\eta }_{0}}\right)}{1+\beta {\eta }^{3}}\dfrac{{\varepsilon }^{2}}{k} $
式中:βη0分别为模型常数。
经化简得到RNG k-ε模型的ε方程为
$ \frac{\partial \left({\rho }_\text{m}\varepsilon \right)}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial \left({\rho }_\text{m}\varepsilon {u}_{j}\right)}{\partial {x}_{j}}=\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left[\left({\mu }_\text{m}+\frac{{\mu }_{t}}{{\sigma }_{\varepsilon }}\right)\frac{\partial \varepsilon }{\partial {x}_{j}}\right]+{C}_{\varepsilon 1}{P}_{t}\frac{\varepsilon }{k}-{C}_{\varepsilon 2}\rho \frac{{\varepsilon }^{2}}{k} $
相应的模型系数取值由理论分析得出,在η<η0区域,RNG k-ε模型中的系数Cε1小于标准k-ε模型中的系数Cε1η>η0区域,RNG k-ε模型中的系数Cε1大于标准k-ε模型中的系数Cε1
(2)大涡模拟方法
得益于近些年来计算机性能的迅速升高,大涡模拟方法(Large Eddy Simulation)被广泛应用于空化现象的数值研究中。大涡模拟将湍流流场中的大尺寸漩涡和小尺寸漩涡分离开,其中大尺度涡通过直接数值模拟求解,小尺度涡通过亚格子模型建立与大尺度涡的关系。将滤波函数应用于N-S方程中后有
$ \frac{\partial {\rho }_\text{m}}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial \left({\rho }_\text{m}{\overline{u}}_{j}\right)}{\partial {x}_{j}}=0 $
$ \frac{\partial ({\rho }_\text{m}{\overline{u}}_{i})}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial \left({\rho }_\text{m}{\overline{u}}_{i}{\overline{u}}_{j}\right)}{\partial {x}_{j}}=-\frac{\partial \overline{p}}{\partial {x}_{i}}+\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left({\mu }_\text{m}\frac{\partial {\overline{u}}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{j}}\right)-\frac{\partial {\tau }_{i}{}_{j}}{\partial \partial {x}_{j}} $
式中:τij为亚格子应力张量,表达式为
$ {\tau }_{i}{}_{j}=\rho (\overline{{u}_{i}{u}_{j}}-\overline{{u}_{i}}\;\overline{{u}_{j}}) $
过滤后得到的亚格子应力张量需要通过Wall-Adapting Local Eddy-Viscosity(WALE)亚格子应力模型进行处理,涡粘性模型方程如下
$ {\tau }_{i}{}_{j}-\frac{1}{3}{\tau }_{kk}{\delta }_{i}{}_{j}=-2{\mu }_{{\mathrm{t}}}{\overline{S}}_{ij} $
式中:μt为亚格子湍流粘度,${\overline{S}}_{ij} $为亚格子张量旋率,表达式分别为
$ {\mu }_{{\mathrm{t}}}=\rho {L}_{{\mathrm{s}}}^{2}\frac{{\left(S_{ij}^{d}S_{ij}^{d}\right)}^{2/3}}{{\left({\overline{S}}_{ij}{\overline{S}}_{ij}\right)}^{5/2}+{\left(S_{ij}^{d}S_{ij}^{d}\right)}^{5/4}} $
$ {\overline{S}}_{i}{}_{j}=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial {\overline{u}}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{j}}+\frac{\partial {\overline{u}}_{j}}{\partial {x}_{i}}\right) $
$ S_{ij}^{d}=\frac{1}{2}({\bar{g}_{ij}^2}+{\bar{g}_{ji}^2})-\frac{1}{3}{\delta }_{ij}{\bar{g}_{kk}^2} $
$ {\overline{g}}_{ij}=\frac{\partial {\overline{u}}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{j}},\quad {L}_{{\mathrm{s}}}=\min (kd,{C}_{{\mathrm{s}}}{V}^{1/3}) $
式中:Ls为亚格子混合长度,k为non karman常数,d为离最近壁面的距离,V为计算单元的体积,Cs为WALE常数,取值通常为0.5。
壁面润湿性是影响液体润湿壁面的关键因素,一般用接触角θ表示。接触角θ是指在气、液、固三相交点处气液界面的切线与液固接触线形成的夹角。在光滑理想表面满足Young方程,即
$ {\sigma }_{\mathrm{\lg }}\cos \theta ={\sigma }_{{\mathrm{sg}}}-{\sigma }_{{\mathrm{ls}}} $
式中:σlgσlsσsg分别为气液、液固、气固的界面张力。θ < 90°时,固体表面表现为亲水性,θ > 90°时,固体表面表现为疏水性,θ≥150°时,固体表面表现为超疏水性[12]。在本文中,疏水性平板的壁面接触角设置为160°,以此来实现壁面的疏水效果,而未考虑疏水性的普通平板的壁面接触角设置为90°。
本节选取重庆大学梁超等[13]的实验模型,其中,计算介质采用水和空气,空气设为主相,水为次相,表面张力系数取0.072 N·m−1,液滴直径2.6 mm,撞击壁面的初始速度为0.5 m/s。实验条件下,固体壁面的浸润性采用气液界面接触角为160°的疏水壁面来体现,故本文仿真计算时壁面接触角θ也设为160°,定义T0为液滴下落初始时刻。
图1给出了液滴撞击疏水壁面反弹过程与上述实验结果的对比。液滴滴落撞击壁面后,先在壁面铺展成半圆状,随着液滴内部动量的耗散,在表面张力的作用下,液滴开始向内部中心处聚集,呈现出上抬趋势,此时液滴与壁面接触面积开始减小,最后液滴弹跳离开壁面,但模拟结果显示,液滴在弹跳过程中并不完全呈轴对称状,这是由于液滴周围空气的扰动使其形态发生变化[13],液滴撞击壁面反弹过程与实验较为吻合。
图2(a)给出了平板几何模型,平板表面设有五个通气孔口,以中间孔口的中心位置为原点。图2(b)给出了网格划分情况,在近壁面与通气孔附近进行网格加密。图2(c)给出了边界条件设置情况,计算域采用速度入口与压力出口,来流速度为6 m/s,环境压力为101 325 Pa,通气孔口采取质量流入口,通气孔口直径为2.6 mm。以孔径d进行无量纲化,定义x/d为沿流向的无量纲化坐标,z/d为沿展向的无量纲化坐标。
图3给出了实验[14]与本文不同网格数数值模拟结果的对比,选取阻力系数和通气空泡轮廓与实验进行对比分析。为了捕捉通气空泡的大尺度流动和脉动效果,对空泡泡径内的网格节点数进行加密,共选取5套不同数量的网格进行对比验证。由图可知,网格数在380万时可以更好模拟出实验效果,在保证计算结果精度与节省资源的要求下,本文选取网格数为380万进行数值模拟。网格数为380万时,其近壁面网格尺寸为0.002 mm,近壁面尺寸的变化率为1.05,泡径径向网格节点数为65个,同时近壁面y+值满足小于1.4。
图4给出了RNG k-ε和大涡模拟计算得到的通气空泡形态与实验的对比。从图4(a)可以看出,气体从通气孔流出形成连续的“辫状空泡”,其中通气孔附近的空泡表面较为光滑,气液交界面清晰;随着空泡向下游的发展,空泡逐渐向两侧膨胀,相邻空泡束交界面逐渐接触、破碎,气液两相发生剧烈掺混,空泡失稳并呈现明显脉动的现象。RNG k-ε模型模拟计算的空泡是相对光滑的“手指状”,并未体现出实验中界面的脉动现象;采用大涡模拟计算得到的空泡发展过程与实验结果具有较好的一致性。对比上述大涡模拟与RNG k-ε湍流模型对空泡形态的模拟可知,大涡模拟能更好地捕捉到湍流的脉动。
图5给出了未考虑超疏水性平板和考虑超疏水性平板的通气空泡形态对比,气相体积分数取0.1,通气率Qv=0.07。由前文的实验与数值验证可知,壁面接触角的不同会使得壁面呈现出不同的亲疏水性。从图中可以看出,气体经过气孔流出后开始膨胀,在水流的挤压以及重力的作用下黏附于壁面,但由于空泡自身膨胀的尺度有限,在通气空泡发展初期两者均呈现离散的气腔状。随着空泡向下游的发展,各气泡柱之间开始接触融合成片状气层。考虑了疏水性后,空泡表面有较少的褶皱不平,空泡呈现一缕规则的“手指状”,空泡沿横向膨胀的尺度更大;未考虑超疏水性平板的通气空泡脉动稍剧烈。
为更加直观地分析疏水性对通气空泡内部形态的影响,现提取距通气孔不同距离的空泡气体体积分数截面图。从气相体积分数分布可知,在x/d=15处,空泡膨胀,各气泡柱连通并铺展。同时考虑疏水性后空泡沿平板横向膨胀发展的速度更快,空泡内部红色的核心区域(纯气相)相互接触的时间更早,空泡融合的位置提前,在x/d=30处各空泡柱完全融合。融合后气层对平板表面的贴附效果较好,空泡贴壁内侧均被气体覆盖。相较于具有疏水性的平板,未考虑疏水性的平板其空泡内部红色的核心区难以相互接触,无法在贴壁表面形成含气量较多的气层,空泡贴壁内侧出现了部分水相,这会导致空泡不稳定。考虑疏水性比未考虑疏水性的空泡融合位置提前了41%。
图6给出了壁面处气孔附近的速度矢量图,可以看出,具备疏水性平板通气孔下游的速度较大,卷吸着周围的流体使得其向通气孔周围扩张的范围更大;而未考虑疏水性的平板在气孔下游的速度略大于主流的速度,且衰减很快。图7给出了通气空泡下游不同截面处的时均展向速度分布曲线。其中正负代表展向速度的方向,x/d为截面到通气孔位置的距离无量纲化坐标。由图6可知,考虑疏水性平板通气空泡的速度不仅在气孔附近较大,同时在下游各处的展向速度也明显大于未考虑疏水平板。由图7可以看出,θ = 160°的空泡其泡内时均展向速度幅值要高于θ = 90°的空泡,并且速度幅值衰减速度要慢于θ = 90°的空泡。在x/d=30处,θ = 160°的空泡展向速度最大值在0.7 m/s,而θ = 90°的空泡展向速度最大值减小到了0.3 m/s。
为进一步对比分析考虑疏水性对通气空泡内部运动稳定性的影响,图8(a)给出了通气空泡下游不同位置处的展向速度最大值,图8(b)给出了两者展向速度的拟合曲线。从图中可以看出,不同壁面属性下的通气空泡展向速度均沿空泡下游逐渐递减,在x/d=15之前,两者速度衰减程度相差不大,这是因为空泡的上游距气孔较近,气孔喷射出的气体受到来流的扰动较小。到了空泡中游位置即图8(a)中虚线范围内,具备疏水性的壁面空泡速度仍按照上游趋势衰减而且较上游有趋于平缓的走势,未考虑疏水性的空泡速度受扰动的影响较大,衰减明显加快,这段范围内两者速度的差值也越来越大。到了下游处,考虑疏水性空泡的最大展向速度有所下降,但仍高于未考虑疏水性的空泡。从速度拟合图可以发现,未考虑疏水性空泡的拟合曲线斜率更大,向下游发展过程中速度变化更大,其整体的速度波动也更大,不利于空泡内部的稳定性。这也体现疏水性起到了维持空泡内部气体运动稳定性的作用。
图9给出了x/d=30处近壁面的时均展向速度分布曲线,其中,x/d为监测线位置到通气孔的无量纲化距离,y为监测点到壁面的距离,监测线上的速度流向为来流方向。从图中可以看出,考虑疏水性的平板在壁面处出现了不为0的展向速度,壁面出现滑移现象。
Tretheway等[15]指出疏水性质会使得壁面产生滑移现象,包括滑移速度与滑移长度,其计算公式为
$ u(y=0)=\beta \frac{{\mathrm{d}}u}{{\mathrm{d}}y}{|}_{y=0} $
式中:β为滑移的长度;du/dy为垂直于壁面方向的剪切速率(速度梯度);壁面处的速度uy = 0)称为滑移速度。
刘春烨等[17]通过改变壁面接触角的方式实现表面疏水性。根据近壁面速度分布近似成线性的特点,对近壁面的流体剖面速度离散点进行拟合,拟合线与y轴的交点即为疏水表面的边界滑移长度,再将滑移长度代入公式(17)计算得到滑移速度[16]。本文采用这一原理的计算结果如表1所示。由表可知,疏水性壁面存在滑移现象。
因此,疏水性质改变了近壁速度分布,展向速度的增大,使得空泡具备足够的动量向展向发展,最终促进了通气空泡融合。
为定量分析有无疏水性对压力场的影响,图10给出了不同流向位置下平板表面压力系数的分布。在x/d=10处,两者的通气空泡均处于未完全融合的状态,各空泡之间存在水体、水气相互作用,气体内部压力较低,各气体之间存在高压区,两者均出现平板表面压力分布不均匀的现象。随着空泡向下游的发展,空泡横向扩展,各空泡开始接触融合,在x/d=30处θ = 160°泡间高压消失,空泡融合的程度会影响平板表面的压力波动,图中θ = 160°平板表面压力波动要小于θ = 90°平板,同时θ = 160°的空泡融合程度好,因此平板表面压力系数要小于θ = 90°平板表面的压力系数。
图11给出了两种接触角条件下通气空泡完全发展时平板的阻力系数随时间的变化曲线图,其中阻力系数Cd的表达式为Cd=Fd/(0.5ρU2),Fd为平板受到的阻力。从图中可以看出,疏水性平板受到的阻力要小于不具备疏水性的平板,不具备疏水性平板的阻力波动起伏较大,阻力系数的峰值较高,而具备疏水平板阻力波动起伏较小趋于平稳,阻力峰值较小,这说明疏水性可以缓解平板的阻力波动。
本文采用了level-set/volume-of-fluid(CLSVOF)耦合方法,考虑了壁面疏水性质,通过与典型实验结果的对比验证了数值方法的可靠性,对比分析了疏水性对通气空泡融合的影响,得到了以下结论:
(1)考虑疏水性比未考虑疏水性的空泡融合位置提前了41%,速度的滑移改变了近壁面速度梯度分布,增大了空泡内部的展向速度,空泡向下游发展过程中泡内展向速度衰减程度更小。
(2)考虑疏水性后平板表面各位置处的压力波动减小,空泡内外压力分布更加均匀;疏水性平板所受阻力相较于未具备疏水性平板的阻力明显减小,疏水性有缓解平板阻力波动的效果。

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2026年第30卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.04.004
  • 接收时间:2025-08-10
  • 首发时间:2026-07-07
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-10
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    1.南京理工大学 能源与动力工程学院,南京 210094
    2.中国科学院 力学研究所,北京 100190
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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