Article(id=1281323807105336179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323788058996778, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755964800000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783421001458, onlineDateStr=2026-07-07, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783421001458, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783421001458, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783421001458, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281323788058996778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='3', pageStart='341', pageEnd='506', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783420996918, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783422057887, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281328238156821342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323788058996778, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281328238156821343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323788058996778, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=452, endPage=462, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281323807373771636, articleId=1281323807105336179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Calibration method of large pressure cylindrical shell, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The machining deformation of a large pressure cylindrical shell might affect its subsequent machining accuracy and application requirements. A large titanium alloy pressure cylindrical shell after deformation was studied in this paper. Based on the thermal elastic-plastic and creep finite element theory, the numerical simulation of thermal correction of the deformation correction process of the cylindrical shell was carried out through the calibration tooling and thermal correction method. The results show that the error of elliptic end calibration of the deformed large titanium alloy pressure cylindrical shell is controlled within 1%, which could meet the engineering requirements. The overall calibration effect achieved with the calibration tooling of ring-shaped is better, and the error is reduced by 0.2% compared to the calibration tooling of cross-shaped. The holding time, heating rate and cooling rate of heat treatment have little effect on the calibration effect of the deformed cylindrical shell, while the spring stiffness has a great influence. Finally, a set of good heat treatment straightening process for large pressure cylindrical shell was obtained.

, authors=Liang-bi LI1, Ling-yun WANG1, Lei-lei LIU2, Qing-biao JIN3, Xiao-fei ZHANG4, Jin-hui JIANG5, 6, authorsList=Liang-bi LI, Ling-yun WANG, Lei-lei LIU, Qing-biao JIN, Xiao-fei ZHANG, Jin-hui JIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiao-fei ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281323811224142735, articleId=1281323807105336179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=大型耐压圆柱壳校形方法研究, columnId=1241023038926410098, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=结构力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

大型耐压圆柱壳的加工变形有可能影响其后续加工精度及使用要求。针对这一问题,本文以某变形后的大型钛合金耐压圆柱壳为研究对象,采用校形工装和热校形方法,基于热弹塑性和蠕变有限元理论,对该圆柱壳的变形校正过程进行热校形数值模拟计算。结果表明:变形后的该大型钛合金耐压圆柱壳椭圆端校形后误差控制在1%以内,能够达到工程要求的校形效果;采用圆环状校形工装所达到的整体校形效果更好,误差相比于十字型校形工装下降了0.2%;热处理保温时间、升温速率和降温速率对变形后的该圆柱壳校形效果影响不大,而弹簧刚度影响较大。研究获得了一套较好的大型耐压圆柱壳热处理校形工艺方法。

, authors=李良碧1, 王凌云1, 刘磊磊2, 晋青彪3, 张晓飞4, 姜金辉5, 6, authorsList=李良碧, 王凌云, 刘磊磊, 晋青彪, 张晓飞, 姜金辉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张晓飞, authorNote=

李良碧(1971–),女,博士,教授

王凌云(2000–),女,硕士研究生

, correspAuthorsNote=
张晓飞(1982–),男,硕士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:
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figureFileSmall=exQt8XDehifvgzPNbB/lIQ==, figureFileBig=CoTZlNgGT5UmNEPn6afvng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281323820938150886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323807105336179, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Structural compositions of correcting distortion tooling

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校形工装结构组成直杆十字型撑杆圆环
十字型内十字型校形装置1根只有圆端1根不带弹簧, 其余3根末端均带弹簧
外圆环状校形装置A4根只有圆端1根不带弹簧, 其余3根末端均带弹簧
圆环状内圆环状校形装置4根
外圆环状校形装置B4根
), ArticleFig(id=1281323821265306599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323807105336179, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

校形工装结构组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
校形工装结构组成直杆十字型撑杆圆环
十字型内十字型校形装置1根只有圆端1根不带弹簧, 其余3根末端均带弹簧
外圆环状校形装置A4根只有圆端1根不带弹簧, 其余3根末端均带弹簧
圆环状内圆环状校形装置4根
外圆环状校形装置B4根
), ArticleFig(id=1281323821399524329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323807105336179, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Geometric model dimensions of a deformed large pressure cylindrical shell (mm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
几何模型未变形圆端椭圆变形端柱体高度壳体厚度
外径内径长轴
(外径)
短轴
(外径)
尺寸3400325034403360160075
), ArticleFig(id=1281323821663765482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323807105336179, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

变形后某大型耐压圆柱壳几何模型尺寸(mm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
几何模型未变形圆端椭圆变形端柱体高度壳体厚度
外径内径长轴
(外径)
短轴
(外径)
尺寸3400325034403360160075
), ArticleFig(id=1281323822016087020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323807105336179, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Thermal and physical properties of Ti80 material[15]

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温度
T /℃
弹性模量
E /Pa
泊松比
μ
热膨胀系数
α /(1/℃)
热导率
λ /(W/(m·℃))
比热
C /(J/ kg·℃)
密度
ρ /(kg·m−3
251.15E+110.310.0E-6106114530
2000.96E+110.39.7E-611.96384530
4000.74E+110.39.5E-614.16684530
6000.54E+110.39.2E-616.36994530
), ArticleFig(id=1281323822150304751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323807105336179, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

Ti80材料热物理性能参数[15]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度
T /℃
弹性模量
E /Pa
泊松比
μ
热膨胀系数
α /(1/℃)
热导率
λ /(W/(m·℃))
比热
C /(J/ kg·℃)
密度
ρ /(kg·m−3
251.15E+110.310.0E-6106114530
2000.96E+110.39.7E-611.96384530
4000.74E+110.39.5E-614.16684530
6000.54E+110.39.2E-616.36994530
), ArticleFig(id=1281323822515209200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323807105336179, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Geometric dimensions of cross and ring-shaped alignment tooling (mm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
校形工装部件直杆弹簧圆环十字型撑杆
带弹簧不带弹簧带弹簧不带弹簧
十字型内十字型校形装置截面50×5050×5050×50
长度160012530003000
间距450500
外圆环状校形装置截面50×5050×5050×50
长度160020039003900
间距450500
圆环状内圆环状校形装置截面50×5050×5050×50
长度160012530003000
间距450500
外圆环状校形装置截面50×5050×5050×50
长度160020039003900
间距450500
), ArticleFig(id=1281323824113239025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323807105336179, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

十字型和圆环状校形工装几何尺寸(mm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
校形工装部件直杆弹簧圆环十字型撑杆
带弹簧不带弹簧带弹簧不带弹簧
十字型内十字型校形装置截面50×5050×5050×50
长度160012530003000
间距450500
外圆环状校形装置截面50×5050×5050×50
长度160020039003900
间距450500
圆环状内圆环状校形装置截面50×5050×5050×50
长度160012530003000
间距450500
外圆环状校形装置截面50×5050×5050×50
长度160020039003900
间距450500
), ArticleFig(id=1281323824306177010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323807105336179, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Thermal and physical properties of GH4169 material

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
弹性模量
E /Pa
泊松比
μ
热膨胀系数
α /(1/℃)
热导率
λ /(W/(m·℃))
比热
C /(J/ kg·℃)
密度
ρ /(kg·m−3
2.15E+110.30912.8E−613.25108245
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GH4169材料热物理性能参数[16]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
弹性模量
E /Pa
泊松比
μ
热膨胀系数
α /(1/℃)
热导率
λ /(W/(m·℃))
比热
C /(J/ kg·℃)
密度
ρ /(kg·m−3
2.15E+110.30912.8E−613.25108245
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Determination of high temperature resistant spring stiffness

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耐高温弹簧自由长度/(mm)刚度/(103 N/mm)
较短弹簧1250.891
较长弹簧2001.653
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耐高温弹簧刚度确定

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耐高温弹簧自由长度/(mm)刚度/(103 N/mm)
较短弹簧1250.891
较长弹簧2001.653
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Alignment errors with different alignment tooling (mm)

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距该壳体圆端垂直高度位置H1=1575H2=1075H3=575
误差配合十字型校形工装12.9(0.38%)7.1(0.21%)2.3(0.07%)
配合圆环状校形工装6.3(0.18%)3.6(0.11%)1.5(0.04%)
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配合不同校形工装的校形误差(mm)

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距该壳体圆端垂直高度位置H1=1575H2=1075H3=575
误差配合十字型校形工装12.9(0.38%)7.1(0.21%)2.3(0.07%)
配合圆环状校形工装6.3(0.18%)3.6(0.11%)1.5(0.04%)
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Heat treatment process schemes and calculation results

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工艺方案一选取方案与工艺方案一相比的校形误差
保温时间2 h1 h4 h减小约0.02%左右(参数每增加2倍左右)
升温速率115 ℃/h60 ℃/h230 ℃/h增大约0.03%左右(参数每增大或减小2倍左右)
降温速率50 ℃/h100 ℃/h25 ℃/h减小约0.02%左右(参数每增加2倍左右)
), ArticleFig(id=1281323825166009337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323807105336179, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

热处理工艺方案和计算结果

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工艺方案一选取方案与工艺方案一相比的校形误差
保温时间2 h1 h4 h减小约0.02%左右(参数每增加2倍左右)
升温速率115 ℃/h60 ℃/h230 ℃/h增大约0.03%左右(参数每增大或减小2倍左右)
降温速率50 ℃/h100 ℃/h25 ℃/h减小约0.02%左右(参数每增加2倍左右)
), ArticleFig(id=1281323825392501754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323807105336179, language=EN, label=Tab.9, caption=

Spring stiffness schemes

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方案初始长度/(mm)刚度/(103N/mm)
较长弹簧较短弹簧较长弹簧较短弹簧
2001250.1740.104
0.3490.209
1.1570.357
1.6530.891
1.7411.041
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弹簧刚度方案

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方案初始长度/(mm)刚度/(103N/mm)
较长弹簧较短弹簧较长弹簧较短弹簧
2001250.1740.104
0.3490.209
1.1570.357
1.6530.891
1.7411.041
), ArticleFig(id=1281323825644159996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323807105336179, language=EN, label=Tab.10, caption=

Calculation results of alignment for different spring stiffnesses (mm)

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方案长轴校形后收缩量所需收缩量误差短轴校形后扩张量所需扩张量误差
4.84035.2(1.03%)6.24033.8(0.99%)
14.825.2(0.74%)9.230.8(0.91%)
28.211.8(0.35%)16.423.6(0.69%)
37.22.8(0.08%)27.412.6(0.37%)
39.20.8(0.02%)36.83.2(0.09%)
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不同弹簧刚度的校形计算结果 (mm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案长轴校形后收缩量所需收缩量误差短轴校形后扩张量所需扩张量误差
4.84035.2(1.03%)6.24033.8(0.99%)
14.825.2(0.74%)9.230.8(0.91%)
28.211.8(0.35%)16.423.6(0.69%)
37.22.8(0.08%)27.412.6(0.37%)
39.20.8(0.02%)36.83.2(0.09%)
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大型耐压圆柱壳校形方法研究
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李良碧 1 , 王凌云 1 , 刘磊磊 2 , 晋青彪 3 , 张晓飞 4 , 姜金辉 5, 6
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2026,30(3): 452-462
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船舶力学 |结构力学 2026 , 30 (3) : 452 -462
大型耐压圆柱壳校形方法研究
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王凌云(2000–),女,硕士研究生

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李良碧1, 王凌云1, 刘磊磊2, 晋青彪3, 张晓飞4 , 姜金辉5, 6
作者信息
  • 1.江苏科技大学,江苏 镇江 212003
  • 2.上海船舶研究设计院,上海 201203
  • 3.瑞声科技(常州)有限公司,江苏 常州 221000
  • 4.陆军军事交通学院镇江校区,江苏 镇江 212134
  • 5.上海船舶运输科学研究所有限公司 航运技术交通行业重点实验室/水路交通控制全国重点实验室,上海 200135
  • 6.上海交通大学,上海 200240
通讯作者:
张晓飞(1982–),男,硕士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:
作者简介:

李良碧(1971–),女,博士,教授

王凌云(2000–),女,硕士研究生

Calibration method of large pressure cylindrical shell
Liang-bi LI1, Ling-yun WANG1, Lei-lei LIU2, Qing-biao JIN3, Xiao-fei ZHANG4 , Jin-hui JIANG5, 6
Affiliations
  • 1.Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
  • 2.Shanghai Ship Research and Design Institute, Shanghai 201203, China
  • 3.Rui Sound Technology (Changzhou) Co., Ltd., Changzhou 221000, China
  • 4.Zhenjiang Campus of Army Military Transportation University, Zhenjiang 212134, China
  • 5.Key Laboratory of Marine Technology Ministry of Communications/State Key Laboratory of Maritime Technology and Safety, Shanghai Ship and Shipping Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200135, China
  • 6.Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.010
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大型耐压圆柱壳的加工变形有可能影响其后续加工精度及使用要求。针对这一问题,本文以某变形后的大型钛合金耐压圆柱壳为研究对象,采用校形工装和热校形方法,基于热弹塑性和蠕变有限元理论,对该圆柱壳的变形校正过程进行热校形数值模拟计算。结果表明:变形后的该大型钛合金耐压圆柱壳椭圆端校形后误差控制在1%以内,能够达到工程要求的校形效果;采用圆环状校形工装所达到的整体校形效果更好,误差相比于十字型校形工装下降了0.2%;热处理保温时间、升温速率和降温速率对变形后的该圆柱壳校形效果影响不大,而弹簧刚度影响较大。研究获得了一套较好的大型耐压圆柱壳热处理校形工艺方法。

大型耐压圆柱壳  /  变形  /  校形方法  /  热处理工艺  /  数值模拟

The machining deformation of a large pressure cylindrical shell might affect its subsequent machining accuracy and application requirements. A large titanium alloy pressure cylindrical shell after deformation was studied in this paper. Based on the thermal elastic-plastic and creep finite element theory, the numerical simulation of thermal correction of the deformation correction process of the cylindrical shell was carried out through the calibration tooling and thermal correction method. The results show that the error of elliptic end calibration of the deformed large titanium alloy pressure cylindrical shell is controlled within 1%, which could meet the engineering requirements. The overall calibration effect achieved with the calibration tooling of ring-shaped is better, and the error is reduced by 0.2% compared to the calibration tooling of cross-shaped. The holding time, heating rate and cooling rate of heat treatment have little effect on the calibration effect of the deformed cylindrical shell, while the spring stiffness has a great influence. Finally, a set of good heat treatment straightening process for large pressure cylindrical shell was obtained.

large pressure cylindrical shell  /  deformation  /  calibration method  /  heat treatment process  /  numerical simulation
李良碧, 王凌云, 刘磊磊, 晋青彪, 张晓飞, 姜金辉. 大型耐压圆柱壳校形方法研究. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (3) : 452 -462 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.010
Liang-bi LI, Ling-yun WANG, Lei-lei LIU, Qing-biao JIN, Xiao-fei ZHANG, Jin-hui JIANG. Calibration method of large pressure cylindrical shell[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (3) : 452 -462 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.010
大型耐压圆柱壳体作为水下耐压舱段的常用结构[1],可采用钛合金材料制备而成,在其成形加工过程中由于金属流动复杂,容易出现偏离设计尺寸的情况,在实际生产时因为轧制温度或轧制设备运动策略控制不当等因素易导致大型耐压圆柱壳(成品环件)端部发生椭圆变形缺陷,即经过成形加工工艺后获得的圆柱壳(环筒形件)并非圆环,而可能是椭圆环。这种椭圆变形缺陷会影响耐压圆柱壳的后续加工精度及使用要求[2]。因此,开展大型耐压圆柱壳变形校正方法研究具有重要的实际工程意义。
王君俊[3]和姚少非等[4]分别针对A15钛合金锥筒件和TC4钛合金筒形件开展了热处理校形数值模拟研究,分析了校形效果的影响因素,但其研究对象仍为小型环筒件;张志正等[5]针对T250钢薄壁壳体加工中出现的变形问题,通过应力松弛原理研究了壳体的热校形方法;朱智等[6]和崔岩等[7]针对转子屏蔽套开展了真空热胀形研究,发现热胀形过程中同时伴随着塑性应变和蠕变应变;Zhang等[8]和Guo等[9]分别对薄壁环开展了热胀形数值模拟和试验研究,探讨了热胀形工艺对环件变形及残余应力的影响。目前国内外针对薄壁环筒件的研究主要集中在小型环筒件的热校形(热胀形)和解决薄壁环筒件的常规变形问题上,对于大型耐压圆柱壳(环筒形件)椭圆变形后热校形方法研究的文献相对较少。
本文以变形后的某大型耐压圆柱壳为研究对象,采用校形工装和热校形方法,基于热弹塑性和蠕变有限元理论,对大型耐压圆柱壳变形校正过程开展热校形数值模拟研究;然后通过改变热处理工艺参数和弹簧刚度,研究变形后的大型耐压圆柱壳热校形结果,最后获得大型耐压圆柱壳的变形校正数值仿真分析方法和较为合适的热校形工艺参数。
热校形过程是材料随着温度变化而发生的热弹塑性、蠕变和应力松弛的过程。材料在热校形过程中一般发生三种现象:
(1)高温软化
材料在室温和高温T下的应力应变曲线如图1(a)所示。在第一象限内,当加载至ε0时,对应的应力为σ1σ2,当卸载后,常温和高温T下的回弹应变分别为ε1ε2,可以看出,材料在高温下的回弹量ε0-ε2明显比常温下的回弹量ε0-ε1小,这个现象称为材料的高温软化现象。
(2)应力松弛
材料在高温T下的应力松弛曲线如图1(a)所示。在第二象限内,应力松弛曲线可以根据应力减小的速率快慢程度分为两个阶段,高温T下应变ε0对应的应力为σ2,经过时间t3后应力减小为σ3,这个现象就是材料的应力松弛现象。
(3)蠕变效应
蠕变效应是一种金属材料在恒温、恒载作用下,塑性变形随着时间的延长而缓慢增加的现象[10]。可以根据变形速率的不同将蠕变过程大致划分为三个阶段,分别为Ⅰ(蠕变减速)阶段、Ⅱ(稳定蠕变)阶段和Ⅲ(蠕变加速)阶段,如图1(b)所示。
由于材料蠕变与应力$ \sigma $、温度$ T $1及时间$ t $有关,其表达式为
$ \varepsilon _{\mathrm{c}}^{}=f\left({T}_{1},\sigma ,t\right) $
对于变温条件,单元的总应变增量$ \left\{\Delta \varepsilon \right\}_{}^{\mathrm{e}} $可以通过式(2)表示
$ \left\{\Delta \varepsilon \right\}_{}^{\mathrm{e}}=\left\{\Delta \varepsilon _{\mathrm{e}}^{}\right\}_{}^{\mathrm{e}}+\left\{\Delta \varepsilon _{\mathrm{p}}^{}\right\}_{}^{\mathrm{e}}+\left\{\Delta \varepsilon _{{T}_{1}}^{}\right\}_{}^{\mathrm{e}}+\left\{\Delta \varepsilon _{\mathrm{cr}}^{}\right\}_{}^{\mathrm{e}} $
式中:$ \left\{\Delta \varepsilon _{\mathrm{e}}^{}\right\}_{}^{\mathrm{e}} $为单元弹性应变增量,$ \left\{\Delta \varepsilon _{\mathrm{p}}^{}\right\}_{}^{\mathrm{e}} $为单元塑性应变增量,$ \left\{\Delta \varepsilon _{{T}_{1}}^{}\right\}_{}^{\mathrm{e}} $为单元温度应变增量,$ \left\{\Delta \varepsilon _{\mathrm{cr}}^{}\right\}_{}^{\mathrm{e}} $为单元蠕变应变增量。
当单元处于弹性变形时,
$ \left\{\Delta \sigma \right\}_{}^{\mathrm{e}}={\left[D\right]}_{\mathrm{e}}\left(\left\{\Delta \varepsilon _{\mathrm{e}}^{}\right\}_{}^{\mathrm{e}}-\left\{\Delta \varepsilon _{{T}_{1}}^{}\right\}-\left\{\Delta \varepsilon _{\mathrm{cr}}^{\prime}\right\}\Delta t\right) $
当单元处于塑性变形时,
$ \left\{\Delta \sigma \right\}_{}^{\mathrm{e}}={\left[D\right]}_{\mathrm{ep}}\left(\left\{\Delta \varepsilon _{\mathrm{p}}^{}\right\}_{}^{\mathrm{e}}-\left\{\Delta \varepsilon _{{T}_{1}}^{}\right\}-\left\{\Delta \varepsilon _{\mathrm{cr}}^{\prime}\right\}\Delta t\right) $
式(3)和式(4)中,[D]e为单元弹性微分,[D]ep为单元塑性微分,$ \Delta t $为单元时间增量。
为研究方便,现以一端产生椭圆变形缺陷的大型耐压圆柱壳为例,介绍其校形工装结构。考虑到变形后的大型耐压圆柱壳结构较为特殊,不仅其一端发生了椭圆变形,而且在垂直于轴向高度方向的多个平面内也发生了一定的椭圆变形,在校正其椭圆端变形的过程中还要保持其另一圆端不发生变形。因此,可以采用十字型校形工装[11]和圆环状校形工装[12]对变形后的大型耐压圆柱壳进行校形,根据变形的柱壳结构,不带弹簧的部件起到支撑作用,带弹簧的部件起到回弹作用。圆环状校形工装由内圆环状校形装置和外圆环状校形装置B两部分组成,两种校形工装的模型分别如图2(十字型)和图3(圆环状)所示,其结构组成如表1所示。
传统校形工艺利用凹凸模相对运动对需校形的工件进行加载,再将工件和模具一起进行热处理,得到符合尺寸要求的工件,但是该方法多采用的是先校形后热处理的工艺,存在产生裂纹的风险[13]。由于热处理能有效提高环件各项性能,因此本文采用在校形过程中结合热处理的热校形工艺,以达到工件使用精度要求。由于本文研究的大型耐压圆柱壳采用钛合金材料,因此根据参考文献[14]制定了变形后的大型耐压圆柱壳的热处理工艺。
本节以某环坯件经成形加工后发生椭圆变形的大型耐压圆柱壳为研究对象,变形后该大型耐压圆柱壳几何模型及尺寸如图4表2所示。本文采用ANSYS有限元软件进行建模和计算。变形后该大型耐压圆柱壳在进行温度场的模拟计算时采用SOLID70单元,计算应变场时采用SOLID185单元,单元尺寸为25 mm×25 mm×25 mm。
变形后该大型耐压圆柱壳(图3)所选材料为钛合金Ti80材料,Ti80材料热物理性能参数[15]表3所示。
针对变形后该大型耐压圆柱壳(图3)几何尺寸(表2),设计得到该结构的十字型和圆环状校形工装结构(图2图3)几何尺寸,如表4所示。
由于变形后的该大型耐压圆柱壳(图4)采用钛合金Ti80,其热处理温度通常在500 ℃以上,因此选用的校形工装在制定的热处理温度范围内应具备相当的强度;同时,考虑到材料的热膨胀系数对热校形结果的影响,因此,所选校形工装材料热膨胀系数应与变形后的该大型耐压圆柱壳(图4)相近。综合考虑材料的屈服强度和热膨胀系数,选择镍基合金钢GH4169作为校形工装材料,该材料常温下的热物理性能参数[16]表5所示。根据弹簧刚度计算公式[17]确定校形工装的耐高温弹簧刚度,如表6所示。
配合不同校形工装的整体有限元模型单元类型和网格划分尺寸与第3.1.1小节中的模型相同,配合十字型校形工装的节点数为171 313个,配合圆环状校形工装的节点数为206 208个。选取Combin14弹簧单元模拟耐高温弹簧,该单元同时具备热和结构分析功能。
在变形后的该大型耐压圆柱壳(图4)和校形工装之间建立Combin14弹簧单元。对校形工装各部件连接部位的局部区域进行网格细化,考虑计算效率和计算精度,通过多次网格收敛性试验确定局部区域单元尺寸为12.5 mm,最终获得配合不同校形工装的校形整体有限元模型,如图5所示。
为了避免校形过程中变形后的该大型耐压圆柱壳(图4)发生移动和转动,在该壳体圆端面上的四条直线L1~L4上施加固定约束边界条件,如图6(a)所示。弹簧与耐压壳的连接方式采用共节点形式。耐高温弹簧被压缩后对壳体会产生载荷,载荷的施加位置为弹簧与变形后的大型耐压圆柱壳接触的位置,如图6(b)所示,局部位置如图7所示。
通过对参考文献[14]的研究,拟定了校形热处理工艺方案一,即采用115 ℃/h的升温速率,从室温25 ℃历时5 h加热至600 ℃,维持炉温为600 ℃,保温时间为2 h,采用50 ℃/h的降温速率,冷却至室温,如图8所示。
对于金属材料,当输入温度达到400 ℃及以上时,常常会发生蠕变,在热校形过程中考虑蠕变对校形效果的影响,所以采用Norton蠕变模型来考虑变形后的该大型耐压圆柱壳热校形过程中的蠕变行为。Ti80材料的Norton蠕变参数根据参考文献[15]获得,蠕变参数的取值为C1=1.32×10−13C2=4.676,C3=24 310。
采用校形工装(图23)以及热处理工艺方案一(图8),基于ANSYS软件的顺序耦合方法,即根据热弹塑性和蠕变等理论将热分析中得到的节点温度作为“体载荷”施加到随后的应力分析中[18],对变形后的该大型耐压圆柱壳(图4)进行热校形数值计算,得到了温度场和应力应变场。
图9为配合不同校形工装变形后的该大型耐压圆柱壳在25 200 s和73 800 s时的整体温度场分布。选取配合不同校形工装变形后的该大型耐压圆柱内壳上距圆端端面垂直距离为1037.5 mm的两个典型节点P1和P2(图5),其温度随时间变化曲线如图10所示。
图910中可以看出,配合不同校形工装变形后的该大型耐压圆柱壳:
(1)整体上来说温度在不同时刻分布较均匀。在25 200 s时(保温阶段)为600 ℃,而到了73 800 s(降温阶段)时下降至25 ℃。
(2)从室温25 ℃升至600 ℃,在600 ℃下维持2 h,然后温度缓慢降至25 ℃,变化规律与制定的热处理工艺(图8)相符,但略有滞后现象。
校形结束后的该圆柱壳整体应力不超过100 MPa。图11为校形过程中的典型时刻应变场。从图中可以看出,变形后的该大型耐压圆柱壳椭圆端长轴和短轴末端附近位置均积累了一定的变形量。
设变形后该大型耐压圆柱壳模型椭圆端中心O为原点,X1X2Y1Y2分别定义为变形后该大型耐压圆柱外壳椭圆端校形后的长半轴和短半轴,如图12所示,图13为距该壳体外壳圆端(图3)垂直高度H1=1575 mm、H2=1075 mm和H3=575 mm(H1~H3为校形工装的弹簧端与变形后大型耐压圆柱外壳接触的位置,H1~H3图7(a)中点1~3的高度相同)校形后的尺寸。从图13中可以看出:变形后该大型耐压圆柱壳在H3位置(图7)处的校形误差比H1位置更小,这可能是由于H3H1位置更接近未变形圆端。
根据图13结果,获得配合不同校形工装在H1H2H3位置校形后最大尺寸误差,如表7所示。从表中可以看出:配合圆环状校形工装比配合十字型校形工装获得的椭圆端校形效果更好,校形最大误差控制在0.2%以内,可以认为达到了较好的校形效果。
本章采用校形效果较好的圆环状校形工装(图5(b))为研究对象,分析不同校形热处理工艺和弹簧刚度因素对配合圆环状校形工装的圆柱壳热校形效果的影响,分析流程和数值模拟方法与第3章一致。表8为采用与第3.2节相同弹簧刚度下的圆环状校形工装(图5(b))的不同热处理工艺方案,表9为采用与第3.4节中的热处理工艺方案一(图8)下圆环状校形工装(图5(b))的不同弹簧刚度的选取方案,计算结果如表8表10所示。
表8中可以看出选取方案与热处理工艺方案一(图8)的校形误差变化较小,因此保温时间为4 h,升温速率115 ℃/h和降温速率100 ℃/h的校形热处理工艺较为合适。
表10中可以看出:随着弹簧刚度的增大,变形后该大型耐压圆柱壳椭圆端校形量逐渐增加,但弹簧刚度的取值是有一定限度的,当采用弹簧刚度方案五,将较长弹簧和较短弹簧的弹簧刚度分别增大到1.741×103 N/mm和1.041×103 N/mm时,获得变形后的该大型耐压圆柱壳椭圆端校形结果较好,误差控制在3 mm(0.1%)左右,为工程应用提供了相关理论支撑。
通过以上研究热处理工艺参数(热处理保温时间、升温速率和降温速率)和弹簧刚度大小对配合圆环状校形工装的圆柱壳(图5(b))热校形效果的影响,获得一套较为合适的热校形工艺参数,即Ti80耐压圆柱壳校形热处理保温时间为4 h,升温速率为115 ℃/h,降温速率为100 ℃/h,较长弹簧和较短弹簧的弹簧刚度分别为1.741×103 N/mm和1.041×103 N/mm。
本文以某变形后的大型耐压圆柱壳为研究对象,针对其端部的椭圆变形,首先采用校形工装和热校形方法,建立了配合校形工装和变形后的该圆柱壳整体有限元模型,然后基于热弹塑性和蠕变有限元等理论进行了热校形数值模拟。最后探讨了热处理工艺参数和弹簧刚度因素对校形效果的影响,得到了一套较好的大型耐压圆柱壳热处理校形工艺方法。本文的主要结论如下:
(1)采用校形工装和热校形方法,使该圆柱壳椭圆端校形后误差能够控制在1%以内,能够达到工程要求的校形效果,获得一种较好的解决大型耐压圆柱壳椭圆变形问题的热校形工艺方法,该热校形工艺方法也可以适用于其他材料的大型耐压圆柱壳的变形校正。
(2)对比配合不同校形工装该圆柱壳的热校形结果,发现采用圆环状校形工装比十字型校形工装可以将校形误差从0.38%减小到0.18%。
(3)热处理保温时间、升温速率和降温速率对该圆柱壳校形效果影响不大,相比而言,弹簧刚度因素对该圆柱壳校形效果影响较大;该圆柱壳校形热处理保温时间为4 h、升温速率为115 ℃/h、降温速率为100 ℃/h、校形工装中较长弹簧刚度1741 N/mm和较短弹簧刚度1041 N/mm是较为合适的热校形工艺参数。

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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.010
  • 接收时间:2025-08-24
  • 首发时间:2026-07-07
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-24
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    1.江苏科技大学,江苏 镇江 212003
    2.上海船舶研究设计院,上海 201203
    3.瑞声科技(常州)有限公司,江苏 常州 221000
    4.陆军军事交通学院镇江校区,江苏 镇江 212134
    5.上海船舶运输科学研究所有限公司 航运技术交通行业重点实验室/水路交通控制全国重点实验室,上海 200135
    6.上海交通大学,上海 200240

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张晓飞(1982–),男,硕士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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