Article(id=1281323856619094229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323788058996778, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739289600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783421013264, onlineDateStr=2026-07-07, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783421013264, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783421013264, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783421013264, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281323788058996778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='3', pageStart='341', pageEnd='506', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783420996918, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783422057887, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281328238156821342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323788058996778, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281328238156821343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323788058996778, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=352, endPage=362, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281323857063690454, articleId=1281323856619094229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Numerical simulation of wave impacting on vertical wall based on SPH method, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The interaction between waves and marine structures involves complex geometric boundaries, wave impacting, overtopping. To accurately simulate this complex phenomenon, DualSPHysics is employed to build a numerical wave flume based on Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH), which is a grid-free particle method. In order to validate the accuracy of the model, regular waves are generated by a piston-type wavemaker. By analyzing the wave height with different particle spacing, the model was demonstrated that it can generate stable regular waves. Furthermore, the impact of regular waves on a vertical wall is simulated with the model. Under the action of wave impact and inertial force of the water, the pressure at different positions on the vertical wall shows the following characteristics: it quickly reaches the peak in a short time, then decreases, increases again, and finally decreases. The time series of pressure have a saddle shape. By comparing the wave shape and velocity field at the same time, it is found that the angle between the wave and the vertical wall, as well as the water head rise, are the main factors leading to this saddle-shaped pressure curve.

, authors=A-chao YU1, Qin-qin GUI1, Xue-jian DUAN2, authorsList=A-chao YU, Qin-qin GUI, Xue-jian DUAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qin-qin GUI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281323861169914091, articleId=1281323856619094229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=波浪对直墙结构冲击的SPH模拟研究, columnId=1241023038087549292, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=流体力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

波浪与海洋结构物之间的相互作用存在复杂几何边界和波浪砰击、越浪等现象。为精确地模拟波浪与海洋结构物的相互作用,本文采用一种无网格粒子法(Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics,SPH),基于DualSPHysics,建立了数值波浪水槽模型。模型利用推板造波,模拟了规则波的传播过程,且对不同粒子间距下的波面升高进行分析,结果表明该模型能够生成稳定且满足要求的规则波,验证了该模型的准确性。进一步,基于该模型模拟了规则波在不同水深条件下对直墙的冲击过程。在波浪冲击和水体惯性力的共同作用下,直墙上不同位置的压力呈现如下特征:在短时间内迅速达到峰值,随后减小,再次增大,最终降低,压力随时间的变化曲线表现为马鞍状。对比同时刻的波浪形态和速度场,分析发现波浪与直墙的夹角以及水头攀升是导致这一马鞍状压力特性的主要因素。

, authors=余阿超1, 桂琴琴1, 段雪建2, authorsList=余阿超, 桂琴琴, 段雪建, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=桂琴琴, authorNote=

余阿超(2000–),男,硕士

, correspAuthorsNote=
桂琴琴(1985–),女,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:
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余阿超(2000–),男,硕士

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余阿超(2000–),男,硕士

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Model dimensions and regular wave parameters

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模型长 /m模型高 /m静水位d /m波高H /m周期T /s
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模型尺寸及规则波参数

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模型长 /m模型高 /m静水位d /m波高H /m周期T /s
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波浪对直墙结构冲击的SPH模拟研究
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余阿超 1 , 桂琴琴 1 , 段雪建 2
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2026,30(3): 352-362
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船舶力学 |流体力学 2026 , 30 (3) : 352 -362
波浪对直墙结构冲击的SPH模拟研究
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余阿超1, 桂琴琴1 , 段雪建2
作者信息
  • 1.宁波大学 海运学院,浙江 宁波 315211
  • 2.大连理工大学 海岸及近海工程国家重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116024
通讯作者:
桂琴琴(1985–),女,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:
作者简介:

余阿超(2000–),男,硕士

Numerical simulation of wave impacting on vertical wall based on SPH method
A-chao YU1, Qin-qin GUI1 , Xue-jian DUAN2
Affiliations
  • 1.Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.002
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波浪与海洋结构物之间的相互作用存在复杂几何边界和波浪砰击、越浪等现象。为精确地模拟波浪与海洋结构物的相互作用,本文采用一种无网格粒子法(Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics,SPH),基于DualSPHysics,建立了数值波浪水槽模型。模型利用推板造波,模拟了规则波的传播过程,且对不同粒子间距下的波面升高进行分析,结果表明该模型能够生成稳定且满足要求的规则波,验证了该模型的准确性。进一步,基于该模型模拟了规则波在不同水深条件下对直墙的冲击过程。在波浪冲击和水体惯性力的共同作用下,直墙上不同位置的压力呈现如下特征:在短时间内迅速达到峰值,随后减小,再次增大,最终降低,压力随时间的变化曲线表现为马鞍状。对比同时刻的波浪形态和速度场,分析发现波浪与直墙的夹角以及水头攀升是导致这一马鞍状压力特性的主要因素。

DualSPHysics模型  /  SPH方法  /  波浪冲击  /  直墙结构

The interaction between waves and marine structures involves complex geometric boundaries, wave impacting, overtopping. To accurately simulate this complex phenomenon, DualSPHysics is employed to build a numerical wave flume based on Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH), which is a grid-free particle method. In order to validate the accuracy of the model, regular waves are generated by a piston-type wavemaker. By analyzing the wave height with different particle spacing, the model was demonstrated that it can generate stable regular waves. Furthermore, the impact of regular waves on a vertical wall is simulated with the model. Under the action of wave impact and inertial force of the water, the pressure at different positions on the vertical wall shows the following characteristics: it quickly reaches the peak in a short time, then decreases, increases again, and finally decreases. The time series of pressure have a saddle shape. By comparing the wave shape and velocity field at the same time, it is found that the angle between the wave and the vertical wall, as well as the water head rise, are the main factors leading to this saddle-shaped pressure curve.

DualSPHysics  /  SPH method  /  wave impact  /  vertical wall structure
余阿超, 桂琴琴, 段雪建. 波浪对直墙结构冲击的SPH模拟研究. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (3) : 352 -362 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.002
A-chao YU, Qin-qin GUI, Xue-jian DUAN. Numerical simulation of wave impacting on vertical wall based on SPH method[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (3) : 352 -362 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.002
海岸、海洋防护结构在设计时往往需要考虑海浪与结构物的相互作用,分析波浪在冲击结构物时不同高度的压力值分布,从而找到最大压力位置与作用时间,以及计算结构物上作用的总波浪力。砰击发生时,与结构物接触的时间短、压力大。这种极强的冲击载荷在结构连接的地方会造成结构物的破坏,反复作用还会引起疲劳损伤。因此,作为海上结构设计中最重要的考虑因素之一,研究波浪冲击载荷对于防止结构的损坏和事故的发生至关重要,进行波浪与结构物相互作用的研究具有重要的实际工程意义。
SPH方法是纯拉格朗日粒子法的一种,最初主要应用于天体物理学[12]方面,其以无网格、自适应为主要特征,适用于处理交界面处的大变形及自由表面流动,对复杂几何边界亦能实现准确模拟。正因SPH方法具有上述优点,从而使得SPH方法在海洋工程领域中同样得到了越来越广泛的应用。Liu G R等[3]在《光滑粒子流体动力学——一种无网格粒子法》一书中详细论述了光滑粒子流体动力学方法的理论背景、数值方法、程序实施及多领域应用,不仅给出了SPH方法的基本方程、基本概念和基本形式,还论述了与SPH方法的计算机实施相关的问题,并介绍了拉格朗日粒子模型的一般处理过程。针对SPH方法在边界处理和计算稳定性方面的不足,黄兴[4]提出了改进的固定边界处理方法和初始压力场赋值方法,并结合并行计算提升了计算效率。Monaghan等[5]通过引入人工粘度,显著提高了SPH方法在一维激波管问题中的适用性,同时有效抑制了冲击后振荡问题。Ferrari等[6]基于MPI并行技术成功构建了三维SPH模拟程序,进一步拓展了SPH方法的应用范围。在波浪的演化与冲击研究方面,高睿等[7]利用SPH方法对孤立波沿缓坡爬坡、浅化及破碎过程进行了详细模拟,建立了孤立波浅化过程中的数学模型,为波浪演化研究提供了新思路。郑坤[8]通过改进SPH方法,建立了数值波浪水槽模型,并深入分析了波浪冲击过程中影响压力分布的关键因素。任冰等[9]采用黎曼解修正和CSMP技术,在波浪与水平板相互作用的研究中实现了压力预测精度的提升。SPH方法在特殊流动模拟中的应用也取得了重要进展。宋江渝等[10]对波浪在陡坡传播的破碎过程进行数值模拟,并从流场和涡量方面分析了规则波在陡坡上波浪传播破碎的演化过程。Gong等[11]采用SPH方法模拟了物体落水过程,并通过优化固定边界条件提高了模拟的准确性,其数值结果与实验吻合良好。
SPH方法在工程问题中的计算成本一直是研究的难点,DualSPHysics作为一款高性能的开源SPH代码,通过GPU和CPU的并行计算显著降低了计算成本[12-13]。Zhang等[14]利用DualSPHysics开展了中国海岸堤防波浪爬高的实际尺寸模拟研究,为工程应用提供了理论支持。曾冬[15]通过模拟多种坡度的海岸堤坝越浪过程,研究了不同结构型式的堤坝防护效果。倪兴也等[16]基于DualSPHysics搭建了具有主动消波功能的数值波浪水槽,结合前方水位监测和反馈控制方法,验证了其良好的消波性能。鉴于目前利用DualSPHysics开展波浪与直墙相互作用研究较少,现基于DualSPHysics,对规则波运动特性进行数值模型验证并开展波浪对直墙结构冲击的数值模拟,计算规则波冲击时斜坡前及斜坡上波面抬高历时曲线和直墙上不同高度的压力值,与实验值对比,分析压力变化的特点和影响因素。
积分近似作为SPH方法的数学基础:第一步即函数的积分近似,也称为核函数近似法,即将函数及其导数用积分近似表示;第二步为粒子的积分,将连续介质模型离散成一系列正交分布的散点,通过邻近粒子数值求和近似表示每个粒子的场变量值。
在SPH方法中,用积分近似场函数,即核函数近似法,近似函数Fr)为
$ F\left(r\right)=\int F\left({r}^{\prime}\right)W\left(r-{r}^{\prime},h\right)\text{d}{r}^{\prime} $
式中:W为光滑核函数,r为粒子的位置,h代表光滑长度。光滑核函数W起作用的区域具体由其中平滑半径2h定义。
Fr)积分表达式离散化为
$F\left(r_a\right) \approx \sum_b F\left(r_b\right) W\left(r_a-r_b, h\right) \frac{m_b}{\rho_b} $
式中:$ {m}_{b} $$ {\rho }_{b} $为相邻粒子b的质量和密度。
光滑核函数的选择对SPH计算结果影响较大,核函数$ W\left(r,h\right) $必须满足以下三种性质:紧支域内的正定性;紧支域内W为标准化型式;随着粒子间距的增大单调递减。
DualSPHysics中光滑核函数采用的是五次样条核函数
$ W\left(r,h\right)={\alpha }_{D}{\left(1-\frac{q}{2}\right)}^{4}\left(2q+1\right)\quad\quad\quad 0\leq q\leq 2 $
由于五次样条核函数平滑性更好,对于波浪与海洋结构物作用的匹配性也更好,因此常选用Wendland[17]核函数来建立数值波浪水槽以及模拟结构物与波浪相互作用等情况。
动量方程一般形式为
$ \frac{\text{d}{v}}{\text{d}t}=-\frac{1}{\rho }\nabla P+{g}+{\mathit{\Gamma }} $
式中:$ {\mathit{\Gamma }} $代表粘性项,$ {g} $为重力加速度,DualSPHysics中提供各种粘性项的处理模式。
SPH常采用人工粘度法来模拟流体动态特性,由于其形式简单,广泛地用于模拟和计算流体粘性,在SPH方法中,流体粒子的动量方程离散形式可以表示为
$ \frac{\text{d}{{v}}_{a}}{\text{d}t}=-{\sum}_{b}\left({m}_{b}\left(\frac{{{P}}_{b}+{{P}}_{a}}{{\rho }_{b}\cdot {\rho }_{a}}\right)+{\Pi }_{ab}\right){\nabla }_{a}{W}_{ab}+{g} $
式中:ab代表流体质点,$ \rho $P的物理含义为ab的密度和压力,$W_{a b}=W\left(r_a-r_b, h\right) $
粘性项$ {\text{Π}}_{ab} $具体形式如下
$ {\text{Π}}_{ab}=\begin{cases} \dfrac{-\alpha \overline{{c}_{ab}}{\mu }_{ab}}{{\rho }_{ab}}&{{v}}_{ab}\cdot {{r}}_{ab} \lt 0\\0 & {{v}}_{ab}\cdot {{r}}_{ab} \gt 0\end{cases} $
式中:$ {{r}}_{ab} $=$ {{r}}_{a}-{{r}}_{b} $, $ {{v}}_{ab} $=$ {{v}}_{a}-{{v}}_{b} $$\rho_{a b}=\left(\rho_a+\rho_b\right) / 2 $以及 $ {r} $$ {v} $分别表示粒子的位置矢量和流速矢量;$ {\mu }_{ab}=h{{v}}_{ab}\cdot {{r}}_{ab}/({{r}}_{ab}+{\eta }^{2}) $$ \overline{{c}_{ab}}=0.5({c}_{a}+{c}_{b}) $是平均声速;$ \eta^{2}=0.01{h}^{2} $$ {\alpha }_{\text{m}} $是引入的修正系数,用以保证正常粘性扩散和适当的耗散,研究波浪与海岸结构相互作用时,$ {\alpha }_{\text{m}} $取值为0.01效果较好。
弱可压缩SPH方法假设流体具有弱可压缩性,进而可以根据粒子密度使用状态方程确定流体压力以调整压缩性,Monaghan等[18]提出粒子间压力与密度之间的关系为
$ P=b\left[{\left(\frac{\rho }{{\rho }_{0}}\right)}^{\gamma }-1\right] $
式中:$ \gamma =7,\;{b}=c_{0}^{2}{\rho }_{0}/\gamma,\;{\rho }_{0}=1000\;\text{kg}/{\text{m}}^{\text{3}} $为相对密度,$ c_{0}=c\left(\rho_{0}\right)=\left.\sqrt{(\partial P / \partial \rho)}\right|_{\rho_{0}} $
在DualSPHysics中,每个粒子的质量保持固定不变,密度会随之变化,通过连续性方程获取密度大小变化值,连续性方程的离散形式如式(8)
$ \frac{\text{d}{\rho }_{a}}{\text{d}t}=-{\sum}_{b}{m}_{b}{{v}}_{ab}{\nabla }_{a}{W}_{ab} $
在弱可压缩SPH方法中,由于粒子的无序分布,密度标量场发生高频低幅振荡,DualSPHysics在连续性方程中添加密度扩散项以减少密度波动,方程如下
$ \frac{{\mathrm{d}}{\rho }_{a}}{{\mathrm{d}}t}=-{\sum }_{b}{m}_{b}{{v}}_{ab}\cdot {\nabla }_{a}{W}_{ab}+{\delta }_{\mathit{\Phi }}h{c}_{0}{\sum }_{b}{{\mathit{\Psi }}}_{ab}\cdot {\nabla }_{a}{W}_{ab}\frac{{m}_{b}}{{\rho }_{b}} $
式中:${\delta }_{{\Phi }} $用于控制扩散项的强度,通常取值为0.1,$ {{{\varPsi }}}_{ab}=2\left({\rho }_{b}-{\rho }_{a}\right)\dfrac{{{x}}_{ab}}{{\left\| {{x}}_{ab}\right\| }^{2}} $
DualSPHysics中显式时间积分格式主要为Verlet与Symplectic两种数值积分格式,可以通过对时间积分来进行求解。对于动量方程,流体运动基本控制方程则可以表示为
$ \frac{\text{d}{{v}}_{a}}{\text{d}t}={F}_{a};\quad \frac{\text{d}{\rho }_{a}}{\text{d}t}={R}_{a};\quad \frac{\text{d}{{r}}_{a}}{\text{d}t}={{v}}_{a} $
式中:$ {\nu } $$ {r} $$ \rho $分别表示粒子的速度、相应的位置与密度。
在忽略粘性项条件的情况下,Symplectic数值积分方法在时间上是可逆的,具有二阶精度的积分形式,是一种由预测阶段和校正阶段组成的量化方法,故本文数值模型采用的是Symplectic数值积分格式。预测阶段的密度值和加速度的公式如下
$ r_a^{n+0.5}=r_a^n+0.5 \Delta t v_a^n ;\quad \rho_a^{n+0.5}=\rho_a^n+\Delta t V_a^n+0.5 \Delta t R_a^n$
在修正阶段,$ \text{d}{v}_{a}{}^{n+0.5} $为修正项,因而粒子的速度值和分布坐标所需的修正计算方程如下
$ {v}_{a}^{n+1}=v_{a}^{n+0.5}+0.5\Delta tF_{a}^{n+0.5};\quad r_{a}^{n+1}=r_{a}^{n+0.5}+0.5\Delta tv_{a}^{n+1} $
对于显式时间积分方案,计算时间步长由Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy(CFL)条件、压力项条件和粘性扩散项条件控制,可变时间步长$ \Delta {t}$根据Monaghan[18]提出的公式计算,如下
$ \begin{aligned}\Delta {t}&={\mathrm{CFL}}\cdot \min \left(\text{Δ}{t}_{f},\text{Δ}{t}_{{\mathrm{cv}}}\right)\\\Delta {t}_{f}&=\min \left(\sqrt{\frac{h}{\left| {f}_{a}\right| }}\right)\\\Delta {t}_{\text{cv}}&=\text{min}\frac{h}{{c}_{0}+\max \left| \dfrac{h{v}_{ab}\cdot {r}_{ab}}{\left(r_{ab}^{2}+\eta^{2}\right)}\right| }\end{aligned} $
式中:$ \text{Δ}{t}_{\text{cv}} $由库朗数和粘性控制时间步长决定,$ \text{Δ}{t}_{f} $基于单位质量的压力$ \left| {f}_{a}\right| $得到。
DualSPHysics中采用的边界条件为动力边界条件DBC。该方法由Crespo等[19]提出,该边界条件假定离散的流体粒子的运动方程与在水槽边界处相互接触的边界粒子运动方程一致,区别在于水槽固体边界上的粒子不会因受作用力而产生自由运动,而根据设定的运动函数进行特定的运动或保持静止(例如推波板和浮体结构运动等)。实际上,当流体粒子接近边界粒子且两者距离小于2h时,边界粒子的密度大小受到影响并发生改变,从而导致固体边界粒子的压力快速增长。同时,由于粒子动量控制方程中压力项的存在,导致流体粒子会被固体边界粒子所排斥,以防流体粒子进入或穿过边界。当粒子精度越低,边界粒子对流体粒子的排斥影响程度越大,提高精度可以减小排斥力对计算结果的扰动。
DualSPHysics采用Madsen[20]的二阶造波理论,模拟得到的波浪形状能稳定传播,具有较高的精度和简单易实现等特点。对于二阶Stokes波,其推波板运动振幅S0和波高H的计算式为
$ {S}_{0}=H/{m}_{1} $
$ {m}_{1}=\frac{2{\sinh }^{2}\left(kd\right)}{\sinh \left(kd\right)\cos \left(kd\right)+kd} $
式中:$ {m}_{1} $为转化因子,d为静水水深,k为波数。
由Madsen[20]理论,二阶Stokes规则波造波板的位移表达式et)如下
$ e\left(t\right)=\frac{{S}_{0}}{2}\sin \left(\omega t+\delta \right)+\left[\left(\frac{{H}^{2}}{32d}\right)\cdot \left(\frac{3\cos \left(kd\right)}{{\sinh }^{3}\left(kd\right)}-\frac{2}{{m}_{1}}\right)\right]\sin \left(2\omega t+2\delta \right) $
式中:第一项为一阶线性波的位置函数,第二项为二阶位置函数额外项。在DualSPHysics程序中加入限制条件$ H{L}^{2}/{d}^{3} \lt 8{{\text{π}} }^{2}/3 $,且该条件满足二阶造波理论,$ \omega $是波浪角频率,L为波长,$ \delta $是初始相位。
为了验证SPH方法在规则波数值造波的可靠性,本文建立了数值波浪水池,对规则波的传播进行模拟及收敛性分析。模型尺寸及波浪工况如表1所示。入射波波高H=0.12 m和波周期T=1.2 s,如图1所示,推波板距离上游边界0.2 m,并对该数值水池模型进行了消波处理,在该模型中,消波功能由数值波浪水槽的后端布置一个阻尼区完成,约3 m长的粘性消波区被安置在上游边界9 m远处以消除反射波的影响,从而避免了反射波引起的计算误差。根据粒子的分布不同,阻尼系统可以在每一个时间步长中以二次衰减的速度将粒子的速度降低。其中,消除波浪区域的粒子速度计算公式为
$ {v}={{v}}_{0}\cdot \left[1-\Delta t\cdot {\beta }_{r}\cdot {\left(\frac{x-{x}_{0}}{{x}_{1}-{x}_{0}}\right)}^{2}\right] $
式中:$ {{v}}_{0} $为粒子i的初始速度,$ {v} $表示粒子i的最终速度,$ \Delta t $为最后一步的时间间隔,x为粒子所在位置,$ {x}_{0} $$ {x}_{1} $分别为最初位置和末尾位置。每个时间间隔的粒子速度变化大小则采用折减系数$ {\beta }_{r} $=10来控制。粒子半径dp则分别为0.004 m、0.005 m、0.006 m,在三种粒径下生成粒子数分别对应为270915、174514、123075。
图2给出在x=2 m以及x=4 m处,不同粒径下波面升高过程与理论值的对比。由图2可知三种粒径下的SPH模拟得到的波面时间历程与二阶Stokes波理论值吻合良好,且波浪形态稳定、误差小。同时也表明该方法可靠,可用于模拟波浪对结构物的冲击过程。为了平衡精度与效率,在接下来的模拟中采用粒径dp=0.005 m。
本文选择和Didier等[21]试验相同的工况和数值水槽模型尺寸来进行数值模拟计算,模型结构形式和参数见图3。斜坡底端前沿距离造波板3.62 m,其中水槽静止水深选用d=0.3 m及d=0.325 m两种工况,入射规则波波高H=0.1 m、波浪周期T=1.3 s。两个波高测量仪G1、G2分别位于距离造波板初始位置x=2.643 m和x=3.943 m处。第一个波高仪(G1)位于斜坡之前以验证生成的波浪稳定性,第二个波高仪(G2)位于1∶3斜坡上,以验证结构物附近的波浪变化情况。图2所示右端直墙结构上有一排垂直分布且等间距的压力测点,其中,A点高出上平台0.055 m,自下而上,ABCD各测点之间的距离都是0.055 m。在波浪对直墙冲击的模拟中共生成333365个粒子。
图4展示了水深0.3 m条件下在G1和G2位置的SPH数值模拟与实验数据的波面升高时间历程。由图4(a)可以看出,G1测点数值结果与试验结果吻合非常好,五次波高峰值的数值计算结果与实验数据的一致性指数介于90.0%至98.3%之间,平均值为93.9%;在G2位置两者之间存在一定的误差,这是由于G2位于斜坡和直墙结构的附近,该区域内波浪破碎、反射和水柱塌陷等复杂现象导致波浪自由表面变化更为显著,呈现出更强的非线性特征,数值模型整体上低估了自由表面高程。
尽管在G2位置的数值结果与实验结果在波峰和波谷处存在微小差异,但总体趋势一致,表明该数值模型能够较准确地模拟波浪自由表面高程的变化过程。
图5展示了在上述模型0.3 m水深条件下,根据SPH方法模拟的压力数值结果与Didier等人试验数据的冲击压力历时曲线。通过比较A点的数值模拟结果与实验测量的压力历时曲线可以明显看出,波浪传播到直墙时,首先快速冲击墙体,墙体测点的压力值呈波动变化,此时波浪形态完整,波面较为平滑。随后开始了显著的波浪撞击过程,使压力值大幅增加。波浪的冲击使得直墙上的压力在短时间内达到最大值,随后迅速减小。从图中可以看出,冲击后的压力历时曲线呈马鞍形分布,该阶段持续约0.5秒,这阶段压力主要受波浪惯性力的影响。在惯性力作用下,水体沿着墙体不断爬升和下降,对应阶段的压力过程呈现出马鞍型分布,先略有下降,随后出现第二次高峰。对于水面上的各压力测点,冲击压力随着波峰的下降和波浪反射过程最终回落至零,并在一段时间内继续维持,随后开始下一波波浪冲击。
对于A测点,基于SPH方法的数值模拟结果与实验数据高度吻合,特别是在冲击压力最大值及其后续过程的模拟中,数值模拟与实验数据高度相似。由于A测点位于静止水面下,压力值会出现负值,水面上的测点则会伴随着波面的下降出现零值。对于另外三个测点(即BCD点),冲击荷载过程的SPH模拟结果大部分略低于实验值。由于粒子精度、采样频率及试验造波精度等因素的影响,与实验结果存在一定误差,但整体误差在可接受范围内,数值模拟总体上能够反映出压力在实际试验中的历时变化过程。
在水深0.325 m条件下,G1和G2测点的波面升高历时曲线以及四个压力测点的压力历时曲线与试验数据的对比见图6图7。与前述0.3 m水深工况类似,G1处数值模拟结果同样具有较高的吻合度。而在G2处,尽管发生了更强的非线性作用,由于水深的增加,数值模拟结果与试验值更加接近,总体趋势几乎相同。虽然波峰和波谷仍存在一定误差,但考虑到采样频率和试验本身的误差,这一误差完全在可接受范围内。
与前述工况相同,在此工况下,ABCD四个测点的压力同样表现出较高的重合度,特别是在冲击压力极值及后续冲击荷载的持续过程的模拟中,数值模拟结果与试验数据非常接近。数值模拟的真实性和稳定性得到了进一步验证,同时冲击过程的压力历时曲线呈现马鞍形分布的特点也得到了更加明显的验证。
图8展示了两种水深条件下直墙上压力的时间变化曲线及其与试验数据的对比。在0.325 m水深下,6秒之前压力变化存在一定差异,数值结果相比试验数据表现出更好的对称性和光滑度。在6秒和7.2秒时,SPH结果显示出两个明显的尖峰,这两个尖峰的峰值均高于试验数据的对应峰值。
在0.3 m水深下,压力曲线的整体形状在大部分时间段内与试验结果较为吻合,这表明数值模型在此条件下具有较强的预测能力。总体而言,数值模拟结果在某些时间段内能够较好地预测试验数据,而在其他时间段内存在一定误差。可能的误差来源包括数值模型与试验模型的参数设置差异或试验数据本身的测量误差。
图910显示了前两次波浪冲击的波浪发展过程和波面变化情况。t=4.66 s到t=5.46 s期间是第一次冲击的过程,该过程中速度分布体现出波浪冲击直墙时大部分能量主要集中在水头附近。从t=4.66 s的波浪形态可以看出,第一次冲击波面的发展过渡较为平滑,且速度变化幅度不大。在t=4.72 s时,波浪冲击压力达到峰值。此时的冲击压力主要由波浪在前进过程中遇到直墙结构受阻引起的水位上升所致,几乎不会发生砰击现象。同时,冲击过程中水头的速度变化较为明显且快速。
t=5.86 s显示的是第二波冲击前的波浪形态。对比两次冲击的波面图,t=5.86 s显示的第二次冲击波峰面较陡,速度极值更小,与直墙的相对角度也更小,此时波浪面与直墙作用前水面形成较大的落差。到达t=6.00 s时,由于波面和直墙之间存在较大的落差以及波浪运动形成的小夹角冲击,第二次冲击压力快速增长,并达到略低于第一次冲击极值的高度,其中砰击是压力升高的主要原因。
t=4.84 s和t=6.12 s分别显示了两次冲击后水头不断攀升达到的高度。在此过程中,由于水头保持了较为完整的形态,压力会在此期间下降,对应于马鞍形压力持续时间曲线的凹陷阶段。同时,如t=6.30 s所示,水头的降落会造成直墙结构上所受压力有小幅度增加,因此冲击历时曲线呈现马鞍状。
综上,本文建立的数值水槽模型可以很好地模拟规则波冲击直墙的过程,模拟结果与实验数据吻合较好。对于波面升高,即使在发生较为严重的非线性现象后,模型仍能非常准确地进行重现。通过分析发现波浪压力的时间曲线呈现出马鞍状,其中波浪对直壁的冲击角度和水头高度是影响海浪冲击压力的主要因素。
本文基于 SPH 方法,运用DualSPHysics软件,建立了数值水槽模型,研究了波浪对直墙结构的作用。模型采用推波板造波,对规则波进行了模拟,证明该模型能够较好地模拟出符合物理现象的波浪运动,并进一步应用模型研究了规则波冲击直墙这一过程,得出以下结论:
(1) 通过将计算结果与理论值进行对比,并对生成的规则波进行收敛性分析,验证了DualSPHysics 能够正确地生成规则波,且在模拟中采用粒子间距dp=0.005 m可以达到较好的收敛性。
(2) 所选择的数值波浪水槽模型准确地重现了物理模型实验,数值结果与试验数据吻合较好。即使在存在严重非线性现象的情况下,该模型也能有效地模拟波面升高时间历程,证明了DualSPHysics在处理复杂波–结构相互作用方面的鲁棒性。
(3) 通过模拟发现直墙上压力值呈现波动变化,根据规则波冲击压力时历曲线的结果分析压力变化的原因,受波浪冲击和水体惯性力影响,压力短时内达到最大值随后再减小、再增大并最后降低,即第一波冲击和随后的惯性效应导致压力快速上升,随后下降,并出现二次峰值,形成特殊的马鞍形压力–时间曲线。波峰面与直墙的相对角度及波峰与壁面处水面的相对高度是影响波浪冲击压力时历过程的主要因素,因此在工程上选择合适的直墙位置和高度等能有效降低冲击对结构物的损害。
本研究采用的SPH方法有利于处理界面处的大变形和自由表面流动,适用于海洋工程应用,且本研究中使用的DualSPHysics突出了其精确模拟波浪对结构的影响的潜力,从而可为海洋和沿海环境中的工程分析和设计优化提供可靠的工具,也为改进沿海结构物应对波浪冲击的设计提供强有力的支持。

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2026年第30卷第3期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.002
  • 接收时间:2025-02-12
  • 首发时间:2026-07-07
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-12
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    1.宁波大学 海运学院,浙江 宁波 315211
    2.大连理工大学 海岸及近海工程国家重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116024

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桂琴琴(1985–),女,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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