Article(id=1281323916492780354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323885077447100, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.02.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762531200000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783421027539, onlineDateStr=2026-07-07, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783421027539, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783421027539, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783421027539, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281323885077447100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='2', pageStart='177', pageEnd='340', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783421020049, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783422086911, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281328359892303896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323885077447100, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281328359892303897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323885077447100, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=329, endPage=340, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281323916731855683, articleId=1281323916492780354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Review of verification and validation of ship maneuvering simulation methods, columnId=1242150510002775025, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Comprehensive Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ship maneuverability is one of the most critical navigation performance of ships. The SIMMAN workshop is a systematic and authoritative international academic event focusing on the verification and validation of ship maneuvering prediction methods, which has garnered widespread attention worldwide. Based on a review of the SIMMAN workshop programs, latest developments, and related literature, this paper systematically summarizes the main research content, progress, and significant achievements of the three workshops. Furthermore, it analyzes the development trends and research directions in international ship maneuvering prediction methods and model test technologies as reflected by these workshops, and elucidates the insights they provide for the advancement of ship maneuverability testing and prediction methodologies.

, authors=Qiao-sheng ZHAO1, 2, Chun-rong HE2, Meng-chen REN2, Yang HAN2, Chao PENG2, authorsList=Qiao-sheng ZHAO, Chun-rong HE, Meng-chen REN, Yang HAN, Chao PENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qiao-sheng ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281323919302964054, articleId=1281323916492780354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=船舶操纵模拟方法的验证与确认研究综述, columnId=1242150510145381363, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=研究综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

船舶操纵性是船舶最基本且至关重要的航行性能之一。SIMMAN研讨会是国际上系统性开展船舶操纵模拟方法验证与确认的学术会议,在世界范围内备受关注。本文通过梳理历届SIMMAN研讨会计划、最新动态及相关文献,系统综述了三次SIMMAN研讨会的主要研究内容、进展及所取得的重要成果;进而分析了研讨计划所揭示的国际上船舶操纵性预报方法及试验技术发展趋势,并总结了其对船舶操纵性试验及预报方法未来发展的启示。

, authors=赵桥生1, 2, 何春荣2, 任梦晨2, 韩阳2, 彭超2, authorsList=赵桥生, 何春荣, 任梦晨, 韩阳, 彭超, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=赵桥生, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
赵桥生(1981–),男,研究员,通讯作者,Email:
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Calculation of the manoeuvering hydrodynamic forces on KCS ship in shallow water[J]. Ship Ocean Engineering, 2008, 37(3): 4−6. (in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1281323936927429603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323916492780354, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=58, rfOrder=63, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang Jianhua , Zhao Weiwen, Wan Decheng, Development of naoe-FOAM-SJTU solver based on OpenFOAM for marine hydrodynamics[J]. Journal of Hydrodynamics, 2019, 31(1): 1−20., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1281323937049064420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323916492780354, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=59, rfOrder=64, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ITTC Manoeuvring Committee. Benchmark data for validation of manoeuvring predictions[R]. 2024., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1281323937124561893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323916492780354, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=60, rfOrder=65, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ITTC Manoeuvring Committee. 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articleId=1281323916492780354, language=CN, label=图9, caption=PMM基准试验[15]丹麦(FORCE), figureFileSmall=4nCAvvOBzQ0pFyxbgKjB4Q==, figureFileBig=pH+j7etGXgsPApAvMLEmkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281323925070132114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323916492780354, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The contents of maneuvering comparison

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基准船型比对内容试验类型仿真方法
KVLCC
5415
KCS
ONRT
回转运动轨迹、时间、速度、姿态角自航模回转运动经验模型方法、CFD方法、
基于系统模型的方法等
Z形操纵的第一超越角、第二超越角自航模Z形运动
), ArticleFig(id=1281323925133046675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323916492780354, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

船舶操纵运动比对内容

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基准船型比对内容试验类型仿真方法
KVLCC
5415
KCS
ONRT
回转运动轨迹、时间、速度、姿态角自航模回转运动经验模型方法、CFD方法、
基于系统模型的方法等
Z形操纵的第一超越角、第二超越角自航模Z形运动
), ArticleFig(id=1281323926743659412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323916492780354, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparative study on hydrodynamic maneuverability

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基准船型比对内容模型试验模拟方法
KVLCC
5415
KCS
ONRT
船舶操纵性水动力CMT试验、PMM试验,类型包括固定漂角试验、
固定舵角试验、纯横荡试验、纯艏摇试验等
经验模型、系统辨识、
CFD方法如RANS、
RANS-BEM和DES
), ArticleFig(id=1281323926831739797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323916492780354, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

操纵性水动力比对内容

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基准船型比对内容模型试验模拟方法
KVLCC
5415
KCS
ONRT
船舶操纵性水动力CMT试验、PMM试验,类型包括固定漂角试验、
固定舵角试验、纯横荡试验、纯艏摇试验等
经验模型、系统辨识、
CFD方法如RANS、
RANS-BEM和DES
), ArticleFig(id=1281323926898848662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323916492780354, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Model test plan of the first SIMMAN workshop

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类 型拘束模试验自航模试验
船 型PMM试验
全附体深水
PMM试验
全附体浅水
PMM试验
光体深水
PMM试验
光体浅水
回转运动
全附体深水
自航模全
附体深水
注:以下为本文中出现的机构缩写对应的中文名称:BSHC-保加利亚船舶水动力学中心;HSVA-德国汉堡水池;JMU-日本日本海洋联合公司;CEHIPAR-西班牙埃尔帕尔多实验室;HMRI-韩国现代海事研究所;KRISO-韩国船舶与海洋工程研究所;CTO-波兰海事先进研究中心;HU-芬兰赫尔辛基大学;MARIN-荷兰海事研究所;FHR- 比利时弗拉芒斯水利研究院;IIHR-美国爱荷华大学水力学研究所;NMRI-日本国家海事研究所;FORCE-丹麦福思力智科技公司;INSEAN-意大利海洋技术研究中心;SNU-韩国首尔大学。
KVLCC1KRISO
INSEAN
INSEANNMRIHSVA
MARIN
CTO
KVLCC2BSHC
INSEAN
HMRI
INSEAN
BSHC
FHR
INSEANINSEAN
BSHC
FHR
NMRI
CTO
HSVA
MARIN
KCSFORCE
CEHIPAR
MARIN
FHR
FORCENMRIBSHC
5415MARIN
FORCE
FORCE
IIHR
INSEAN
MARINMARIN
), ArticleFig(id=1281323926974346135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323916492780354, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

第一届SIMMAN会议试验测试计划

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类 型拘束模试验自航模试验
船 型PMM试验
全附体深水
PMM试验
全附体浅水
PMM试验
光体深水
PMM试验
光体浅水
回转运动
全附体深水
自航模全
附体深水
注:以下为本文中出现的机构缩写对应的中文名称:BSHC-保加利亚船舶水动力学中心;HSVA-德国汉堡水池;JMU-日本日本海洋联合公司;CEHIPAR-西班牙埃尔帕尔多实验室;HMRI-韩国现代海事研究所;KRISO-韩国船舶与海洋工程研究所;CTO-波兰海事先进研究中心;HU-芬兰赫尔辛基大学;MARIN-荷兰海事研究所;FHR- 比利时弗拉芒斯水利研究院;IIHR-美国爱荷华大学水力学研究所;NMRI-日本国家海事研究所;FORCE-丹麦福思力智科技公司;INSEAN-意大利海洋技术研究中心;SNU-韩国首尔大学。
KVLCC1KRISO
INSEAN
INSEANNMRIHSVA
MARIN
CTO
KVLCC2BSHC
INSEAN
HMRI
INSEAN
BSHC
FHR
INSEANINSEAN
BSHC
FHR
NMRI
CTO
HSVA
MARIN
KCSFORCE
CEHIPAR
MARIN
FHR
FORCENMRIBSHC
5415MARIN
FORCE
FORCE
IIHR
INSEAN
MARINMARIN
), ArticleFig(id=1281323927045649304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323916492780354, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Model test plan of the second SIMMAN workshop

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型拘束模水动力试验自航模试验
船型PMM
试验
全附体
深水
PMM
试验
全附体
浅水
PMM
试验
光体
深水
PMM
试验
光体
浅水
回转运动
全附体
深水
自航模
全附体
深水
自航模
全附体
浅水
KVLCC2INSEAN
(2013)
BSHC(2013)INSEAN
(2013)
BSHC
(2013)
NMRI
(2006)
HSVA(2006)FHR(2010)
HMRI(2012)FHR(2010)FHR
(2010)
MARIN(2007)
CTO(2007)
KCSFORCE(2009)FHR(2010)
KRISO(2014)
FORCE
(2009)
NMRI(2005)
CSSRC(2014)
MARIN
(2009)
BSHC(2011)
FHR(2010)
5415MARIN
(2007)
FORCE
(2004)
MARIN
(2007)
MARIN
(2007)
IIHR
(2005)
INSEAN
(2005)
), ArticleFig(id=1281323927116952473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323916492780354, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

第二届SIMMAN会议试验测试计划

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型拘束模水动力试验自航模试验
船型PMM
试验
全附体
深水
PMM
试验
全附体
浅水
PMM
试验
光体
深水
PMM
试验
光体
浅水
回转运动
全附体
深水
自航模
全附体
深水
自航模
全附体
浅水
KVLCC2INSEAN
(2013)
BSHC(2013)INSEAN
(2013)
BSHC
(2013)
NMRI
(2006)
HSVA(2006)FHR(2010)
HMRI(2012)FHR(2010)FHR
(2010)
MARIN(2007)
CTO(2007)
KCSFORCE(2009)FHR(2010)
KRISO(2014)
FORCE
(2009)
NMRI(2005)
CSSRC(2014)
MARIN
(2009)
BSHC(2011)
FHR(2010)
5415MARIN
(2007)
FORCE
(2004)
MARIN
(2007)
MARIN
(2007)
IIHR
(2005)
INSEAN
(2005)
), ArticleFig(id=1281323927188255642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323916492780354, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Model test plan of the third SIMMAN workshop

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Case1
KVLCC2-深水
Case2
KVLCC2-浅水
Case3
KCS-深水
Case4
KCS-浅水
Case5
ONRT
静水拘束模力
和力矩
Case1-1Case2-1Case3-1Case4-1Case5-1
斜拖斜拖斜拖斜拖斜拖
艏摇变漂角试验艏摇变漂角试验艏摇变漂角试验艏摇变漂角试验艏摇变漂角试验
试验:HMRI试验:BSHC试验:JMU试验:KRISO试验:SNU
静水中的轨迹Case1-2Case2-2Case3-2Case4-2Case5-2
20/20 Z形(右舵)20/20 Z形(右舵)20/20 Z形(左舵)20/5 Z形(左舵)20/20 Z形(右舵)
35°左舵回转35°左舵回转10/10 Z形(左舵)35°左舵回转35°左舵回转
35°左舵回转
20/20 Z形(右舵)
试验:MARIN试验:FHR/ MARIN试验:MARIN试验:MARIN试验:IIHR
波浪中的轨迹Case3-3Case5-3
静水35°右舵回转35°左舵回转
波浪35°右舵回转波浪中35°右舵回转
试验:HU试验:IIHR
), ArticleFig(id=1281323927251170203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323916492780354, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

第三届SIMMAN会议试验测试计划

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Case1
KVLCC2-深水
Case2
KVLCC2-浅水
Case3
KCS-深水
Case4
KCS-浅水
Case5
ONRT
静水拘束模力
和力矩
Case1-1Case2-1Case3-1Case4-1Case5-1
斜拖斜拖斜拖斜拖斜拖
艏摇变漂角试验艏摇变漂角试验艏摇变漂角试验艏摇变漂角试验艏摇变漂角试验
试验:HMRI试验:BSHC试验:JMU试验:KRISO试验:SNU
静水中的轨迹Case1-2Case2-2Case3-2Case4-2Case5-2
20/20 Z形(右舵)20/20 Z形(右舵)20/20 Z形(左舵)20/5 Z形(左舵)20/20 Z形(右舵)
35°左舵回转35°左舵回转10/10 Z形(左舵)35°左舵回转35°左舵回转
35°左舵回转
20/20 Z形(右舵)
试验:MARIN试验:FHR/ MARIN试验:MARIN试验:MARIN试验:IIHR
波浪中的轨迹Case3-3Case5-3
静水35°右舵回转35°左舵回转
波浪35°右舵回转波浪中35°右舵回转
试验:HU试验:IIHR
), ArticleFig(id=1281323927402165148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323916492780354, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

The Conditions and contents of maneuvering captive model test

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测试
序号
试验
类型
傅氏数
[‐]
雷诺数
(×106
速度/
(m·s−1
转速
/rps
漂角/
°
舵角/
°
横向速度
[‐]
角速度
[‐]
Case 1SR0.1427.071.1709.90000
Case 2SR0.1427.071.1709.901000
Case 3SD0.1427.071.1709.912.000.2080
Case 4PS0.1427.071.1709.9000.0860
Case 5PY0.1427.071.1709.90000.30
), ArticleFig(id=1281323927473468317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323916492780354, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

KVLCC2拘束模试验内容和参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试
序号
试验
类型
傅氏数
[‐]
雷诺数
(×106
速度/
(m·s−1
转速
/rps
漂角/
°
舵角/
°
横向速度
[‐]
角速度
[‐]
Case 1SR0.1427.071.1709.90000
Case 2SR0.1427.071.1709.901000
Case 3SD0.1427.071.1709.912.000.2080
Case 4PS0.1427.071.1709.9000.0860
Case 5PY0.1427.071.1709.90000.30
), ArticleFig(id=1281323927553160094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323916492780354, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Improvement of propeller modeling in numerical simulation of ship maneuvering motion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号人员计算软件推进器模拟方法
1Van Hoydonck, Wim[37]ISIS-CFD激励盘模型
2Otzen, Janne Flensborg[38]STAR-CCM+体积力方法
3Park, Sang-Hun[39]STAR-CCM+实际螺旋桨模拟(滑移网格)
4Wang, Jianhua[40]naoe-FOAM-SJTU实际螺旋桨模拟(重叠网格)
5Queutey, Patrick[41]ISIS-CFD体积力、旋转参考系、实际桨(重叠网格)
6Geremia, Paolo[42]HELYX基于响应面近似的激励盘模型
7Zhang, Zhiguo[43]HUST-Ship两种体积力模型:基于Hough方法的体积力(敞水曲线),
Tokgoz简化准定常边界元法(OUM)
8Kim, Yoo-Chul[44]WAVIS基于升力面法的体积力方法
9Sakamoto, Nobuaki[45]NAGISA与 UP_GRID基于升力线理论的体积力方法
10Ren, Zhen[46]naoe-FOAM-SJTU真实螺旋桨模拟(重叠网格)
), ArticleFig(id=1281323927632851871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323916492780354, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

船舶操纵运动数值模拟中推进器模拟改进情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号人员计算软件推进器模拟方法
1Van Hoydonck, Wim[37]ISIS-CFD激励盘模型
2Otzen, Janne Flensborg[38]STAR-CCM+体积力方法
3Park, Sang-Hun[39]STAR-CCM+实际螺旋桨模拟(滑移网格)
4Wang, Jianhua[40]naoe-FOAM-SJTU实际螺旋桨模拟(重叠网格)
5Queutey, Patrick[41]ISIS-CFD体积力、旋转参考系、实际桨(重叠网格)
6Geremia, Paolo[42]HELYX基于响应面近似的激励盘模型
7Zhang, Zhiguo[43]HUST-Ship两种体积力模型:基于Hough方法的体积力(敞水曲线),
Tokgoz简化准定常边界元法(OUM)
8Kim, Yoo-Chul[44]WAVIS基于升力面法的体积力方法
9Sakamoto, Nobuaki[45]NAGISA与 UP_GRID基于升力线理论的体积力方法
10Ren, Zhen[46]naoe-FOAM-SJTU真实螺旋桨模拟(重叠网格)
), ArticleFig(id=1281323927817401248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323916492780354, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Comparison of the SIMMAN workshops

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
会议主题船舶操纵预报方法验证和确认
研讨目的通过对比试验结果,检验基于系统模型模拟方法及CFD方法等不同预报方法的预报操纵性能力
研讨方案①基于系统模型模拟的方法预报操纵性和自航模试验结果进行对比;②基于CFD模拟方法计算的结果和PMM试验、CMT试验比较;λ基于CFD方法计算的运动和自航模试验数据比较
会议名称SIMMAN2008研讨会SIMMAN2014研讨会SIMMAN2020研讨会
(2023年7月)
地 点丹麦,哥本哈根丹麦,哥本哈根韩国,仁川
主办单位FORCEFORCEKRISO
组织单位IIHR、KRISO、HSVA、NMRI、MARINMARIN、IIHR、HSVA、ONRMARIN、IIHR、CSSRC、FORCE
基准船型KCS、KVLCC1、KVLCC2、5415KCS、KVLCC2、5415KCS、KVLCC2、ONRT
主要结论与
发展趋势
操纵性预报方法:基于系统模型模拟的预报方法、CFD预报方法、基于系统辨识的方法、神经网络方法和各种经验方法;CFD方法依赖较高的计算能力,向精细化发展,但能获得的信息较多;提交的比对数据离散性较大不同水池的自航模试验结果吻合良好;拘束模试验结果离散性明显降低;运动轨迹预测精度显著提高;基于CFD方法的预报能力
提升,应用前景好
Z形运动预报精度显著提升;关注船舶机动中的非定常现象,增加了机动;浅水中的操纵运动问题未解决,需持续开展研究;建立一套含网格划分、湍流模拟与壁面解析等内容的CFD实施指南;推动基于机器学习和AI的预报方法应用
), ArticleFig(id=1281323927901287329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323916492780354, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

船舶操纵模拟方法的验证与确认研讨会比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
会议主题船舶操纵预报方法验证和确认
研讨目的通过对比试验结果,检验基于系统模型模拟方法及CFD方法等不同预报方法的预报操纵性能力
研讨方案①基于系统模型模拟的方法预报操纵性和自航模试验结果进行对比;②基于CFD模拟方法计算的结果和PMM试验、CMT试验比较;λ基于CFD方法计算的运动和自航模试验数据比较
会议名称SIMMAN2008研讨会SIMMAN2014研讨会SIMMAN2020研讨会
(2023年7月)
地 点丹麦,哥本哈根丹麦,哥本哈根韩国,仁川
主办单位FORCEFORCEKRISO
组织单位IIHR、KRISO、HSVA、NMRI、MARINMARIN、IIHR、HSVA、ONRMARIN、IIHR、CSSRC、FORCE
基准船型KCS、KVLCC1、KVLCC2、5415KCS、KVLCC2、5415KCS、KVLCC2、ONRT
主要结论与
发展趋势
操纵性预报方法:基于系统模型模拟的预报方法、CFD预报方法、基于系统辨识的方法、神经网络方法和各种经验方法;CFD方法依赖较高的计算能力,向精细化发展,但能获得的信息较多;提交的比对数据离散性较大不同水池的自航模试验结果吻合良好;拘束模试验结果离散性明显降低;运动轨迹预测精度显著提高;基于CFD方法的预报能力
提升,应用前景好
Z形运动预报精度显著提升;关注船舶机动中的非定常现象,增加了机动;浅水中的操纵运动问题未解决,需持续开展研究;建立一套含网格划分、湍流模拟与壁面解析等内容的CFD实施指南;推动基于机器学习和AI的预报方法应用
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船舶操纵模拟方法的验证与确认研究综述
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赵桥生 1, 2 , 何春荣 2 , 任梦晨 2 , 韩阳 2 , 彭超 2
船舶力学 | 研究综述 2026,30(2): 329-340
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船舶力学 |研究综述 2026 , 30 (2) : 329 -340
船舶操纵模拟方法的验证与确认研究综述
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赵桥生1, 2 , 何春荣2, 任梦晨2, 韩阳2, 彭超2
作者信息
  • 1.天津大学,天津 300072
  • 2.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
通讯作者:
赵桥生(1981–),男,研究员,通讯作者,Email:
Review of verification and validation of ship maneuvering simulation methods
Qiao-sheng ZHAO1, 2 , Chun-rong HE2, Meng-chen REN2, Yang HAN2, Chao PENG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
  • 2.China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.02.013
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船舶操纵性是船舶最基本且至关重要的航行性能之一。SIMMAN研讨会是国际上系统性开展船舶操纵模拟方法验证与确认的学术会议,在世界范围内备受关注。本文通过梳理历届SIMMAN研讨会计划、最新动态及相关文献,系统综述了三次SIMMAN研讨会的主要研究内容、进展及所取得的重要成果;进而分析了研讨计划所揭示的国际上船舶操纵性预报方法及试验技术发展趋势,并总结了其对船舶操纵性试验及预报方法未来发展的启示。

船舶  /  操纵性  /  SIMMAN研讨会  /  仿真

Ship maneuverability is one of the most critical navigation performance of ships. The SIMMAN workshop is a systematic and authoritative international academic event focusing on the verification and validation of ship maneuvering prediction methods, which has garnered widespread attention worldwide. Based on a review of the SIMMAN workshop programs, latest developments, and related literature, this paper systematically summarizes the main research content, progress, and significant achievements of the three workshops. Furthermore, it analyzes the development trends and research directions in international ship maneuvering prediction methods and model test technologies as reflected by these workshops, and elucidates the insights they provide for the advancement of ship maneuverability testing and prediction methodologies.

ship  /  maneuverability  /  SIMMAN  /  simulation
赵桥生, 何春荣, 任梦晨, 韩阳, 彭超. 船舶操纵模拟方法的验证与确认研究综述. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (2) : 329 -340 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.02.013
Qiao-sheng ZHAO, Chun-rong HE, Meng-chen REN, Yang HAN, Chao PENG. Review of verification and validation of ship maneuvering simulation methods[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (2) : 329 -340 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.02.013
船舶操纵性是关系船舶航行安全与经济性的核心性能指标。自国际海事组织(IMO)颁布船舶操纵性标准[12]以来,该性能已成为新船设计的强制性要求之一。当前船舶操纵性研究热点主要集中在:浅水及限制航道操纵性研究[35]、操纵性CFD方法及其验证[68]、操纵性模型试验与其不确定度及尺度效应研究[910]、船舶在波浪环境中的操纵性评估[1112],以及操纵模拟方法的验证与确认。
船舶操纵模拟方法的验证与确认是船舶操纵性研究的核心问题之一[1314]。在ITTC操纵性委员会的倡导下,由FORCE、MARIN等机构联合发起了船舶操纵模拟方法验证与确认研讨会SIMMAN(Workshop on Verification and Validation of Ship Manoeuvring Simulation Methods)。该研讨会汇集了各国研究机构提供的大量操纵性基准船模试验数据(如KVLCC1、KVLCC2、KCS、5415以及ONRT的拘束模和自航模试验结果),极大地推动了船舶操纵性学科发展。作为国际上系统性开展船舶操纵模拟方法比对研究的学术会议,SIMMAN吸引了包括全球多数知名拖曳水池在内的研究机构参与,通常每5至6年举办一届。迄今已成功举办三届,对国际船舶操纵性研究产生了深远影响。
本文旨在系统阐述SIMMAN研讨会的起源、目的、内容及成果,并对其进行深入分析与评述。通过对该计划进展及相关文献的分析,本文梳理了SIMMAN研讨会所揭示的国际上关于船舶操纵性模拟方法验证与确认的研究方向和发展趋势,并阐述了其对发展船舶操纵性预报方法的启示。
在船舶初始设计阶段,操纵性预报方法主要有数据库法、经验模型法、自航模操纵性试验、基于CFD的数值模拟以及基于系统动力学模型仿真等[15]。相较于物理模型试验,数值模拟方法具有成本低、周期短、信息量丰富且便于快速迭代的优势,但其结果必须经过试验数据的验证与确认。
船舶操纵模拟方法验证与确认的系统性研究可追溯至ITTC的相关工作:第12届国际拖曳水池会议( ITTC) 组织了针对“航海者”号商船的操纵性水动力模型试验与比对,由此产生了首批用于比对的模型试验数据;第22届ITTC操纵性委员会则选用OSAKA油船作为标模开展了比较研究;第25届ITTC操纵性委员会倡导并推动了一项针对各种船舶操纵模拟方法的验证与确认比较研究[15],直接促成了首届SIMMAN研讨会于2008年在丹麦召开。近年来,该领域的主要进展均与SIMMAN 研讨会密切相关,其所采用的验证基准数据涵盖拘束模试验、自航模试验数据以及PMM试验中的流场测量数据[16]
SIMMAN研讨会的主要目的在于,通过对比标准船型的操纵模拟结果,系统评估不同仿真方法(如基于系统模型、CFD、系统辨识、神经网络及经验模型等方法)在预报船舶操纵性方面的能力,从而检验并建立仿真代码的最佳实践规范,为行业技术发展提供指导[17]。研讨会的核心工作在于,将各类模拟方法所得的船舶运动与水动力计算结果,与高置信度的基准模型试验数据进行定量比对。这种系统的比较分析,不仅能直观评估模拟轨迹以及水动力与试验结果的一致性,更重要的是能够揭示各种模拟方法的内在优势与局限性,从而提升操纵性预报能力。
(1)船舶操纵性比对研究船型
SIMMAN研讨会所采用的基准模型试验数据,由多家知名研究机构共同提供。研讨会选用的标准船型涵盖了KVLCC1、KVLCC2、KCS、5415以及ONRT。其中,KVLCC2船型(如图1所示)作为典型代表被广泛研究。在研讨会初期,KVLCC系列包含KVLCC1与KVLCC2。自首届研讨会后,KVLCC1被移出基准船型序列。因此,第二届研讨会确定的基准船型为KVLCC2、KCS和5415。至第三届研讨会,则进一步引入了ONRT船型,并特别补充了其在波浪中的操纵运动数据。
(2)比较研究内容
用于比对的模型试验主要分为两大类:拘束模试验与自航模试验。在SIMMAN研讨会框架下,针对每一型基准船舶,均至少涵盖了其在深水条件下的拘束模与自航模试验数据。核心比对工作在于评估各类操纵模拟方法的预报性能,其中,具体的操纵运动比对内容见表1
除船舶运动预报结果的比对外,SIMMAN研讨会亦深入开展操纵性水动力的对比研究,具体比对项目见表2。该研究的核心在于,将基于CFD数值模拟获得的船体水动力结果,与平面运动机构(PMM) 和圆周运动试验(CMT) 等拘束模试验所测得的基准数据进行比较。比对工况覆盖深水与浅水条件,研究对象则包括光体船型与全附体船型,以系统评估数值方法的预报精度与可靠性。
首届SIMMAN会议于2008年在丹麦哥本哈根举行,其核心议题在于通过对KVLCC、KCS及5415等标准船型的基准试验数据进行系统性与定量化比较,实现对各类操纵模拟方法的验证与确认。可靠的基准试验数据是开展验证与确认工作的根本前提。第一届会议的模型试验测试规划详见表3
第二届SIMMAN会议由FORCE、MARIN和IIHR等研究机构组织,2014年在丹麦举行。该届会议的模型试验测试计划见表4。括号内的年份代表提交的试验数据是在该年开展的试验测试。
第三届研讨会(SIMMAN 2020)则由韩国船舶与海洋工程研究所(KRISO)牵头,联合FORCE、MARIN及IIHR共同主办,于2023年在韩国仁川举行。其相应的模型试验测试计划详见表5。表中Case后的数字为工况编号,如Case4-2为表示静水中的轨迹试验工况编号。
首届研讨会共收集了64份操纵性仿真计算结果[18],所采用的预报方法涵盖了系统模型、CFD、系统辨识、神经网络以及各类经验方法等[1920]
除了运动轨迹比对外,研讨会同时进行了操纵性水动力数值计算方法的验证与确认。其中,一项核心内容是利用CFD技术模拟拘束模试验中的船舶运动,并将计算结果与PMM/CMT所获的基准数据进行对比[2122]
在针对强制运动的水动力数值模拟方面,会议共收到16份提交结果,其所采用的CFD方法主要包括RANS、URANS 与 DES[23]。从预报结果看,回转运动战术直径预报结果的比较见图2
定量分析表明,对于回转运动,回转运动轨迹结果平均误差为6%;而Z形操纵预报结果的平均误差为13%。在水动力方面,数值计算的平均误差为13.6%,而非线性水动力导数的预测误差则高达40%。
首届研讨会也反映出一些有待改进之处。例如,由于未对试验初始速度、船模初稳性高(GM值)及自航模操舵速率等关键细节上作出统一规定,导致所提交数据的离散性较大,这在10°/10° Z形操纵试验的第二超越角预报中表现得尤为显著。此外,结果表明,CFD方法在船舶操纵性预报中的应用仍需改进,包括采用更精细的计算网格(尤其针对舵、附体及大涡流发展等关键区域)、发展更先进的湍流模型,以及结合局部流场测量数据进行更为深入的验证。
相较于首次会议,第二届SIMMAN会议收到了更多数据,且标准船型的参数与试验工况得到了更好的统一[2425]。组委会提供了系统的自航模测试结果作为基准,并对标模的操纵性水动力与运动轨迹进行了全面的对比分析[2628]。此外,比对工作不再局限于深水操纵性,还拓展至浅水操纵性模拟[2930]
船舶在运动过程中所受的水动力是决定其操纵性能的根本物理因素。因此,研讨会除比较运动轨迹外,还着重对比了基于CFD计算得到的水动力与PMM/CMT基准数据[3132]。以KVLCC2船型为例,其操纵性水动力基准试验主要包含以下几种类型:固定舵角试验(SR)、固定漂角试验(SD)、纯横荡试验(PS)与纯艏摇试验(PY)。这些试验的具体工况与参数详见表6
在研讨会中,操纵性水动力的数值计算以RANS方法与DES方法为主流[31, 33]。所使用的计算工具涵盖了自研代码与商业软件:前者如CFDSHIP-IOWA、ISIS-CFD、XNAVIS、NEP、Neptuno及基于OpenFOAM的各类求解器;后者则包括Fluent、CFX、STAR-CCM+等。图3展示了采用Fluent软件对KVLCC2船型在固定舵角工况下的操纵水动力计算结果,图4则呈现了相应的计算网格细节[34]。关于KVLCC2船型的运动轨迹预报,其回转运动与Z形操纵的对比结果分别见图5图6 [35]
针对标模5415,图7展示了静水中操纵运动模拟结果与试验数据的对比,同时呈现了10°Z形操纵过程中的流场细节[36]。定量分析表明,回转直径仿真结果与试验结果相比平均误差为12%。
在第三届SIMMAN会议中,CFD方法在船舶操纵模拟中的应用显著增加,并普遍展现出较高的预报精度。然而,该方法也有计算耗时长的问题。其中,推进器数值模拟是影响整体计算效率的关键环节。为平衡计算精度与效率,研究人员提出了多种改进策略,旨在降低计算耗时,其主要技术路线见表7
表7所示,当前用于模拟推进器的数值方法主要可分为三类:真实螺旋桨几何模拟、体积力法与旋转参考系法。为降低计算成本,研究中多采用体积力法或旋转参考系法等简化方法,以替代对真实螺旋桨的直接模拟。
体积力法的具体实现方式多样,例如基于定常升力线理论的OUM方法、非定常升力面方法等。由于不同方法对“船-桨”相互作用的考虑程度存在差异,其最终计算精度亦有所不同。因此,如何在体积力框架中更真实地反映船-桨干扰效应,仍是未来需持续深入研究的关键问题。
此外,越来越多的研究采用自主开发的程序开展相关数值模拟,例如HUST-Ship、naoe-FOAM-SJTU 与 NAGISA 等。在方法层面,部分学者发展了如灰箱模型[47]与经验模型[48] 等降阶模型,以在保证精度的前提下提高计算速度。
在浅水操纵性研究方面,采用“假底”模拟浅水效应是水池试验中常见的技术手段。本次研讨会中,针对池底边界条件的设置,对完整池底与假底两种模拟方式的效果进行了对比分析[49]。结果表明:假底模拟与水池模型试验结果具有良好的一致性,然而该方法是否能完全复现真实浅水环境中船舶的操纵运动特性,仍有待进一步验证。
通过对系列SIMMAN研讨会进行系统梳理与分析,本文归纳了各届会议研究方案、基准船型、核心结论及技术发展趋势等方面的比对概况,详见表8
国际上几十家研究机构共同推进了船舶操纵性预报方法的验证与确认工作。SIMMAN系列研讨会促进了船舶操纵性预报方法的发展,主要进展有:
(1)数据一致性持续改善。首次研讨会所提交数据的离散性较大,而后两届数据结果逐渐收敛,反映出参与方在试验与模拟规范方面达成良好共识。
(2)基准船型序列动态优化。自第二届研讨会起,KVLCC1被移出基准船型序列,KVLCC2、KCS、5415和ONRT成为核心比对船型。
(3)浅水操纵性成为研究焦点。船舶在浅水与限制水域中的操纵性能备受关注,通过自航模试验与数值模拟手段对其进行深入研究,已成为第二次研讨会以来的重点方向之一。
(4)横摇运动预报的重要性得到凸显。基于KCS等船型的预报结果分析,在操纵性数学模型中考虑横摇的影响,对提高预报精度至关重要。
(5)CFD方法作用日益显著。基于模型试验的比对总体呈现积极发展趋势,运动轨迹的预报精度显著提高,其中CFD方法的预报能力提升尤为明显。CFD技术不仅可直接与模型试验的水动力结果进行对比,还能为动力学模型提供水动力导数输入,展现出其独特的价值与发展潜力。
(6)不同船型的操纵性预报难度存在差异。例如,KVLCC的操纵性预报结果离散性较大,而5415船型的预报结果则相对集中(船模见图8)。这一现象与5415船型本身所具有的优异航向稳定性密切相关。另一方面,船舶操纵性测试方法也不断完善,促进了操纵模拟方法发展。例如,丹麦FORCE所有PMM试验工况中,均采用了半拘束模型试验方法,测量船体四分力以及纵摇角、深沉运动,见图9
随着船舶操纵性研究的深入,研究焦点正逐渐从宏观运动特性延伸至微观流动机理,对操纵过程中非定常流动细节的捕捉与分析已成为新的趋势。除SIMMAN系列会议外,浅水与限制水域操纵会议(MASHCON)亦发布了DTC等船型的浅水基准试验数据,进一步丰富了该领域的公共数据库。
近年来,中国船舶科学研究中心在操纵性水池中相继开展了多型船模的操纵性基准试验以及操纵模拟计算[50-51],并从早期的参与者发展为组织单位之一。上海交通大学针对KVLCC以及KCS等基准船型开展了操纵性数值模拟研究[52-54]。相关研究包括:对KVLCC2斜航运动粘性流场的模拟,系统获取了不同漂角下的横向力、艏摇力矩、船体压力分布及尾流场结构[55];针对KVLCC2船模在纯横荡、纯艏摇及带漂角艏摇等低速小振幅运动中的水动力特性进行了精细的CFD研究 [56];此外,还基于细长体理论对KCS船型在浅水条件下的操纵性水动力进行了计算[57]
总体而言,SIMMAN研讨会显著推动了船舶操纵性试验技术与CFD方法的进步。在此带动下,国内也涌现出多款自主开发的船舶水动力求解器,如基于OpenFOAM的粘性流求解器naoe-FOAM-SJTU等[58]。值得关注的是,第30届ITTC近期发布了关于操纵性预报基准数据使用的指导性文件[5960]。然而,当前研究仍存在一定局限:现有标准船型普遍缺乏实船试验数据的支撑,制约了模拟结果向实船性能的外推精度。
本文系统评述了国际上关于船舶操纵模拟方法验证与确认研讨会(SIMMAN)的主要宗旨、测试规划、研究进展与关键成果,深入探讨了其对船舶操纵性试验与模拟方法发展的重要启示。结果表明,通过系统性的模拟方法比对,初步实现了定量评估操纵性预测能力的阶段目标。
当前,船舶操纵模拟方法的比对研究仍主要集中于静水、深水等条件。从SIMMAN系列会议的发展趋势看,未来研究将更侧重于波浪环境与浅水/限制水域等复杂工况下的操纵性问题,这些条件下的验证与确认工作因其强烈的非定常与非均匀流动特性而面临更大挑战。与此同时,CFD方法在船舶操纵性预报中的潜力和作用将日益凸显。这一趋势必将推动研究范式从宏观水动力特性的模拟,进一步转向对微观精细流动机理的阐释,从而在根本上提升船舶操纵性的预报能力和物理规律认知。

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2026年第30卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.02.013
  • 接收时间:2025-11-08
  • 首发时间:2026-07-07
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-08
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    1.天津大学,天津 300072
    2.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082

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赵桥生(1981–),男,研究员,通讯作者,Email:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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