Article(id=1281324085460308695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323885077447100, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.02.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749744000000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783421067823, onlineDateStr=2026-07-07, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783421067823, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783421067823, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783421067823, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281323885077447100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='2', pageStart='177', pageEnd='340', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783421020049, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783422086911, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281328359892303896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323885077447100, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281328359892303897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323885077447100, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=315, endPage=328, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281324085921682136, articleId=1281324085460308695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Testing and modeling methods for convection velocity on flat plate surfaces based on linear arrays, columnId=1241023038381158513, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydro/Structural Acoustics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The wall pressure fluctuation of the turbulent boundary layer (TBL) is a primary source of flow-induced vibration noise. Due to their broadband and highly chaotic features, it is difficult to accurately capture the complex spatio-temporal variations of the phenomenon. To analyze these intricate characteristics, the wavenumber-frequency spectrum is needed. And both experimental and theoretical modeling in this field have become critical research topics. This paper investigated the convection velocity characteristics of the TBL wall pressure fluctuations wavenumber-frequency spectrum. In the low-speed wind tunnel experiments a linear array of pressure sensors was used to measure TBL wall pressure fluctuations. The cross-spectral matrix (CSM) method was adopted to derive the wavenumber-frequency spectrum, obtaining the convection velocity at various wind speeds. Concurrently, hot-wire anemometer measurements were made for boundary layer parameters, which were normalized to analyze convection velocity characteristics. The new convection velocity prediction model was developed and applied to the classical Chase I wavenumber-frequency spectrum model. Comparisons with experimental data showed strong agreement between the convection ridge in Chase I model and measurements, validating the new model’s broad applicability across wind speeds and frequencies. This study provides new theoretical insights and technical pathways for TBL wall-pressure wavenumber-frequency spectrum modeling and ship noise control technology.

, authors=Yi-meng LI1, 2, Hong-zhou LI1, Rong-ping ZHANG2, Kun ZHAO2, authorsList=Yi-meng LI, Hong-zhou LI, Rong-ping ZHANG, Kun ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hong-zhou LI, Kun ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281324145858286572, articleId=1281324085460308695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=基于线性阵列的平板表面迁移速度测试与建模方法研究, columnId=1241023038515376243, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=流体与结构声学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

湍流边界层壁面脉动压力(TBL脉压)是流致振动噪声的主要来源,具有宽频特性和高度混沌性,难以精确捕捉其复杂的时空变化。为分析其复杂特性,需要借助波数–频率谱进行研究;这一领域的实验和理论建模已成为重要的研究课题。本文研究了TBL脉压波数–频率谱的迁移速度特性。在低速风洞实验中,利用线阵列脉压传感器测量TBL脉压,通过互谱矩阵(CSM)方法获得波数–频率谱,从而确定了不同风速下的迁移速度。此外,开展了边界层热线风速仪测量实验,基于热线实验数据获得的边界层参数,采用归一化方法分析迁移速度特性,据此构建新的迁移速度预测模型。将该迁移速度模型应用于典型的Chase I波数–频率谱模型中,再与实验结果对比。结果表明,Chase I模型的迁移脊与实验结果吻合良好,验证了新模型在不同风速和频率下的广泛适用性。该研究为TBL脉压波数–频率谱建模及舰船噪声控制技术提供了新的理论支持和技术路径。

, authors=李屹萌1, 2, 李洪周1, 章荣平2, 赵鲲2, authorsList=李屹萌, 李洪周, 章荣平, 赵鲲, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李洪周, 赵鲲, authorNote=

李屹萌(2000–),男,硕士,硕士研究生

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李洪周(1984–),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:
赵 鲲(1989–),男,博士,副研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:
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articleId=1281324085460308695, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=迁移速度), Keyword(id=1281324152753721359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281324085460308695, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=波数–频率谱), Keyword(id=1281324152816635920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281324085460308695, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=低速风洞), Keyword(id=1281324152955047953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281324085460308695, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=线阵测量)], refs=[Reference(id=1281324158109847600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281324085460308695, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=庞业珍, 俞孟萨. 非均衡湍流边界层脉动压力测试研究[J]. 船舶力学, 2016, 20(5): 515‒522., articleTitle=null, 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Overall experimental plan for the wind tunnel test

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实验类型来流速度U/(m·s−1数据类型
脉动压力整列
测量实验
17.0波数–频率谱
23.8
边界层热线探针
测量实验
30.6边界层参数
40.8
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风洞总体实验方案

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实验类型来流速度U/(m·s−1数据类型
脉动压力整列
测量实验
17.0波数–频率谱
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边界层热线探针
测量实验
30.6边界层参数
40.8
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TBL parameters at various velocities

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U /(m·s−1Uτ /(m·s−1δ /(mm)δ* /(mm)Reτ
17.00.71566.842652
23.80.95536.633358
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40.81.48455.704442
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TBL参数

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U /(m·s−1Uτ /(m·s−1δ /(mm)δ* /(mm)Reτ
17.00.71566.842652
23.80.95536.633358
30.61.17496.143824
40.81.48455.704442
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基于线性阵列的平板表面迁移速度测试与建模方法研究
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李屹萌 1, 2 , 李洪周 1 , 章荣平 2 , 赵鲲 2
船舶力学 | 流体与结构声学 2026,30(2): 315-328
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船舶力学 |流体与结构声学 2026 , 30 (2) : 315 -328
基于线性阵列的平板表面迁移速度测试与建模方法研究
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李屹萌1, 2, 李洪周1 , 章荣平2, 赵鲲2
作者信息
  • 1.湖南科技大学 机电工程学院,湖南 湘潭 411201
  • 2.中国空气动力研究与发展中心 空天飞行空气动力科学与技术全国重点实验室,四川 绵阳 621000
通讯作者:
李洪周(1984–),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:
赵 鲲(1989–),男,博士,副研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:
作者简介:

李屹萌(2000–),男,硕士,硕士研究生

Testing and modeling methods for convection velocity on flat plate surfaces based on linear arrays
Yi-meng LI1, 2, Hong-zhou LI1 , Rong-ping ZHANG2, Kun ZHAO2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
  • 2.National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Aerodynamic Design and Research, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.02.012
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湍流边界层壁面脉动压力(TBL脉压)是流致振动噪声的主要来源,具有宽频特性和高度混沌性,难以精确捕捉其复杂的时空变化。为分析其复杂特性,需要借助波数–频率谱进行研究;这一领域的实验和理论建模已成为重要的研究课题。本文研究了TBL脉压波数–频率谱的迁移速度特性。在低速风洞实验中,利用线阵列脉压传感器测量TBL脉压,通过互谱矩阵(CSM)方法获得波数–频率谱,从而确定了不同风速下的迁移速度。此外,开展了边界层热线风速仪测量实验,基于热线实验数据获得的边界层参数,采用归一化方法分析迁移速度特性,据此构建新的迁移速度预测模型。将该迁移速度模型应用于典型的Chase I波数–频率谱模型中,再与实验结果对比。结果表明,Chase I模型的迁移脊与实验结果吻合良好,验证了新模型在不同风速和频率下的广泛适用性。该研究为TBL脉压波数–频率谱建模及舰船噪声控制技术提供了新的理论支持和技术路径。

湍流壁面脉动压力  /  迁移速度  /  波数–频率谱  /  低速风洞  /  线阵测量

The wall pressure fluctuation of the turbulent boundary layer (TBL) is a primary source of flow-induced vibration noise. Due to their broadband and highly chaotic features, it is difficult to accurately capture the complex spatio-temporal variations of the phenomenon. To analyze these intricate characteristics, the wavenumber-frequency spectrum is needed. And both experimental and theoretical modeling in this field have become critical research topics. This paper investigated the convection velocity characteristics of the TBL wall pressure fluctuations wavenumber-frequency spectrum. In the low-speed wind tunnel experiments a linear array of pressure sensors was used to measure TBL wall pressure fluctuations. The cross-spectral matrix (CSM) method was adopted to derive the wavenumber-frequency spectrum, obtaining the convection velocity at various wind speeds. Concurrently, hot-wire anemometer measurements were made for boundary layer parameters, which were normalized to analyze convection velocity characteristics. The new convection velocity prediction model was developed and applied to the classical Chase I wavenumber-frequency spectrum model. Comparisons with experimental data showed strong agreement between the convection ridge in Chase I model and measurements, validating the new model’s broad applicability across wind speeds and frequencies. This study provides new theoretical insights and technical pathways for TBL wall-pressure wavenumber-frequency spectrum modeling and ship noise control technology.

turbulent wall pressure fluctuations  /  convection velocity  /  wavenumber-frequency spectrum  /  low-speed wind tunnel  /  linear array measurement
李屹萌, 李洪周, 章荣平, 赵鲲. 基于线性阵列的平板表面迁移速度测试与建模方法研究. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (2) : 315 -328 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.02.012
Yi-meng LI, Hong-zhou LI, Rong-ping ZHANG, Kun ZHAO. Testing and modeling methods for convection velocity on flat plate surfaces based on linear arrays[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (2) : 315 -328 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.02.012
湍流边界层壁面脉动压力(以下简称“TBL脉压”)是一种随机、非定常且混沌的流动现象,它由完全转捩后的壁面边界层内部的湍流涡旋结构激发产生。作为流体动力学中的重要研究领域,TBL脉压是舰船、水下航行体壳体流致振动噪声的主要来源[1-2]。因此,TBL脉压是噪声控制和流体动力学领域的重要研究课题之一。TBL脉压具有宽频特性和高度混沌性,难以准确捕捉其复杂的时空变化。因此,研究人员通常采用统计学方法对TBL脉压进行分析和建模。常用的统计方法包括均方根、自功率谱密度函数(简称“自谱”、“频谱”)、互功率谱密度函数(简称“互谱”)以及波数–频率谱密度函数(简称“波数–频率谱”)[3-4]
波数–频率谱能够描述随机信号在空间和时间上的变化,因此被广泛应用于天文、海洋和地震等领域[57]。同理,在TBL脉压研究中,波数–频率谱作为计算结构响应的流动激励源输入,因其能同时反映时间、空间特征,较其它常用的均方根、自谱有更大优势。因此,波数–频率谱预测模型构建已成为TBL脉压研究中的关键领域。当前,波数–频率谱预测模型超过十余种,主要分为Corcos类模型和非Corcos类模型(包括不可压缩理论基模型、可压缩理论基模型)两大类[3-4]。上述所有模型的构建均依赖对迁移速度的表征,因为迁移速度直接影响TBL脉压波数–频率谱模型中迁移脊的预测准确性。因此,获得准确的迁移速度表达式是构建波数–频率谱预测模型的基础。截至目前的研究进展,迁移速度模型主要包括基于Taylor冻结假设[8]的0.7倍来流速度模型、Bull模型[9]以及Smol’yakov模型[10]
迁移速度(Uc)是TBL脉压中不同尺度的涡旋向下游迁移的速度,反映了湍流中涡结构的传递和分布规律[11]。早期测量迁移速度是通过利用热线探针测量脉动速度的时间–空间相关性实现的。1958年Favre等[12]通过两根热线探针对平板湍流边界层内的脉动速度进行了同步测量,获取了空间内不同两点任意方向的速度矢量,并进行了初步的时间–空间相关性分析,该实验将时间–空间相关性定义为两个热线探针之间的间距与信号达到最大相关性的时间延迟之比。随后,Willmarth等[13]将他们的数据绘制成相关性与空间间隔及时间延迟的等值线图,他们的分析结果显示,迁移速度是空间间隔或时间延迟的函数,数值为来流速度的0.56~0.83倍,并且,当距离壁面较近时,相关性主要受靠近壁面、移动较慢的小尺度涡支配;而当距离壁面较远时,小尺度涡逐渐衰减,移动较快的大尺度涡开始主导迁移速度。Fisher等[14]通过研究喷流混合区的湍流,深入探讨了迁移速度的特性,他们发现传统的泰勒冻结假设在受到平均剪切应力影响的湍流中并不适用,湍流涡结构的迁移速度与频率相关[15],这个发现质疑了泰勒冻结假设的普适性,同时验证了湍流中的迁移速度并非恒定,而是受到局部流动条件和频率的影响。尽管热线风速仪作为对湍流涡结构迁移速度的一种测量手段,为理解涡结构的运动及其对流动的影响奠定了基础,但热线测量法在获取脉动压力相关的漩涡迁移速度方面仍存在一些不足。例如,多根热线探针的存在会不可避免地干扰流场的结构;热线探针难以靠近壁面,所获得的测量结果并非是影响壁面脉动压力最为关键的漩涡迁移速度。因此,基于热线探针的TBL脉压迁移速度测量方法可能无法完全反映实际条件下的迁移速度,具有一定的局限性。
利用表面传感器阵列测量TBL脉压波数–频率谱,为获得迁移速度提供了另一条有效的技术途径。波数–频率谱中的迁移脊是反映湍流边界层漩涡向下游迁移的重要特征,不同频率下的迁移脊波数即对应为角频率与迁移速度之比。因此,通过实验获得了波数–频率谱迁移脊即可获得$ {U}_{{\mathrm{c}}} $。1971年Blake等[16]首次使用阵列压力传感器测量了风洞内壁的迁移速度。他们发现,在粗糙壁面上测得的迁移速度较低,这是由于壁面粗糙度导致边界层平均剪切应力增大,从而使平均流动速度减慢。由于当时仅用了4个传感器,空间采样点过少导致无法进行精确的波数域分析,因此难以通过波数–频率谱准确测定迁移速度。然而,这次实验证明了TBL脉压阵列传感器在测量波数–频率谱方面的潜力。1998年Abraham等[17]提出了直接时空傅里叶变换数据处理算法,在水洞中使用48个均匀分布的压力传感器准确测量了TBL脉压波数–频率谱迁移脊,这为$ {U}_{{\mathrm{c}}} $的建模提供了重要参考。随着微电子机械系统(简称“MEMS”)在测压传感器领域的应用,使高密度点阵集成成为了可能,继而大幅度提升了阵列的空间分辨率,有效支撑了波数–频率谱测量能力的跨越式发展。在这方面,法国里昂中央理工学院的Salze等[1820]开展了大量工作,采用MEMS表面阵列并基于互谱矩阵(Cross–Spectrum Matrix, CSM)算法,获得了多个模型的波数–频率谱测试结果。我国的庞业珍等[1]基于Abraham等[17]提出的直接时空傅里叶变换算法,在国内首次采用自研的MEMS阵列对非均衡湍流边界层脉动压力波数–频率谱完成了风洞测试。中国空气动力研究与发展中心赵鲲团队[4]同样基于自研MEMS阵列,基于CSM算法在风洞内获得了波数–频率谱,并利用实验结果评估了11种波数–频率谱的预测能力。此外,该团队还建立了水、空气通用的TBL脉压波数–频率谱预测模型,并采用表面阵列实验结果进行了验证[21],又以相关波数–频率谱测试结果为输入,发展了翼型尾缘散射噪声预测方法[22]。除线性阵列外,该团队目前已掌握了二维花式阵列研制技术及其配套数据处理方法。总的来说,采用表面阵列获得波数–频率谱进而得到迁移速度的测试方法有以下几个优势:第一,贴近壁面的细小测压孔几乎不对边界层流场有任何干扰;第二,所获得的测量结果均贴近壁面,反映的是TBL脉压的真实特征;第三,不需要热线风速仪所必需的复杂移动测量支撑装置。然而,通过开展MEMS阵列测试进而建立更为准确的$ {U}_{{\mathrm{c}}} $预测模型,该项工作尚属空白,亟待研究,这将有助于提升TBL脉压波数–频率谱的建模精度。
综上所述,为弥补当前TBL脉压研究中对迁移速度建模的不足,本文在低速风洞中开展不同风速的平板实验研究,首先采用MEMS线阵列脉压传感器测量TBL脉压波数–频率谱,进而获取迁移速度。然后,采用热线风速仪方法获得该平板边界层流动特征。基于上述实验结果,通过归一化方法对$ {U}_\text{c} $进行分析,进而构建新的平板边界层$ {U}_\text{c} $预测模型。采用Chase I波数–频率谱预测模型为对象,对比了应用新、旧$ {U}_\text{c} $模型后的波数–频率谱预测能力,验证了新$ {U}_\text{c} $模型的准确性和适用性。本文研究结果可为舰船、水下航行体流致噪声机理及控制技术研究提供理论指导与技术支撑。
TBL脉压流向的波数–频率谱定义为流向TBL脉压时空相关函数的广义傅里叶变换[3-4],即
$ \varPhi \left({k}_{1},\omega \right)=\frac{1}{{\left(2\text{π}\right)}^{2}}\int\limits_{-\mathrm{\infty }}^{+\mathrm{\infty }}\int\limits_{-\mathrm{\infty }}^{+\mathrm{\infty }}R\left({\xi }_{1},\tau \right){\text{e}}^{-\text{i}\left({k}_{1}{\xi }_{1}-\omega \tau \right)}\text{d}{\xi }_{1}\text{d}\tau $
式中:ω为角频率;k1为流向波数;$ {\xi }_{1} $为流向任意两点之间的间距;$ \tau $为时间间隔。其时间–空间相关函数$ R\left({\xi }_{1},\tau \right) $定义为
$ R\left({\xi }_{1},\tau \right)=\left\langle p\left({x}_{1},t\right){p}^{*}\left({x}_{1}+{\xi }_{1},t+\tau \right)\right\rangle $
其中,$ p\left({x}_{1},t\right) $为脉动压力随时间与空间的变化与分布;$ {x}_{1} $t分别为流向位置坐标和时间;“*”代表共轭复数;“<·>”代表随机过程的系综平均。对于在时间稳定且空间均匀的TBL脉压场,$ R\left({\xi }_{1},\tau \right) $x1t无关,仅与$ {\xi }_{1} $$ \tau $相关。
图1展示了二维波数–频率谱$ \varPhi \left({k}_{1},{k}_{3},\omega \right) $在固定角频率$ \omega ={\omega }_{0} $、展向波数$ {k}_{3}=0 $时的示意图。其中,$ {k}_{0} $为声学波数,定义为$ \omega /{c}_{0} $$ {c}_{0} $为声速。需要注意的是,此处并非一维波数–频率谱,一维波数−频率谱是二维波数–频率谱对展向波数的积分,即
$ \varPhi ({k}_{1},\omega )=\int\limits_{-\mathrm{\infty }}^{+\mathrm{\infty }}\varPhi ({k}_{1},{k}_{3},\omega )\text{d}{k}_{3} $
波数–频率谱按波数域可分为[3]声学区(Acoustic Region)、亚迁移区(Subconvective region, 也称低波数区,即low-wavenumber region)、迁移区(Convective region)和黏性区(Viscous region)。迁移区峰值称为迁移脊(Convective ridge),对应的波数称为迁移波数$ {k}_{{\mathrm{c}}} $,有以下关系
$ {k}_\text{c}=\frac{{\omega }_{0}}{{U}_\text{c}} $
因此,通过实验获得某个频率下的迁移波数并进行换算,即可确定当前角频率下的壁面对应涡向下游传播的速度,也就是不同尺度涡的迁移速度。
1980年,Chase[23]提出了典型的TBL脉压波数–频率谱模型Chase I模型,该模型属于非Corcos类模型[3-4],由不可压缩流体动力学方程泊松方程推导而来。通过式(3)的方法,将Chase I二维波数–频率谱模型对$ {k}_{3} $波数域进行积分,可以得到Chase I模型的一维波数–频率谱[3]
$ \varPhi ({k}_{1},\omega )=\frac{2}{3}\rho _{{}^{0}}^{2}U_{\tau }^{3}\left[\frac{2{C}_{MT}k_{1}^{2}}{{K}_{MT}{}^{4}}+\frac{{C}_{TT}\left(2k_{1}^{2}+{K}_{TT}{}^{2}\right)}{{K}_{TT}{}^{4}}\right] $
其中,
$\left\{\begin{aligned}& K_{MT}^{2}=\frac{{\left(\omega -{U}_\text{c}{k}_{1}\right)}^{2}}{{h}_{MT}U_{\tau }^{2}}+k_{1}^{2}+{\left({b}_{MT}\delta \right)}^{-2}\\& K_{TT}^{2}=\frac{{\left(\omega -{U}_\text{c}{k}_{1}\right)}^{2}}{{h}_{TT}U_{\tau }^{2}}+k_{1}^{2}+{\left({b}_{TT}\delta \right)}^{-2}\end{aligned}\right. $
式中:$ {\rho }_{0} $为流体介质密度;$ {U}_\text{c} $即为迁移速度;$ {U}_{\tau } $为磨擦速度;$ \delta $为边界层厚度。从Chase I模型来看,迁移速度$ {U}_\text{c} $是一个需要输入的物理参数,这并不是特例,现今所有的波数–频率谱预测模型都需要$ {U}_\text{c} $作为模型的输入参数。本文Chase I模型的系数按照文献[23]给定的值,即CMTCTTbMTbTThMThTT分别为0.0745、0.0474、0.756、0.378、3.0、3.0。
根据经典的湍流边界层尺度律,目前普遍接受的观点是,当雷诺数足够大时,湍流边界层可以分为内区、重叠区和外区,如图2所示。内区包含黏性子层、过渡层及部分对数律层,重叠区位于对数律层;外区则包括尾流层和部分对数律层。TBL脉压的迁移速度反映了湍流边界层内各尺度涡向下游传播对壁面脉动压力的影响,涵盖了边界层内所有区域的涡结构。
如引言所述,迁移速度建模目前已取得一定进展,大部分前人的研究主要总结为以下三种模型:
(1)基于Taylor冻结湍流假设的0.7$ {U}_{\mathrm{\infty }} $模型[8]。以当地平均速度来代替迁移速度,即$ {U}_\text{c}=0.7{U}_{\mathrm{\infty }} $。该模型虽然简易,但却是当前迁移速度的主要模型,大多数波数–频率谱模型的计算都是基于这一假设作为输入的[3-4]
(2)Bull模型[9]。Bull基于Corcos[24-25]的TBL脉压相关性实验的测量数据,拟合该实验从而得出了迁移速度模型。值得注意的是,该模型未基于波数–频率谱,其表达式如下
$ \frac{{U}_\text{c}\left(\omega \right)}{{U}_{\mathrm{\infty }}}=0.59+0.30{\text{e}}^{-0.89\frac{\omega {\delta }^{\ast }}{{U}_{\mathrm{\infty }}}} $
式中:$ {U}_{\mathrm{\infty }} $为来流速度;$ {\delta }^{\ast } $为边界层位移厚度。
(3)Smol’yakov模型[10]。Smol’yakov通过Abraham和Keith[17]水洞实验所获得的波数–频率谱结果,拟合得到了以下迁移速度模型
$ \dfrac{{U}_\text{c}\left(\omega \right)}{{U}_{\mathrm{\infty }}}=0.60+\dfrac{1.6\left(\dfrac{\omega {\delta }^{\ast }}{{U}_{\mathrm{\infty }}}\right)}{1+16{\left(\dfrac{\omega {\delta }^{\ast }}{{U}_{\mathrm{\infty }}}\right)}^{2}} $
为了区分三种迁移速度模型的特性,图3 对比了现有的三种迁移速度模型。分析结果表明,基于Taylor冻结湍流假设的$ 0.7{U}_{\mathrm{\infty }} $模型无法反映不同尺度的涡的迁移速度;Bull模型和Smol’yakov模型在归一化频率$ \omega {\delta }^{\ast }/{U}_{\mathrm{\infty }} \lt 1 $时,$ {U}_\text{c} $大于$ 0.7{U}_{\mathrm{\infty }} $,表现出更强的频率依赖性,而当$ \omega {\delta }^{\ast }/{U}_{\mathrm{\infty }} \gt 3 $时,$ {U}_\text{c} $稳定在$ 0.6{U}_{\mathrm{\infty }} $附近,不再随频率变化而变化;Smol’yakov迁移速度模型在$ \omega {\delta }^{\ast }/{U}_{\mathrm{\infty }}=0.25 $时出现一个峰值,大致符合迁移速度分布规律,但该模型基于的直接时空傅里叶变换算法与真实流动情况存在偏差。因此,本文将采用互谱矩阵(CSM)方法对迁移速度进行归一化分析以及建模。
实验在中国空气动力研究与发展中心FL-11 1.8 m×1.4 m低速风洞闭口试验段进行。FL-11风洞是一座低速回流式风洞,具有开、闭口两个试验段,如图4所示。风洞水平布置,风洞回路中心轴线尺寸为44.5 m×12 m。闭口试验段入口尺寸为1.8 m×1.4 m,出口尺寸为1.84 m×1.4 m,长度为5.8 m。试验稳定风速范围10~105 m/s,风速低于70 m/s时湍流度不超过0.08%。
本次实验在风洞中对平板进行测量,涵盖四个不同风速,对应的马赫数分别为0.05、0.07、0.09和0.12,具体方案见表1。通过脉动压力实验获取波数–频率谱和迁移速度,随后使用热线风速仪以相同的四种风速测量TBL参数。这些TBL参数将作为TBL脉压波数–频率谱模型的输入及迁移速度的归一化量纲。
TBL脉压表面阵列由中国空气动力研究与发展中心研制[26]。本次实验采用了128阵元矩形阵列和9旋臂76元螺旋花式阵列两种类型,由于本次分析仅使用矩形阵列中的一列(对应线阵列),螺旋花式阵列将用于其他用途,此处不作详细说明。
128阵元阵列主要由金属蒙皮、测压孔和FPC电路构成,如图5所示。蒙皮采用厚度为0.2 mm的记忆钛材质。每一个测压孔都与MEMS传感器阵元平齐,采用胶装粘合剂连接。测压孔直径$ d=0.25\text{ mm} $,根据奈奎斯特采样定理,该压力传感器能够分辨的最小波长约为:$ {\lambda }_{\min }=2\;d= 0.5\text{ mm} $。传感器的频率范围为100 kHz~10 kHz,动态范围为75~125 dB,满足时间频域的测量要求。在空间上,阵元分布为流向排布M = 32个,间距为$ \Delta {x}_{1}=4\text{ mm} $;展向排布4个,间距为$ \Delta {x}_{3}= 9.5\text{ mm} $。因此,阵列的无混叠波数域和波数分辨率分别为$ \left(-\text{π}/\Delta {x}_{1}\text{,π}/\Delta {x}_{1}\right) $$ \text{2π}/\left(M\cdot \Delta {x}_{1}\right) $,具体阵列计算参数见文献[27]。通过计算本次使用的阵列无混叠波数域为(−785~785 rad/m),波数分辨率为49 rad/m,满足空间波数域的测量要求。因此,结合表面阵列空间和时间分辨能力,该阵列能够满足对脉动压力信号的测量需求。
实验平台由FL-11风洞、平板实验模型、128阵元表面阵列、螺旋阵列和数据采集装置组成,搭建完成后如图6(a)所示。平板采用铝合金材质,通过两块侧支撑板和一块适配于风洞底面的底板与风洞闭口段底面连接。底板位于风洞中心,确保模型处于最低湍流度的来流中。侧板与平板间通过角度垫块连接,便于调节不同压力梯度下的平板表面压力。本阶段研究聚焦于零压力梯度条件。为防止流动分离,平板前缘采用半椭圆设计,侧板前缘迎风端采用劈尖设计以减少对平板流场的干扰。平板表面加工了槽状结构,用于安装脉压阵列传感器,使128阵元表面阵列与平板表面平齐。为确保测量到完全转捩的湍流边界层,阵列传感器上游布置了转捩带以实现强制转捩。
平板尺寸为流向75h,展向50h,板厚h = 16 mm。128元阵列传感器阵元沿展向分布4个,流向分布32个,阵元按流向依次编号,编号顺序如图6(b)所示。脉压阵列的采样频率设置为$ {f}_\text{s}=51.2\text{ kHz} $,为确保数据处理有足够的样本数量进行系综平均,采样时间设定为T = 30 s。
具体的数据处理方法为:首先对每个脉压阵元的时域数据进行互谱分析,以获得CSM。再对CSM进行空间傅里叶变换,得到波数–频率谱[4,18,22],即
$ \varPhi \left({k}_{1},\omega \right)=\int{\varPhi }_{ij}\left({\xi }_{1},\omega \right){\text{e}}^{-\text{i}{{k}_{1}}{{\xi }_{1}}}\text{d}{\xi }_{1} $
式中:$ {\varPhi }_{ij}\left({\xi }_{1},\omega \right) $为互谱矩阵,ij代表空间上两个不同的点的索引。在计算互谱$ {\varPhi }_{ij}\left({\xi }_{1},\omega \right) $时,采用Welch平均修正周期图法[28]进行加窗处理。为减小频谱泄露,选用Hanning窗,窗长度(即单块序列的采样点数)为N = 213;对应的单个窗分析时间为Tn = 0.16 s。窗间样本重叠率为50%,总窗数为375个。
本文研究依赖于摩擦速度Uτ、边界层厚度δ等TBL参数,本次实验将使用热线风速仪进行测量。实验平台如图7 (a)所示,包括FL-11风洞、平板实验模型、移测架和热线风速仪等。其中,热线风速仪为航华科技的CTA-04恒温热线风速仪,包含通道主机、数采仪、热线探头针和温度传感器等组件。本次实验使用的是HW1A单丝探针,如图7(b)所示,其钨丝直径为5 μm,长度为1.5 mm,工作电阻为0.1~199.9Ω,精度为0.1Ω。热线探针使用风洞进行标定,确保热线风速仪在风洞环境下达到最精准的测速状态。移测架包括$ {x}_{1}、{x}_{2}、{x}_{3} $三个方向上的导轨,具有三个方向的自由度。在$ {x}_{1} $方向上行程为700 mm,$ {x}_{2} $方向上行程为200 mm,$ {x}_{3} $方向上行程为900 mm。移测架使用内置的光栅尺进行定位,移动精度为0.05 mm,能够满足对边界层内速度剖面的测量精度。测量点的分布参照数值模拟的网格划分方法,采用膨胀算法从密到疏分布测量点,以此获取边界层的速度剖面。移测架可与热线采集仪联动,每当移动到一个目标位置时自动开始采集,采集完成后再运行到下一个位置。热线采集仪设置的采样频率$ {f}_\text{s}=20\text{ kHz} $,采样时间T = 5 s。
通过热线风速仪采集到边界层内时均速度实验结果后,可得到边界层中的平均速度剖面$ \overline{{U}_{1}}\left({x}_{2}\right) $。边界层厚度$ \delta $定义为流速达到来流速度0.99倍时距壁面的高度。边界层位移厚度$ {\delta }^{\ast } $由以下积分定义
$ {\delta }^{\ast }=\int\limits_{0}^{\delta }\left(1-\frac{\overline{{U}_{1}}\left({x}_{2}\right)}{{U}_{\mathrm{\infty }}}\right)\text{d}{x}_{2} $
参考陆连山和李栋[29]对摩擦速度$ {U}_{\tau } $的拟合方法,通过如下的残差函数
$ \varPhi =\frac{1}{N}\sum\limits_{i=1}^{N}\left| \frac{\left| u_{i,\exp }^+-u_{i,{\mathrm{coles}}}^+\right| }{u_{i,{\mathrm{coles}}}^+}\right| $
即可得到精确的摩擦速度。本文使用的无量纲速度模型$ u_{i,{\mathrm{coles}}}^{+}\left({y}^{+}\right) $为如下的Coles[30]壁面定律速度模型
$ \frac{{U}_{1}\left({x}_{2}\right)}{{U}_{\tau }}=\frac{1}{\kappa }\ln \left(\frac{{x}_{2}}{{\delta }_{\nu }}\right)+C $
通过线性阵列测得的波数–频率谱云图结果如图8所示,横坐标为角频率,纵坐标为流向波数,云图的值为对应波数–频率谱的对数结果。图中黑色粗实线表示$ 0.7{U}_{\mathrm{\infty }} $迁移速度模型。可以看到,在低频$ \omega =5000\text{ rad}/\text{s} $附近,迁移脊和$ 0.7{U}_{\mathrm{\infty }} $模型并未很好地重合,而是位于斜线下方,说明实验所得的低频迁移速度$ {U}_\text{c} $大于0.7倍的来流速度$ {U}_{\mathrm{\infty }} $,具体将在下文进行详细分析。此外,图中的红色点画线内表示声学区理论范围,即声锥(Acoustic cone)[3]。实验结果捕捉到了声学区的特征,这可能是由风洞背景噪声引起,噪声的主频在图中大概是在$ \omega =2000\text{ rad}/\text{s} $左右的位置。
应用式(4)的换算关系,对图8中的一维波数–频率谱在各频率下的迁移波数进行遍历计算,即可得到迁移速度随频率变化的关系,如图9所示。从图中可以看出,迁移速度随着频率$ \omega $的增加,呈现出先上升后下降,最终趋于稳定的趋势。这表明迁移速度在某一频率下存在一个特征值,并且该特征值随风速增加而对应的频率逐渐升高,说明随着风速的增大,占主导地位的涡向更小尺度发展。当来流速度为17 m/s、23.8 m/s、30.6 m/s、40.8 m/s时,对应的特征值频率分别为$ 2300\text{ rad}/\text{s} $$ 3370\text{ rad}/\text{s} $$ 4356\text{ rad}/\text{s} $$ 5733\text{ rad}/\text{s} $,并且此时的迁移速度达到最大值,均等于来流速度的0.82倍。本文后续分析将主要依托该测试结果开展。
应用2.3节的热线数据处理方法,可得到不同风速下的边界层平均速度剖面$ \overline{{U}_{1}}\left({x}_{2}\right) $,如图10所示。图中显示,随着来流速度的增大,边界层厚度逐渐减小。根据热线实验的平均速度剖面测试结果和前述数据处理方法,可获得边界层厚度$ \delta $、边界层位移厚度$ {\delta }^{\ast } $、摩擦速度$ {U}_{\tau } $、摩擦雷诺数$ R{e}_{\tau } $等TBL参数,如表2所示。其中,摩擦雷诺数定义为$ {U}_{\tau }\delta /\nu $。这些TBL参数将被用作归一化参数,并作为波数–频率谱模型的输入参数。
如前文1.2节所述,依据边界层理论,湍流边界层可分为内区、混合区和外区。Farabee等[31]基于此理论提出了内尺度、混合尺度和外尺度的归一化方法,对应的无量纲频率尺度分别为$ \omega \nu /U_{\tau }^{2} $$ \omega \delta /{U}_{\tau } $$ \omega {\delta }^{\ast }/{U}_{\tau } $。为开展迁移速度的建模,需将迁移速度实验结果使用不同的归一化尺度进行对比分析。将三种频率归一化方法分别应用于不同风速的实验结果中,并以迁移速度与来流速度的比值作为归一化迁移速度,结果如图11所示。由图可以看出,内尺度归一化方法的效果并不理想,而混合尺度和外尺度归一化方法则能很好地使实验数据重合。这表明迁移速度并非由小尺度涡的结果所主导,而是由所有尺度大小的涡共同决定,其中大尺度涡占主导地位。但在实际应用中,摩擦速度难以准确计算,且其实际值与经验公式的估算值偏差较大。因此,通用的迁移速度模型不应依赖摩擦速度作为无量纲参数。基于这一考虑,本文选取外尺度频率归一化参数对迁移速度进行建模,而非混合尺度。
基于外尺度频率归一化方法,令$ y={U}_\text{c}/{U}_{\mathrm{\infty }} $$ x=\omega {\delta }^{\ast }/{U}_{\mathrm{\infty }} $,得到m组迁移速度实验值的数据样本$ \left\{({x}_{i},{y}_{i})\right\}\text{(}i=1,2,\cdots,m\text{)} $。通过改进上文提到的Smol’yakov的迁移速度多项式函数模型式(8),选取多项式函数作为拟合函数,具体表达式为
$ \hat{y}=f\left(x,\boldsymbol{C}\right)=\frac{{C}_{1}+{C}_{2}x}{1+{C}_{3}{x}^{2}}+{C}_{4} $
式中:参数$ \boldsymbol{C}=({C}_{1},{C}_{2},{C}_{3},{C}_{4}) $。利用最小二乘法原理,得到最小化残差的平方和S
$ S=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{m}r_{i}^{2} $
式中:$ {r}_{i} $为残差函数,定义为
$ {r}_{i}={y}_{i}-f\left({x}_{i},\boldsymbol{C}\right) $
通过迭代法求解得到拟合系数:$ {C}_{1}=-0.14 $$ {C}_{2}=0.7 $$ {C}_{3}=2.2 $$ {C}_{4}=0.63 $。拟合结果以及残差图如图12所示,图中已标出拟合模型的95%置信带。通过计算得到残差函数的均方根误差$ {\mathrm{RMSE}}= 0.0151 $,决定系数$ {R}^{2}=0.8734 $
可以发现,本模型归一化迁移速度的峰值出现在归一化频率$ \omega \delta /{U}_{\mathrm{\infty }}=0.8 $的位置,并且在归一化频率趋于正无穷时,归一化迁移速度趋于0.63。应用该拟合结果,最终迁移速度模型的表达式为
$ \dfrac{{U}_\text{c}\left(\omega \right)}{{U}_{\mathrm{\infty }}}=0.63+\dfrac{0.7\left(\dfrac{\omega {\delta }^{\ast }}{{U}_{\mathrm{\infty }}}\right)-0.4}{1+2.2{\left(\dfrac{\omega {\delta }^{\ast }}{{U}_{\mathrm{\infty }}}\right)}^{2}} $
为展现本文迁移速度模型在不同来流速度和频率下的适用性,本文将使用该模型修正Chase I模型的迁移脊,并结合1.2节提到的其他迁移速度模型与实验结果进行对比验证。
依据前文的Chase I模型(式(5)),模型的密度$ {\rho }_{0} $采用标准大气压下20℃时的空气密度。摩擦速度$ {U}_{\tau } $以及边界层厚度$ \delta $均采用热线的实验结果。$ {U}_\text{c} $采用本文的迁移速度模型(式(16)),并结合1.2节提到的三种迁移速度模型进行对比,结果如图13所示。在图中,与模型曲线对应颜色的点画线表示不同迁移速度模型对应的迁移波数$ {k}_\text{c} $
图13 (a)~(b)中风速为17 m/s的实验结果为例,应用本文迁移速度模型的Chase I模型,在低频$ \omega =3141\text{ rad}/\text{s} $时的迁移脊峰值对应的迁移波数$ {k}_\text{c} $与实验值重合度较好,此时$ {k}_\text{c}=230\text{ rad/m} $。而其余三种迁移速度模型的迁移波数$ {k}_\text{c} $相较于实验值整体向右偏移,位于$ 260\text{ rad/m} $附近。当频率升高至$ \omega =6283\text{ rad}/\text{s} $时,Bull模型和Smol’yakov模型仍然偏移较大,$ 0.7{U}_{\mathrm{\infty }} $迁移速度模型对迁移脊的捕捉效果有所改善。但本文的迁移速度模型仍优于$ 0.7{U}_{\mathrm{\infty }} $模型。如图13(c)~(h)所示,其他三种风速的结果也呈现类似效果。
总体而言,本文的迁移速度模型能够捕捉四种风速下全频率段的迁移脊。目前所有的TBL脉压波数–频率谱模型都需要使用迁移速度$ {U}_\text{c} $作为输入参数,将此迁移速度模型应用于这些波数–频率谱模型中,可以修正其迁移脊位置,从而达到更好的预测效果。
本文从TBL脉压波数–频率谱的流动分量迁移速度出发,结合脉动压力阵列测量实验和热线风速仪测量实验,在已有工作的基础上,以归一化方法建立了适用于全频段和全风速段的迁移速度模型,并将其代入典型的Chase I模型中进行了验证,综合得出以下结论:
(1)本次实验采用的TBL脉压表面阵列结合最新的CSM波数–频率谱算法,能够有效捕捉到不同尺度的迁移速度,给出各频段下迁移速度的分布。
(2)迁移速度的最大值出现在低频,且随着风速的增加,该频率也相应上升。这表明随着风速的增加,湍流强度增强,速度更高的涡结构将向小尺度发展。
(3)实验结果表明,混合尺度和外尺度归一化方法能够较好地描述迁移速度的变化规律,而内尺度归一化方法表现不佳。这说明迁移速度在全频率范围内的主要控制因素并非近壁面黏性效应,而是更大尺度湍流涡结构及其受外部流动特征影响的结果。
(4)本文提出的基于CSM建模的迁移速度模型相比传统迁移速度模型具有明显优势,能更准确地反映全频段和全风速段的迁移速度。结合Chase I波数–频率谱模型,本文模型可修正迁移脊位置,从而提升迁移区的预测效果。

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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.02.012
  • 接收时间:2025-06-13
  • 首发时间:2026-07-07
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-13
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    1.湖南科技大学 机电工程学院,湖南 湘潭 411201
    2.中国空气动力研究与发展中心 空天飞行空气动力科学与技术全国重点实验室,四川 绵阳 621000

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李洪周(1984–),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:
赵 鲲(1989–),男,博士,副研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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