Article(id=1281323936948392900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323885077447100, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.02.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753632000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783421032415, onlineDateStr=2026-07-07, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783421032415, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783421032415, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783421032415, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281323885077447100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='2', pageStart='177', pageEnd='340', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783421020049, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783422086911, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281328359892303896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323885077447100, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281328359892303897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323885077447100, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=204, endPage=217, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281323937405572038, articleId=1281323936948392900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Numerical study on straight-ahead and oblique navigation performance of underwater vehicle in vertical narrow channel, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

When an underwater vehicle navigates near a wall, the flow field around the underwater vehicle will be changed, which greatly affects its stability and maneuverability. Based on the CFD method, the hydrodynamic performance, including straight-ahead performance, oblique navigation performance, was analyzed under the conditions of near upper wall, bottom wall and vertical narrow channel. Finally, the following conclusions are drawn: when the underwater vehicle sails at a constant speed near the upper or bottom wall, it generates increased resistance, body suction and tail suction. When the vehicle approaching the upper wall at different distances, the directions of vertical force and pitching moment will be changed, and the ratio of direction transition interval is between 5-6 and 3-4, respectively. When the underwater vehicle sails at a constant speed near the vertical narrow channel, the influence of the wall effect on its vertical force and pitching moment has a relatively obvious competition relationship, and the competitive percentage accounts for about 50%. All hydrodynamic coefficients can be fitted by quadratic polynomials based on the reciprocal of the spacing ratio. The hydrodynamic coefficient of wall effect can be obtained from a graph by monitoring the combinations of different upper and lower spacing ratios when simulating the maneuverability of underwater vehicles.

, authors=Lei JU1, Yang LI2, Yong-kui WANG1, Duan-feng HAN1, Zhi PAN3, Li-hao YUAN1, Yan-zhuo XUE1, Bin JIA1, Shu-jie ZHANG1, authorsList=Lei JU, Yang LI, Yong-kui WANG, Duan-feng HAN, Zhi PAN, Li-hao YUAN, Yan-zhuo XUE, Bin JIA, Shu-jie ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yong-kui WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281324012869488998, articleId=1281323936948392900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=垂直狭窄航道水下航行体直航及斜航性能研究, columnId=1241023038087549292, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=流体力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

水下航行体近壁面航行时,其绕流场发生变化,稳定性和操纵性将受到影响。本文基于CFD方法,分析了水下航行体近上、下壁面及垂直狭窄航道条件下的直航、斜航水动力性能,得出以下结论:水下航行体近上或下壁面匀速直航时,存在阻力增加、吸体、吸尾效应;靠近上壁面不同距离航行时,垂向力和俯仰力矩的方向均发生改变,方向的转变间距比分别在5~6之间和3~4之间;在垂直狭窄航道航行时,上、下边界的壁面效应对其垂向力和纵倾力矩的影响存在较为明显的竞争关系,竞争百分比各占约50%。计算得到的水动力系数可基于间距比倒数进行拟合,在进行操纵性仿真时,可通过监测不同上、下间距比的组合,从图谱中获得壁面干扰下的水动力系数。

, authors=鞠磊1, 李杨2, 王永魁1, 韩端锋1, 潘治3, 袁利毫1, 薛彦卓1, 贾宾1, 张淑杰1, authorsList=鞠磊, 李杨, 王永魁, 韩端锋, 潘治, 袁利毫, 薛彦卓, 贾宾, 张淑杰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王永魁, authorNote=

鞠 磊(1986–),男,博士,副教授

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王永魁(1993–),男,博士,助理研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:
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鞠 磊(1986–),男,博士,副教授

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鞠 磊(1986–),男,博士,副教授

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Full appendage model SUBOFF parameters

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参数名称/单位数值参数名称/单位数值
总长/m4.356湿表面积/m26.285
垂线间长/m4.261重心位置/m(−2.013, 0, 0)
最大直径/m0.508总长/m4.356
指挥壳高度/m0.205垂线间长/m4.261
指挥壳长度/m0.368
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SUBOFF全附体模型参数

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参数名称/单位数值参数名称/单位数值
总长/m4.356湿表面积/m26.285
垂线间长/m4.261重心位置/m(−2.013, 0, 0)
最大直径/m0.508总长/m4.356
指挥壳高度/m0.205垂线间长/m4.261
指挥壳长度/m0.368
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Comparison of calculated and experimental results of resistance for straight-ahead test

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航速/kn阻力试验值/N阻力计算值/N误差/%
5.93102.3106.073.68
10.00283.3280.191.09
11.85389.2384.51.20
13.92526.6519.381.37
16.00675.6673.680.28
17.79821.1821.520.05
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直航阻力计算结果与试验结果对比

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航速/kn阻力试验值/N阻力计算值/N误差/%
5.93102.3106.073.68
10.00283.3280.191.09
11.85389.2384.51.20
13.92526.6519.381.37
16.00675.6673.680.28
17.79821.1821.520.05
), ArticleFig(id=1281324026756829637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323936948392900, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Hydrodynamic performance of straight-ahead motion ($ {e}_{1}={e}_{2}=12,V=5.93\;{\mathrm{kn}} $

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轴向力/N垂向力/N纵倾力矩/(N·m)
粘压摩擦总和粘压摩擦总和粘压摩擦总和
裸艇−20.96−84.85−105.8120.440.1020.54−17.28−0.19−17.47
围壳−1.07−4.28−5.35−20.32−0.01−20.3319.971.6121.58
上翼−0.02−1.09−1.12−0.140.190.05−0.190.580.39
下翼−0.15−1.06−1.210.13−0.18−0.050.14−0.54−0.40
左翼−0.13−1.07−1.200.020.000.020.030.000.03
右翼−0.14−1.06−1.200.100.000.100.190.000.19
总计−22.47−93.41−115.880.230.110.342.871.464.33
), ArticleFig(id=1281324026836521414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323936948392900, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

直航水动力性能($ {e}_{1}={e}_{2}=12,V=5.93\;{\mathrm{kn}} $

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
轴向力/N垂向力/N纵倾力矩/(N·m)
粘压摩擦总和粘压摩擦总和粘压摩擦总和
裸艇−20.96−84.85−105.8120.440.1020.54−17.28−0.19−17.47
围壳−1.07−4.28−5.35−20.32−0.01−20.3319.971.6121.58
上翼−0.02−1.09−1.12−0.140.190.05−0.190.580.39
下翼−0.15−1.06−1.210.13−0.18−0.050.14−0.54−0.40
左翼−0.13−1.07−1.200.020.000.020.030.000.03
右翼−0.14−1.06−1.200.100.000.100.190.000.19
总计−22.47−93.41−115.880.230.110.342.871.464.33
), ArticleFig(id=1281324026941379015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323936948392900, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Hydrodynamic performance of straight-ahead motion ($ {e}_{1}=2,{e}_{2}=12,V=5.93\;{\mathrm{kn}} $

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
轴向力/N垂向力/N纵倾力矩/(N·m)
粘压摩擦总和粘压摩擦总和粘压摩擦总和
裸艇−22.69−85.78−108.477.660.157.81−26.48−0.44−26.92
围壳−1.21−4.34−5.55−20.720.00−20.7120.391.6322.01
上翼0.04−1.09−1.060.000.190.190.060.580.64
下翼−0.12−1.07−1.180.03−0.18−0.15−0.04−0.55−0.59
左翼−0.08−1.08−1.15−0.600.00−0.60−1.110.00−1.12
右翼−0.09−1.07−1.16−0.520.00−0.52−0.960.00−0.97
总计−24.15−94.43−118.58−14.140.16−13.97−8.141.20−6.93
), ArticleFig(id=1281324027012682184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323936948392900, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

直航水动力性能($ {e}_{1}=2,{e}_{2}=12,V=5.93\;{\mathrm{kn}}$

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
轴向力/N垂向力/N纵倾力矩/(N·m)
粘压摩擦总和粘压摩擦总和粘压摩擦总和
裸艇−22.69−85.78−108.477.660.157.81−26.48−0.44−26.92
围壳−1.21−4.34−5.55−20.720.00−20.7120.391.6322.01
上翼0.04−1.09−1.060.000.190.190.060.580.64
下翼−0.12−1.07−1.180.03−0.18−0.15−0.04−0.55−0.59
左翼−0.08−1.08−1.15−0.600.00−0.60−1.110.00−1.12
右翼−0.09−1.07−1.16−0.520.00−0.52−0.960.00−0.97
总计−24.15−94.43−118.58−14.140.16−13.97−8.141.20−6.93
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垂直狭窄航道水下航行体直航及斜航性能研究
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鞠磊 1 , 李杨 2 , 王永魁 1 , 韩端锋 1 , 潘治 3 , 袁利毫 1 , 薛彦卓 1 , 贾宾 1 , 张淑杰 1
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2026,30(2): 204-217
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船舶力学 |流体力学 2026 , 30 (2) : 204 -217
垂直狭窄航道水下航行体直航及斜航性能研究
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鞠磊1, 李杨2, 王永魁1 , 韩端锋1, 潘治3, 袁利毫1, 薛彦卓1, 贾宾1, 张淑杰1
作者信息
  • 1.哈尔滨工程大学 船舶工程学院,哈尔滨 150001
  • 2.中国人民解放军 92578部队,北京 100161
  • 3.武汉第二船舶设计研究所,武汉 430064
通讯作者:
王永魁(1993–),男,博士,助理研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:
作者简介:

鞠 磊(1986–),男,博士,副教授

Numerical study on straight-ahead and oblique navigation performance of underwater vehicle in vertical narrow channel
Lei JU1, Yang LI2, Yong-kui WANG1 , Duan-feng HAN1, Zhi PAN3, Li-hao YUAN1, Yan-zhuo XUE1, Bin JIA1, Shu-jie ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
  • 2.Unit 92578 of the People’s Liberation Army of China (PLA), Beijing 100161, China
  • 3.Wuhan Second Ship Design and Research Institute, Wuhan 430064, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.02.003
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水下航行体近壁面航行时,其绕流场发生变化,稳定性和操纵性将受到影响。本文基于CFD方法,分析了水下航行体近上、下壁面及垂直狭窄航道条件下的直航、斜航水动力性能,得出以下结论:水下航行体近上或下壁面匀速直航时,存在阻力增加、吸体、吸尾效应;靠近上壁面不同距离航行时,垂向力和俯仰力矩的方向均发生改变,方向的转变间距比分别在5~6之间和3~4之间;在垂直狭窄航道航行时,上、下边界的壁面效应对其垂向力和纵倾力矩的影响存在较为明显的竞争关系,竞争百分比各占约50%。计算得到的水动力系数可基于间距比倒数进行拟合,在进行操纵性仿真时,可通过监测不同上、下间距比的组合,从图谱中获得壁面干扰下的水动力系数。

水下航行体  /  操纵性  /  垂直狭窄航道  /  水动力系数  /  CFD

When an underwater vehicle navigates near a wall, the flow field around the underwater vehicle will be changed, which greatly affects its stability and maneuverability. Based on the CFD method, the hydrodynamic performance, including straight-ahead performance, oblique navigation performance, was analyzed under the conditions of near upper wall, bottom wall and vertical narrow channel. Finally, the following conclusions are drawn: when the underwater vehicle sails at a constant speed near the upper or bottom wall, it generates increased resistance, body suction and tail suction. When the vehicle approaching the upper wall at different distances, the directions of vertical force and pitching moment will be changed, and the ratio of direction transition interval is between 5-6 and 3-4, respectively. When the underwater vehicle sails at a constant speed near the vertical narrow channel, the influence of the wall effect on its vertical force and pitching moment has a relatively obvious competition relationship, and the competitive percentage accounts for about 50%. All hydrodynamic coefficients can be fitted by quadratic polynomials based on the reciprocal of the spacing ratio. The hydrodynamic coefficient of wall effect can be obtained from a graph by monitoring the combinations of different upper and lower spacing ratios when simulating the maneuverability of underwater vehicles.

underwater vehicle  /  maneuverability  /  vertical narrow channel  /  hydrodynamic coefficient  /  CFD
鞠磊, 李杨, 王永魁, 韩端锋, 潘治, 袁利毫, 薛彦卓, 贾宾, 张淑杰. 垂直狭窄航道水下航行体直航及斜航性能研究. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (2) : 204 -217 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.02.003
Lei JU, Yang LI, Yong-kui WANG, Duan-feng HAN, Zhi PAN, Li-hao YUAN, Yan-zhuo XUE, Bin JIA, Shu-jie ZHANG. Numerical study on straight-ahead and oblique navigation performance of underwater vehicle in vertical narrow channel[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (2) : 204 -217 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.02.003
水下航行体的航行环境对其水动力性能影响极大,存在无界流场、近水面、水面、近海底、近冰面、浅水冰盖区等航行状态[1]。当水下航行体近冰面航行时,由于壁面的存在导致兴波强度发生了改变,水下航行体的稳定性和操纵性也随之变化。物体近壁面运动时所受到的流体动力干扰作用称为壁面效应[2-3]。针对壁面效应的研究可以分成三部分:1)定常/非定常壁面效应。如果运动物体定深航行、靠近或远离壁面,可视为存在定常壁面效应和非定常壁面效应。如船舶在浅水航道或者水平狭窄航道中航行时,船舶阻力较宽阔水域时显著增加,其原因在于壁面效应的存在使船体周围的水流相对速度升高,兴波作用增强[45]。飞机起飞降落时,由于空气动力干扰作用导致飞机的绕流场改变,可获得比空中飞行更高的升阻比[68]。2)非平整壁面效应。如果壁面存在一定凹凸度,可视为存在非平整壁面效应。Yang & Luh (1998) [9]针对回转椭球体以恒定速度经过有凸起的平壁面,通过改变凸起的尺寸和椭球体运动的高度,分析了作用于运动椭球体的流体扰动力。3)壁面变形效应。如果物体运动时导致壁面变形,如飞机在海面上超低空飞行引起的海面变形[1011],或运动物体导致的冰面变形,视为存在壁面变形效应。
Wu 等(2005)[12]基于CFD方法分析了全附体SUBOFF模型的近海底斜航和直航性能,除阻力外,其他水动力分量均与间距比(艇体中轴线位置距壁面距离/艇体直径)的倒数呈现良好的线性关系。Byström & Andersson [13]基于拘束模试验,探究了海底对潜艇操纵性的影响,试验中采用相对深度无量纲系数$ {h}^{\prime}/L $$ {h}^{\prime} $为潜艇基线到海底的距离,$ L $为潜艇总长),在Re=(1~3)×107时,分析了不同相对深度、不同航速下潜艇经过海底台阶时的垂向力与纵倾力矩,并进行了偏航和回转试验。张楠等(2001)[1]同样采用深度无量纲系数$ {h}^{\prime}/L $,得出在Fr=0.35工况下阻力不增加的条件为$ {h}^{\prime}/L \gt 0.5 $。当$ {h}^{\prime}/L=0.15 $,通过取平行中体到尾部$ x/L=0.2\sim 0.8 $范围内潜艇表面周向45°、95°、135°、175°(0°对应上垂直翼,180°对应下垂直翼)的表面压力系数与深水区进行对比,发现表面负压增加,且越靠近海底增加越明显,这一增大的负压沿艇体表面积分,产生一个沿纵向向后的分力,是潜艇近海底阻力增加的成因。其垂向力系数在Fr=0.35工况下、$ {h}^{\prime}/L=0.15\sim 0.35 $时,受到海底明显的吸力,$ {h}^{\prime}/L=0.15 $时,垂向力系数是$ {h}^{\prime}/L= 0.35 $的12倍;$ {h}^{\prime}/L=0.55 $时,垂向力系数与无界流场差异性可忽略不计。同时,基于无围壳的潜艇模型,潜艇接近海底时($ {h}^{\prime}/L=0.15 $),产生了明显的抬首力矩;当$ {h}^{\prime}/L=0.55 $时,纵倾力矩系数与无界流场差异性可忽略不计。刘祖源等(2006)[14]根据近似经验公式及图谱获得了水动力系数的近似估算值,分析了水下航行体在近海底运动时的操纵性能变化规律,计算结果表明近海底航行使得其机动性减弱而运动稳定性增强。
张楠等(2001)[1]基于VOF(Volume of Fluid)方法,分析了有围壳潜艇近水面航行的水动力性能,Fr=0.35,Re=1.2×107工况下,兴波主要集中在潜艇附近($ x/L=0\sim 1 $),潜艇艏前与艉后的兴波逐渐减小,当$ h/L \gt 0.35 $时,兴波逐渐消失。围壳前有一明显的波峰,围壳后有一明显的波谷,围壳是重要的兴波源之一。在$ h/L=0.2 $时,围壳前后的波高约为艇长的3%,而在$ h/L=0.35 $时,围壳前后的波高只有艇长的0.8%。当浸深超过艇长的三分之一时,兴波不明显。在浸深逐渐增加的过程中,兴波阻力不断减小。在$ h/L=0.3 $时,阻力增值为无界绕流状态的2.1%,在$ h/L=0.35 $时,阻力增值仅为无界绕流状态的0.2%,即浸深超过三分之一艇长,则兴波造成的阻力可忽略不计。Yang (2004)[15]、Zhang等(2005)[16]基于CFD方法讨论了潜艇模型在近水面的绕流特性,密度分层流也会对潜艇兴波阻力及尾迹产生较大影响[1719]。程丽(2006)[20]基于对理想流体中垂直于壁面的二维圆柱体运动的分析指出,排斥力在间距比小于1.5时会显著更大。潘光等(2010)[21]分析了水下柱体近壁过程、间距比小于1.0时,阻力和升力都会急剧增加。Frühling(2015)[22]研究了不同间距比下的阻力和升力变化。Luo 等(2022)[23]指出,当间距比>3.0时,冰面对阻力、速度场和涡旋的影响可忽略不计。柏铁朝等(2021)[24]指出,水下航行体近上壁面航行时,总阻力系数在同一弗劳德数下随潜深的增加而减小,在同一潜深下随弗劳德数的增加而减小;在同一弗劳德数下,当无量纲深度大于1.63时,潜深几乎不影响艇体的阻力系数。
目前,水下航行体操纵性方程应用最广的是美国泰勒海军舰船研究和发展中心发表的葛特勒方程[25],一般应用于深水环境,其水动力系数固定,但在壁面存在情况下,水动力系数随艇体与壁面距离的改变会发生实时变化。本文采用ANSYS Fluent商用软件,基于重叠网格技术,分析水下航行体近上、下壁面及垂直狭窄航道条件下的直航和斜航性能,以期建立水动力系数与水下航行体和壁面间距之间的关联,为近上、下及双重受限壁面水下航行体操纵性仿真提供参考数据。
流体域为三维、粘性、不可压流场,采用RANS方程进行控制求解。
$ \frac{\partial {u}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{i}}=0 $
$ \rho \left[\frac{\partial {u}_{i}}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left({u}_{i}{u}_{j}\right)\right]=-\frac{\partial p}{\partial {x}_{i}}+\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left[\mu \left(\frac{\partial {u}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{j}}+\frac{\partial {u}_{j}}{\partial {x}_{i}}\right)\right]-\rho \frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\overline{{{{u}^{\prime}_{i}}}{{{u}^{\prime}_{j}}}} $
式中:$ i $$ j $取值范围为(1,2,3),$ \rho $为流体密度,$ {u}_{i} $$ {u}_{j} $为速度分量的时均值,$ {{{u}^{\prime}_{i}}} $$ {{{u}^{\prime}_{j}}} $为速度分量的脉动值,$ p $为压力的时均值,$ \mu $表示动力粘性系数,$ \overline{{{{u}^{\prime}_{i}}}{{{u}^{\prime}_{j}}}} $为速度脉动值乘积的时均值。
湍流脉动值的Reynolds应力项,采用RNG k–ε湍流模型来封闭方程组,与之相对应的输运方程为
$ \frac{\partial }{\partial t}\left(\rho k\right)+\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{i}}\left(\rho k{u}_{i}\right)=\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left({\alpha }_{k}{\mu }_\text{eff}\frac{\partial k}{\partial {x}_{j}}\right)+{G}_{k}+{G}_{b}-\rho \varepsilon -{Y}_{M}+{S}_{k} $
$ \frac{\partial }{\partial t}\left(\rho \varepsilon \right)+\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{i}}\left(\rho \varepsilon {u}_{i}\right)=\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left({\alpha }_{k}{\mu }_\text{eff}\frac{\partial \varepsilon }{\partial {x}_{j}}\right)+{C}_{1\varepsilon }\frac{\varepsilon }{k}\left({G}_{k}+{C}_{3\varepsilon }{G}_{b}\right)-{C}_{2\varepsilon }\rho \frac{{\varepsilon }^{2}}{k}-{R}_{\varepsilon }+{S}_{\varepsilon } $
本文采用有限体积法对控制方程进行离散,压力–速度耦合迭代求解采用耦合式算法,在本文近壁面计算中,发现耦合式算法相对于分离式算法收敛速度较快。压力项采用标准离散格式外,动量、湍流动能和湍流耗散率采用二阶迎风格式,亚松弛因子均采用默认值,近壁处域采用壁面函数法。
以美国泰勒研究中心SUBOFF AFF–8全附体模型为研究对象,如图1表1所示[26]。运动坐标系原点位于艇首,x轴正向指向艇首,y轴正向指向右侧,z轴正向指向艇底。采用重叠网格技术对计算域进行离散,针对组件网格,首、尾部端点向前、后延伸0.25L,中轴线向上、下、左、右延伸1.5D,组件网格采用非结构化网格单元进行离散,围壳、尾部需要单独进行局部加密。针对背景网格,艇首端点向前延伸前3L,艇尾向后延伸4L,采用结构化网格单元进行离散。计算域来流方向、周向边界设置为速度入口或根据工况设置为壁面,去流方向设置为压力出口。
选取0.035 m、0.05 m、0.075 m三种网格尺寸进行网格收敛性分析,网格数量分别为:1135万、482万、365万。艇体表面划分15层棱柱层网格,第一层边界层厚度为0.0008 m,艇体表面Y+值在40~50之间。来流速度5.93 kn工况下,直航阻力数值结果与试验值[26]进行对比,0.05 m的网格尺寸条件下艇体直航阻力的误差为3.68%,艇体中纵剖面上缘压力系数与摩擦系数与试验值吻合较好[27],如图2所示。在网格基础尺寸选定为0.05 m的情况下,改变不同来流速度V=5.93~17.79 kn,数值和试验结果[26]对比如表2所示,艇体表面Y+值在40~110之间,计算误差在0.05~3.68%之间。再选取以上0.035 m、0.05 m、0.075 m三种基础尺寸,对斜航水动力系数进行验证。水平面斜航水动力系数与试验值[28]对比,$ {{{Y}^{\prime}_{v}}} $的误差分别为0.67%、0.59%、2.50%,$ {{{N}^{\prime}_{v}}} $的误差分别为5.98%、8.36%、14.91%。垂直面斜航水动力系数与试验值[28]对比,$ {{{Z}^{\prime}_{w}}} $的误差分别为2.25%、8.72%、2.26%,$ {{{M}^{\prime}_{w}}} $的误差分别为1.91%、5.03%、0.71%。可以看出,网格采用0.05 m的基础尺寸时在水平面斜航中误差较小,但在垂直面斜航中,水动力系数比其他两个基础尺寸误差偏大。因此,综合考虑计算成本与精度,将网格基础尺寸选为0.05 m。
将上、下壁面视为刚性壁面,引入间距比$ {e}_{1} $$ {e}_{2} $两个无量纲参数,即艇体中轴线位置与上、下壁面的距离和艇体直径D的比值,表示水下航行体与上、下壁面的距离,为了考虑垂直狭窄航道场景,间距比$ {e}_{1} $$ {e}_{2} $取值范围均为12、10、8、6、4、2,如图3所示。根据航速和最小网格尺寸,时间步长选择为0.005 s,库朗数为0.33。水下航行体近壁面直航性能计算的来流速度$ V $取值区间为8~24 kn,取值间隔为4 kn。通过拟合轴向力、垂向力、纵倾力矩与速度之间的曲线,可获得水动力系数$ {{{X}^{\prime}_{uu}}} $$ {{{Z}^{\prime}_{0}}} $$ {{{M}^{\prime}_{0}}} $,计算结果如图4所示。
水下航行体从下无界流场缩小与上壁面的距离匀速直航时,即$ {e}_{2}=12 $$ {e}_{1} $发生变化,$ {{{X}^{\prime}_{uu}}} $的方向保持不变,当$ {e}_{1}=2 $时,与深水区相比,$ {{{X}^{\prime}_{uu}}} $增大了2%,增幅较小;$ {{{Z}^{\prime}_{0}}} $$ {{{M}^{\prime}_{0}}} $的方向均发生改变,水下航行体上下不对称形成的微弱正垂向力(指向z轴正方向)转变为近上壁面吸力(指向z轴负方向),转变的间距比在$ {e}_{1}=5\sim 6 $之间;水下航行体前后不对称形成的抬首(正纵倾力矩)转变为埋首(负纵倾力矩),转变的间距比在$ {e}_{1}=3\sim 4 $之间,当$ {e}_{1}=2 $时,与深水区相比,$ {{{Z}^{\prime}_{0}}} $$ {{{M}^{\prime}_{0}}} $变化了2720.07%和259.16%,分别比$ {{{X}^{\prime}_{uu}}} $小一个和两个数量级。同样,水下航行体从上无界流场缩小与下壁面的距离匀速直航时,即$ {e}_{1}=12 $$ {e}_{2} $发生变化,$ {{{X}^{\prime}_{uu}}} $方向保持不变,当$ {e}_{2}=2 $时,与深水区相比,$ {{{X}^{\prime}_{uu}}} $增大了2.01%,增幅较小,与近上壁面$ {e}_{1}=2 $时增大幅度持平;$ {{{Z}^{\prime}_{0}}} $$ {{{M}^{\prime}_{0}}} $的方向未发生改变,表现为近下壁面吸力和抬首趋势增加。当$ {e}_{2}=2 $时,与深水区相比,$ {{{Z}^{\prime}_{0}}} $$ {{{M}^{\prime}_{0}}} $变化了2763.34%和260.2%,分别比$ {{{X}^{\prime}_{uu}}} $小一个和两个数量级。
水下航行体在垂直狭窄航道匀速直航时,$ {{{X}^{\prime}_{uu}}} $方向保持不变,随垂直狭窄航道间距的减小,$ {{{X}^{\prime}_{uu}}} $将增大。当$ {e}_{1}=2 $$ {e}_{2}=2 $时,与深水区相比,$ {{{X}^{\prime}_{uu}}} $增大了11.27%。$ {{{Z}^{\prime}_{0}}} $$ {{{M}^{\prime}_{0}}} $在不同间距比组合工况下的正负交错变化,主要是由于水下航行体与壁面间流速增加及其自身不对称性引起。特别地,当$ {e}_{2}=2 $时,随着$ {e}_{1} $从12减小至2,水下航行体表现为正垂向力减弱和尾部下降的纵倾力矩减弱,直至与上壁面距离减小到$ {e}_{1}=2 $时,$ {{{Z}^{\prime}_{0}}} $逐渐降低为0,$ {{{M}^{\prime}_{0}}} $依然存在,近似等于深水区匀速直航时的$ {{{Z}^{\prime}_{0}}} $$ {{{M}^{\prime}_{0}}} $。当$ {e}_{1}=2 $时,随着$ {e}_{2} $从12减小至2,水下航行体表现为负垂向力减弱和尾部抬升的纵倾力矩减弱,$ {{{Z}^{\prime}_{0}}} $同样逐渐降低为0,$ {{{M}^{\prime}_{0}}} $正负交错变化后,近似等于深水区匀速直航时的$ {{{Z}^{\prime}_{0}}} $$ {{{M}^{\prime}_{0}}} $。由此可以看出,当上、下间距比相等时($ {e}_{1}={e}_{2} $),$ {{{Z}^{\prime}_{0}}} $$ {{{M}^{\prime}_{0}}} $与深水区持平,如图4中红色线所示。
图4可获得近壁面的影响间距比。近上或下壁面航行过程中,把水动力系数改变2%作为近壁面效应影响区间时,$ {{{X}^{\prime}_{uu}}} $的壁面效应影响间距比为$ {e}_{1}\approx 2 $$ {{{Z}^{\prime}_{0}}} $的壁面效应影响间距比为$ {e}_{1}\approx 11 $$ {{{M}^{\prime}_{0}}} $的壁面效应影响间距比为$ {e}_{1}\approx 11 $;如果把水动力系数改变10%作为近壁面效应影响区间,则$ {{{X}^{\prime}_{uu}}} $增加不明显,$ {{{Z}^{\prime}_{0}}} $的壁面效应影响间距比为$ {e}_{1}=8\sim 9 $$ {{{M}^{\prime}_{0}}} $的壁面效应影响间距比为$ {e}_{1}=9\sim 1\text{0} $;如果把水动力系数改变20%作为近壁面效应影响区间,则$ {{{X}^{\prime}_{uu}}} $增加不明显,$ {{{Z}^{\prime}_{0}}} $的壁面效应影响间距比为$ {e}_{1}=7\sim 8 $$ {{{M}^{\prime}_{0}}} $的壁面效应影响间距比为$ {e}_{1}=7\sim 8 $
根据计算结果可知,水下航行体近上或下壁面匀速直航时,都会存在阻力增加、吸体、吸尾效应,表现为靠近任何一侧壁面,即为此壁面吸力,靠近上壁面时表现为埋首趋势,靠近下壁面时表现为抬首趋势,即吸尾。为了解释这种现象,在5.93 kn航速下,分别针对深水区($ {e}_{1}={e}_{2}=12 $)、近上壁面($ {e}_{1}=2,{e}_{2}=12 $)两种工况分析其产生原因。如表3表4所示,近壁面与深水区相比,尾翼所受到的力和力矩变化较小;围壳轴向力、垂向力和纵倾力矩变化很小,仅裸艇的轴向力、垂向力和纵倾力矩发生变化,且粘压引起的力和力矩起主导作用。因此,将裸艇上缘的艏部至围壳前沿(区域1)和平行中体(区域2)的压力系数进行提取,如图5所示。
针对轴向力,近壁面阻力增加的主要原因是裸艇的粘压力和摩擦力增大,且粘压力相对摩擦力增大幅度明显,区域1近壁面处压力系数差值增大,艏部压力系数向后积分导致阻力增加。根据图6速度矢量分布云图所示,在近壁工况中,艇体上方的流体运动受到壁面的阻挡,艏部与艉部附近流体的环向绕流逐渐转变为沿壁面底面及艇体表面的切向运动,这将导致艇体轴向力增加。
对于垂向力,造成近壁面吸力增加的主要原因是裸艇壁面和上壁面间流场流速增大,区域2的$ \Delta {C}_\text{p} $为负值,近壁面处压力系数减小,平行中段压力系数垂向积分导致正值垂向力(向下)减小,围壳在深水区和近壁时,表现为几乎不变的负值垂向力(向上),最终整个艇体形成负值垂向力,即呈现近壁面吸力。根据图6速度分布云图所示,在近壁工况中,艇体围壳后方、平行中体、尾部的流体速度明显增大,导致艇体上表面压力总体变低,吸力增大。
对于纵倾力矩,从抬首(正纵倾力矩)转变为埋首(负纵倾力矩),其原因主要是区域1的$ \Delta {C}_\text{p} $垂向积分表现为正值垂向力(向下),区域2的$ \Delta {C}_\text{p} $垂向积分表现为负值垂向力(向上),且重心位置x/L为0.46212,两者的共同作用使裸艇的负值纵倾力矩(埋首)增大,围壳在深水区和近壁时,表现为几乎不变的正值纵倾力矩(抬首),最终整个艇体形成较大的负值纵倾力矩,呈现吸尾。
根据上述计算的不同间距下的水动力系数计算结果,初步分析水下航行体近壁面航行面临的问题如下:
1)艇体增阻:水下航行体近上壁面直航时,阻力增加,但幅度较小,此时与深水区相比,相同螺旋桨转速下,艇体航速会降低。
2)碰撞风险:靠近上壁面航行时,艇体会出现吸力和埋首现象,出现吸力的间距比在$ {e}_{1}=5\sim 6 $之间,出现埋首现象的间距比在$ {e}_{1}=3\sim 4 $之间,在此间距下,需控制艇体保持姿态以及艇体与壁面的间距,以避免因速度过大发生碰撞。近上壁面航行时,水平舵翼需采用尾下潜舵,并降低航速以抵抗壁面吸力作用,同时,由于艇体在近上壁面时由抬首转变为埋首的影响,与尾下潜舵联合作用时将加剧埋首趋势,需注意避免艇尾与上壁面发生碰撞。近下壁面航行时,水平舵翼需采用尾上浮舵,并降低航速以抵抗壁面吸力作用,同时由于艇体在近下壁面时一直为抬首,与尾上浮舵联合作用时将加剧抬首趋势,需注意避免艇尾与下壁面发生碰撞。
3)避碰安全包络:航行过程中,与壁面距离越近,吸力和俯仰力矩作用越明显。对于特定航行体,其垂向力、俯仰力矩与航速、间距相关,因此必然存在一个可避免与壁面碰撞的安全包络曲线,确保在紧急情况下,舵力能够使其成功脱险。
4)上下壁面竞争:在垂直狭窄航道中匀速直航时,上、下壁面对垂向力和纵倾力矩的竞争百分比各占约50%。因此,可保持上、下间距相等航行,避免壁面对艇体运动姿态造成影响。
水下航行体近壁面斜航性能测试如图7所示,水下航行体斜航性能计算来流速度$ V $为6.5 kn,Re=1.17×107,漂角或攻角取值区间为−12°~12°,取值间隔为3°。基于水下航行体受力及力矩与速度之间的关系,可获得水动力系数$ {{{Y}^{\prime}_{v}}} $$ {{{N}^{\prime}_{v}}} $$ {{{Z}^{\prime}_{w}}} $$ {{{M}^{\prime}_{w}}} $
水平面斜航时,水下航行体所受横向力$ Y $和偏航力矩$ N $可写成如下形式
$ Y\left(v\right)={Y}_{v\left| v\right| }v\left| v\right| +{Y}_{v}v+{Y}_{0},\quad N\left(v\right)={N}_{v\left| v\right| }v\left| v\right| +{N}_{v}v+{N}_{0} $
垂直面斜航时,水下航行体所受垂向力$ Z $和纵倾力矩$ M $可写成如下形式
$ Z\left(w\right)={Z}_{w\left| w\right| }w\left| w\right| +{Z}_{w}w+{Z}_{0},\quad M\left(w\right)={M}_{w\left| w\right| }w\left| w\right| +{M}_{w}w+{M}_{0} $
水下航行体从下无界流场缩小与上壁面的距离水平面斜航时,即$ {e}_{2}=12 $$ {e}_{1} $发生变化,$ {{{Y}^{\prime}_{v}}} $$ {{{N}^{\prime}_{v}}} $的方向保持不变,$ {{{Y}^{\prime}_{v}}} $$ {{{N}^{\prime}_{v}}} $都会增大。当$ {e}_{1}=2 $时,与深水区相比,线性系数$ {{{Y}^{\prime}_{v}}} $$ {{{N}^{\prime}_{v}}} $分别增大了3.08%和2.84%,增幅较小。水下航行体斜航时,求得的水动力系数可分线性和非线性两种,线性水动力系数求取曲线的原点斜率,其结果具有实际的物理含义,非线性水动力系数求解采用回归分析方法获取,两种方法获得的$ {{{Y}^{\prime}_{v}}} $数值不同。由图8图9可知,线性水动力系数和非线性水动力系数均有较好的拟合效果。因此,如果是近上壁面工况,采用线性和非线性水动力系数均可。水下航行体从上无界流场缩小与下壁面的距离水平面斜航时,即$ {e}_{1}=12 $$ {e}_{2} $发生变化,$ {{{Y}^{\prime}_{v}}} $$ {{{N}^{\prime}_{v}}} $的方向保持不变,$ {{{Y}^{\prime}_{v}}} $$ {{{N}^{\prime}_{v}}} $都会增大。当$ {e}_{2}=2 $时,与深水区相比,线性系数$ {{{Y}^{\prime}_{v}}} $$ {{{N}^{\prime}_{v}}} $分别增大了2.27%和2.71%,增幅较小,与近上壁面$ {e}_{1}=2 $时增大幅度持平。同样,如果是近下壁面工况,采用线性和非线性水动力系数均可。
水下航行体在垂直狭窄航道水平面斜航时,$ {{{Y}^{\prime}_{v}}} $$ {{{N}^{\prime}_{v}}} $的方向保持不变,不论单方向靠近上、下壁面,$ {{{Y}^{\prime}_{v}}} $$ {{{N}^{\prime}_{v}}} $都会增大。当$ {e}_{1}=2 $$ {e}_{2}=2 $时,与深水区相比,$ {{{Y}^{\prime}_{v}}} $$ {{{N}^{\prime}_{v}}} $分别增大了9.93%和9.49%,与深水区相比,这将需要更大的垂直舵角才能使水下航行体恢复直航状态。从图10可知,线性水动力系数有较好的拟合效果,而非线性水动力系数无法拟合。因此,在构建操纵性方程时,如果是垂直狭窄航道,斜航水动力系数不建议采用非线性系数。
图11所示,水下航行体从下无界流场缩小与上壁面的距离进行垂直面斜航时,即$ {e}_{2}=12 $$ {e}_{1} $发生变化,$ {{{Z}^{\prime}_{w}}} $$ {{{M}^{\prime}_{w}}} $的方向保持不变,$ {{{Z}^{\prime}_{w}}} $$ {{{M}^{\prime}_{w}}} $都会增大。当$ {e}_{1}=2 $时,与深水区相比,线性系数$ {{{Z}^{\prime}_{w}}} $$ {{{M}^{\prime}_{w}}} $分别增大了0.99%和3.82%,增幅较小。水下航行体从上无界流场缩小与下壁面的距离垂直面斜航时,即$ {e}_{1}=12 $$ {e}_{2} $发生变化,$ {{{Z}^{\prime}_{w}}} $$ {{{M}^{\prime}_{w}}} $的方向保持不变,当$ {e}_{2}=2 $时,与深水区相比,线性系数$ {{{Z}^{\prime}_{w}}} $$ {{{M}^{\prime}_{w}}} $分别增大了1.36%和3.50%,增幅较小,与近上壁面$ {e}_{1}=2 $时的增大幅度持平。水下航行体在垂直狭窄航道进行水平面斜航时,$ {{{Z}^{\prime}_{w}}} $$ {{{M}^{\prime}_{w}}} $的方向保持不变,$ {{{Z}^{\prime}_{w}}} $$ {{{M}^{\prime}_{w}}} $都会增大。当$ {e}_{1}=2 $$ {e}_{2}=2 $时,与深水区相比,线性系数$ {{{Z}^{\prime}_{w}}} $$ {{{M}^{\prime}_{w}}} $分别增大了4.80%和10.03%。与深水区相比,这将需要更大的水平舵角才能使水下航行体恢复直航状态。从图12中可以看出,对于$ {{{Z}^{\prime}_{w}}} $,其增大的原因与直航时一致,皆为艇体与壁面之间流速增大所致。对于$ {{{M}^{\prime}_{w}}} $,随着间距的减小,首部和尾部压力增大,在斜航状态下,抬首力矩增大。
目前,水下航行体操纵性方程中的水动力系数一般是基于无界流场获得的,并没有体现壁面效应对水下航行体水动力系数的影响。本文采用CFD商用软件,基于重叠网格技术,分析水下航行体近上、下壁面及垂直狭窄航道条件下的直航和斜航性能,得到以下结论:
(1)靠近上壁面不同距离航行时,存在阻力增加、吸体、吸尾效应。增阻是因为艇体艏部的压力系数增大,压力系数向后积分所导致;吸体是因为平行中段压力系数减小,其垂向积分导致正值垂向力(向下)减小,表现为近壁面吸力;吸尾是因为艏部的正值垂向力(向下)和平行中段的负值垂向力(向上)共同作用在重心处,导致壁面吸引尾部。
(2)靠近上壁面不同距离航行时,$ {{{Z}^{\prime}_{0}}} $$ {{{M}^{\prime}_{0}}} $的方向均发生改变,$ {{{Z}^{\prime}_{0}}} $方向转变间距比在5~6之间;$ {{{M}^{\prime}_{0}}} $方向转变的间距比在3~4之间。$ {{{Z}^{\prime}_{0}}} $$ {{{M}^{\prime}_{0}}} $演变为大量,其大小和方向的变化在操纵性分析中不可忽略。需控制艇体保持姿态和与壁面间的间距,以避免速度过大发生碰撞。因此,近上壁面航行时,水平舵翼需采用尾下潜舵,并降低航速以抵抗壁面吸力,同时,由于艇体由抬首转变为埋首,与尾下潜舵联合作用时将加剧埋首趋势,以避免艇尾与上壁面发生碰撞。
(3)在垂直狭窄航道匀速直航时,上、下边界的壁面效应对其垂向力和纵倾力矩的影响存在着较为明显的竞争关系,竞争百分比各占约50%。这说明在垂直狭窄航道中航行时,需保持水下航行体上、下间距相等,此时可不用频繁打舵来抵消吸力和纵倾力矩的作用。
(4)斜航运动求得的线性水动力系数和非线性水动力系数均有较好的拟合效果。因此,在构建操纵性方程时,如果是近单侧壁面工况,采用线性和非线性水动力系数拟合公式均可。但在垂直狭窄航道航行状态下,需采用线性系数拟合公式。
(5)直航、斜航水动力系数与间距比的倒数呈现出较好的拟合效果。在实际航行时,可监测水下航行体与壁面的间距,通过插值求得不同间距比组合下的水动力系数,以此为基础可为近上、下、双重受限壁面水下航行体操纵性仿真提供数据支撑。

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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.02.003
  • 接收时间:2025-07-28
  • 首发时间:2026-07-07
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-28
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    1.哈尔滨工程大学 船舶工程学院,哈尔滨 150001
    2.中国人民解放军 92578部队,北京 100161
    3.武汉第二船舶设计研究所,武汉 430064

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王永魁(1993–),男,博士,助理研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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