Article(id=1281326771362578460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281326672238580175, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.01.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749484800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783421708193, onlineDateStr=2026-07-07, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783421708193, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783421708193, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783421708193, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281326672238580175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768406400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783421684559, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783422118948, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281328494261026863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281326672238580175, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281328494261026864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281326672238580175, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=104, endPage=118, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281326771593265181, articleId=1281326771362578460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Mechanical characteristics and operational safety analysis of mining riser system in storm environments, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Storm is an important threat to deep-sea mining operations. To assess this risk, asimulation and analysis model of the deep-sea mining riser system was established in this paper and the mechanical performance of mining riser system under a storm environment was analyzed. The safety of storm-resistant and storm-avoidance operations was evaluated. The speed envelope for storm evacuation was calculated and an optimization algorithm for calculating operation envelopes was developed. The results show that the mining riser system is very dangerous under stormy sea conditions, and the weak point is near the rigid pipe's suspension position. The vertical oscillation of the transfer tank is more significant than lateral oscillation in storm environments, and the fluctuation amplitude of the force exerted by the hose on the mining vehicle is not significant. During the storm avoidance evacuation process, the upper rotation is the limiting factor affecting the evacuation speed, and the maximum permitted speed occurs in the downstream direction, while the minimum occurs in the countercurrent direction. In the evacuation process, the horizontal force exerted by the hose on the mining vehicle is greatly affected by the speed. The optimization algorithm proposed in this paper can greatly reduce the calculation time of the operation envelope.

, authors=Rong-yao WANG1, 2, Yong-jie ZHU1, Guo-ming CHEN3, authorsList=Rong-yao WANG, Yong-jie ZHU, Guo-ming CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281326789729435828, articleId=1281326771362578460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=风暴环境下扬矿立管系统力学特性与作业安全分析, columnId=1241023038926410098, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=结构力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

风暴是深海采矿作业的重要威胁。本文建立了深海扬矿立管系统的仿真分析模型,开展了风暴环境下扬矿立管系统的力学性能分析,对抗风暴和避风暴作业的安全性进行了评估,计算了避风暴航行的速度窗口,同时开发了一种作业窗口的优化算法。结果表明:扬矿立管系统在风暴海况下非常危险,弱点位置位于悬挂位置附近;风暴环境下中间舱的垂向振荡较横向振荡要更为显著,立管对采矿车的作用力的波动幅值不大;避风暴撤离过程中,上部转角是影响撤离航速的限制因素,顺流航向允许的航速最大,逆流航向允许的航速最小;撤离过程中,立管作用于采矿车的水平力受航速影响大;本文开发的优化算法可以大大减少作业窗口的计算时间。

, authors=王荣耀1, 2, 朱泳杰1, 陈国明3, authorsList=王荣耀, 朱泳杰, 陈国明, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

王荣耀(1985–),男,博士,副教授

朱泳杰(2003–),男,本科

陈国明(1962–),男,博士,教授,博士生导师

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Length of each section of rigid pipe and hose

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管段长度/m
硬管硬管段1440
硬管段2600
软管软管段1130
软管段250
软管段380
软管段420
软管段510
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硬管和软管各段长度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
管段长度/m
硬管硬管段1440
硬管段2600
软管软管段1130
软管段250
软管段380
软管段420
软管段510
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Main parameters of rigid pipe and hose

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外径/mm壁厚/mm单位长度重量/(kg·m−1接头重量/kg
空气中水下空气中水下
硬管21912.565.5656.9233202.2
软管20527.530183530
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硬管和软管主要参数

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外径/mm壁厚/mm单位长度重量/(kg·m−1接头重量/kg
空气中水下空气中水下
硬管21912.565.5656.9233202.2
软管20527.530183530
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Main parameters of ore lifting pump, transfer tank and mining vehicle

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
尺寸/m重量/kg
空气中水下
扬矿泵0.750.756.475006509
中间舱4462500022700
采矿车9.25.233200011000
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扬矿泵、中间舱及采矿车主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
尺寸/m重量/kg
空气中水下
扬矿泵0.750.756.475006509
中间舱4462500022700
采矿车9.25.233200011000
), ArticleFig(id=1281326799183397124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326771362578460, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Current profile parameters under storm conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海面以下深度/m流速/(m·s−1
1年一遇10年一遇
01.071.55
251.031.49
2470.791.05
4110.550.62
5760.540.61
离底1 m0.310.36
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风暴工况下海流剖面参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海面以下深度/m流速/(m·s−1
1年一遇10年一遇
01.071.55
251.031.49
2470.791.05
4110.550.62
5760.540.61
离底1 m0.310.36
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风暴环境下扬矿立管系统力学特性与作业安全分析
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王荣耀 1, 2 , 朱泳杰 1 , 陈国明 3
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2026,30(1): 104-118
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船舶力学 |结构力学 2026 , 30 (1) : 104 -118
风暴环境下扬矿立管系统力学特性与作业安全分析
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王荣耀1, 2, 朱泳杰1, 陈国明3
作者信息
  • 1.湖南文理学院 机械工程学院,湖南 常德 415000
  • 2.湖南省工程机械装备数字孪生工程技术研究中心,湖南 常德 415000
  • 3.中国石油大学 海洋油气装备与安全技术研究中心,山东 青岛 266580
作者简介:

王荣耀(1985–),男,博士,副教授

朱泳杰(2003–),男,本科

陈国明(1962–),男,博士,教授,博士生导师

Mechanical characteristics and operational safety analysis of mining riser system in storm environments
Rong-yao WANG1, 2, Yong-jie ZHU1, Guo-ming CHEN3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, China
  • 2.Hunan Province Engineering Research Center of Digital Twin for Construction Machinery, Changde 415000, China
  • 3.Centre for Offshore Engineering and Safety Technology, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.01.011
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风暴是深海采矿作业的重要威胁。本文建立了深海扬矿立管系统的仿真分析模型,开展了风暴环境下扬矿立管系统的力学性能分析,对抗风暴和避风暴作业的安全性进行了评估,计算了避风暴航行的速度窗口,同时开发了一种作业窗口的优化算法。结果表明:扬矿立管系统在风暴海况下非常危险,弱点位置位于悬挂位置附近;风暴环境下中间舱的垂向振荡较横向振荡要更为显著,立管对采矿车的作用力的波动幅值不大;避风暴撤离过程中,上部转角是影响撤离航速的限制因素,顺流航向允许的航速最大,逆流航向允许的航速最小;撤离过程中,立管作用于采矿车的水平力受航速影响大;本文开发的优化算法可以大大减少作业窗口的计算时间。

深海采矿  /  风暴  /  扬矿立管  /  作业安全

Storm is an important threat to deep-sea mining operations. To assess this risk, asimulation and analysis model of the deep-sea mining riser system was established in this paper and the mechanical performance of mining riser system under a storm environment was analyzed. The safety of storm-resistant and storm-avoidance operations was evaluated. The speed envelope for storm evacuation was calculated and an optimization algorithm for calculating operation envelopes was developed. The results show that the mining riser system is very dangerous under stormy sea conditions, and the weak point is near the rigid pipe's suspension position. The vertical oscillation of the transfer tank is more significant than lateral oscillation in storm environments, and the fluctuation amplitude of the force exerted by the hose on the mining vehicle is not significant. During the storm avoidance evacuation process, the upper rotation is the limiting factor affecting the evacuation speed, and the maximum permitted speed occurs in the downstream direction, while the minimum occurs in the countercurrent direction. In the evacuation process, the horizontal force exerted by the hose on the mining vehicle is greatly affected by the speed. The optimization algorithm proposed in this paper can greatly reduce the calculation time of the operation envelope.

deep-sea mining  /  storm  /  mining riser  /  operational safety
王荣耀, 朱泳杰, 陈国明. 风暴环境下扬矿立管系统力学特性与作业安全分析. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (1) : 104 -118 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.01.011
Rong-yao WANG, Yong-jie ZHU, Guo-ming CHEN. Mechanical characteristics and operational safety analysis of mining riser system in storm environments[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (1) : 104 -118 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.01.011
海底矿产资源在全球的分布十分广泛[1-2],其中多数海域存在台风/飓风(以下统称风暴)灾害。我国已在国际海底获得了多片专属探矿区,我国海底矿区及全球热带气旋的分布情况如图1所示,通过对比可以看出,我国在国际海底的矿区基本都位于风暴的发生海域,其中结壳矿区更是位于西北太平洋的台风频发区。风暴对海上作业的危害极大[3-4],如2002年,飓风Lili袭击路易斯安娜沿海,导致了12座平台和31座导管架损坏的严重事故。在风暴环境中,水下立管承受着极端波浪和海流载荷的冲击,面临损坏甚至断裂的风险。
针对这一问题,国内外部分学者已对风暴环境下的深水钻井隔水管和油气生产立管的力学特性及作业应对策略开展了研究。例如,Wu等[6]介绍了深海多金属结核商业开采中立管配置设计的主要考虑因素,总结了初步设计需要考虑的临界载荷,此外,他们还探讨了应对风暴的作业模式。Kwon等[7]进行了悬挂模式下隔水管在强迫振动条件下响应特性的模型试验,使用水下摄像系统测量了隔水管模型的横向位移,并将实验结果与OrcaFlex的时历仿真结果进行了对比。Lim[8]和Nguyen等[9]提出了防台风隔水管的概念,在常规隔水管的基础上增加脱离装置和浮力罐,在台风来临时可实现紧急脱离和快速撤离。Yang等[10]对解脱后的防台风钻井隔水管系统进行了建模,并进行了影响因素分析。Sullivan等[11]采用轴向动力学分析方法,建立了恶劣环境下的隔水管系统分析模型,分析了隔水管的轴向振动特性。许亮斌等[1215]研究了深水钻井悬挂隔水管撤离防台风的模式,提出了一种新型的隔水管专用软悬挂方案来补偿隔水管的垂荡载荷,对系统进行了仿真计算,并开展了海上试验与评估。毛良杰等[16-17]建立了硬悬挂条件下钻井隔水管系统的动力学分析模型,分析了撤离过程中隔水管变形和弯矩的影响因素。陈黎明等[18]探讨了深水钻井隔水管的避台风策略,研究了悬挂隔水管的动态响应,对撤离过程中的悬挂长度和撤离速度等进行了初步分析。刘秀全等[19]建立了钻井隔水管触底事故的分析模型,研究了悬挂隔水管断裂事故的发展过程,制定了台风环境下隔水管事故的应对策略。
上述研究表明,国内外学者对风暴环境下深海立管力学特性与作业技术的研究集中在钻井隔水管和油气生产立管方面。深海扬矿立管系统在结构组成、下部边界条件以及作业要求方面,与钻井隔水管和油气生产立管系统存在显著差别,不能直接借鉴油气领域的分析结果与经验。因此,本文以风暴环境下的深海采矿系统为研究对象,分析扬矿立管耦合系统的动力学特性,评估其抗风暴作业和避风暴作业的安全性,并开发一种新型的优化算法以提高作业窗口的计算效率。
本文以作业于水深1150 m的某深海采矿试验系统为例进行分析。考虑采矿船、硬管、软管、扬矿泵、中间舱和采矿车等关键部件及其连接关系建立分析模型。管道上部采用设置有万向节的悬挂装置,万向节转动过程中具有一定的阻尼,其转动刚度为1030 kN·m/°。扬矿立管系统的配置及各部分的主要参数见表1~3。软管采用拱形构型设计,中部布置总浮力80%的浮球,采矿车附近布置总浮力20%的浮球。
不规则海浪选用JONSWAP谱进行模拟,1年一遇海况有义波高为8.4 m,跨零周期为12.1 s;10年一遇海况有义波高为11.2 m,跨零周期为14.3 s。采用的海流剖面见表4
采矿船在波浪作用下的振幅响应算子(RAO)根据耐波性计算得出,图2展示了部分浪向角下的RAO曲线。
本文所采用的分析模型组成如图3所示。扬矿系统的主体部分均为管状结构,可以通过三维管单元进行模拟。其他部件如中间舱和扬矿泵等,在不需要分析其内部受力时,经适当的简化和等效转换后,同样可采用三维管单元进行模拟。采矿船的运动作为管柱系统的上部动边界予以考虑。
扬矿立管系统的动态有限元平衡方程形式为
$ {\boldsymbol{M}}\ddot{\boldsymbol{\delta }}+{\boldsymbol{C}}\dot{\boldsymbol{\delta }}+{{\boldsymbol{K}}}_{{\mathrm{T}}}\boldsymbol{\delta }=\boldsymbol{F} $
式中:MC$ {{\boldsymbol{K}}}_{{\mathrm{T}}} $分别为扬矿立管系统的整体质量矩阵、整体阻尼矩阵和整体切线刚度矩阵,$ \boldsymbol{\delta } $为整体位移增量向量,$ \dot{\boldsymbol{\delta }} $$ \ddot{\boldsymbol{\delta }} $分别为整体速度向量和整体加速度向量,F为整体载荷向量。
切线刚度矩阵$ {{\boldsymbol{K}}}_{{\mathrm{T}}} $又可进一步表示为[21-22]
$ {{\boldsymbol{K}}}_{{\mathrm{T}}}={{\boldsymbol{K}}}_{{\mathrm{E}}}+{{\boldsymbol{K}}}_{{\mathrm{G}}} $
式中:KEKG分别表示线性刚度矩阵和几何刚度矩阵。
整体质量矩阵M反映了管柱系统的总质量,包括管柱本身、附加的管缆质量以及内外流体随之运动引起的附加质量。
阻尼矩阵C通常与结构的频率有关,精确计算比较困难。在工程应用中,常将阻尼矩阵简化为刚度矩阵和质量矩阵的线性组合,即
$ {\boldsymbol{C}}=\alpha {\boldsymbol{M}}+\beta {{\boldsymbol{K}}}_{{\mathrm{T}}} $
式中:αβ均为与频率无关的常数,可通过下式进行计算
$ {\xi }_{i}=\frac{\alpha }{2{\omega }_{i}}+\frac{\beta {\omega }_{i}}{2} $
$ {\xi }_{j}=\frac{\alpha }{2{\omega }_{j}}+\frac{\beta {\omega }_{j}}{2} $
式中:$ {\omega }_{i} $$ {\omega }_{j} $为感兴趣范围内的2个不同频率;$ {\xi }_{i} $$ {\xi }_{j} $为对应的振型阻尼比。
扬矿立管上的载荷主要包括海流载荷、波浪载荷、重力和浮力载荷。其中,海流和波浪作用于扬矿立管上的横向载荷沿扬矿立管长度分布,可根据功等效的原则,用等效的集中节点载荷和弯矩来替代。扬矿立管单元i的单元载荷矩阵$ {{\boldsymbol{F}}}_{i} $可以表示为
$ {F}_{i}=\left[\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\begin{array}{c}{F}_{x,j}\\ {F}_{y,j}\\ {F}_{z,j}\\ {M}_{x,j}\\ {M}_{y,j}\\ {M}_{z,j}\end{array}}{\begin{array}{c}{F}_{x,j+1}\\ {F}_{y,j+1}\\ {F}_{z,j+1}\\ {M}_{x,j+1}\\ {M}_{y,j+1}\\ {M}_{z,j+1}\end{array}}\right]=\left[\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\begin{array}{c}\dfrac{{F}_{\mathrm{c}}L}{2}+\dfrac{({F}_{\mathrm{w}}+{F}_{\mathrm{m}})L}{2}\\ 0\\ \dfrac{{F}_{\mathrm{b}}}{2}-\dfrac{mg}{2}\\ 0\\ \dfrac{-{F}_{\mathrm{c}}{L}^{2}}{12}-\dfrac{({F}_{\mathrm{w}}+{F}_{\mathrm{m}}){L}^{2}}{12}\\ 0\end{array}}{\begin{array}{c}\dfrac{{F}_{\mathrm{c}}L}{2}+\dfrac{({F}_{\mathrm{w}}+{F}_{\mathrm{m}})L}{2}\\ 0\\ \dfrac{{F}_{\mathrm{b}}}{2}-\dfrac{mg}{2}\\ 0\\ \dfrac{{F}_{\mathrm{c}}{L}^{2}}{12}+\dfrac{({F}_{\mathrm{w}}+{F}_{\mathrm{m}}){L}^{2}}{12}\\ 0\end{array}}\right] $
式中:jj+1表示单元节点编号,$ {F}_{\mathrm{b}}$mg分别表示作用于扬矿立管上的浮力和重力,FcFwFm分别表示作用于扬矿立管上的分布海流力、分布波浪拖曳力和分布惯性力,L表示单元长度。
海流分布载荷可由Morison方程计算得出,根据Morison方程,对于等效水力学直径为D的扬矿立管,其分布的海流力Fc可表示为
$ {F}_{\mathrm{c}}=\frac{1}{2}{C}_{{\mathrm{d}}}\rho D\left|\left.u\right|\right.u $
式中:ρ为海水密度,D为立管的水力学直径,Cd为拖曳力系数,$ u $为水质点相对于立管运动的速度。
波浪载荷包括拖曳力和惯性力两部分,拖曳力Fw同样可用Morison方程计算,惯性力Fm的计算式如下
$ {F}_{\mathrm{m}}=\frac{{\text{π}} }{4}{C}_{{\mathrm{m}}}\rho \dot{u}{D}^{2} $
式中:Cm为惯性力系数,$ \dot{u} $为水质点相对于立管运动的加速度。
在理论模型的基础上,采用MATLAB软件设计了扬矿立管系统动力学求解程序,其求解流程如图4所示。
采用单一截面的简支梁模型进行求解程序的可靠性验证。模型截面形状为管截面,坐标轴定义如图5所示。在梁长度方向的中间位置C点处加载一集中激励载荷F,作用方向为y轴负方向,大小为Psin$ \omega t $
根据机械振动理论,Cy方向位移的时历响应为
$ y{\left(t\right)}_{x=\tfrac{l}{2}}=\frac{2P{l}^{3}}{EI{{\text{π}} }^{4}}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac{1}{{n}^{4}}\mathrm{sin}\frac{n{\text{π}} }{2}\left[\frac{1}{1-{\omega }^{2}/{\omega }_{n}^{2}}\mathrm{sin}\omega t-\frac{\omega /{\omega }_{n}}{1-{\omega }^{2}/{\omega }_{n}^{2}}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}{\omega }_{n}t\right] $
式中:t表示时间,P表示激励幅值,$ \omega $表示激励频率,l表示梁的长度,E表示梁的材料弹性模量,I表示梁的截面惯性矩,n表示模态阶次,$ {\omega }_{n} $表示梁的第n阶模态频率,可通过下式计算得出
$ {\omega }_{n}=\frac{{n}^{2}{{\text{π}} }^{2}}{{l}^{2}}\sqrt{\frac{EI}{\rho A}} $
式中:$ \rho $A分别表示梁的材料密度和截面积。
本文采用与扬矿硬管单根相近的截面参数进行验证,管道长度10 m,外径0.219 m,壁厚0.0127 m,材料密度7850 kg/m3,弹性模量206 GPa。将集中激励载荷F幅值设为1000 N,周期设为0.257 s。分别采用本文设计的有限元程序以及基于机械振动理论的解析方法对模型中点y向位移的时历响应进行求解,计算结果的对比情况如图6所示。可以看出,有限元求解程序的计算结果与解析法基本一致,曲线形状整体吻合,仅在极值附近出现少许偏差,验证了本文设计的求解程序具有较为可靠的求解精度。
本节基于10年一遇风暴工况展开分析。计算得到的扬矿硬管轴向动态张力和动态等效应力包络线分别如图7图8所示。从图中可以看出,扬矿硬管的最大张力发生于硬管上部悬挂位置处,同时该处也是动态张力幅值最大的位置;扬矿硬管的最大等效应力同样发生于硬管上部,但与动态张力不同的是,等效应力最大位置并非悬挂位置,而是位于悬挂位置往下12 m处。动态张力和等效应力在450 m深度附近扬矿泵位置发生突变,这是由于扬矿泵单位长度的重量相比硬管要大许多(导致张力梯度变化),其壁厚假定值较大(导致等效应力降低)。从图7还可以看出,硬管的张力在变化过程中始终为正值,说明在该风暴工况下扬矿硬管未出现动态压缩的情况。
扬矿立管的上部转角和月池处偏移是评估其作业安全性的两个重要参数。其中上部转角在本文中的定义为立管上部轴线与竖直方向的夹角,该转角值反映了立管上部的偏转情况,作业过程中不得超过立管悬挂装置所允许的偏转角度。月池处偏移在本文中的定义为立管在月池处偏离其初始竖直位置的最大距离,该偏移值间接反映了立管与月池处船体间的间隙情况,作业过程中同样不得超过许用值,以免立管与月池发生碰撞。风暴环境下,这两项参数的时间历程分别如图9图10所示。可以看出,上部转角和月池处偏移均呈随机性变化,上部转角的均值为7.7°,变化幅值为6.6°。月池处偏移的均值为4.1 m,变化幅值为2.9 m。
中间舱作为连接扬矿硬管和扬矿软管的结构,其动态特性对硬管及软管的受力均有着较大影响。中间舱的垂向及横向位移随时间变化情况分别如图11~12所示。从图中可以看出,中间舱的运动同样呈现一定的随机性,其垂向振荡的幅值比横向振荡的幅值要大。
风暴工况下软管对采矿车的作用力如图13所示。从图中可以看出,软管对采矿车的作用力中,z向(垂向)分力占主要部分,其次为x向(中间舱相对于采矿车偏移的方向)分力,y向分力很小。同时,还可以看出软管对采矿车的作用力波动幅值不大,说明合理的软管构型能有效缓冲中间舱的运动,从而优化采矿车的移动速度与方向控制。
管柱的上部转角过大及月池处与船体碰撞是扬矿立管系统常见的两种失效形式。图14图15分别展示了不同重现期风暴工况下的管柱上部转角和月池处偏移。可以看出,管柱上部转角在10年一遇风暴工况下已大大超出许用值,即便在1年一遇风暴工况下,在部分时刻也超出了许用值。月池处偏移在10年一遇风暴工况下多数时刻超出许用值,在1年一遇风暴工况下,峰值接近许用值。由此可见,上部转角过大是导致风暴环境下扬矿立管系统失效的主要因素。
通过上述分析可知,扬矿立管系统在风暴海况下非常危险。常规的扬矿立管设计无法承受10年一遇的风暴载荷,即便在1年一遇的风暴载荷下系统失效的风险也非常高。因此,在风暴来临前回收全部的水下输送系统,并驾驶采矿船避开风暴的影响范围,是应对风暴的最安全的方案。但在实际操作中,由于风暴预报的局限性以及天气发展迅速等原因,难免出现船舶摇摆幅度过大而不得不终止回收作业的情况。此时,扬矿立管系统尚未完成回收,但风暴逼近,采矿船只能悬挂扬矿立管实施撤离。对于扬矿立管系统而言,撤离避风暴作业具有一定的风险,撤离航行的参数选择显得非常重要。
为了方便对比撤离航行过程中各关键因素的安全余量情况,找出决定作业安全的关键因素,本文引入使用率$ u $进行各关键因素的分析对比,其计算表达式为
$ u=\frac{a}{\left[a\right]}\times 100\% $
式中:$ a $表示需要分析的因素值,$ \left[a\right] $表示该因素的许用值。
根据撤离过程中扬矿立管系统可能出现的结构失效形式,确定作业中的主要限制条件如下:
(1) 扬矿立管上部通过万向节装置悬挂于甲板面,为保证该万向节结构的安全,硬管上部的偏转角需小于万向节的最大许用转角,本文中该值为±6°。
(2) 为保证硬管和船体结构的安全,硬管的管体结构需严格避免和船体间发生干涉碰撞。硬管在无偏转情况下与月池间的单边间隙为3.89 m,撤离过程中硬管在月池处的偏移量不得超过该间隙值。
(3) 为保证扬矿硬管的结构安全,需须保证其最大的von Mises等效应力小于管体材料屈服强度的0.8倍。硬管采用P110钢材料,其屈服强度为758 MPa,许用等效应力为606 MPa。
计算得出撤离过程中扬矿立管各关键因素使用率随航速的变化情况如图16所示。从图中可以看出,顺流航向下各因素使用率随航速的增大先减小,随后增大;垂直海流航向和逆流航向下各因素使用率均随航速的增大而增大。各因素均在顺流航向下最小,逆流航向下最大。各因素中,上部转角是决定撤离航速的限制因素。
避台风撤离过程中,采矿车和采矿船的联动航行有两种常见模式:“车在前”模式和“船在前”模式。图17展示了两种模式下撤离过程中软管对采矿车的作用力。从图中可以看出,相对于垂向力(Fy),软管对采矿车的水平力(Fx)对撤离航速更敏感。撤离航速较大时,“船在前”模式下软管对采矿车的水平作用力要明显小于“车在前”模式。
作业窗口是展示不同作业环境条件下作业安全性的图表。图18所示为避台风作业中的撤离航行速度窗口。图中不同方位代表了不同撤离方向,到起始位置的不同距离代表了不同的撤离速度。从图中可以看出,避台风撤离的安全航速窗口为一近似圆形的工况区域。顺流航向允许的航速最大,逆流航向允许的航速最小,随着航速由顺流向逆流变换,其允许的航速越来越小。
作业窗口需要计算的工况非常多,采用常规的遍历算法往往需要数天,极大地影响了设计和分析工作的效率。采用临界值搜索的方法,通过一定的搜索策略可以快速找出各安全状态之间的临界工况,减少不必要的工况计算,从而提升作业窗口计算的效率。临界值搜索可采用启发式算法,该算法是人工智能领域常用的一种搜索方法,适用于解决多峰、非连续和不可微问题,在许多领域得到了应用[23]。近年来,越来越多的学者受自然界的启发,提出了模拟动植物行为或物理现象的优化算法,如蝴蝶优化算法[24]、人工蜂群算法[25]、秃鹰搜索算法[26]、黏菌优化算法[27]、樽海鞘算法[28]、引力搜索算法[29]及模拟退火算法[30]等。
本文受生活中藤蔓攀缘行为的启发,提出一种新的优化搜索算法即:“人工藤蔓”算法,并将其应用于深海扬矿立管系统撤离航行作业窗口的计算中。
参照藤蔓攀缘的原理设计“人工藤蔓”算法,通过人工藤蔓的生成、生长和萎缩,找出目标物,并进一步通过缠绕目标找出其边界。“人工藤蔓”算法计算过程包括搜索目标和缠绕目标2个重要阶段。
搜索目标阶段:该阶段包括人工藤蔓的生成、生长和萎缩3个重要步骤。搜索开始前,先根据一定的规则生成若干人工藤蔓,藤蔓的初始生成点为藤根。藤蔓生成后即根据规则生长(往前查找)和萎缩(回退查找)。在具有启发信息的搜索问题中,藤蔓的生成、生长和萎缩规则基于启发信息建立,在信息的指引下可实现较高的搜索效率。当一根藤蔓根据规则无法继续生长时,即表示该藤蔓的消亡。藤蔓消亡后,可根据需要继续生成新的藤蔓。
缠绕目标阶段:藤蔓搜索到目标物后,会持续缠绕目标物的裸露部分,直至完全覆盖目标物。同样,人工藤蔓在搜索到目标物(点集)后,也会根据一定的规则缠绕目标(在目标点集边缘查找),直至覆盖目标全部表面(找出目标点集与外部点之间的边界)。
作业窗口通常表达为代表不同安全等级的色块的组合。计算作业窗口的关键是找出各色块的边界。在“人工藤蔓”算法中,我们可将这些色块视为缠绕的目标物,通过人工藤蔓搜索和缠绕目标物,找出色块边界上的关键节点,从而绘制作业窗口。“人工藤蔓”算法计算作业窗口的流程为(如图19所示):
(1) 建立人工藤蔓生成、生长、萎缩、识别目标物和缠绕目标物的规则。
(2) 根据藤蔓生成规则建立人工藤蔓(藤根),如图19(a)所示。
(3) 藤蔓根据规则持续生长和萎缩,并最终识别目标,如图19(b)所示。
(4) 依据规则缠绕目标轮廓,依次得出各缠绕节点,如图19(c)所示。
(5) 根据需要生成新的人工藤蔓,继续搜索,如图19(d)所示。
(6) 根据得出的缠绕节点绘制作业窗口。
本节采用“人工藤蔓”算法计算图18所示的撤离航行速度窗口,并与常规方法进行计算效率的比较。
“人工藤蔓”算法计算作业窗口的第一步是确定各类规则。规则的科学性是决定算法搜索效率以及搜索结果准确性的关键。根据撤离作业窗口的特点,确定搜索过程的相关规则如下:
(1) 人工藤蔓生成规则:
设藤根坐标为$ ({v}_{0},{\alpha }_{0}) $,其中$ v $表示撤离航速,$ \alpha $表示撤离航向。选定初始航向为逆流航向,则$ {\alpha }_{0} $=180°。根据前面的分析,我们得出逆流航向的最大安全航速在0.1 m/s到0.2 m/s之间,可取$ {v}_{0}= $0.1 m/s。则藤根位置的坐标值为(0.1,180°)。根据前面的分析,窗口中只存在一片连续的不安全区域,说明只有一个目标物,因此该算例中仅需生成一根藤蔓。
(2) 藤蔓生长和萎缩规则:
设定藤蔓的初始生长方向为沿航速变化的方向。根据风暴环境下深海扬矿立管系统各关键要素变化的规律,若藤根位置的状态为安全(绿色),则目标轮廓大概率位于航速增大的方向,设定该方向为藤蔓生长方向;反之若藤根位置的状态为不安全(红色),则目标轮廓大概率位于航速减小的方向,设定该方向为藤蔓生长方向。生长长度由下一个生长节点$ ({v}_{i},{\alpha }_{i}) $决定,在设定的生长方向下,生长节点为$ \alpha $坐标保持不变,$ v $坐标可由下式计算得出
$ {v}_{i}=\left\{\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{cc}{v}_{i-1}+{d}_{v}& i=1\end{array}\\ \begin{array}{cc}{v}_{i-1}+\dfrac{({v}_{i-2}-{v}_{i-1})\left({{k}_{{\mathrm{lim}}}-k}_{i-1}\right)}{{k}_{i-2}-{k}_{i-1}}& i\ge 2\end{array}\end{array}\right. $
式中:$ {k}_{i-1}、{k}_{i-2} $分别表示第$ i-1 $和第$ i-2 $个生长节点的关键因素计算值;$ {d}_{v} $为第一个生长节点的增量,这里取$ {d}_{v}=0.1 $ m/s;$ {k}_{{\mathrm{lim}}} $表示关键因素的限制值。
(3) 目标识别规则:
作业窗口中,色块轮廓的特点是其关键因素值刚好等于限制值,搜索中可根据该特点来识别目标轮廓。由于搜索过程中的步长不可能无限小,搜索中难以出现关键因素刚好等于限制值的情况。可定义一个容差$ \delta $,当生长节点的关键因素值$ {k}_{i} $与其限制值$ {k}_{{\mathrm{lim}}} $之间的相对偏差在容差范围内时,可视生长节点坐标为目标轮廓坐标,即目标识别规则为
$ \left|\frac{{k}_{{\mathrm{lim}}}-{k}_{i}}{{k}_{{\mathrm{lim}}}}\right| \lt \delta $
本算例中取识别容差$ \delta $=2%。
(4) 缠绕规则:
识别目标后,藤蔓需要缠绕目标以覆盖其整个轮廓。可从一个方向顺序缠绕目标,也可分出两枝藤蔓从两个相对的方向依次缠绕至二者汇合。本文采用分枝缠绕的方法:藤蔓向两个相对的方向分别生长和缠绕目标。缠绕的过程即环绕目标轮廓生长,并不断识别缠绕住的轮廓节点的过程。在每个缠绕识别新轮廓节点的过程中,分枝缠绕生长节点的选取规则为
$\begin{split} & {v}_{i}=\left\{\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{ll}{v}_{i-1}& i=1\end{array}\\ \begin{array}{cc}{v}_{i-1}+{d}_{v}& i=2\end{array}\\ \begin{array}{cc}{v}_{i-1}+\dfrac{({v}_{i-2}-{v}_{i-1})\left({{k}_{{\mathrm{lim}}}-k}_{i-1}\right)}{{k}_{i-2}-{k}_{i-1}}& i\ge 3\end{array}\end{array}\right.\\& \begin{array}{cc}{\alpha }_{i}=\left\{\begin{array}{c}{\alpha }_{i-1}+{d}_{\alpha }\\ {\alpha }_{i-1}-{d}_{\alpha }\\ {\alpha }_{i-1}\end{array}\right.& \begin{array}{c}i=1,n=1\\ i=1,n=2\\ i\ge 2\end{array}\end{array} \end{split}$
式中:$ {d}_{\alpha } $为藤蔓缠绕一次的步长,本文取15°;$ n $为藤蔓分枝的编号。
完成规则制定后,根据规则搜索目标轮廓点,最后根据轮廓点坐标绘制作业窗口。图20所示为“人工藤蔓”算法计算作业窗口的搜索过程,可以看出,“人工藤蔓”算法搜索临界点的效率非常高,算例中目标识别容差$ \delta $为2%的情况下,每个临界点平均只需计算3次左右即可得出。而常规的遍历算法,要达到相同精度每个临界点往往需要计算100次以上。可以看出,本文开发的“人工藤蔓”算法在计算作业窗口的效率方面具有明显优势。
本文基于有限元方法建立了风暴环境下深海扬矿立管系统的仿真分析模型,分析了扬矿立管系统的耦合力学性能,评估了扬矿立管系统的安全性。同时,开展了避风暴撤离作业参数的分析,计算了避风暴航行的速度窗口。根据藤蔓攀缘的原理,提出了作业窗口计算的“人工藤蔓”算法,并将其与常规算法的计算效率进行了对比。得出的主要结论如下:
(1) 风暴环境下,扬矿立管系统的弱点位置为悬挂位置附近,该处的静态张力、动态张力和等效应力均出现峰值,建议在作业过程中在该处采用加强的悬挂短节以提高作业的安全性。在随机波浪和采矿船运动的激励下,上部转角、月池处偏移和中间舱的运动均呈现一定的随机性,中间舱的垂向振荡较横向振荡更为显著。软管对采矿车的作用力以垂向力为主(波动幅值不大),但水平力对航速变化敏感。
(2) 扬矿立管系统在风暴海况下非常危险,常规的扬矿立管设计无法承受10年一遇的风暴载荷,即便在1年一遇的风暴载荷下系统失效的风险也非常高,因此有必要考虑避风暴的方案。避风暴撤离过程中,各因素均在顺流航向下最小,逆流航向下最大,其中上部转角是决定撤离航速的关键因素。撤离过程中,软管作用于采矿车的水平力受航速影响大。撤离航速较大时,“船在前”模式的水平力要明显小于“车在前”模式。
(3) 撤离的安全航速窗口为一近似圆形的区域。顺流航向允许的航速最大,逆流航向允许的航速最小,随着航速由顺流向逆流变换,其允许的航速越来越小。作业窗口优化算法和常规遍历算法计算效率的对比表明,在有启发信息的情况下,本文开发的优化算法计算效率可以达到常规算法的数十倍,可以大大缩短扬矿立管系统作业窗口的计算时间。

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2026年第30卷第1期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.01.011
  • 接收时间:2025-06-10
  • 首发时间:2026-07-07
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-10
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    1.湖南文理学院 机械工程学院,湖南 常德 415000
    2.湖南省工程机械装备数字孪生工程技术研究中心,湖南 常德 415000
    3.中国石油大学 海洋油气装备与安全技术研究中心,山东 青岛 266580
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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