Article(id=1281326890451452896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281326807345500788, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.12.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743091200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783421736586, onlineDateStr=2026-07-07, pubDate=1765728000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783421736586, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783421736586, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783421736586, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281326807345500788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='12', pageStart='1827', pageEnd='1990', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1765728000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783421716772, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783422145004, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281328603572977733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281326807345500788, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281328603572977734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281326807345500788, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1953, endPage=1964, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281326890669556705, articleId=1281326890451452896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Fatigue assessment of multi-environment aluminum alloy boats in low-temperature conditions, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The polar environment is cold, complex, and characterized by a lack of data. Aluminum alloy multi-environment boats navigating in polar regions will encounter four types of interface conditions, including waves, water ice, snow, and ice-water interfaces. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research on the fatigue damage of aluminum alloy multi-environment boats in low-temperature environments. This paper is based on a time-domain analysis method analyzing the stress response of the boats under four types of interface loads. The rainflow counting method was used to statistically analyze the time history of hot spot stresses, and the final damage and fatigue life were calculated based on the Miner linear cumulative damage theory. On this basis, the damage sensitivity to ship speed, interface height, and ice density was analyzed. The results indicate that wave impacts and water ice loads contribute significantly to hull damage, with ice density being the most significant factor affection damage. Fatigue tests were conducted on low-temperature aluminum alloy materials, welded joints, and actual ship nodes. The S-N curve of low-temperature aluminum alloy was fitted, and the reliability of the S-N curve was verified through fatigue tests of actual ship nodes. The research findings can be utilized for the fatigue assessment of 5059 aluminum alloy boats in low-temperature environments.

, authors=Yong-chao XU1, Wei WANG1, Xi YANG2, Jian-guo WU2, Wei LIU2, authorsList=Yong-chao XU, Wei WANG, Xi YANG, Jian-guo WU, Wei LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jian-guo WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281326904800166002, articleId=1281326890451452896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=低温环境下多栖铝合金艇的疲劳评估研究, columnId=1241023038926410098, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=结构力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

极地环境复杂多变且资料缺乏,铝合金多栖艇在极地航行时将经历低温环境下的波浪、碎冰区、冰雪面、冰水跨界面等四种界面的载荷作用,其疲劳损伤问题是结构强度设计的关键。本文基于有限元时域分析方法,对四种界面载荷作用下的艇体动力响应进行了计算,采用雨流计数法统计热点应力时历,按照Miner线性累积损伤理论计算累积损伤、疲劳寿命,同时还进行了损伤敏感性分析。开展了低温铝合金材料、焊接节点和实船节点疲劳试验,通过实验数据拟合出低温铝合金S–N曲线,通过实艇节点疲劳试验验证了该SN曲线的可靠性。研究成果可用于低温环境下5059铝合金船体结构的疲劳评估。

, authors=徐永超1, 王伟1, 杨熙2, 吴剑国2, 刘威2, authorsList=徐永超, 王伟, 杨熙, 吴剑国, 刘威, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=吴剑国, authorNote=

徐永超(1986–),男,硕士,高级工程师

王 伟(1991–),男,硕士,工程师

杨 熙(1997–),男,硕士研究生

刘 威(1998–),男,硕士研究生

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吴剑国(1963–),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:
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element model of test specimens, figureFileSmall=tN3YIaEMpdh022skoHP+RA==, figureFileBig=6lSf9yOoUmVbGtijdbFhzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281326910282121399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326890451452896, language=CN, label=图13, caption=试件有限元模型, figureFileSmall=tN3YIaEMpdh022skoHP+RA==, figureFileBig=6lSf9yOoUmVbGtijdbFhzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281326910366007480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326890451452896, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Fatigue calculation cases

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号环境、工况编号工况内容
1一(1)二级海况,不规则波(迎浪,波高0.5 m),航速:20 km/h
2一(2)平静水面,航速:60 km/h
3二(1)速度:15 km/h,碎冰比例40%
4二(2)速度:15 km/h,碎冰度比例60%
5二(3)速度:15 km/h,碎冰比例80%
6平整冰面(雪),100 km/h滑行
7四(1)水到冰,速度5 km/h,冰水上部分高度0.3 m
8四(2)冰到水,速度5 km/h,冰水上部分高度0.3 m
9四(3)冰障碍高度:0.1 m,速度5 km/h
10四(4)冰障碍高度:0.1 m,速度10 km/h
11四(5)冰障碍高度:0.1 m,速度15 km/h
12四(6)冰障碍高度:0.2 m,速度5 km/h
13四(7)冰障碍高度:0.2 m,速度10 km/h
14四(8)冰障碍高度:0.3 m,速度5 km/h
), ArticleFig(id=1281326910454087865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326890451452896, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

疲劳计算工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号环境、工况编号工况内容
1一(1)二级海况,不规则波(迎浪,波高0.5 m),航速:20 km/h
2一(2)平静水面,航速:60 km/h
3二(1)速度:15 km/h,碎冰比例40%
4二(2)速度:15 km/h,碎冰度比例60%
5二(3)速度:15 km/h,碎冰比例80%
6平整冰面(雪),100 km/h滑行
7四(1)水到冰,速度5 km/h,冰水上部分高度0.3 m
8四(2)冰到水,速度5 km/h,冰水上部分高度0.3 m
9四(3)冰障碍高度:0.1 m,速度5 km/h
10四(4)冰障碍高度:0.1 m,速度10 km/h
11四(5)冰障碍高度:0.1 m,速度15 km/h
12四(6)冰障碍高度:0.2 m,速度5 km/h
13四(7)冰障碍高度:0.2 m,速度10 km/h
14四(8)冰障碍高度:0.3 m,速度5 km/h
), ArticleFig(id=1281326910529585338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326890451452896, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Fatigue damage calculated results for node 6

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况时间 长度/s $ {\lambda _i} $ $ {k_i} $单次工况下应力 循环总次数时间分配 系数应力参数单工况 损伤度设计寿命期内 损伤度
一(1)1000.7320.5221311.50.060426834.680E–088.855E–03
一(2)1000.2930.341477.50.06012351.354E–092.562E–04
二(1)29.961.3410.642467.50.096324771.065E–081.077E–02
二(2)21.961.3890.7467810.048755331.820E–081.254E–02
二(3)23.361.4320.6964930.0161285303.294E–081.244E–02
1001.080.742500.12064007.010E–092.650E–03
四(1)6.83139.50.08020367221.525E–074.454E–04
四(2)41470.08011130274.882E–081.425E–04
四(3)3.13920.0142677939.191E–094.831E–06
四(4)1.9360.50.0144571099.673E–094.033E–06
四(5)1.6650.0057315291.283E–083.124E–06
四(6)3.13900.0113470391.191E–084.695E–06
四(7)1.92610.0116016611.267E–085.917E–06
四(8)3.13112.50.02210018573.438E–082.711E–05
), ArticleFig(id=1281326910605082811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326890451452896, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

节点6疲劳损伤度结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况时间 长度/s $ {\lambda _i} $ $ {k_i} $单次工况下应力 循环总次数时间分配 系数应力参数单工况 损伤度设计寿命期内 损伤度
一(1)1000.7320.5221311.50.060426834.680E–088.855E–03
一(2)1000.2930.341477.50.06012351.354E–092.562E–04
二(1)29.961.3410.642467.50.096324771.065E–081.077E–02
二(2)21.961.3890.7467810.048755331.820E–081.254E–02
二(3)23.361.4320.6964930.0161285303.294E–081.244E–02
1001.080.742500.12064007.010E–092.650E–03
四(1)6.83139.50.08020367221.525E–074.454E–04
四(2)41470.08011130274.882E–081.425E–04
四(3)3.13920.0142677939.191E–094.831E–06
四(4)1.9360.50.0144571099.673E–094.033E–06
四(5)1.6650.0057315291.283E–083.124E–06
四(6)3.13900.0113470391.191E–084.695E–06
四(7)1.92610.0116016611.267E–085.917E–06
四(8)3.13112.50.02210018573.438E–082.711E–05
), ArticleFig(id=1281326910688968892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326890451452896, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Total fatigue damage and life of hot spot locations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
节点编号疲劳损伤度疲劳寿命/年
节点10.30732.58
节点20.13176.17
节点30.11288.97
节点40.028323.48
节点50.070143.15
节点60.048210.42
), ArticleFig(id=1281326910768660669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326890451452896, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

热点位置疲劳总损伤度及寿命

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
节点编号疲劳损伤度疲劳寿命/年
节点10.30732.58
节点20.13176.17
节点30.11288.97
节点40.028323.48
节点50.070143.15
节点60.048210.42
), ArticleFig(id=1281326910835769534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326890451452896, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Results of sensitivity analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
敏感因素损伤度变化范围敏感因素变化范围敏感度系数
MinMaxMinMax
行驶速度(km/h)2.9363E–098.0211E–095150.908
跨界面高度(m)5.1021E–097.8181E–090.10.30.409
碎冰比例(%)3.5560E–102.4656E–0940803.826
), ArticleFig(id=1281326910919655615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326890451452896, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

敏感度分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
敏感因素损伤度变化范围敏感因素变化范围敏感度系数
MinMaxMinMax
行驶速度(km/h)2.9363E–098.0211E–095150.908
跨界面高度(m)5.1021E–097.8181E–090.10.30.409
碎冰比例(%)3.5560E–102.4656E–0940803.826
), ArticleFig(id=1281326910990958784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326890451452896, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Results of damage contribution analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
节点编号损伤贡献度
水面航行碎冰区航行冰雪面行驶跨界面碰撞
节点130.57%53.51%10.29%5.64%
节点281.37%4.28%12.41%1.94%
节点314.47%73.99%6.01%5.54%
节点420.78%52.53%24.06%2.63%
节点55.18%86.22%8.44%0.17%
节点617.90%68.91%11.84%1.35%
), ArticleFig(id=1281326911062261953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326890451452896, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

损伤贡献分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
节点编号损伤贡献度
水面航行碎冰区航行冰雪面行驶跨界面碰撞
节点130.57%53.51%10.29%5.64%
节点281.37%4.28%12.41%1.94%
节点314.47%73.99%6.01%5.54%
节点420.78%52.53%24.06%2.63%
节点55.18%86.22%8.44%0.17%
节点617.90%68.91%11.84%1.35%
), ArticleFig(id=1281326911125176514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326890451452896, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Parameters of S-N curve

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度及试样类型截距ASN曲线反斜率m
室温母材1.51356×10154.45
低温母材4.36516×10133.78
室温T型焊接接头6.16595×10134.17
低温T型焊接接头9.12011×10134.17
低温十字型焊接接头3.31131×10144.35
), ArticleFig(id=1281326911204868291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326890451452896, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

S–N曲线参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度及试样类型截距ASN曲线反斜率m
室温母材1.51356×10154.45
低温母材4.36516×10133.78
室温T型焊接接头6.16595×10134.17
低温T型焊接接头9.12011×10134.17
低温十字型焊接接头3.31131×10144.35
), ArticleFig(id=1281326911280365764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326890451452896, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Comparison of stress results

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测点位置试验平均值 /MPa有限元模拟值 /MPa误差(软件/试验)
0.5t测点位置76.9085.661.11
1.5t测点位置73.7173.861.01
热点应力幅78.4991.561.17
), ArticleFig(id=1281326911355863237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326890451452896, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

应力结果比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点位置试验平均值 /MPa有限元模拟值 /MPa误差(软件/试验)
0.5t测点位置76.9085.661.11
1.5t测点位置73.7173.861.01
热点应力幅78.4991.561.17
), ArticleFig(id=1281326911427166406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326890451452896, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Comparison of fatigue life results of actual ship nodes of the hull

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S–N 曲线 置信度载荷水平 /kN有限元模拟试验平均值
热点应力幅 $ \Delta \mathbf{\sigma } $ /MPa疲劳寿命 N /次热点应力幅 ∆σ /MPa疲劳寿命 N /次实际试验平均 疲劳寿命/次
50%1091.5660212578.491144522770452
15140.8399986124.35168006108379
97.6%1091.5614294478.49370360770452
15140.8332354124.3554365108379
), ArticleFig(id=1281326911498469575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326890451452896, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

艇体实船节点的疲劳寿命结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
S–N 曲线 置信度载荷水平 /kN有限元模拟试验平均值
热点应力幅 $ \Delta \mathbf{\sigma } $ /MPa疲劳寿命 N /次热点应力幅 ∆σ /MPa疲劳寿命 N /次实际试验平均 疲劳寿命/次
50%1091.5660212578.491144522770452
15140.8399986124.35168006108379
97.6%1091.5614294478.49370360770452
15140.8332354124.3554365108379
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低温环境下多栖铝合金艇的疲劳评估研究
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徐永超 1 , 王伟 1 , 杨熙 2 , 吴剑国 2 , 刘威 2
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2025,29(12): 1953-1964
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船舶力学 |结构力学 2025 , 29 (12) : 1953 -1964
低温环境下多栖铝合金艇的疲劳评估研究
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徐永超1, 王伟1, 杨熙2, 吴剑国2 , 刘威2
作者信息
  • 1.中国船舶及海洋工程设计研究院,上海 200011
  • 2.浙江工业大学 土木工程学院,杭州 310023
通讯作者:
吴剑国(1963–),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:
作者简介:

徐永超(1986–),男,硕士,高级工程师

王 伟(1991–),男,硕士,工程师

杨 熙(1997–),男,硕士研究生

刘 威(1998–),男,硕士研究生

Fatigue assessment of multi-environment aluminum alloy boats in low-temperature conditions
Yong-chao XU1, Wei WANG1, Xi YANG2, Jian-guo WU2 , Wei LIU2
Affiliations
  • 1.Marine Design and Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200011, China
  • 2.College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
出版时间: 2025-12-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.12.012
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极地环境复杂多变且资料缺乏,铝合金多栖艇在极地航行时将经历低温环境下的波浪、碎冰区、冰雪面、冰水跨界面等四种界面的载荷作用,其疲劳损伤问题是结构强度设计的关键。本文基于有限元时域分析方法,对四种界面载荷作用下的艇体动力响应进行了计算,采用雨流计数法统计热点应力时历,按照Miner线性累积损伤理论计算累积损伤、疲劳寿命,同时还进行了损伤敏感性分析。开展了低温铝合金材料、焊接节点和实船节点疲劳试验,通过实验数据拟合出低温铝合金S–N曲线,通过实艇节点疲劳试验验证了该SN曲线的可靠性。研究成果可用于低温环境下5059铝合金船体结构的疲劳评估。

低温环境  /  铝合金艇  /  疲劳累计损伤  /  S–N曲线  /  敏感性

The polar environment is cold, complex, and characterized by a lack of data. Aluminum alloy multi-environment boats navigating in polar regions will encounter four types of interface conditions, including waves, water ice, snow, and ice-water interfaces. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research on the fatigue damage of aluminum alloy multi-environment boats in low-temperature environments. This paper is based on a time-domain analysis method analyzing the stress response of the boats under four types of interface loads. The rainflow counting method was used to statistically analyze the time history of hot spot stresses, and the final damage and fatigue life were calculated based on the Miner linear cumulative damage theory. On this basis, the damage sensitivity to ship speed, interface height, and ice density was analyzed. The results indicate that wave impacts and water ice loads contribute significantly to hull damage, with ice density being the most significant factor affection damage. Fatigue tests were conducted on low-temperature aluminum alloy materials, welded joints, and actual ship nodes. The S-N curve of low-temperature aluminum alloy was fitted, and the reliability of the S-N curve was verified through fatigue tests of actual ship nodes. The research findings can be utilized for the fatigue assessment of 5059 aluminum alloy boats in low-temperature environments.

low-temperature environment  /  aluminum alloy boat  /  fatigue cumulative damage  /  S-N curve  /  sensitivity
徐永超, 王伟, 杨熙, 吴剑国, 刘威. 低温环境下多栖铝合金艇的疲劳评估研究. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (12) : 1953 -1964 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.12.012
Yong-chao XU, Wei WANG, Xi YANG, Jian-guo WU, Wei LIU. Fatigue assessment of multi-environment aluminum alloy boats in low-temperature conditions[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (12) : 1953 -1964 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.12.012
多栖铝合金艇主要由四部分组成:上部为铝合金的艇身,中间层为圆柱形缓冲气囊,底部为耐磨层,尾部为空气螺旋桨推进系统。由于极地环境复杂多变,该艇将承受波浪、碎冰区、冰雪面、冰水跨界面等四种界面的交变载荷作用,其疲劳寿命是该艇研发的关键问题之一。鉴于该艇采用的5059铝合金,现行规范缺乏相应的疲劳SN曲线,特别是在低温环境下的SN曲线更为缺乏 [12],因此多栖铝合金艇在低温环境下的疲劳损伤是值得研究的问题。
近些年,在铝合金试验和结构疲劳强度时域计算方法研究中,耿立艳等[3]针对3A21铝合金焊接接头,采用应力平均法绘制了疲劳试验的S–N曲线。季晓琳[4]针对不同的铝合金车体焊接接头,采用名义应力法和主S–N曲线法对其开展了评估,并对比分析了两种方法的实用性。任慧龙等[5]进行了铝合金节点结构的疲劳试验,并得到了相关的S–N曲线。伍颖等[6]对十字型铝合金薄板试件进行了疲劳试验。牛亚辉等[7]针对6082铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊接接头采用三种不同的局部法开展疲劳评估。王子业[8]利用Fe–safe软件对地铁铝合金车体节点开展了疲劳强度分析。吴磊等[9]使用美国ASME标准中提出的结构应力法,利用一条主S–N曲线结合迈纳尔损伤累计法则对动车组的车体焊接接头开展了疲劳寿命的评估。 Mucci等[10]针对搅拌摩擦焊的铝合金对接接头和搭接接头,分别采用名义应力法、缺口应力法和有效应力法对其开展疲劳评估。
本文研究了低温环境下的铝合金艇体在波浪、碎冰区、冰雪面、冰水跨界面等四种界面载荷作用下的疲劳评估方法,利用有限元软件分析四种界面载荷作用下艇体的热点应力响应时历,通过雨流计数法进行应力范围和循环次数统计,探讨了损伤度对艇体航速、跨界面高度、工况时间分配系数的敏感性。本文还进行了材料、T型、十字型三种铝合金接头室温、低温环境下的疲劳试验和实艇节点的疲劳试验,拟合了低温环境下5059铝合金材料和焊接节点的S–N曲线,并通过实艇节点疲劳试验验证了S–N曲线的可靠性。
艇体典型节点的疲劳寿命计算的流程如图1所示。首先确定四种工况载荷的时历,通过自编软件将载荷施加到有限元模型上,计算出热点应力响应时历,再通过雨流计数法得到应力范围和循环次数,并基于Miner线性累积损伤理论计算各个热点的疲劳累计损伤值和结构最终寿命。
参考北极环境和极地航行案例,结合实际工况,将该艇全年运作时间分为两部分,一部分为工作时间,一部分为非工作时间。工作时间进一步细分,一种是连续载荷工况,包括水面航行、碎冰区航行、冰雪面行驶,每个行驶工况又根据速度不同分多个子工况;另一种工作时间为偶然载荷工况,包括冰水跨界面冲击工况和与冰雪面障碍物碰撞工况,此类碰撞工况时间短,且航行过程中发生的次数较少,不宜与航行工况共同计算,可以由一天发生的估算次数,推算出设计寿命内的总次数。各工况的时间分配系数见图2
本文采用四边形板壳单元模拟艇底耐磨层结构和铝合金艇体,粘弹塑性弹簧本构模型模拟圆柱形缓冲气囊,离散单元方法模拟海冰和积雪,光滑粒子流体动力学方法模拟流体,由此建立艇体结构与冰雪、流体相互作用的多介质耦合作用模型,计算不同环境下铝合金艇体的冲击载荷[11]。艇体结构多介质耦合模型如图3所示。
图4展示了部分工况的载荷时程曲线,全部工况编号的含义见表1
通过自编的载荷转换程序,将各种界面的载荷时程施加到有限元模型。由于热点疲劳计算的需要,热点位置的网格需要细化到与板厚t一致,为兼顾求解效率和稳定性,本文采用隐式分析方法求解结构热点应力时历,通过雨流计数法统计各级热点应力范围以及循环次数。其中,应力范围结果参考CCS《船体结构疲劳强度指南》[12],需考虑节点腐蚀损耗、板厚、平均应力的影响,并进行一系列系数修正,见公式(1)~(3)。
设计应力范围$ {S _{\mathrm{D}}} $按下式计算
$ {S _{\mathrm{D}}} = {f_{\mathrm{m}}}{f_{\mathrm{t}}}{f_{{\text{ch}}}}{S _{\mathrm{h}}} $
式中:$ {S _{\mathrm{h}}} $为热点应力范围;板厚修正系数$ {f_{\mathrm{t}}} $=1;热点应力腐蚀修正系数$ {f_{{\mathrm{ch}}}} = 1.05 $$ {f_{\mathrm{m}}} $为平均应力修正系数,其表达式为
$ {f_{\mathrm{m}}} = \min \left[ {1.0,0.85 + 0.3\frac{{{\sigma _\text{m}}}}{{{C_S}{S _\text{h}}}}} \right]\qquad 当 {\sigma _\text{m}} \geqslant 0时 $
$ {f_\text{m}} = \max \left[ {0.7,0.85 + 0.3\frac{{{\sigma _\text{m}}}}{{{C_S}{S _\text{h}}}}} \right]\qquad 当 {\sigma _\text{m}} \lt 0时 $
式中:$ {C_S} = 1.6 + 0.0025\;L $$ L $为满载的水线长;$ {\sigma _\text{m}} $为热点平均应力;$ {S _\text{h}} $同上为热点应力范围。
本文采用疲劳试验获得的低温应力S–N曲线(见第3节)和Palmgren–Miner规则的线性累积损伤模型公式[13],进行低温环境下多栖铝合金艇的节点疲劳累积损伤计算。
应力范围的概率可以用连续的威布尔分布表示,其概率密度函数$ {f_S}(S) $可以表示为
$ {f_S}(S) = \frac{k}{\lambda }{\left( {\frac{S}{\lambda }} \right)^{k - 1}}{{\mathrm{e}}^{ - {{\left( {\tfrac{S}{\lambda }} \right)}^k}}}\qquad S \geqslant 0 $
式中:S为应力范围,$ \lambda $为尺度参数,$ k $为形状参数。
将第$ i $工况的应力参数$ {\varOmega _i} $定义为
$ {\varOmega _i} = {f_{{L_i}}}E{\left( {{S^m}} \right)_i} = \frac{{{N_{{L_i}}}}}{{{L_i}}}\lambda _i^m\Gamma \left( {\frac{m}{{{k_i}}} + 1} \right) $
式中:$ {\varOmega _i} $为应力参数;$ m $S–N曲线反斜率,见表6$ {f_{{L_i}}} = {N_{{L_i}}}/{L_i} $为第$ i $工况中的应力范围作用的平均频率;$ {L_i} $为第$ i $工况期间作用的时间长度;$ {N_{{L_i}}} $$ {L_i} $期间应力作用范围的总循环次数;$ \Gamma \left( x \right) $为完全GAMMA函数值。
偶然载荷工况采用离散的疲劳累计损伤计算方法,结构的疲劳损伤度D定义为
$ D = \sum\limits_{i = 1}^k {\frac{{{n_i}}}{{{N_i}}}} $
式中:$ {n_i} $为第i级的应力范围$ {S _i} $对应的循环次数,$ {N_i} $为应力范围$ {S _i} $对应材料S–N曲线的循环次数。
结构总的累积损伤度为波浪砰击载荷、碎冰区载荷、冰面/雪面载荷以及跨界面载荷导致的疲劳损伤之和,即
$ D = \sum {{D_i}} = \sum {{T_i}{D_{0,i}}} = \sum {\frac{{{T_i}}}{A}{\varOmega _i}} = \sum {\frac{{T{\alpha _i}}}{A}{\varOmega _i}} \quad i=1, 2, 3, 4 $
式中:$ D $为总的疲劳累积损伤;$ {D_i} $为第$ i $工况的疲劳累计损伤;$ {T_i} $为第$ i $工况的作用时间长度;$ {D_{0,i}} $为第$ i $工况单位时间的损伤;$ A $为热点应力的S–N曲线参数,见表6$ {\varOmega _i} $为第i工况的应力参数,见式(5);T为艇的总运营时间,取10年;$ {\alpha _i} $为第$ i $工况的时间分配系数,见图2
$ {T_{\mathrm{f}}} $为结构达到发生疲劳破坏时的时间长度,也即疲劳寿命。根据Miner线性累积损伤理论,令结构发生疲劳破坏的累积损伤度D等于1,由式(7)可得结构的疲劳寿命为
$ {T_{\mathrm{f}}} = \frac{A}{\varOmega } $
式中:$ \varOmega $为总的应力参数,$ \varOmega = \displaystyle\sum {{\alpha _i}} {\varOmega _i} $
根据全艇粗网格有限元分析的结果,对如图5所示的六个关键节点进行精细网格有限元分析,热点附近的网格尺寸为t×tt为板的厚度。艇体模型在经过热点网格细化后,单元总数为83079,单元最小尺寸为3 mm。
对整艇有限元模型进行分析时,边界条件的处理参考了CCS《海上高速船入级与建造规范》[14]的附录2,并结合本艇实际载荷,最终边界条件的施加方式如图6所示。
(1)连续长期载荷工况
本文在中纵剖面的首部和尾部各取一点分别记为A和B,同时在艇尾两侧也各取一点C和D。约束A点的XYZ三个方向的线位移分量,约束B点的YZ方向的线位移分量和约束C、D点的Z向线位移分量,如图6(a)所示。
(2)偶然碰撞载荷工况
全艇经历碰撞或跨界面时,艇体的艏部会翘起,有飞跃的趋势,如采用连续长期载荷工况一样的全艇固支边界条件会导致支座点应力集中,所以在艇体后舱中纵剖面上取一点A和B,艇尾两侧各取一点C和D。约束A点XYZ三个方向的线位移分量,在B点设置YZ方向的弹簧,在C、D点设置Z向的弹簧,弹簧刚度k=20 N/mm。如图6(b)所示。
针对极地复杂环境条件构建波浪、平整冰面(雪)、冰水混合和跨界面环境数值分析模型,计算不同航行环境下艇体冲击载荷[11],相关工况见表1
通过自编的流–固转换程序将载荷加到有限元模型上,采用隐式动力求解器计算得到六个热点时历,因篇幅限制,仅列出工况一(1)应力云图,如图7所示。通过外推法求出各个工况下六个热点的应力时历曲线,3个连续型工况的六个热点的应力时历,如图8所示。
获得各个工况下每个热点的应力时历后,通过雨流计算法进行热点应力循环统计,拟合出$ \lambda $$ k $值,图9为工况一(1)、工况二(1)、工况三(1)下节点6的统计直方图。
低温下5059铝合金焊接节点的SN曲线由本文的试验确定(详见第3节表6)。以节点6的疲劳损伤度为例,疲劳计算结果如表2所示。
根据表2所示的累计损伤计算结果,可计算出疲劳寿命。所有疲劳节点的寿命结果如表3所示。
本文采用中心差分方法计算敏感度系数值[15],即
$ \begin{split}& {\eta _i} = \frac{{\overline {{\sigma _u}} ({q_1},{q_2}, \cdots ,{q_i} + \Delta {q_i}, \cdots ,{q_n}) - \overline {{\sigma _u}} ({q_1},{q_2}, \cdots ,{q_i}, \cdots ,{q_n})}}{{2\Delta {q_i}}} \times \\ &\qquad \left( {\frac{{{q_i}}}{{\overline {{\sigma _u}} ({q_1},{q_2}, \cdots ,{q_i}, \cdots ,{q_n})}} + \frac{{{q_i} + \Delta {q_i}}}{{\overline {{\sigma _u}} ({q_1},{q_2}, \cdots ,{q_i} + \Delta {q_i}, \cdots ,{q_n})}}} \right) \end{split}$
式中:$ \overline {{\sigma _u}} $取本文的疲劳损伤度;qi为影响参数;ηi为影响参数敏感度系数。
多栖铝合金艇在极地区域航行时,其航行速度不会是恒定的,且在冰面行驶过程中,会碰撞爬越不同高度的冰体障碍物,在碎冰区航行时,碎冰的比例对损伤度也会产生影响,有必要讨论不同速度和冰体障碍物高度对热点疲劳损伤度的贡献度(相同时间分配系数)。
节点6的疲劳损伤计算敏感度结果见表4
表4可以看出,碎冰比例的增加对损伤度的影响,较速度提高和跨界面高度的升高对损伤度的影响更为明显。
极地环境存在诸多不确定因素,因此多栖铝合金艇在设计寿命期间,其水面航行、碎冰区航行、冰雪面行驶的时间分配系数是不确定的,由水到冰、冰到水跨界面航行和碰撞冰体障碍物等碰撞工况的次数也是不确定的。根据图2所示的时间分配方案,分析各个热点疲劳损伤中各个界面工况的贡献度,从而可获得各个热点对每种界面工况的敏感程度,见表5
表5可以看出,总体来说水面航行工况和碎冰区航行工况对节点的疲劳损伤的贡献度占比较大。
依据标准GB/T 15248–2008[16],分别对5059铝合金材料和T形、十字焊接接头进行室温和低温(–35℃)环境下的疲劳试验。所有试验采用应力控制,进行应力比为0.1的拉–拉疲劳试验。各类型试样进行不少于5组的应力水平测试,每组为3个试件,部分试件的照片见图10,设定最大疲劳寿命不超过106次。以试件热点应力范围与疲劳断裂的次数按双对数坐标绘制分布图,采用最小二乘法线性拟合数据点,低温疲劳试验SN曲线拟合结果如图11表6所示。
图11可以看出:
(1)铝合金材料、T形、十字形接头室温下的SN曲线与FAT[17]的结果比较接近,表明试验的结果可信。
(2)铝合金材料、T形、十字形接头在低温(–35℃)环境下的SN曲线的寿命轴(Y轴)的截距略大于室温下的SN曲线的截距,表明低温(–35℃)不会降低铝合金和焊接接头的疲劳寿命。
(3)T形、十字形接头低温(–35℃)下的SN曲线略低于FAT的SN曲线,表明焊接质量对疲劳寿命的影响较大。
按照实际艇体中节点6设计典型焊接节点,见图12(a)。采用三点弯曲加载,共进行了两组载荷级别疲劳试验,最大载荷分别为10 kN和15 kN,试验采用载荷控制,波形为正弦波,应力比R=0.1,试验温度–35℃。每组载荷进行三个结构件的疲劳试验,在中间截面底板上焊趾附近,分别离焊趾0.5t和1.5t位置贴应变片,见图12(b)
结构件上顶面通过热电偶控制,使试验件在整个试验过程中保持稳定温度–35±1℃。以结构件疲劳实验中首次出现可见裂纹时的循环次数作为失效寿命。典型节点结构件试验过程中起裂位置均在中间截面的下底板焊趾位置,该位置受拉伸应力,加上焊接结构不连续引起应力集中,故该处首先失效,裂纹沿加载截面向上扩展。试验结果显示裂纹起裂与走向如图12(c)所示。
限于篇幅,以下仅展示十字型焊接接头试件和实艇节点6试件的有限元结果,如图13所示。
载荷水平10 kN的0.5t位置和1.5t位置的实艇节点有限元和试验测得应力值的对比结果如表7所示。
由此可见:
(1)在1.5t位置,有限元与试验两者的应力值相差很小,0.5t位置的应力结果差距较1.5t测点位置的稍大,但误差均在11%以下。
(2)热点应力幅由外推法所得,热点应力幅误差约为17%。
艇体典型节点的疲劳寿命试验与有限元仿真结果的对比如表8所示。其中,试验疲劳寿命次数取多次试验的均值。将有限元的应力计算值、试验测得热点应力幅值分别代入置信度为50%的S–N曲线:$ \mathrm{log}(N) $=13.96–4.17$ \mathrm{log}(\Delta \mathrm{\sigma }) $和置信度为97.6%的S–N曲线:$ \mathrm{log}(N) $=13.47–4.17$ \mathrm{log}(\Delta \sigma ) $,获得节点的疲劳寿命估算值。
表8结果可以发现:
(1)有限元仿真的疲劳寿命小于试验的平均寿命,说明有限元结果是偏安全的,拟合的热点应力SN曲线可靠,置信度97.6%的SN曲线余量较大。
(2)从置信度50%的寿命评估结果比较来看,15 kN载荷水平的寿命结果误差较小,误差为7.7%,10 kN载荷水平的寿命误差较大,误差为21.8%。
本文以5059 铝合金材料的多栖铝合金艇为研究对象,通过低温环境下的典型节点疲劳试验和有限元时域分析方法,对四种环境界面载荷作用下的艇体进行了动力响应计算和疲劳寿命评估,得到主要结论如下:
(1)低温环境下多栖铝合金艇在四种界面下的疲劳强度分析的方法研究和实艇疲劳损伤计算的结果表明,该艇疲劳损伤小于1,符合疲劳要求,为低温环境下的多栖铝合金艇疲劳设计提供了技术支撑。
(2)艇体疲劳损伤度的敏感度分析结果表明波浪砰击载荷和水冰载荷对艇体的损伤度贡献较大。就航行速度、冰体障碍物高度以及碎冰比例三因素而言,碎冰比例对损伤度影响最大。
(3)通过低温环境下5059铝合金材料和焊接接头疲劳试验,拟合出低温疲劳S–N曲线。通过实艇节点疲劳试验验证了该SN曲线的精度。所得低温SN曲线可以推广应用于低温环境下5059铝合金结构的疲劳评估。

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2025年第29卷第12期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.12.012
  • 接收时间:2025-03-28
  • 首发时间:2026-07-07
  • 出版时间:2025-12-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-28
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    1.中国船舶及海洋工程设计研究院,上海 200011
    2.浙江工业大学 土木工程学院,杭州 310023

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吴剑国(1963–),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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