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Article(id=1281326937377321264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281326807345500788, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.12.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747670400000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783421747774, onlineDateStr=2026-07-07, pubDate=1765728000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783421747774, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783421747774, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783421747774, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281326807345500788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='12', pageStart='1827', pageEnd='1990', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1765728000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783421716772, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783422145004, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281328603572977733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281326807345500788, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281328603572977734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281326807345500788, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1906, endPage=1918, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281326937696088369, articleId=1281326937377321264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Model test of semi-submersible floating wind turbine with a mooring line broken under extreme environment, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The safety of a mooring system is one of the key performance that require verification for floating offshore platforms. Based on the requirements of lightweight design, precise control of active breaking and avoidance of measurement interference, this paper developed an active broken simulation device that can be used in marine engineering model tests. The semi-submersible floating wind turbine platform was used to carry out an active broken model test of a mooring chain in an extreme environment. The results show that the device can be triggered based on tension threshold judgment and timing, and has stability, accuracy and real-time performance. It can effectively capture the whole process of dynamic response of floating structure and mooring system after mooring failure. After breaking occured near the maximum mooring tension, the tension of the adjacent mooring chain surges, the safety factor decreases sharply, the platform undergoes a long-distance offset, and experiences severe oscillation, and the safety and positioning ability of the mooring system are seriously reduced.

, authors=Dan-xue OUYANG, Yu-feng KOU, Sheng-wen XU, Xiao WU, Jun LI, Tao PENG, authorsList=Dan-xue OUYANG, Yu-feng KOU, Sheng-wen XU, Xiao WU, Jun LI, Tao PENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yu-feng KOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281326944021098849, articleId=1281326937377321264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=极端海洋环境下半潜型浮式风机锚链破断模型试验研究, columnId=1241023038926410098, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=结构力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

系泊系统的安全性是浮式海洋平台必须验证的关键性能之一，本文基于对装置轻量化、主动破断精确控制、避免测量干扰的要求，研制适用于海洋工程模型试验的主动式锚缆破断模拟装置，并对半潜型浮式风机平台，开展极端风浪流环境下的单根锚缆主动破断模型试验。结果表明，该装置能够基于张力阈值和定时判断触发，具有稳定性、准确性和实时性，能够有效捕捉系泊失效后浮式结构和系泊系统的动力响应全过程；在系泊张力最大值附近发生破断后，相邻的系泊锚链张力激增，安全系数急剧下降，平台发生远距离偏移和剧烈振荡，导致系泊系统的安全性和定位能力严重降低。

, authors=欧阳丹雪, 寇雨丰, 徐胜文, 吴骁, 李俊, 彭涛, authorsList=欧阳丹雪, 寇雨丰, 徐胜文, 吴骁, 李俊, 彭涛, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=寇雨丰, authorNote=

欧阳丹雪（1998–），女，硕士，助理实验师

, correspAuthorsNote=
寇雨丰（1986–），男，硕士，高级工程师，通讯作者，E-mail：
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欧阳丹雪（1998–），女，硕士，助理实验师

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欧阳丹雪（1998–），女，硕士，助理实验师

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figureFileBig=IxvMSX8/7ekYbyDQC9J3Zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281326951809921451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326937377321264, language=CN, label=图16, caption=稳态阶段六自由度运动的功率谱密度, figureFileSmall=uo+j5ZXBCbL7O0CBkg14IQ==, figureFileBig=IxvMSX8/7ekYbyDQC9J3Zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281326951864447404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326937377321264, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Statistical value of the top tension of the residual mooring chain, figureFileSmall=klMI+x8vgt3rBTkkRSMD4Q==, figureFileBig=eKl342yaKoEdck5Soldyhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281326951935750573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326937377321264, language=CN, label=图17, caption=剩余锚链顶端张力统计值, figureFileSmall=klMI+x8vgt3rBTkkRSMD4Q==, figureFileBig=eKl342yaKoEdck5Soldyhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281326951990276526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326937377321264, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Main properties of the semi-submersible floating wind turbine

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参数/单位实型值模型值参数/单位实型值模型值
总排水量/t9 2490.334浮心垂向高度/m4.40.15
吃水/m15.10.50横摇惯性半径/m461.53
水线面面积/m22370.26纵摇惯性半径/m45.21.51
重心垂向高度/m14.20.47
), ArticleFig(id=1281326952044802479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326937377321264, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

半潜型浮式风机平台的主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数/单位实型值模型值参数/单位实型值模型值
总排水量/t9 2490.334浮心垂向高度/m4.40.15
吃水/m15.10.50横摇惯性半径/m461.53
水线面面积/m22370.26纵摇惯性半径/m45.21.51
重心垂向高度/m14.20.47
), ArticleFig(id=1281326952116105648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326937377321264, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Main properties of the wind turbine and the tower

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数/单位实型值模型值参数/单位实型值模型值
风轮直径/m1264.20塔筒高度/m77.62.59
RNA总质量/t3500.013塔筒总质量/t2200.008
桨毂直径/m30.10塔筒重心高度/m431.43
桨毂高度/m802.67一阶固有频率/Hz0.4912.69
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风机和塔筒的基本参数

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参数/单位实型值模型值参数/单位实型值模型值
风轮直径/m1264.20塔筒高度/m77.62.59
RNA总质量/t3500.013塔筒总质量/t2200.008
桨毂直径/m30.10塔筒重心高度/m431.43
桨毂高度/m802.67一阶固有频率/Hz0.4912.69
), ArticleFig(id=1281326952271294898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326937377321264, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Parameters of mooring lines

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参数/单位实型值模型值
锚链数量66
锚链长度/m47515.83
系泊半径/m52017.33
系泊水深/m1003.33
干重/（kg·m−1）1580.1713
湿重/（kg·m−1）1370.1485
公称直径/mm892.967
轴向刚度/kN67645024.44
破断强度/kN57230.2068
预张力/kN4680.0169
), ArticleFig(id=1281326952342598067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326937377321264, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

锚链参数

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参数/单位实型值模型值
锚链数量66
锚链长度/m47515.83
系泊半径/m52017.33
系泊水深/m1003.33
干重/（kg·m−1）1580.1713
湿重/（kg·m−1）1370.1485
公称直径/mm892.967
轴向刚度/kN67645024.44
破断强度/kN57230.2068
预张力/kN4680.0169
), ArticleFig(id=1281326952434872756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326937377321264, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Natural periods of six DOF’s motion

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自由度周期/s自由度周期/s
纵荡64.34横摇23.20
横荡74.63纵摇23.16
垂荡18.85艏摇77.30
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六自由度运动固有周期

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自由度周期/s自由度周期/s
纵荡64.34横摇23.20
横荡74.63纵摇23.16
垂荡18.85艏摇77.30
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MetOcean parameters

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极端海况/单位实型值模型值
方向/°3030
有义波高/m10.50.35
谱峰周期/s14.32.611
γ33
平均流速/（m·s−1）0.480.088
平均风速/（m·s−1）274.93
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海洋环境参数

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极端海况/单位实型值模型值
方向/°3030
有义波高/m10.50.35
谱峰周期/s14.32.611
γ33
平均流速/（m·s−1）0.480.088
平均风速/（m·s−1）274.93
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Model test cases

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工况编号工况内容判断条件
M01锚链完整/
M02基于张力阈值判断主动破断#5缆2739.8 kN
M03基于定时判断主动破断#5缆986.6 s
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模型试验工况

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工况编号工况内容判断条件
M01锚链完整/
M02基于张力阈值判断主动破断#5缆2739.8 kN
M03基于定时判断主动破断#5缆986.6 s
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Maximum tension in test case M01

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锚链编号最大张力/kN
#1402.348
#2397.373
#3841.046
#41011.026
#53568.478
#62715.366
), ArticleFig(id=1281326952913023419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326937377321264, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

锚链完整工况下系泊锚链张力最大值

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锚链编号最大张力/kN
#1402.348
#2397.373
#3841.046
#41011.026
#53568.478
#62715.366
), ArticleFig(id=1281326952971743676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326937377321264, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Main technical parameters of the device

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参数/单位数值参数/单位数值
设计拉力范围/N0~150控制系统输入电压范围/V0~5
夹具极限拉力/N200控制系统输入电压精度/V0.001
触发器质量/kg0.598控制系统时间精度/s0.01
触发器尺寸/mm113×70×35张力阈值破断误差< 5%
夹具质量/kg0.032定时破断误差< 5%
夹具尺寸/mm56×30×15
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模拟装置主要技术参数

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参数/单位数值参数/单位数值
设计拉力范围/N0~150控制系统输入电压范围/V0~5
夹具极限拉力/N200控制系统输入电压精度/V0.001
触发器质量/kg0.598控制系统时间精度/s0.01
触发器尺寸/mm113×70×35张力阈值破断误差< 5%
夹具质量/kg0.032定时破断误差< 5%
夹具尺寸/mm56×30×15
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Comparison of the broken tension

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设定张力阈值B1测试结果B2测试结果B3测试结果
通道130 N30.037 N30.090 N30.033 N
张力误差0.123%0.299%0.111%
通道250 N50.108 N50.148 N50.108 N
张力误差0.217%0.296%0.217%
设定张力阈值B4测试结果B5测试结果B6测试结果
通道450 N50.254 N50.240 N50.243 N
张力误差0.508%0.479%0.486%
), ArticleFig(id=1281326953185653183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326937377321264, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

破断张力对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设定张力阈值B1测试结果B2测试结果B3测试结果
通道130 N30.037 N30.090 N30.033 N
张力误差0.123%0.299%0.111%
通道250 N50.108 N50.148 N50.108 N
张力误差0.217%0.296%0.217%
设定张力阈值B4测试结果B5测试结果B6测试结果
通道450 N50.254 N50.240 N50.243 N
张力误差0.508%0.479%0.486%
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Motion extremum in the transient state of roll, pitch and heave

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横摇/°纵摇/°垂荡/m
M011.8051.7432.664
M022.1672.9133.922
M011.4312.3942.114
M031.4713.0352.722
), ArticleFig(id=1281326953336648129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326937377321264, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

横摇、纵摇和垂荡的瞬态阶段极值

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横摇/°纵摇/°垂荡/m
M011.8051.7432.664
M022.1672.9133.922
M011.4312.3942.114
M031.4713.0352.722
), ArticleFig(id=1281326953416339906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326937377321264, language=EN, label=Tab.11, caption=

Maximum tensions and safety factors of Chain #6 in three cases

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工况最大值 /kN安全系数
M012715.3662.108
M026245.6860.916
M035014.2921.141
), ArticleFig(id=1281326955031146947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326937377321264, language=CN, label=表11, caption=

全阶段#6锚链顶端张力最大值和安全系数

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工况最大值 /kN安全系数
M012715.3662.108
M026245.6860.916
M035014.2921.141
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极端海洋环境下半潜型浮式风机锚链破断模型试验研究
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欧阳丹雪 , 寇雨丰 , 徐胜文 , 吴骁 , 李俊 , 彭涛
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2025,29(12): 1906-1918
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船舶力学 |结构力学 2025 , 29 (12) : 1906 -1918
极端海洋环境下半潜型浮式风机锚链破断模型试验研究
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欧阳丹雪, 寇雨丰 , 徐胜文, 吴骁, 李俊, 彭涛
作者信息
  • 上海交通大学 海洋工程全国重点实验室，上海 200240
通讯作者:
寇雨丰（1986–），男，硕士，高级工程师，通讯作者，E-mail：
作者简介:

欧阳丹雪（1998–），女，硕士，助理实验师

Model test of semi-submersible floating wind turbine with a mooring line broken under extreme environment
Dan-xue OUYANG, Yu-feng KOU , Sheng-wen XU, Xiao WU, Jun LI, Tao PENG
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
出版时间: 2025-12-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.12.008
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摘要
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系泊系统的安全性是浮式海洋平台必须验证的关键性能之一，本文基于对装置轻量化、主动破断精确控制、避免测量干扰的要求，研制适用于海洋工程模型试验的主动式锚缆破断模拟装置，并对半潜型浮式风机平台，开展极端风浪流环境下的单根锚缆主动破断模型试验。结果表明，该装置能够基于张力阈值和定时判断触发，具有稳定性、准确性和实时性，能够有效捕捉系泊失效后浮式结构和系泊系统的动力响应全过程；在系泊张力最大值附近发生破断后，相邻的系泊锚链张力激增，安全系数急剧下降，平台发生远距离偏移和剧烈振荡，导致系泊系统的安全性和定位能力严重降低。

浮式平台  /  锚缆破断  /  试验装置  /  模型试验

The safety of a mooring system is one of the key performance that require verification for floating offshore platforms. Based on the requirements of lightweight design, precise control of active breaking and avoidance of measurement interference, this paper developed an active broken simulation device that can be used in marine engineering model tests. The semi-submersible floating wind turbine platform was used to carry out an active broken model test of a mooring chain in an extreme environment. The results show that the device can be triggered based on tension threshold judgment and timing, and has stability, accuracy and real-time performance. It can effectively capture the whole process of dynamic response of floating structure and mooring system after mooring failure. After breaking occured near the maximum mooring tension, the tension of the adjacent mooring chain surges, the safety factor decreases sharply, the platform undergoes a long-distance offset, and experiences severe oscillation, and the safety and positioning ability of the mooring system are seriously reduced.

floating platform  /  mooring chain broken  /  test equipment  /  model test
欧阳丹雪, 寇雨丰, 徐胜文, 吴骁, 李俊, 彭涛. 极端海洋环境下半潜型浮式风机锚链破断模型试验研究. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (12) : 1906 -1918 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.12.008
Dan-xue OUYANG, Yu-feng KOU, Sheng-wen XU, Xiao WU, Jun LI, Tao PENG. Model test of semi-submersible floating wind turbine with a mooring line broken under extreme environment[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (12) : 1906 -1918 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.12.008
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0　引言
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系泊系统是浮式海洋平台的重要组成部分，能够使平台保持作业位置，保证平台与隔水管、立管等系统安全连接。系泊系统的安全性受到许多因素的影响，如超载、部件缺陷/损坏、疲劳、腐蚀、维护不当、人为失误等[1]。浮式海洋平台长期在某一海域作业，在恶劣海洋环境下，系泊缆（锚链）一旦发生破断可能造成平台倾覆、油气泄漏等严重后果，甚至造成财产损毁、人员伤亡的重大损失。因此，浮式海洋平台的系泊性能备受关注。
针对系泊系统的安全性，挪威船级社和美国石油协会[2-3]等国际标准化组织提出了一系列详细的标准规范，明确要求在浮式海洋平台系泊系统设计中，必须考虑系泊系统完整工况和一根系泊缆破断工况，分析系泊系统以及浮体运动的响应，校核系泊缆破断的安全系数，确保系泊系统有足够的能力承受一条系泊缆失效后的环境外载荷。为此，学者们对各类浮式海洋平台的系泊安全性进行了大量的数值模拟研究，针对海上浮式风机，分别考虑一根[4−7]或多根[8]系泊缆断裂的情况，分析浮式风机的瞬态响应及稳态响应、系泊缆载荷，评估风机性能，以避免恶劣环境下系泊缆绳连续断裂和潜在的灾难性碰撞事件，其中Zhang等[4]研究发现系泊缆破断对平台运动、风机结构载荷和其余系泊缆的张力有显著影响。对于半潜式平台，Wang等[9]和Ahmed等[10]开展了一条和两条系泊缆失效工况的数值模拟研究，发现系泊缆失效对平台运动有显著影响。Chuang等[11]通过数值模拟发现，在特定时间将某一根或几根系泊缆断开会导致相邻系泊缆的连续失效，剩余系泊缆的张力有较大的增加。对于浮式生产储卸油装置（FPSO），姚云鹏等[12]利用时域计算方法分析了系泊缆单缆失效工况，发现，FPSO纵荡固有周期、运动响应和系泊张力都有明显增加。另外，还有学者开展了养殖网箱[13]、工程船[14]等系泊系统失效研究，都说明了系泊系统失效前后浮体动力响应有较大差异。因此，系泊系统失效研究对浮式海洋平台安全至关重要。
除了数值计算方法外，还可以采用水池模型试验方法开展浮式平台锚缆破断研究。常见的锚缆破断模型试验方法是人工取下目标锚缆，再开展风–浪–流试验，测试剩余锚缆的受力和海洋平台模型的运动响应等性能，但该试验方法无法获得锚缆破断时海洋平台系统的瞬态响应。目前，公开报道采用主动式锚缆破断模拟的模型试验[15-16]非常少，Tang等[15]针对驳船式浮式风机开展了主动式系泊缆破断模拟试验研究，分析了系泊缆破断时系泊系统和浮式风机的瞬态响应，该模型试验中利用了电磁铁来实现系泊缆主动破断模拟。然而，考虑到更普遍的试验要求，满足锚缆模型破断强度要求的电磁铁，其体积和重量会严重影响传感器的工作和系泊系统的载荷响应，因此，还需要研发更具有通用性的主动式锚缆破断模拟装置。
本文在广泛调研的基础上确定设计参数，基于装置轻量化、主动破断精确控制、避免测量干扰的要求，研制了用于海洋工程模型试验的主动式锚缆破断模拟装置，并利用该装置开展极端海洋环境下半潜型浮式风机平台的锚缆破断工况模型试验。通过该系泊系统动态破断试验方法，有效捕捉到锚链破断时浮式风机和系泊系统的动态响应全过程，能准确测试浮式风机等海洋平台系泊系统失效时的动力响应，有效提高了海洋平台的模型试验能力。
1　模型试验
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本文针对设计作业水深100 m的某半潜型浮式风机，开展极端海洋环境下系泊锚链破断水池模型试验。该浮式风机模型主要由风机系统、半潜型浮式结构及其锚泊系统组成。模型试验基于弗劳德数相似准则设计，缩尺比为1∶30。
1.1　半潜型浮式风机模型
半潜型浮式风机平台的主要参数如表1所示。重心的参考面为浮筒的下底面，惯性半径的参考点为重心。风机的浮式基础为半潜型浮式结构，其试验模型和主尺度见图1。浮式结构由4个圆柱浮筒通过支架连接组成，风机系统搭载于中间浮筒上，设计参考Xu等[17]的研究。半潜型浮式风机平台在水池中试验的模型见图2。
风机系统主要包括风机模块和塔筒，基本参数如表2所示，轮毂高度和塔筒高度均为相对于静止水面的高度。试验中，风轮和机舱以3叶NREL–5MW风机作为设计参考，计算不同风速下该风机所受的推力范围为130~730 kN，对应的模型值为4.697~26.38 N。试验中风轮受到的气动载荷由多通道载荷复现器模拟[18]，主体机构材料为碳纤维，试验模型如图2。
风机塔筒的模拟需保持刚度相似，即几何尺度和一阶固有频率与目标值接近。塔筒模型材料为6061铝合金，弹性模量为68 GPa，密度为2.75 g/cm3。采用有限元分析软件仿真得到塔筒模型外径为55 mm，内径为45 mm，横向一阶振动固有频率为2.71 Hz，与目标值2.69 Hz相比误差较小。
1.2　锚泊系统
本浮式风机平台的锚泊系统采用3×2式钢质悬链线多点系泊。锚链分为3组，每组包括两根锚链，夹角为5°，每组锚链间的夹角为120°，呈对称分布。三个浮筒的外侧布置导缆孔，高度距基线5.3 m，距中心线半径为60 m。锚链采用Grade3无档锚链，锚链主要参数见表3，锚泊系统模型的试验水平刚度与原型锚泊系统的水平刚度理论计算值对比如图3所示。
锚泊系统的恢复力或力矩对浮式风机在风浪流环境中的运动和系泊载荷至关重要。根据静水单自由度运动衰减试验，得到半潜型浮式风机系统的六自由度运动固有周期实型值，详见表4。
1.3　试验工况
水池模型试验在上海交通大学海洋工程全国重点实验室的海洋深水试验池开展，水池主体长50 m、宽40 m、深10 m，深井最大工作水深40 m、直径5 m，本试验中水深调节至3.33 m。选取百年一遇海况，风浪流参数如表5所示，风浪流方向与x轴正方向夹角为30°，如图4所示。参考相关研究[4−7]中浮式平台断缆后形成新平衡态的时间，本试验风浪流模拟时间设置为11 min，对应实际时间1 h。
试验前，需要对波浪、流进行校核，以满足目标试验环境要求。测量波浪谱和目标波浪谱如图5所示，两者基本吻合。模型塔筒和水线面上方的浮式结构的风载荷通过在迎风面积形心处悬挂砝码来进行等效模拟，风轮所受风载荷通过调试多通道载荷复现器的推力来模拟。
考虑系泊系统可能在极大环境力作用下失效，本试验先设置锚链在张力最大值附近发生破断，即基于张力阈值判断的工况。另外，系泊系统还可能因疲劳、腐蚀等在某一时间突然失效，因此试验又设置基于定时判断的工况。基于上述的极端风浪流环境和风机状态，模型试验工况以及对应的破断判断条件如表6所示。表7列出锚链完整工况下各系泊锚链张力的最大值，其中#5锚链的顶端张力最大，将其选为锚链破断目标。考虑到重复波浪试验中最大张力值存在差异，因此实际选择的张力阈值条件为2739.8 kN。工况M02中实际破断发生时，单分力传感器记录的张力为102.9 N，实型值为2850.71 kN，与目标值的误差为4.05%。工况M03中，试验开始986.6 s时，装置释放锚链#5。
本次试验利用光学六自由度运动捕捉系统获取风机平台重心处的六自由度运动数据；单分力传感器安装于风机模型导缆孔，用于测量锚链顶端张力；浪高仪用于收集波浪信息；主动式破断模拟装置实现系统自动判断和锚链主动破断。各试验设备的布置见图2。根据试验结果分析平台重心位置处的运动响应、剩余系泊缆顶端张力的统计值以及锚链的安全系数等动力特性参数。其中，锚链的安全系数$ S $由美国石油协会提出[3]，可表示为
$ S=\frac{{T}_{{\mathrm{MBL}}}}{{T}_{{\mathrm{max}}}}=\frac{{T}_{{\mathrm{MBL}}}}{{T}_{{\mathrm{pre}}}+\Delta {T}_{{\mathrm{max}}}} $
式中：$ {T}_{{\mathrm{MBL}}} $为锚链的最小破断强度；$ {T}_{{\mathrm{max}}} $为锚链的最大张力；$ {T}_{{\mathrm{pre}}} $为锚链的预张力；$ \Delta {T}_{{\mathrm{max}}} $为锚链张力最大增量。美国石油协会规定动态分析方法下受损状态的锚链安全系数参考值为1.25，当安全系数大于参考值时即认为系泊系统是安全的。
2　主动式破断模拟装置
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半潜型浮式风机系泊锚链破断模型试验采用主动式破断模拟装置实现锚链在试验过程中自动破断。该装置的研制需解决对破断条件的高精度自动识别、不干涉试验数据的持续监测和装置实现轻量化等难点，完成基于阈值判断、定时和手动触发破断的场景模拟，实现锚索破断全过程的模型动力响应的持续测量。
2.1　系统组成
主动式破断模拟装置[19]主要由信号采集系统、控制系统和机械执行系统等组成，此处还有外接电源和变压器为其提供所需能源，整个系统装置结构如图6所示。该装置最多可同时控制4个机械执行系统。
信号采集系统包括单分力传感器、放大器、采集卡和电脑。单分力传感器通常挂装于模型导缆孔位置，用于实时测量系泊系统的顶端张力。放大器将单分力传感器采集的信号放大成0~5 V电压信号，分别传输至控制系统和采集卡。采集卡将模拟信号转换成数字信号，便于计算机的处理。
控制系统由可编程逻辑控制器（PLC）、模拟量采集模块、继电器和触摸屏组成。模拟量采集模块采集系泊缆顶端张力数据，作为PLC控制必需的张力阈值的外部判断依据。PLC利用内部存储执行逻辑运算和定时等操作指令，分析判断是否满足破断条件，若满足要求，则输出电信号，通过继电器控制机械系统执行破断动作。触摸屏提供数据显示和参数设置的界面，可以设置张力阈值和时间阈值。
机械执行系统包括触发器和夹具，用以实现系泊系统破断动作。触发器由电磁铁、弹簧、钢丝绳和钢丝套管等组成，远离传感器布置，可有效避免电流对传感器测量的干扰。用碳纤维制成的夹具一端夹持着待破断的锚缆，另一端与单分力传感器连接。钢丝绳的外周套设有钢丝套管，套管两端分别固接于触发器和夹具，钢丝套管轴向刚度大、弯曲刚度很小，钢丝绳可在套管内快速将力传递至夹具。若控制系统判断满足破断条件，继电器立即给电磁铁通电，通电瞬间，在弹簧拉力作用下，钢丝绳拉动夹具使其张开，其夹持的锚缆自然落下，实现锚缆自动破断。
试验中，将主动破断模拟装置的触发器置于#5系泊锚链对应的边缘浮筒上，所连夹具夹持锚链顶端，满足破断条件时，夹具瞬间释放锚链，破断锚链沉于水底不再与浮体系统有任何相互作用且不影响剩余锚链的工作，如图7所示。
主动式破断模拟装置的主要技术参数见表8 所示。夹具设计尽量小而轻，以减少对传感器测量和锚缆运动的影响。控制系统的输入为放大后的电压信号，信号精度决定拉力值的计算精度，影响控制系统对破断条件的判断。
2.2　功能测试
利用弹簧–聚乙烯纤维线（PE）–卷线器的组合作为主动式破断模拟装置功能测试的加载装置，如图8所示。其中弹簧刚度为0.232 N/mm，大力马PE线的变形可忽略不计。功能测试试验中主动式破断模拟装置的布置如图9所示，将加载装置的弹簧与主动式破断模拟装置的夹具相连，卷线器不断收紧PE线，则夹具受力不断增大。通过开展多次加载测试，可以验证主动式破断模拟装置运行的准确性和稳定性。
本文针对主动式破断模拟装置的双通道控制模式和单通道控制模式，分别开展了基于张力阈值判断的自动破断重复性测试，夹具张力变化如图10所示。图中B1~B3表示双通道控制模式的3次测试结果，使用的是通道1和2；B4~B6表示单通道模式的3次测试结果，使用了通道4。自动破断瞬间夹具张力与设定张力阈值对比如表9所示，张力误差以设定张力阈值为目标计算百分比，两种模式多次测试的实际破断张力误差均小于1%，说明主动式破断模拟装置具有很好的稳定性和准确性。
3　结果分析与讨论
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利用主动式破断模拟装置，我们在风–浪–流耦合的极端海洋环境下开展了半潜型浮式风机平台单根锚链破断的模型试验研究。参考图11（c），根据平台运动和系泊张力的试验数据，我们将时域响应过程划分为三个阶段：从试验开始至破断发生的初始响应阶段，从破断发生至平台运动达到新稳态的瞬态响应阶段，以及从平台运动达到新稳态以后的稳态响应阶段。M02和M03工况的瞬态响应阶段分别发生在782~900 s和987~1100 s时间段内，为了便于对比分析，统一定义0~781s为初始响应阶段，1100 s之后为稳态响应阶段。
3.1　瞬态响应对比分析
利用主动式破断模拟装置，成功模拟出锚链破断瞬间风机平台的动力响应。三种工况（M01~M03）下纵荡、横荡和艏摇的运动时历响应见图11，#6锚链的顶端张力时历曲线见图12，其中，黑色竖实线表示M02基于张力阈值判断发生破断的时间，黑色竖虚线表示M03基于定时判断发生破断的时间，右上角为对应动力响应在700~1100 s时间段的局部放大图。另外，我们还统计了M02和M03工况在瞬态阶段的极值以及M01工况在相同条件下的瞬态响应值，其中，纵荡、横荡和艏摇自由度下的极值如图13所示，横摇、纵摇和垂荡自由度下的极值如表10所示。
结合图11和图13，随着锚链#5的失效，各锚链力之间平衡状态被瞬间打破，风机平台在风–浪–流的作用下立刻偏离初始平衡位置，同时风机平台系泊系统的水平刚度产生严重折减，导致系泊系统定位能力减弱，纵荡和横荡响应均呈现大幅增加，艏摇响应增强且极值发生时间滞后于纵荡和横荡极值发生时间。因此，一根锚链的失效破坏了浮式风机锚泊系统的对称性，在非对称环境载荷作用下，加剧了平台在纵荡和横荡自由度下产生的非对称响应。由于M03工况破断发生时平台遭受环境载荷和自身动力响应相对较小，其瞬态阶段动力响应极值相比M02工况偏小，可见破断时间的选取对平台瞬态动力响应有较大影响。
随着#5锚链的破断，锚链张紧力的消失会使风机平台的姿态产生瞬态变化，同时也会造成平台系泊系统回复力（力矩）的折损，从表10看，M02和M03工况瞬态阶段，平台横摇、纵摇和垂荡的极值均增加。其中，由于#5锚链布置在平台纵向上，对平台纵倾姿态及纵摇回复力矩的影响都更大，因此，瞬态阶段平台纵摇响应更显著，而平台横摇所受影响有限，瞬态响应增幅相对较小。
最大瞬时张力可表征锚链能达到的最恶劣受力情况。图12中红色横实线表示锚链破断强度，红色横虚线表示安全系数1.25对应的锚链力。M02中，#6锚链顶端张力的瞬态阶段极值出现在破断后相邻波峰出现的797.7 s处，M03中瞬态极值出现在1037.1 s, 同一时刻剩余锚链顶端张力如图14所示。M02中#5锚链破断后，#6锚链顶端张力极值为6245.69 kN，高于锚链的破断强度，比锚链完整时增幅199.28%，张力骤然增加，相当于对#6锚链施加一个冲击性载荷。一根锚链失效后，在非对称环境载荷作用下，锚泊系统的定位能力减弱，平台移动至新平衡位置，导致#1~#4锚链张力都有不同程度的下降。风机平台负向艏摇的增大，使得迎浪侧#4锚链张力下降幅度最小，数值仅次于#6锚链。
表11列出了三个工况下在初始阶段、瞬态阶段和稳态阶段#6锚链顶端张力的最大值及对应的安全系数。接近张力最大值时#5锚链断开，引起同组锚链张力激增，且张力最大值远超锚链破断强度，安全系数小于1，将会引发锚泊连续失效，导致平台失去生存能力；在规定时间断开#5锚链同样会引起张力增加，但破断时刻环境载荷较小，瞬态阶段未出现明显的冲击性载荷，风机平台的瞬时动力响应相对较小，张力最大值表现在稳态阶段，对应的安全系数小于API推荐的1.25，说明该锚泊系统设计仍需进一步优化。
3.2　稳态响应对比分析
#5锚链破断后，平台偏移初始阶段的平衡位置，经瞬态阶段的剧烈振荡，绕新平衡位置运动。图15展示的是六自由度运动响应在初始阶段和稳定阶段的统计值，其中圆形和方形标志代表平均值，误差棒代表标准差。结合运动响应时历曲线图11以及统计值图15，初始阶段的各自由度运动响应基本重合，而稳态阶段中，纵荡和运动的平均位置均向正方向偏移，纵荡和横荡响应有大幅提高，艏摇响应在负方向上有明显增强，垂荡和纵摇响应有小幅增加，横摇响应则变化微弱。
结合功率谱密度图16，可以看出锚链破断后纵荡运动共振成分的贡献大幅增加，横荡运动共振成分的贡献明显减少，但波频成分几乎没有发生改变，这是由于固有频率和波浪对应的特征频率相差较大，二者不存在明显的耦合效应。对于有耦合关系的垂荡和纵摇运动，在水平刚度降低后均表现出共振成分减小和波频成分增大的变化。对于艏摇运动，低频成分有微幅变化，这主要是风机平台锚泊系统对称性被破坏导致的。对于横摇运动，均值基本保持在零附近，共振成分和波频成分幅值变化很小，总体上锚泊系泊特性的变化对横摇影响微弱。
对于锚泊系统，可利用初始阶段和稳态阶段剩余锚链顶端张力的平均值和标准差，研究稳态过程中锚泊系统性能的改变。由张力响应时历图12可以看出，初始阶段的锚链顶端张力响应曲线基本相似，稳态阶段中锚链张力的相位和周期与锚链完整工况时基本一致，而张力的均值和标准差有明显差异。图17（a）绘制了锚链顶端张力统计值，其中柱形表示初始阶段的平均张力，柱上的点表示对应工况的稳态阶段平均张力，误差棒表示稳态阶段锚链张力的标准差。从统计值可以看出，初始阶段各工况的平均张力相近。在#5锚链破断后，锚泊系统水平刚度骤减，平台向正方向偏移，导致稳态阶段#1~#4锚链平均张力相比于锚链完整工况有显著下降，#1和#2锚链的标准差略微减小。图17（b）表征#6锚链初始阶段和稳态阶段各工况下顶端张力的均值和标准差，印证了#5锚链破断后，锚泊水平刚度的折减会导致相邻的同组锚链张力产生大幅提升和剧烈波动。
4　结论
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为了研究系泊锚链破断对于海洋浮式结构动力性能的影响，特别是锚链破断引起的瞬态响应，本文研制了一种主动式锚链破断模拟装置，通过岸上测试，证明了该装置的准确性、实时性和稳定性。我们将该装置应用于5 MW半潜型浮式风机的水池模型试验中，并开展了基于张力阈值判断及定时判断的锚链破断试验，通过与锚链完整工况的试验结果对比，分析了不同破断方式下浮式风机的运动及锚泊载荷响应。主要结论如下：
（1） 锚链破断后，锚泊系统对称性被破坏，定位能力减弱。瞬态响应阶段，浮式风机发生远距离偏移和剧烈振荡，艏摇响应在负方向有显著的滞后性增强，相邻的#6锚链顶端张力短时间内显著增加199.28%，#1~#4锚链的顶端张力都有不同程度的减小。
（2） 在系泊张力最大值附近破断时，紧邻的系泊锚链张力激增，相应的系泊系统安全系数急剧下降，严重降低了系泊系统的安全性。定时破断发生时，平台外部激励和动力响应相对较小，其瞬态阶段动力响应最大值增幅相对偏小。
（3） 稳态响应阶段中，纵荡、横荡和艏摇响应有明显增强，垂荡和纵摇响应有小幅增加，横摇响应则影响微弱，#6锚链的张力均值和波动幅度都大增。
总之，模型试验结果表明，主动式锚缆破断模拟装置具有控制精度高、对测量影响小等优点，该装置可支撑海洋工程系泊缆的设计优化，以及关于在破断时刻，多缆同时或连续破断等破断模型试验研究。

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2025年第29卷第12期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.12.008
  • 接收时间：2025-05-20
  • 首发时间：2026-07-07
  • 出版时间：2025-12-15
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  • 收稿日期：2025-05-20
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    上海交通大学 海洋工程全国重点实验室，上海 200240

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寇雨丰（1986–），男，硕士，高级工程师，通讯作者，E-mail：
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