Article(id=1281326822998655400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281326807345500788, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.12.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748016000000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783421720504, onlineDateStr=2026-07-07, pubDate=1765728000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783421720504, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783421720504, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783421720504, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281326807345500788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='12', pageStart='1827', pageEnd='1990', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1765728000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783421716772, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783422145004, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281328603572977733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281326807345500788, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281328603572977734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281326807345500788, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1827, endPage=1837, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281326824714125737, articleId=1281326822998655400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=The effect of vertical force generated by surface piercing propellers on hydrodynamic performance of stepped planing crafts, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Surface piercing propellers are one of the preferred propulsion systems for high-speed crafts due to their favorable features such as no cavitation, low resistance, shallow draft and high efficiency. Since the propellers often operate in oblique flow with blade emergence, there will be vertical forces generated which will have an important impact on the hydrodynamic performance of the planing crafts. In this paper, the effects of vertical force generated by surface piercing propellers on hydrodynamic performance of a stepped planing craft through numerical and experimental methods were studied. And the cases for planing boat with different locations of center of gravity were also involved. The results show that the vertical force produced by surface piercing propellers has a positive effect on the resistance of the planing crafts and that the effect is related to the longitudinal position of the center of gravity of the planing boat. Consequently, the longitudinal position of the center of gravity should be adjusted to the stern for planing craft equipped with surface piercing propellers, and the vertical force of the propellers should not be too large.

, authors=Shi-jun JI, Liang CHANG, Yi JIANG, Yao-long LI, Wei-tong XU, authorsList=Shi-jun JI, Liang CHANG, Yi JIANG, Yao-long LI, Wei-tong XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shi-jun JI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281326843529773600, articleId=1281326822998655400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=半浸桨垂向力对断阶型滑行艇水动力性能影响的研究, columnId=1241023038087549292, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=流体力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

半浸桨推进方式凭借其无空泡、低阻力、浅吃水和高效率等特点,成为高速船艇的主要推进方式之一。由于半浸桨一般在斜向流中工作,且存在桨叶出入水面,所以半浸桨在工作时会产生垂向力,该垂向力会对滑行艇的水动力性能带来不可忽视的影响。本文基于某断阶型滑行艇,通过数值计算和模型试验的方法,分析了半浸桨垂向力对断阶型滑行艇阻力性能影响进行了研究,并分析了垂向力对不同重心位置的滑行艇的阻力性能影响。结果表明,对于本文研究的滑行艇,半浸桨垂向力对滑行艇的阻力性能有着积极的影响。半浸桨垂向力的影响与滑行艇重心纵向位置密切相关,采用半浸桨推进的断阶型滑行艇,在设计上可以考虑将重心纵向位置向艉部进行调整,且半浸桨垂向力不宜过大。

, authors=纪世君, 常亮, 蒋一, 李耀隆, 徐伟桐, authorsList=纪世君, 常亮, 蒋一, 李耀隆, 徐伟桐, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=纪世君, authorNote=

常 亮(1987–),男,硕士,高级工程师

蒋 一(1989–),男,博士,高级工程师

, correspAuthorsNote=
纪世君(1997–),男,硕士,工程师,通讯作者,E-mail:
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vertical force of the surface piercing propellers for different CG locations, figureFileSmall=oFnFUVHe/dbtajp2PDg58w==, figureFileBig=UIY1V1u9VDJcbOGqEEZ+mA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281326849611514462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326822998655400, language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同重心位置时有无半浸桨垂向力影响计算结果对比, figureFileSmall=oFnFUVHe/dbtajp2PDg58w==, figureFileBig=UIY1V1u9VDJcbOGqEEZ+mA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281326849674429023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326822998655400, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Main parameters of the planing boat

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序号1234
船型参数总长长宽比L/B方形系数CB重心纵向位置xg
参数值LOA4.5230.3350.275LOA
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滑行艇主要技术参数

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序号1234
船型参数总长长宽比L/B方形系数CB重心纵向位置xg
参数值LOA4.5230.3350.275LOA
), ArticleFig(id=1281326849804452449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326822998655400, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Main equipments and instruments in the experiment

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序号名称量程精度
1深水拖曳水池22 m/s拖车0~22 m/s0.1%
2阻力仪500 N0.1%
3非接触式运动测量系统纵摇:±35° 横摇:±35° 艏摇:±90° 纵荡:±500 mm 横荡:±500 mm 垂荡:±300 mm0.5%
), ArticleFig(id=1281326849871561314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326822998655400, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

主要试验设备与仪器

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序号名称量程精度
1深水拖曳水池22 m/s拖车0~22 m/s0.1%
2阻力仪500 N0.1%
3非接触式运动测量系统纵摇:±35° 横摇:±35° 艏摇:±90° 纵荡:±500 mm 横荡:±500 mm 垂荡:±300 mm0.5%
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半浸桨垂向力对断阶型滑行艇水动力性能影响的研究
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纪世君 , 常亮 , 蒋一 , 李耀隆 , 徐伟桐
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025,29(12): 1827-1837
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船舶力学 |流体力学 2025 , 29 (12) : 1827 -1837
半浸桨垂向力对断阶型滑行艇水动力性能影响的研究
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纪世君 , 常亮, 蒋一, 李耀隆, 徐伟桐
作者信息
  • 中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
通讯作者:
纪世君(1997–),男,硕士,工程师,通讯作者,E-mail:
作者简介:

常 亮(1987–),男,硕士,高级工程师

蒋 一(1989–),男,博士,高级工程师

The effect of vertical force generated by surface piercing propellers on hydrodynamic performance of stepped planing crafts
Shi-jun JI , Liang CHANG, Yi JIANG, Yao-long LI, Wei-tong XU
Affiliations
  • China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China
出版时间: 2025-12-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.12.001
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半浸桨推进方式凭借其无空泡、低阻力、浅吃水和高效率等特点,成为高速船艇的主要推进方式之一。由于半浸桨一般在斜向流中工作,且存在桨叶出入水面,所以半浸桨在工作时会产生垂向力,该垂向力会对滑行艇的水动力性能带来不可忽视的影响。本文基于某断阶型滑行艇,通过数值计算和模型试验的方法,分析了半浸桨垂向力对断阶型滑行艇阻力性能影响进行了研究,并分析了垂向力对不同重心位置的滑行艇的阻力性能影响。结果表明,对于本文研究的滑行艇,半浸桨垂向力对滑行艇的阻力性能有着积极的影响。半浸桨垂向力的影响与滑行艇重心纵向位置密切相关,采用半浸桨推进的断阶型滑行艇,在设计上可以考虑将重心纵向位置向艉部进行调整,且半浸桨垂向力不宜过大。

滑行艇  /  半浸桨  /  断阶  /  数值模拟  /  垂向力

Surface piercing propellers are one of the preferred propulsion systems for high-speed crafts due to their favorable features such as no cavitation, low resistance, shallow draft and high efficiency. Since the propellers often operate in oblique flow with blade emergence, there will be vertical forces generated which will have an important impact on the hydrodynamic performance of the planing crafts. In this paper, the effects of vertical force generated by surface piercing propellers on hydrodynamic performance of a stepped planing craft through numerical and experimental methods were studied. And the cases for planing boat with different locations of center of gravity were also involved. The results show that the vertical force produced by surface piercing propellers has a positive effect on the resistance of the planing crafts and that the effect is related to the longitudinal position of the center of gravity of the planing boat. Consequently, the longitudinal position of the center of gravity should be adjusted to the stern for planing craft equipped with surface piercing propellers, and the vertical force of the propellers should not be too large.

planing crafts  /  surface piercing propellers  /  stepped  /  numerical simulation  /  vertical force
纪世君, 常亮, 蒋一, 李耀隆, 徐伟桐. 半浸桨垂向力对断阶型滑行艇水动力性能影响的研究. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (12) : 1827 -1837 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.12.001
Shi-jun JI, Liang CHANG, Yi JIANG, Yao-long LI, Wei-tong XU. The effect of vertical force generated by surface piercing propellers on hydrodynamic performance of stepped planing crafts[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (12) : 1827 -1837 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.12.001
半浸式螺旋桨,简称半浸桨,又名表面桨[1],在船艇高速航行(超过40 kn)时具有无空泡、低阻力、浅吃水和高效率等特点,与其他推进方式相比,半浸桨在超高航速下有着极为突出的优势,是新型高速船艇的主要推进方式之一[2-5]。近三十年来,半浸桨凭借其突出优势在各类军用船、公务船、旅游船和水文船等高速舰艇上都有着成功的应用,并得到了用户的好评[6-8]。国内半浸桨推进装置的研究和应用均已取得了较大进展,以中国船舶科学研究中心研发的BTZ系列产品为代表,成功解决了无空泡剥蚀、低阻力和高效率等关键技术难题。另外,武汉劳雷绿湾公司推出的HSD系列、拓伏电子公司研制的TSD型和深圳海斯比公司推出的CSD系列半浸桨推进装置也代表了国内半浸桨产品的持续发展力量。国际上美国生产的ASD系列、法国生产的SDS系列以及德国的Sea Rex系列都是较为成熟的半浸桨产品。
近年来,随着半浸桨在各类高速船舶上的广泛应用,其相关研究受到了国内外诸多学者的关注和重视,但其中大部分研究是针对半浸桨自身的力学性能开展的,对于艇–桨间的相互作用研究相对较少[9-16]。史宗鹰等[17]通过对多个案例的半浸桨静强度和疲劳强度进行计算和对比分析,提炼出满足实船疲劳寿命需求的半浸桨静强度安全系数。Kim等[18]针对半浸桨测算了在不同浸深比、轴倾角等桨参数下的推力、扭矩和效率,评估了不同工况对半浸桨性能的影响。在探究和应用过程中,夏翔等[19]研究发现,与常规的推进器不同,由于半浸桨一般在斜向流中工作,且存在桨叶出入水面,所以半浸桨在工作时会产生竖直向上的垂向力,该垂向力会对滑行艇的水动力性能带来不可忽视的影响[20],而现阶段对其进行的研究分析工作较少。
目前随着技术的发展,船舶CFD技术已成为船舶水动力性能研究和新船型研发中的主要工具,近年来应用数值方法进行高速水面航行器航行性能以及绕流场分析的相关研究也越来越普遍。吴本坤等[21]通过STAR–CCM+软件对有无断阶的高速滑行艇进行了研究,数值方法与试验结果对应良好,单断阶结构最多能够取得约15%的减阻收益。Sulman等[22]同样通过STAR–CCM+软件对不同断阶形式的单断阶和双断阶滑行艇的阻力性能进行了探究,验证了双断阶型滑行艇相比于单断阶形式具有更低的浸湿面积并能够减小高速阻力。Bilandi等[23]则通过数值和试验方法研究了具有不同断阶参数的滑行艇在不同航速下的水动力性能,分析了断阶高度、断阶形式等因素对阻力性能的影响,得出阻力的平均误差最大约为5.48%。
本文采用数值模拟的方法并结合模型试验,针对半浸桨垂向力对断阶型滑行艇阻力性能的影响进行研究,分析了双断阶型滑行艇的阻力特性以及半浸桨垂向力对断阶型滑行艇阻力性能的影响,进一步讨论了半浸桨垂向力大小对滑行艇阻力性能的影响,以及半浸桨垂向力对不同重心位置滑行艇阻力性能的影响,以期为高速断阶型滑行艇的设计及推进系统选型提供参考依据。
本文研究的滑行艇为单体深V型双断阶形式,最大航速时,体积傅汝德数$ F r $可达5.22以上,在布置空间、功能区域划分较为合理的前提下,初步估计的重心纵向位置距离尾部约0.275LOA;此外,为确保该艇在风浪中具有较好的舒适度,艇底斜升角不低于20°,艏部龙骨较为平直,滑行状态的浸湿长度相对较大。本船构型如图1所示,表1中则汇总了主要的尺度参数。
该艇选用两套半浸桨,其高效的矢量推进使船艇在实际操控时更加稳定、快速和灵活。由于半浸桨在设计过程中可以通过调整安装位置及攻角对浸深进行调节,因此能够使垂向力也随之变化,初估选用的半浸桨在航行过程中提供的垂向力约为艇体阻力的35%。
本文中的数值计算采用基于FVM方法的CFD软件STAR–CCM+,该软件采用基于N–S方程提出的雷诺平均方程方法,并通过SST $k - \omega $模型对描述双断阶滑行艇模型粘性绕流场的控制方程进行求解。该模型在标准$k - \omega $模型基础上,引入了对线性本构方程的修正,使用剪切应力输运湍流模型对控制方程组进行封闭,SST $k - \omega $湍流模型对自由剪切流动以及附着边界层湍流有着较高的数值计算精度,这对于高速艇长尾流以及艇体附近流场情况的模拟有着较大的优势,在高速船及航空航天领域有着较为广泛的应用。
本文中采用VOF(Volume of Fraction)方法实现两相流动以及自由界面的追踪。VOF方法是一种简单的多相模型,其基本思想是在离散后的计算域内定义标记函数α,根据某一网格单元内流体的体积比来确定该单元处体积函数的值。以下输运方程可以用来计算α的值
$ {\alpha _i} = \frac{{{V_i}}}{V} $
式中:$ {\alpha _i} $表示网格单元内某一相流体的标记函数,$ {V_i} $表示网格单元内某一相流体的体积,$ V $表示网格单元的体积。
在VOF方法中,Navier–Stokes方程和连续性方程中的流体密度$ \rho $和粘度$ \mu $用以下方程代替
$ {\rho _{{\mathrm{eff}}}} = \sum {_i{\alpha _i}{\rho _i}} $
$ {\mu _{{\mathrm{eff}}}} = \sum {_i{\alpha _i}{\mu _i}} $
式中:$ {\rho _{{\mathrm{eff}}}} $表示网格单元内流体等效密度,$ {\rho _{{i}}} $表示网格单元内某一相流体的密度,$ {\mu _{{\mathrm{eff}}}} $表示网格单元内流体等效粘度,$ {\mu _i} $表示网格单元内某一相流体的粘度。
在处理模型的运动问题时,本文中引入刚体运动求解器对模型的运动姿态进行计算,考察刚体(船体)转动和自身重量分布(惯量)的局部坐标系G–xy$z $建在重心处,根据力和力矩的平衡可以得出船体在任意时刻所受到的合力$ {\boldsymbol{F}} $和合力矩$ {\boldsymbol{N}} $
$ {{\boldsymbol{F}}} = {f_r}\sum {{\boldsymbol{f}}} + \sum {{{{\boldsymbol{f}}}_{c}}} $
$ {\boldsymbol{N}} = {f_r}\sum {{\boldsymbol{n}}} + \sum {{{{\boldsymbol{n}}}_{c}}} $
式中:$ {f_r} $为时间缓冲函数,与设置的释放时间ts和缓冲时间tr有关,其定义如式(6)[24]$ {\boldsymbol{f}} $$ {\boldsymbol{n}} $为刚体(船体)所受环境力、力矩,$ {{\boldsymbol{f}}_{\boldsymbol{c}}} $$ {{\boldsymbol{n}}_{\boldsymbol{c}}} $为刚体(船体)或多体间内力、力矩。
$ f_r= \left\{\begin{aligned}&0 \qquad\quad\;\;\, \left(t< t_s\right) \\&\frac{t-t_s}{t_r} \qquad \left(t_s \leqslant t< t_s+t_r\right) \\&1 \qquad\quad\;\;\, \left(t \geqslant t_s+t_r\right)\end{aligned}\right.$
根据如下运动微分方程即可实时地获取任意时刻船体位移$ {\boldsymbol{X}} $和角位移$ {\boldsymbol{\theta }} $,及艇体在任意时刻的运动姿态。
$ {{\boldsymbol{F}}} = m\frac{{{{\mathrm{d}}^2}{{\boldsymbol{X}}}}}{{{\mathrm{d}}{t^2}}} $
$ {\boldsymbol{M}}\frac{{{{\mathrm{d}}^2}{\theta }}}{{{\mathrm{d}}{t^2}}} + \frac{{{\mathrm{d}}{\theta }}}{{{\mathrm{d}}t}} \times {\boldsymbol{M}}\frac{{{\mathrm{d}}{{\boldsymbol{\theta}} }}}{{{\mathrm{d}}t}} = {{\boldsymbol{N}}} $
式中:$ {\boldsymbol{M}} $为惯性矩张量。
惯性矩张量展开为
$ {{\boldsymbol{M}}} = \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{M_{xx}}}&{{M_{xy}}}&{{M_{xz}}} \\ {{M_{xy}}}&{{M_{yy}}}&{{M_{yz}}} \\ {{M_{xz}}}&{{M_{yz}}}&{{M_{zz}}} \end{array}} \right) $
按照几何相似,将实船缩放至模型尺度,基于类似尺度滑行艇计算经验,建立计算域并进行网格划分。图2中给出了所使用的数值计算区域,各边界条件的定义如下:入口边界条件为速度入口,位于船首上游1.2 LOA处,速度定义为船速;出口边界条件为压力出口,位于船尾下游4.5LOA处,参考压力定义为同等水深静压;计算域上、下面边界条件为滑移壁面,分别距静水面LOA、2 LOA;侧面边界条件为滑移壁面,距船中纵剖面1.7 LOA,定义为滑移壁面;船体表面边界条件为无滑移壁面;船中纵剖面边界条件为对称边界,以减少网格总量提高计算效率。
网格划分采用重叠网格的方法,重叠区域尺度为1.2×0.2×0.4LOA(长×宽×高)。整个外域采用切割体网格进行划分,重叠区域采用蜂窝状的六面体网格划分,并在近船体区域和自由表面处进行网格的加密,在船体表面布以边界层网格,网格划分方案如图3所示,总网格数量为5.73×106
模型试验在中国船舶科学研究中心深水拖曳水池实验室进行。模型几何相似、外型光顺、喷漆表面光洁。主要试验设备仪器见表2。其中本次试验拖车最大车速为22 m/s。
采用拉线法开展阻力试验和相关工况试验,拉线固定在超高速巡逻艇模型上的拖点处,其为重心高度两侧伸出的水平杆,在拖车上安装导航架进行导航,以防止模型突发偏航。模型六自由度运动通过非接触式光学运动测量系统进行测量,主要包括超高速巡逻艇模型的R$z $(艏摇)、Ry(纵摇)、Rx(横摇)、x(横荡)、y(纵荡)、$z $(垂荡)以及对应的时间点,示意图如图4所示。
试验时,拖车按照给定的模型拖曳速度运行,当车速稳定后,采用非接触式光学运动测量系统测量超高速巡逻艇模型船体的运动参数。由于半浸桨垂向力是竖直向上的,该垂向力通过图示滑轮和支撑装置添加负砝码进行模拟,负砝码作用位置对应半浸桨安装位置。
基于前述数值模拟和试验方法,不考虑半浸桨兴波、伴流等对艇体阻力性能的影响,以及半浸桨安装角度、出入水位置对推进效率等其他因素的影响,对滑行艇设计状态(重心0.275LOA)和重心前移状态(重心0.295LOA)两种工况下,在航速区间为$ F r = 0.95\sim 5.70 $时的静水直航运动进行模拟。以体积傅汝德数$ F r $作为航速的无因次参量,其定义如式(10),以阻升比$ {R \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {R \Delta }} \right. } \Delta } $作为阻力的无因次参量,升沉的无因次参量$ {\delta ^*} $如式(11)。
$ F r = {V \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {V {\sqrt {g{\nabla ^{1/3}}} }}} \right. } {\sqrt {g{\nabla ^{1/3}}} }} $
$ {\delta ^*} = {\delta \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {\delta T}} \right. } T} $
式中:$ V $表示航速,g表示重力加速度,$ \nabla $表示排水体积,$ \delta $为滑行艇的升沉值,$ T $表示滑行艇设计吃水。
图5中分别给出了不同重心位置的两种工况下,滑行艇的阻力性能、纵倾角及重心处升沉的试验结果与计算结果对比。其中在$ F r = 5.70 $对应的航速下,重心位置处于设计状态时,光体模型摇荡运动剧烈,无法提取稳定的运动信息以及阻力值,为保护试验仪器设备,未进行该工况该航速下的试验测量。除此之外,根据其余对比结果可以看出,阻力计算结果在低速段及过渡段较试验值偏大,高速段阻力偏小,整体趋势保持一致,其中低速段和高速段误差较小,过渡段误差较大,整体误差在允许范围内。由于在过渡段,高速艇的兴波及飞溅显著,流体流动分析复杂,数值计算对流体流动细节的把控仍不够精细,这导致计算的艇体姿态角偏小,且在两种不同重心位置的工况下,都存在相同的问题,虽然计算结果整体趋势保持一致,但阻力在过渡段仍出现了较大的误差,最大误差约为9.7%。
由于两种工况下的试验现象几近相同,故可采用设计工况下的典型特征作为代表进行分析。图6给出了艇体在过渡段及高速段两种典型工况下,截取的不同航速时的船体兴波情况,可以看出计算得到的艇体尾迹及舭部兴波特性与试验结果大致相当,计算结果能够作为分析滑行艇直航特性的依据。但计算结果不能完全模拟出滑行艇在直航过程中出现的飞溅现象,这也造成了在过渡段及高速段出现的运动姿态及阻力结果上的差异。
图7给出了数值计算得到的断阶型滑行艇艇体底部的压力分布。可以看出,对于断阶型滑行艇,在断阶后会出现负压区,形成断阶后空穴。在过渡段艇体及流体速度仍然较低,艇体介于排水型船与非排水型船之间,仍然需要较大的浮力支撑艇重,同时艏部第一滑行面出现明显的水动升力并集中在艏部第一滑行面中部,形成抬首力矩,使得艇体纵倾较大。在这一阶段,断阶后空穴发展不完全,会吸入大量的水和少量空气,艇体的浸湿面积较大,兴波和飞溅也十分明显,摩擦阻力、兴波阻力、飞溅阻力等阻力成分均占据相当重要的比例,因此在这一阶段形成明显的阻力峰。而随着航速进一步增大,水动升力成为支撑艇重的主要成分,需要提供的浮力减小,水动升力向靠近断阶位置集中,在艏部第一滑行面断阶处形成三角区,且断阶后负压区增大,空穴发展明显,吸入大量的空气。艏部第一滑行面升力增大,但抬首力矩减小,艇体纵倾减小,浸湿减小,摩擦阻力减小,但随着航速的不断增大,各阻力成分仍然呈现出增大的趋势,导致船舶阻力增大。上述原因综合导致了断阶型滑行艇的阻力随航速增大,先增大后趋于平稳,在过渡段形成阻力峰,航速进一步增大后,阻力随航速增大而增大。姿态上,艇体纵倾先增大后减小。
由于断阶型滑行艇处于高航速下时,水动升力成为支撑艇重的主要成分,且水动升力主要集中在艏部第一滑行面的三角区处,因此当艇体重心位置越靠近这一三角区,艇体在高速下的运动越稳定,但相应地会导致艇体纵倾变小,底部浸湿面积增大,高速阻力也会有一定的增加。
为了探究半浸桨垂向力对滑行艇阻力性能的影响,对设计重心位置(重心0.275LOA)下滑行艇光体和添加半浸桨垂向力两种工况,航速区间为$ F r = 0.95\sim 5.70 $的静水直航运动进行模拟,其中垂向力大小设为对应航速下光体阻力计算结果的35%。图8给出了上述两种工况下的滑行艇阻力性能、纵倾角以及重心处升沉的试验结果与计算结果对比。与光体不同重心位置工况内情况相同,数值计算结果在低速段及过渡段较试验值偏大,高速段阻力偏小,整体趋势保持一致,其中低速段和高速段误差较小,过渡段误差较大,整体误差在允许范围内,最大误差约为7.9%。在考虑了半浸桨垂向力的影响后,由于该力对艇体产生的埋首力矩,使得艇体的纵倾减小,并在一定程度上改善艇体纵向运动稳定性,抑制海豚运动的发生。在阻力性能表现上,低速段的阻力增大约10%,但是由于低速阻力本身较小,增大的绝对值并不十分明显。而在过渡段,阻力下降尤为显著,最多下降了约19.5%,半浸桨垂向力大幅削弱了高速艇过渡段的峰值阻力。在高速段,艇体阻力也出现了接近4.0%的小幅下降。综合而言,半浸桨垂向力对高速艇的阻力性能有着积极的影响。
图9给出了滑行艇光体和添加半浸桨垂向力两种工况下,在过渡段及高速段时的底部浸湿情况。可以明显看出,在过渡段,添加半浸桨垂向力,使艇体艉部抬升,纵倾减小,在艏部第一滑行面浸湿几乎不变的情况下,能够使艇体断阶后的空穴发展更加充分,大幅降低这一阶段的摩擦阻力,有效削弱过渡段的峰值阻力。而当艇体进入高速段后,由于艇体重心偏后,艇体纵倾较大,出现在艏部第二滑行面的浸湿面积较大,在添加半浸桨垂向力后,艇体纵倾向着对阻力有利的方向变化,虽然增大了艏部第一滑行面的浸湿面积,但减小了第二滑行面的浸湿面积,综合来看,呈现出阻力降低的结果,但降幅有限,仅为4%左右。
鉴于上述计算结果反映出的积极影响,进一步考察桨垂向力大小对滑行艇阻力性能的影响。将半浸桨垂向力的大小分别增大到艇体阻力的50%、70%,开展不同航速下的模拟分析,得到不同大小的垂向力下的滑行艇阻力性能、纵倾角及重心处升沉的计算结果对比如图10
在增大半浸桨垂向力以后,艇体的纵倾角进一步降低,过渡段阻力仍然呈现出下降的趋势,而在高速段,艇体阻力较光体仍有减小,但较初始垂向力大小的阻力结果略有增大,并出现了因纵向失稳而产生的轻微海豚运动现象。这是由于过大的尾部垂向升力在航速增大后,会引起艇体的过度埋首,从而增大艏部滑行面的垂向升力,破坏原有的纵向稳定性。因此在设计过程中应控制半浸桨垂向力在合适的范围内,过大的半浸桨垂向力会增大高速段阻力,并破坏艇体纵向运动稳定性。
图11给出了Fr=5.22时,不同大小的垂向力工况下,艇体的纵倾时历曲线。
考虑到半浸桨垂向力对艇体纵向稳定性的影响,本节进一步考察桨垂向力对不同重心位置滑行艇阻力性能的影响。将滑行艇模型重心纵向位置由设计的距艉部基线0.275LOA分别移至距基线0.258LOA和0.295LOA,开展不同航速下的模拟分析,得到的滑行艇阻力性能和纵倾角及重心处升沉的计算结果对比如图12
根据计算结果,桨垂向力的影响与滑行艇重心纵向位置密切相关,重心位置距艉部基线0.258LOA时,添加桨垂向力在过渡段最大降阻效果约为21%,而重心位置距艉部基线0.295LOA时,过渡段减阻效果约为17%,并在高速段出现了约3%的阻力增幅。这是由于重心位置较前的滑行艇,过渡段阻力性能较好,桨垂向力对阻力峰的削减效果便不再明显,反而会增大高速段的阻力并破坏原有的纵向稳定性。而重心位置靠后的滑行艇,其高速段阻力较小,但过渡段阻力峰十分显著,在桨垂向力的作用下,能够在保持较小的高速段阻力的同时,有效地削减峰值阻力并改善高速下的纵向稳定性。因此,在设计上,采用半浸桨推进的高速滑行艇,在设计上可以考虑将重心纵向位置向艉部进行调整。同时半浸桨推进能够在一定程度上解决在高速滑行艇设计中,由于主要设备和有效舱容靠近艉部导致重心纵向位置偏后的问题。
本文基于某高速滑行艇,通过数值计算和模型试验的方法,对半浸桨垂向力对高速滑行艇阻力性能的影响进行了研究,探究了不同大小的桨垂向力对滑行艇阻力性能的影响以及桨垂向力对不同重心位置滑行艇阻力性能的影响,并总结了相关规律,提出了采用半浸桨推进系统的高速滑行艇的设计建议。主要结论如下:
(1)本文采用的数值计算方法能够较精确地模拟高速滑行艇有无半浸桨垂向力影响的静水直航运动,阻力、纵倾角、重心处的升沉等计算结果与试验结果整体趋势一致,低速段和高速段的误差较小,仅在过渡段出现较大误差,整体误差在允许范围内。
(2)对于本文研究的高速滑行艇,半浸桨垂向力大幅削弱了高速艇过渡段的峰值阻力,一定程度上改善了高速下艇体纵向运动的稳定性,抑制了海豚运动的发生,半浸桨垂向力对高速艇的阻力性能有着积极的影响。
(3)半浸桨垂向力的影响与滑行艇重心纵向位置密切相关,采用半浸桨推进的高速滑行艇,在设计上可以考虑将重心纵向位置向艉部进行调整,且半浸桨垂向力不宜过大。同时半浸桨推进能够一定程度上解决在高速滑行艇设计中,主要设备和有效舱容靠近艉部导致重心纵向位置偏后的问题。

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2025年第29卷第12期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.12.001
  • 接收时间:2025-05-24
  • 首发时间:2026-07-07
  • 出版时间:2025-12-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-24
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    中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082

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纪世君(1997–),男,硕士,工程师,通讯作者,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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