Article(id=1315732154496176452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, issueId=1315732078327616225, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11883/bzycj-2025-0263, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756051200000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-25, revisedDate=1769011200000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791624590752, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1788537600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791624590752, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791624590752, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791624590752, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315732078327616225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, year='2026', volume='46', issue='9', pageStart='091001-1', pageEnd='095402-10', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788537600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-05', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791624572593, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791624783658, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315732963703247483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, issueId=1315732078327616225, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315732963703247484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, issueId=1315732078327616225, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=095201-1, endPage=095201-13, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315732154710085957, articleId=1315732154496176452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, language=EN, title=A prediction model for crater damage effect of steel fiber reinforced concrete target under contact explosion of cylinder charge, columnId=1315732147281969633, journalTitle=Explosion and Shock Waves, columnName=Applied Explosion Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To evaluate the crater damage effect of cylinder charge contact explosion on steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) structures, a numerical model of an SFRC target was developed by the using the smooth particle Galerkin method and a structured arbitrary Lagrange-Euler (SPG-S-ALE) fluid-structure interaction algorithm. The failure modes and damage of the SFRC target under different charge mass Q and length-to-diameter ratios l/d were investigated. Based on contact explosion theory and dimensional analysis, cratering coefficients K1 and K2 were introduced to develop predictive models for the crater diameter D and depth H as functions of the effective charge mass Qe. The results indicate that under the combined effects of charge mass and length-to-to-diameter ratio, the primary failure mode of the SFRC targets is cratering damage. Under constant charge mass conditions, as the l/d ratio increases from 1 to 5, both the crater diameter D and depth H decrease by approximately 50%. Within the range of effective charge Qₑ less than 16 kg, the K1 and$ {\sqrt{{K}_{2}}} $ exhibit a power-law decay with increasing effective charge mass, while the crater diameter D and depth H show a power-law growth. For a given effective charge mass Qₑ, the cratering effect is more concentrated on the expansion of the crater diameter. The developed predictive model allows for rapid and reasonably accurate calculation of crater dimensions in SFRC with different strength grades and effective charge mass, providing a theoretical basis for the blast-resistant design of SFRC structures.

, authors=Shigang YANG1, Bingang WANG1, Jiheng XU1, Qin FANG1, Ya YANG2, Ze LUO3, authorsList=Shigang YANG, Bingang WANG, Jiheng XU, Qin FANG, Ya YANG, Ze LUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bingang WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Explosion and Shock Waves, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315732170229010839, articleId=1315732154496176452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, language=CN, title=柱形装药接触爆炸作用下钢纤维混凝土靶成坑效应预测模型, columnId=1315732147483296227, journalTitle=爆炸与冲击, columnName=应用爆炸力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为评估柱形装药接触爆炸对钢纤维钢筋混凝土(steel fiber reinforced concrete, SFRC)结构的成坑效应,采用光滑粒子伽辽金与结构化任意拉格朗日-欧拉流固耦合算法建立了SFRC靶体数值模型,研究了不同装药量Q和长径比l/d联合作用下SFRC靶体的破坏模式和损伤程度,基于接触爆炸理论与量纲分析,引入爆坑系数K1与 K2构建了爆坑直径D与深度H随有效装药量Qe变化的预测模型。结果表明:不同装药量和长径比联合作用下,SFRC靶体主要呈爆炸成坑破坏。不同装药量情况下,当l/d由1增大至5时,爆坑直径D与深度H均减小了约50%。在Qe小于16 kg范围内,K1与${ \sqrt{{K}_{2}}} $随有效装药量呈幂函数衰减,而D与H则随有效装药量呈幂函数增长。在相同Qe条件下,成坑效应更集中于爆坑直径的扩展。构建的预测模型可对不同强度等级与有效装药量下SFRC的爆坑尺寸进行快速且较为准确的计算,为SFRC结构的抗爆设计提供理论依据。

, authors=杨石刚1, 王彬刚1, 许继恒1, 方秦1, 杨亚2, 罗泽3, authorsList=杨石刚, 王彬刚, 许继恒, 方秦, 杨亚, 罗泽, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王彬刚, authorNote=

杨石刚(1985- ),男,博士,副教授,

, correspAuthorsNote=
王彬刚(1996- ),男,博士研究生,
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Parameters of K&C model for CF60 steel fiber concrete[21]

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ρ/(kg·m−3)fc/MPavft/MPaRSIZEUFCa0a0ya0f
2440650.244.9539.371.45×10−4−6.5×1071.703×1070
a1a1ya1fa2a2ya2fb1b2b3
0.4810.7260.4761.57×10−94.77×10−92.31×10−90.750.20.018
), ArticleFig(id=1315732179628446174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732154496176452, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

CF60 钢纤维混凝土K&C模型参数[21]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ/(kg·m−3)fc/MPavft/MPaRSIZEUFCa0a0ya0f
2440650.244.9539.371.45×10−4−6.5×1071.703×1070
a1a1ya1fa2a2ya2fb1b2b3
0.4810.7260.4761.57×10−94.77×10−92.31×10−90.750.20.018
), ArticleFig(id=1315732179691360735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732154496176452, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Parameters of steel[21]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料ρ/(kg·m−3)E/GPavσy/MPa
HRB400钢筋7 8502050.29400
Q235钢板7 8502100.3310
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钢筋和钢板材料参数[21]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料ρ/(kg·m−3)E/GPavσy/MPa
HRB400钢筋7 8502050.29400
Q235钢板7 8502100.3310
), ArticleFig(id=1315732179821384161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732154496176452, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Air and equation of state parameters[24]

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ρ/(kg·m−3)C0C1C2C3C4C5C6E0/(GJ·m−3)V0
1.2900000.4002501
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空气及状态方程参数[24]

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ρ/(kg·m−3)C0C1C2C3C4C5C6E0/(GJ·m−3)V0
1.2900000.4002501
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Explosive and equation of state parameters[24]

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ρ/(kg·m−3)D1/(m·s−1)p/GPaA/GPaB/MPaR1R2ωE0/(GJ·m−3)
1 6306 930213733 7474.150.90.357
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炸药及状态方程参数[24]

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ρ/(kg·m−3)D1/(m·s−1)p/GPaA/GPaB/MPaR1R2ωE0/(GJ·m−3)
1 6306 930213733 7474.150.90.357
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Parameters of K&C model for SFRC target

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ρ/(kg·m−3)fc/MPavft/MPaRSIZEUFCa0a0ya0f
24401070.249.339.371.45×10−4−1.07×1083.17×1070
a1a1ya1fa2a2ya2fb1b2b3
0.5330.8270.5277.34×10−102.23×10−91.08×10−91.6−21.15
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SFRC靶K&C模型参数

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ρ/(kg·m−3)fc/MPavft/MPaRSIZEUFCa0a0ya0f
24401070.249.339.371.45×10−4−1.07×1083.17×1070
a1a1ya1fa2a2ya2fb1b2b3
0.5330.8270.5277.34×10−102.23×10−91.08×10−91.6−21.15
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Failure modes of SFRC targets under varying Q and l/d

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l/dSFRC靶体破坏形态
Q =1 kgQ =3 kgQ =5 kgQ =7 kgQ =9 kgQ =11 kg
1
2
3
4
5
), ArticleFig(id=1315732180349866472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732154496176452, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同装药量与长径比作用下SFRC靶体破坏形态

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
l/dSFRC靶体破坏形态
Q =1 kgQ =3 kgQ =5 kgQ =7 kgQ =9 kgQ =11 kg
1
2
3
4
5
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柱形装药接触爆炸作用下钢纤维混凝土靶成坑效应预测模型
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杨石刚 1 , 王彬刚 1 , 许继恒 1 , 方秦 1 , 杨亚 2 , 罗泽 3
爆炸与冲击 | 应用爆炸力学 2026,46(9): 095201-1-095201-13
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爆炸与冲击 |应用爆炸力学 2026 , 46 (9) : 095201-1 -095201-13
柱形装药接触爆炸作用下钢纤维混凝土靶成坑效应预测模型
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杨石刚1 , 王彬刚1 , 许继恒1, 方秦1, 杨亚2, 罗泽3
作者信息
  • 1陆军工程大学爆炸冲击防灾减灾全国重点实验室,江苏 南京 210094
  • 2中国人民解放军 63983部队,江苏 无锡 214000
  • 3中国人民解放军 32573部队,广东 东莞 523000
通讯作者:
王彬刚(1996- ),男,博士研究生,
作者简介:

杨石刚(1985- ),男,博士,副教授,

A prediction model for crater damage effect of steel fiber reinforced concrete target under contact explosion of cylinder charge
Shigang YANG1 , Bingang WANG1 , Jiheng XU1, Qin FANG1, Ya YANG2, Ze LUO3
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Explosion & Impact and Disaster Prevention & Mitigation, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
  • 2Unit of 63983 of the People’s Liberation Army of China, Wuxi 214000, Jiangsu, China
  • 3Unit of 32573 of the People’s Liberation Army of China, Dongguan 523000, Guangdong, China
出版时间: 2026-09-05 doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0263
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为评估柱形装药接触爆炸对钢纤维钢筋混凝土(steel fiber reinforced concrete, SFRC)结构的成坑效应,采用光滑粒子伽辽金与结构化任意拉格朗日-欧拉流固耦合算法建立了SFRC靶体数值模型,研究了不同装药量Q和长径比l/d联合作用下SFRC靶体的破坏模式和损伤程度,基于接触爆炸理论与量纲分析,引入爆坑系数K1与 K2构建了爆坑直径D与深度H随有效装药量Qe变化的预测模型。结果表明:不同装药量和长径比联合作用下,SFRC靶体主要呈爆炸成坑破坏。不同装药量情况下,当l/d由1增大至5时,爆坑直径D与深度H均减小了约50%。在Qe小于16 kg范围内,K1与${ \sqrt{{K}_{2}}} $随有效装药量呈幂函数衰减,而D与H则随有效装药量呈幂函数增长。在相同Qe条件下,成坑效应更集中于爆坑直径的扩展。构建的预测模型可对不同强度等级与有效装药量下SFRC的爆坑尺寸进行快速且较为准确的计算,为SFRC结构的抗爆设计提供理论依据。

钢纤维钢筋混凝土  /  柱形装药  /  接触爆炸  /  爆坑深度  /  爆坑直径

To evaluate the crater damage effect of cylinder charge contact explosion on steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) structures, a numerical model of an SFRC target was developed by the using the smooth particle Galerkin method and a structured arbitrary Lagrange-Euler (SPG-S-ALE) fluid-structure interaction algorithm. The failure modes and damage of the SFRC target under different charge mass Q and length-to-diameter ratios l/d were investigated. Based on contact explosion theory and dimensional analysis, cratering coefficients K1 and K2 were introduced to develop predictive models for the crater diameter D and depth H as functions of the effective charge mass Qe. The results indicate that under the combined effects of charge mass and length-to-to-diameter ratio, the primary failure mode of the SFRC targets is cratering damage. Under constant charge mass conditions, as the l/d ratio increases from 1 to 5, both the crater diameter D and depth H decrease by approximately 50%. Within the range of effective charge Qₑ less than 16 kg, the K1 and$ {\sqrt{{K}_{2}}} $ exhibit a power-law decay with increasing effective charge mass, while the crater diameter D and depth H show a power-law growth. For a given effective charge mass Qₑ, the cratering effect is more concentrated on the expansion of the crater diameter. The developed predictive model allows for rapid and reasonably accurate calculation of crater dimensions in SFRC with different strength grades and effective charge mass, providing a theoretical basis for the blast-resistant design of SFRC structures.

steel fiber reinforced concrete  /  cylinder charge  /  contact explosion  /  crater depth  /  crater diameter
杨石刚, 王彬刚, 许继恒, 方秦, 杨亚, 罗泽. 柱形装药接触爆炸作用下钢纤维混凝土靶成坑效应预测模型. 爆炸与冲击, 2026 , 46 (9) : 095201-1 -095201-13 . DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0263
Shigang YANG, Bingang WANG, Jiheng XU, Qin FANG, Ya YANG, Ze LUO. A prediction model for crater damage effect of steel fiber reinforced concrete target under contact explosion of cylinder charge[J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2026 , 46 (9) : 095201-1 -095201-13 . DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0263
钢纤维钢筋混凝土(steel fiber reinforced concrete,SFRC)作为土木工程领域的重要建筑材料,因钢纤维的掺入显著提高了混凝土韧性、阻裂能力及应变能密度,可有效衰减冲击波在材料内部的传播能量,被广泛应用于指挥所、飞机掩蔽库等高抗力防护工程中[1-3]。俄乌冲突中,无人机、钻地弹和攻坚弹等先进武器对防护工程的打击频发,因此有必要开展爆炸冲击荷载作用下SFRC的破坏模式研究。
目前,对于接触爆炸作用下SFRC结构的成坑效应已进行了一些研究。郑全平等[4]和李晓军等[5]通过94组SFRC板接触爆炸实验发现,随着装药量的增大,SFRC板依次呈现爆炸成坑、临界震塌、爆炸震塌、临界贯穿和爆炸贯穿等典型破坏模式。Zhao等[6]开展了SFRC板接触爆炸试验,发现当柱形装药装药量从80 g提高至150 g时,SFRC板迎爆面爆坑直径增大了约24%。魏久淇等[7]实验研究了不同装药量和混凝土强度条件下UHPC(ultra-high performance concrete)板的局部破坏特征(爆坑深度、爆坑直径),并通过接触爆炸爆坑直径和深度经验公式,给出了不同装药量条件下UHPC的压缩系数和成坑系数。Li等[8]通过数值模拟研究了不同板厚和装药量对UHPC板成坑效应的影响,得出当装药量从0.1 kg增大至1 kg时,UHPC发生贯穿破坏;当板厚从100 mm增大至150 mm时,迎爆面爆坑直径和背爆面爆坑直径分别降低约18.5%和12.8%。Zhao等[9]、 Luccioni等[10]、Yang等[11]、张永亮[12]、卢康道等[13]通过接触爆炸实验和数值模拟研究了钢纤维体积掺量(0%~6%)对SFRC损伤的影响。结果表明,随着钢纤维掺量的增加,迎爆面和背爆面爆坑直径有所减小;但钢纤维掺量存在阈值,超过该阈值SFRC迎爆面破坏程度趋于稳定。Luccioni等[10, 14]进一步研究了钢纤维体积掺量(0.5%和1%)与长度(30和60 mm)联合作用对SFRC靶体损伤特性的影响,指出当钢纤维掺量为1%、长度为30 mm时,SFRC靶破坏程度最小。Lin等[15]基于大量三轴压缩试验,对K&C(Karagozian & Case)、HJC(Holmquist Johnson Cook)和CSC(continuous surface cap)模型中强度面参数进行修正,发现接触爆炸作用下,与HJC模型相比,K&C模型和CSC模型对于UHPC板的爆坑深度和直径预测更为精确。Gan等[16]、郝礼楷等[17]、王琰等[18]、张强等[19]、方秦等[20]研究表明,柱状装药在混凝土靶体表面垂直爆炸时,装药长径比对靶体破坏程度具有显著影响。具体表现为:装药质量一定时,靶体破坏程度随长径比增大而减小;装药直径固定时,靶体破坏程度随长径比增大而增大,并在长径比大于1.8后逐渐趋于稳定。
综上所述,目前对于接触爆炸作用下SFRC的成坑效应的研究多集中于靶体厚度、钢纤维体积含量、装药量等因素联合作用或单独作用,少量涉及药柱装药量和长径比联合作用的研究也未建立SFRC结构破坏特征量(如爆坑直径和爆坑深度等)的计算模型。为了弥补当前研究工作的不足,本文拟开展柱形装药接触爆炸作用下SFRC靶的成坑效应研究,采用光滑粒子伽辽金与结构化任意拉格朗日-欧拉(smooth particle Galerkin and structured- arbitrary Lagrange-Euler,SPG-S-ALE)流固耦合算法建立SFRC靶体数值模型,综合分析不同长径比l/d和装药量Q对靶体的破坏模式的影响,结合接触爆炸理论与量纲分析,引入爆坑系数K1与K2构建爆坑直径D与深度H随有效装药量Qe变化的预测模型,以期为SFRC结构的局部抗暴设计提供理论参考。
基于杨石刚等[21]开展的某型杀伤爆破弹毁伤CF60 SFRC结构试验结果,通过LS-DYNA软件进一步研究柱形装药接触爆炸作用下SFRC靶的成坑效应。在爆炸载荷作用下,混凝土易发生大变形,导致拉格朗日网格出现严重畸变。因此,朗格朗日方法常引入基于最大主应变或有效塑性应变的单元删除准则以判定材料失效并删除畸变单元,这不可避免地造成爆轰能量的非物理耗散。光滑粒子伽辽金作为一种无网格粒子方法,通过健失效机制描述材料断裂与破坏过程,适用于侵彻、爆炸等强动载作用下的大变形问题。因此,本文采用SPG-S-ALE流固耦合算法,构建SFRC数值模型。
模型采用1/4对称建模(见图1),由柱形装药、空气域、SFRC 靶体和约束钢板4部分组成。SFRC靶体厚度为1 000 mm、直径为3 000 mm,内部绑扎6层$\varnothing $20 mm@180 mm钢筋(见图1(b))并用CF60钢纤维混凝土(Vf=1%,Vf为钢纤维的体积分数)密实填充,其最外圈设置厚度为5 mm的Q235钢板进行约束。空气域尺寸为800 mm×800 mm×2 100 mm。
SFRC靶体采用SPG单元。靶体采用渐变网格,中部加密区域(600 mm×600 mm×1 000 mm)网格为尺寸10 mm。Q235钢板采用Shell单元,钢筋采用Beam单元。炸药和空气采用S-ALE网格。对爆炸区域的空气网格进行加密(尺寸10 mm),炸药网格尺寸10 mm,并选用底部起爆方式。欧拉边界设置无反射边界条件,以避免应力波反射造成的误差。在zOx和zOy平面设置对称约束限制网格节点的旋转和位移。钢筋与SFRC之间的耦合通过关键字﹡CONSTRAINED_IMMERSED_IN_SPG实现,其控制方程主要基于位移协调条件,方程[22-23]如下:
$ u_k=\sum_1^{N_{\mathrm{P}}}[{\varPsi _i\left( x_k \right) u_i} ]$
式中:uk为钢筋节点k处的位移,ui为钢筋节点k所在位置附近第i个SPG粒子的位移,$\varPsi _i\left( x_k \right) $为SPG粒子i在钢筋节点k位置xk处的形函数,NP为钢筋节点k所在位置附近SPG粒子总数。
在数值模拟中,将CF60钢纤维混凝土作为均质材料处理,采用K&C模型进行描述。尹华伟等[24]针对K&C模型无法准确表征SFRC动力特性的不足,开展了大量三轴压缩试验、单轴压缩及单轴拉伸试验,分别对其强度面参数、压缩损伤参数b1与拉伸损伤参数b2进行了修正。修正后的K&C模型能够较为准确地反映SFRC靶板在爆炸荷载作用下的动力响应。修正后的强度面参数计算公式[24]如下:
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{lll}a_0=\left( 0.232+0.133V_{\mathrm{f}} \right) f_{\mathrm{c}},&\qquad a_1=0.378+0.103V_{\mathrm{f}},&\qquad a_3=\left( 0.149-0.047V_{\mathrm{f}} \right) /f_{\mathrm{c}}\\a_{0\mathrm{y}}=\left( 0.194+0.068V_{\mathrm{f}} \right) f_{\mathrm{c}},&\qquad a_{1\mathrm{y}}=0.504+0.202V_{\mathrm{f}},&\qquad a_{2\mathrm{y}}=\left( 0.452-0.142V_{\mathrm{f}} \right) /f_{\mathrm{c}}\\a_{1\mathrm{f}}=0.374+0.102V_{\mathrm{f}},&\qquad a_{2\mathrm{f}}=\left( 0.218-0.068V_{\mathrm{f}} \right) /f_{\mathrm{c}}&\qquad {} \end{array}\right. $
式中:a0、a1、a2为最大强度面参数;a0y、a1y、a2y为初始屈服面参数;a1f、a2f为残余强度面参数;fc为钢纤维混凝土抗压强度,MPa。
选用﹡MAT_PLASTIC_ KINEMATIC描述HRB400钢筋和Q235钢板。空气采用﹡MAT_NULL材料模型和多项式线性状态方程﹡EOS_LINEAR_POLYNOMIAL进行模拟。TNT装药选用﹡MAT_ HIGH_EXPLOSIVE_BURN 和﹡EOS_JWL状态方程共同描述。模型具体参数见表1~表4[21, 24]。
采用适当的网格尺寸,可以有效提高计算精度和效率。图2展示了在上述ALE网格尺寸下3种SFRC靶体网格尺寸的敏感性分析结果。对于爆坑深度H,3种网格尺寸计算结果差异较小,但计算效率差异显著。对于爆坑直径D,当网格尺寸由15 mm降至5 mm过程中,计算结果逐渐收敛。考虑到计算精度与效率的平衡,本文选用10 mm SFRC靶体网格尺寸进行模拟。
为验证上述数值方法的准确性,对Yang等[11]开展的SFRC板接触爆炸试验进行数值仿真。SFRC板尺寸为2 000 mm×2 000 mm×400 mm,钢纤维体积掺量为1.5%。板内配置2层$\varnothing $12 mm HRB335热轧带肋钢筋,层间设$\varnothing $6 mm HRB335架立筋,钢筋间距均为100 mm。TNT尺寸为180 mm×180 mm×180 mm,质量为9.6 kg。试验中靶板背面采用钢板支撑(见图3[11])。有限元模型如图4所示,建模方法见1.1节。靶体采用渐变网格,中部加密区域(1 000 mm×1 000 mm×400 mm)网格为尺寸10 mm。空气域尺寸为1 000 mm×1 000 mm×500 mm,炸药网格尺寸为10 mm,并选用中心起爆方式。zOx和zOy平面设置对称边界,其余面为透射边界,靶体底部及背部钢板约束处采用固定边界。
SFRC采用K&C模型,抗压强度和抗拉强度分别为107和9.3 MPa[11],修正强度面参数按式(2)计算,b1和b2取值来自文献[25],如表5所示。炸药和空气对应的材料模型和状态方程见1.2节。HRB335钢筋采用﹡MAT_PLASTIC_ KINEMATIC模型,强度为33.5 MPa,其余参数与表2相同。
图5对比了SFRC靶体毁伤形态的数值模拟结果与试验结果。采用比例损伤测度$ \delta $=2λ/(λ+λm)(λ为K&C模型的有效塑性应变,λm为有效塑性应变峰值)表征SFRC靶体损伤演化过程:当1.8≤δ≤1.95时,靶体处于次要损伤状态当δ>1.95时,则表现为主要损伤[26-28]。基于等效塑性应变范围1.95~2.00和1.80~1.95分别确定爆坑直径、深度以及裂纹扩展情况。由图5可见:模拟的SFRC板的迎爆面形成爆坑,四周伴有微裂纹,顶部两根受力筋断裂;背爆面中心出现震塌剥落区,四周呈现多道向板边缘延伸的裂纹,底部受力筋发生弯曲。模拟所得的迎爆面和背爆面损伤形态与现场试验结果吻合较好,二者的差异主要归因于模拟中SFRC材料被视为均质材料,而实际材料具有非均质性。此外,模拟得到的迎爆面爆坑直径和深度分别为800和126 mm(见图5(b)),试验值分别为760和123 mm(见图5(a)),相对误差为5.26%和2.44%。背爆面爆坑直径和深度分别为940和230 mm,试验值分别为950和214 mm,相对误差为1.05%和10.28%。因此,上述数值方法能够有效模拟柱形装药接触爆炸作用下SFRC靶体的毁伤过程。
接触爆炸作用下,装药量Q和长径比l/d对混凝土结构的成坑效应具有显著影响。增大Q时,炸药与靶体接触表面积增大,而装药至靶体表面的距离不变,导致爆炸冲击波强度增大,进而加剧结构破坏[6-8]。在Q一定时,增大l/d会减小接触表面积并增大装药至靶体表面的距离,从而削弱冲击波强度,降低结构的破坏程度[16-17]。目前,对于接触爆炸作用下SFRC的成坑效应的研究多集中于Q和l/d的单独作用。为探究Q和l/d的联合作用下SFRC靶体的破坏过程和机理,设计了6种装药量(Q=1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 kg)和5种长径比(l/d=1, 2, 3, 4, 5)共30组数值模型工况,对比分析不同工况下靶体的破坏模式和损伤程度。
考虑到不同工况下SFRC靶体的损伤演化过程大致相同,本小节仅展示Q=11 kg,l/d=1时SFRC靶的毁伤过程。图6和7为Q=11 kg,l/d=1时SFRC靶内应力传播过程和损伤过程。柱形装药引爆早期阶段,爆炸引起的应力波以球面压缩波的形式从靶体顶部向四周传播(图6(a)~(b))。此时应力波峰值远大于混凝土动态抗压强度,爆炸近区的靶体以近似流体的形式沿着应力波传播的方向扩张形成爆坑(图7(a)~(b))。压缩波在垂直方向上先到达靶体底部中心,并以拉伸波的形式向上反射(图6(c)),由于此时拉伸波强度远大于靶体动态抗拉强度,导致背爆面发生震塌破坏(图7(c))。当入射波传至侧面时,经反射形成的拉伸波与背爆面反射的拉伸波相互叠加形成应力叠加区(图6(d)~(e)),使得靶体破坏程度进一步加剧(图7(d))。
表6为SFRC靶体在不同装药量Q和长径比l/d下的破坏模式。可以看出,当l/d的取值范围为2~5时,不同装药量下靶体破坏特征相似:迎爆面表现为爆炸成坑破坏,背爆面未见明显损伤。当l/d=1且Q的取值范围为3~7 kg时,随着装药量增加,迎爆面爆坑面积逐渐扩大,背爆面开始出现剥落损伤并伴随层裂;当Q进一步增大至9~11 kg时,靶体背爆面发生明显震塌破坏,层裂范围进一步扩展,且未出现贯穿破坏。由此可见,不同装药量与长径比联合作用下,SFRC靶体主要呈爆炸成坑破坏。
为了进一步分析装药量Q和长径比l/d联合作用对SFRC损伤程度的影响,将损伤程度以迎爆面爆坑直径D和深度H为主要度量指标进行分析。图8为不同装药量Q和长径比l/d联合作用下SFRC靶体爆坑尺寸的发展规律。由图可知,当l/d的取值范围为1~5时,长径比和装药量对SFRC靶体破坏程度具有显著影响。在l/d一定时,爆坑尺寸随Q的增大而显著增大。以l/d=1为例,随着Q从1 kg增至11 kg,D和H分别由0.40 和0.061 m增大至1.04 和0.174 m。
在Q一定时,增大l/d能够显著降低靶体损伤程度。以Q=1 kg为例,随着 l/d增至2、3、4和5时,对应D依次为0.26、0.22、0.2和0.18 m,降幅为35%、45%、50%和55%(相较于l/d=1);H依次为0.051、0.032、0.03和0.028 m,降幅为16.39%、47.54%、50.82%和54.1%(相较于l/d=1)。同理,当Q=3, 5, 7, 9, 11 kg且l/d由1增至5时,D降幅分别为51.61%、47.22%、53.33%、48.98%和50%;H降幅分别为51.88%、55.15%、55.26%、52.15%和52.3%。由此可见,不同装药量Q下,l/d由1增至5可使爆坑尺寸减小约50%。
在未发生贯穿爆炸时,靶体厚度对结构的爆坑直径和深度无明显影响,迎爆面破坏主要源于爆炸压缩应力波的直接作用。就爆炸成坑而言,主要影响因素包括装药量Q、长径比l/d和SFRC抗压强度,而钢纤维掺量(0~3%)与配筋参数对其影响对较小[4-5]。此外,装药垂直于靶体表面爆炸的毁伤机制表明,起主导破坏作用的装药段为靠近介质表面的有效装药高度he,其对应的有效装药量Qe计算公式[20]如下:
$ \begin{array}{l}Q_{\mathrm{e}}=\gamma Sh_{\mathrm{e}}=\dfrac{1}{4}n\gamma {\text{π}} d^3\\{{l}/{d}}=n\\ d=\sqrt[\leftroot{-1}\uproot{12}3]{\dfrac{Q}{{\text{π}} n}}\end{array} $
式中:Qe为有效装药量,kg;γ为炸药密度,kg/m3;S为装药面积,m2;he为有效装药高度,m;d为柱状装药直径,m;l为实际装药高度,m;Q为装药量,kg。有效装药高度he由起爆方式和装药长径比n确定:对于底部起爆,当n≤1 时,he = l;当n>1 时,he = d。对于中心起爆,当n≤1.8 时,he = l;当n>1.8 时,he = 1.8d。
由式(3)可知,在Q一定时,随着n增大,d逐渐减小。因此,装药长径比的差异本质上反映了等效装药量的变化。在计算柱状装药对SFRC作用时,需考虑长径比的影响,将实际装药量Q转换为有效装药量Qe。
通过靶体相关因子(SFRC抗压强度fc)、炸药相关因子(包括有效装药量Qe、炸药燃爆速度Vd及炸药密度ρ),建立靶体迎爆面爆坑深度(H)和爆坑直径(D)的函数F1和F2:
$\begin{split}& F_1\left( Q_{\mathrm{e}}, V_{\mathrm{d}}, \rho , f_{\mathrm{c}}, D \right) =0\\& F_2\left( Q_{\mathrm{e}}, V_{\mathrm{d}}, \rho , f_{\mathrm{c}}, H \right) =0 \end{split}$
对应的量纲矩阵为:
$\begin{split}&\qquad\;\; \begin{array}{cccccc} Q_{\mathrm{e}}& V_{\mathrm{d}}&\ \rho &\ f_{\mathrm{c}}&\ D & H\end{array}\\&\begin{array}{l}{\mathrm{L}}\\{\mathrm{M}}\\{\mathrm{T}} \end{array} \left[ \begin{array}{cccccc}0& 1& -3& -1& 1& 1\\ 1& 0& 1& 1& 0& 0\\0& -1& 0& -2& 0& 0\end{array} \right] \end{split}$
式中:L、M和T分别为长度、质量和时间的量纲。采用量纲分析法建立常数K1的因次式:
$ K_1=Q_{\mathrm{e}}^{a}V_{\mathrm{d}}^{b}\rho ^cf_{\mathrm{c}}^{d}D^e $
式中:a、b、c、d、e都是不为零的整数。
由于K1为常数,等式为无量纲,所以有:
$ \begin{cases}b-3c-d+e=0\\a+c+d=0\\-b-2d=0\\\end{cases} $
令d=−1,解得b=2。将d=−1和b=2代入式(7),可得:
$ \begin{cases}a+c=1\\e-3c=-3\\\end{cases} $
由此,令a=2,可以得到一组简单解:c=−1,e=−6。进而建立K1的一般式:
$ K_1=\frac{Q_{\mathrm{e}}^{2}V_{\mathrm{d}}^{2}}{\rho f_{\mathrm{c}}D^6} $
同理可得:
$ K_2=\frac{Q_{\mathrm{e}}^{2}V_{\mathrm{d}}^{2}}{\rho f_{\mathrm{c}}H^6} $
式(9)~(10)可以变形为爆坑直径和深度的表达式:
$ \begin{cases}D=\sqrt[\leftroot{-1}\uproot{12}6]{\dfrac{Q_{\mathrm{e}}^{2}V_{\mathrm{d}}^{2}}{\rho f_{\mathrm{c}}K_1}}\\H=\sqrt[\leftroot{-1}\uproot{12}6]{\dfrac{Q_{\mathrm{e}}^{2}V_{\mathrm{d}}^{2}}{\rho f_{\mathrm{c}}K_2}}\end{cases} $
式中:K1和K2为爆坑直径系数和深度系数,其包含了炸药爆速、密度、有效装药量及靶体强度等因素。炸药爆速Vd和密度ρ为炸药固有属性,皆认为是常数。K1和K2值越小,表示接触爆炸作用下SFRC靶体损伤程度越大。
基于不同抗压强度SFRC(30~150 MPa)接触爆炸试验数据[2-8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 29-33],并根据式(3)、(9)~(10)反算得到相应的Qe、K1和K2。由于爆坑深度H较小,为降低K2计算结果的离散性,将有效装药量Qe与爆坑系数K1和$ \sqrt{{K}_{2}} $进行拟合,且不区分靶体强度,拟合结果如图9所示。由图9可知,爆坑系数K1与$ \sqrt{{K}_{2}} $均随有效装药量的增大呈幂函数衰减趋势,表明随装药量的增加,靶体损伤程度逐步加剧。爆坑系数K1与K2分别满足:
$ \begin{split}&K_1=0.366Q_{\mathrm{e}}^{-1.13}\qquad\quad\;\; R^2=0.83\\&\sqrt{K_2}=101.28Q_{\mathrm{e}}^{-0.43}\qquad R^2=0.8\end{split} $
式中:R2为拟合精度。当0.049 kg≤Qe≤16 kg时,爆坑系数K1和$ \sqrt{{K}_{2}} $分别在0.051~12.600和29.4~526.8范围内。将式(12)代入式(11),可得爆坑直径D和深度H随有效装药量Qe的变化关系分别为:
$\begin{split} & D=1.18Q_{\mathrm{e}}^{0.52}\sqrt[\leftroot{-1}\uproot{12}6]{\frac{V_{\mathrm{d}}}{f_{\mathrm{c}}\rho}}\\& H=0.215Q_{\mathrm{e}}^{0.48}\sqrt[\leftroot{-1}\uproot{12}6]{\frac{V_{\mathrm{d}}}{f_{\mathrm{c}}\rho}} \end{split}$
由式(13)可知,爆坑尺寸D和H均随有效装药量Qe的增大呈幂函数增长规律。其中,D的增长系数1.18和指数0.52显著高于H的增长系数0.25和指数0.48,表明在有效装药量Qe一定时,SFRC的破坏更集中于爆坑直径的扩展。
为了验证式(13)的可靠性,进一步开展了数值模拟与理论结果的对比分析,结果如图10所示。由图10可知,随着有效装药量Qe的增大,爆坑直径D和深度H均逐渐增大,增大速度逐渐趋缓。数值模拟结果与理论预测吻合较好,说明本文所建立的爆坑尺寸计算公式可对不同等级和有效装药量下SFRC的爆坑尺寸进行快速且较为准确的计算,为SFRC结构局部抗爆设计提供理论依据。
为探究接触爆炸对SFRC靶体成坑效应的影响,分析了装药量Q与长径比l/d联合作用下SFRC靶体的破坏模式,结合接触爆炸理论与量纲分析原理,引入爆坑系数K1和K2构建了爆坑直径D与深度H随有效装药量Qe变化的预测模型,主要研究结论如下。
(1) 采用SPG-S-ALE法重现了接触爆炸下SFRC靶体的爆炸毁伤过程,模拟得到的爆坑尺寸与试验结果的相对误差在10%以内,验证了该数值方法的有效性与准确性。
(2) 装药量和长径比对SFRC靶体破坏模式具有显著影响。当Q≤11 kg,l/d的取值范围为1~5时,SFRC靶体主要呈爆炸成坑破坏。不同装药量情况下,当l/d由1增大至5时,D和H均减小了约50%。
(3) 当Qe≤16 kg时,K1与$ \sqrt{{K}_{2}} $随Qe呈幂函数衰减:$ {K}_{1}=0.366Q_{{\mathrm{e}}}^{-1.13} $,$ \sqrt{{K}_{2}}=101.28Q_{{\mathrm{e}}}^{-0.43} $。D和H与Qe之间服从幂函数增长关系。
(4) 在Qe相同条件下,相较于爆坑深度H,SFRC靶的成坑效应更集中于爆坑直径D的扩展。

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2026年第46卷第9期
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doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0263
  • 接收时间:2025-08-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-09-05
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-25
  • 修回日期:2026-01-22
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    1陆军工程大学爆炸冲击防灾减灾全国重点实验室,江苏 南京 210094
    2中国人民解放军 63983部队,江苏 无锡 214000
    3中国人民解放军 32573部队,广东 东莞 523000

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王彬刚(1996- ),男,博士研究生,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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