Article(id=1315732146858344927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, issueId=1315732078327616225, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11883/bzycj-2025-0294, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1757347200000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-09, revisedDate=1760112000000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791624588931, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1788537600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791624588931, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791624588931, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791624588931, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315732078327616225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, year='2026', volume='46', issue='9', pageStart='091001-1', pageEnd='095402-10', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788537600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-05', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791624572593, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791624783658, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315732963703247483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, issueId=1315732078327616225, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315732963703247484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, issueId=1315732078327616225, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=095401-1, endPage=095401-13, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315732147382632930, articleId=1315732146858344927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, language=EN, title=Experimental study on suppression of magnesium powder deflagration flame with different bimetallic supramolecular compounds, columnId=1315732147281969633, journalTitle=Explosion and Shock Waves, columnName=Applied Explosion Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Magnesium powder, a commonly utilized metallic material, frequently gives rise to combustion and explosion incidents during its production. To identify efficient suppressants for magnesium dust explosions, six bimetallic supramolecular compounds were synthesized via co-precipitation, and their flame-suppression performance on magnesium dust flames was compared by means of flame morphology and flame-propagation velocity in a Hartmann tube; sodium bicarbonate, a traditional suppressant, served as the reference. In the tests, magnesium powder was premixed with each of the seven suppressants at a mass ratio of 1∶6 and then ignited in the Hartmann tube. The average flame-propagation velocity was derived from the tube length and the time required for the flame to reach the tube top, whereas the instantaneous flame-propagation velocity was obtained by recording flame height at successive instants. A higher average velocity and a faster flame-front propagation velocity signify a weaker suppressant efficacy. When the seven suppressants were ranked according to these two indicators, however, the orders were not fully consistent. For instance, MgAl-Cl yielded a lower average velocity than NaHCO3, yet its maximum flame-propagation velocity exhibited the opposite trend. This discrepancy arises because certain suppressants only weakly inhibit the magnesium flame, allowing rapid flame acceleration near the tube outlet where oxygen is abundant. Integrating both the average and the maximum flame-propagation velocities, the suppressants can be arranged from the least to the most effective as follows: NaHCO3, MgAl-Cl, ZnCr-CO3, CaFe-Cl, MgAl-CO3, CuAl-CO3, CaFe-CO3. Moreover, the percentage reductions in average velocity imparted by the four bimetallic supramolecular compounds (MgAl-Cl versus MgAl-CO3, and CaFe-Cl versus CaFe-CO3) were 17.95%, 27.30%, 23.82%, and 50.76%, respectively, evidencing that carbonate as the interlayer anion have a superior suppression effect on magnesium powder deflagration compared to those with chloride as the interlayer anion. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses of the reaction products, together with TG-DSC traces of the bimetallic supramolecular compounds, revealed that during the decomposition process, bimetallic supramolecular compounds lower the flame temperature via the desorption of interlayer water molecules and the heat absorption associated with the decomposition of the layered structure. Moreover, the inert gases and metal oxides generated during decomposition can block heat transfer and inhibit the volatilization of combustible gases from the surface of magnesium powder particles. Meanwhile, the metal ions and interlayer anions participate in the combustion reaction, consuming free radicals and interrupting the chain reaction, thereby achieving the explosion suppression effect.

, authors=Huiting WANG, Zhiyue HAN, Ziming YU, authorsList=Huiting WANG, Zhiyue HAN, Ziming YU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhiyue HAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Explosion and Shock Waves, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315732149819523577, articleId=1315732146858344927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, language=CN, title=不同双金属超分子化合物抑制镁粉爆燃火焰的实验研究, columnId=1315732147483296227, journalTitle=爆炸与冲击, columnName=应用爆炸力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

镁粉在生产过程中存在极大的爆炸风险,亟需开发高效靶向抑爆剂。通过共沉淀法成功合成不同类型的双金属超分子化合物抑爆剂,并利用哈特曼管研究了其对镁粉爆炸的抑制效果。研究发现,双金属超分子化合物材料的抑爆效果优于传统抑爆剂碳酸氢钠,且当金属阳离子一致时,碳酸根离子的抑爆效果优于氯离子。抑爆效果由强到弱的排序分别为钙铁碳酸根材料、铜铝碳酸根材料、镁铝碳酸根材料、钙铁氯离子材料、锌铬碳酸根材料以及镁铝氯离子材料。明确了抑爆机理为吸热分解、物理包裹、惰性气体稀释及金属阳离子/层间阴离子协同清除关键自由基,从而实现物理-化学的双重抑爆。

, authors=王慧婷, 韩志跃, 余子明, authorsList=王慧婷, 韩志跃, 余子明, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=韩志跃, authorNote=

王慧婷(2003- ),女,硕士研究生,

, correspAuthorsNote=
韩志跃(1984- ),男,博士,副教授,
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王慧婷(2003- ),女,硕士研究生,

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Average flame velocities with different explosion suppressants added

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管长/mm抑爆剂到达管顶时间/ms平均速度/(m·s−1)降幅/%
900无3228.130
NaHCO33625.0011.13
MgAl-Cl3923.0817.95
ZnCr-CO34022.5020.01
CaFe-Cl4221.4323.82
MgAl-CO34420.4527.30
CuAl-CO34619.5730.43
CaFe-CO36513.8550.76
), ArticleFig(id=1315732157935501868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732146858344927, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

加入不同抑爆剂后的火焰平均速度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
管长/mm抑爆剂到达管顶时间/ms平均速度/(m·s−1)降幅/%
900无3228.130
NaHCO33625.0011.13
MgAl-Cl3923.0817.95
ZnCr-CO34022.5020.01
CaFe-Cl4221.4323.82
MgAl-CO34420.4527.30
CuAl-CO34619.5730.43
CaFe-CO36513.8550.76
), ArticleFig(id=1315732158040359469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732146858344927, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Maximum flame velocities with different explosion suppressants added

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抑爆剂平均速度/(m·s−1)到达管顶时间/ms锋面最大速度/(m·s−1)最大速度时刻/ms
无28.1332126.4531.00
NaHCO325.003687.0035.25
MgAl-Cl23.0839105.0035.25
ZnCr-CO322.504057.6033.00
CaFe-Cl21.434298.5539.00
MgAl-CO320.454486.4035.00
CuAl-CO319.574649.0537.00
CaFe-CO313.856548.2441.25
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加入不同抑爆剂后的火焰最大速度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抑爆剂平均速度/(m·s−1)到达管顶时间/ms锋面最大速度/(m·s−1)最大速度时刻/ms
无28.1332126.4531.00
NaHCO325.003687.0035.25
MgAl-Cl23.0839105.0035.25
ZnCr-CO322.504057.6033.00
CaFe-Cl21.434298.5539.00
MgAl-CO320.454486.4035.00
CuAl-CO319.574649.0537.00
CaFe-CO313.856548.2441.25
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不同双金属超分子化合物抑制镁粉爆燃火焰的实验研究
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王慧婷 , 韩志跃 , 余子明
爆炸与冲击 | 应用爆炸力学 2026,46(9): 095401-1-095401-13
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爆炸与冲击 |应用爆炸力学 2026 , 46 (9) : 095401-1 -095401-13
不同双金属超分子化合物抑制镁粉爆燃火焰的实验研究
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王慧婷 , 韩志跃 , 余子明
作者信息
  • 北京理工大学爆炸科学与安全防护全国重点实验室,北京 100081
通讯作者:
韩志跃(1984- ),男,博士,副教授,
作者简介:

王慧婷(2003- ),女,硕士研究生,

Experimental study on suppression of magnesium powder deflagration flame with different bimetallic supramolecular compounds
Huiting WANG , Zhiyue HAN , Ziming YU
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
出版时间: 2026-09-05 doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0294
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镁粉在生产过程中存在极大的爆炸风险,亟需开发高效靶向抑爆剂。通过共沉淀法成功合成不同类型的双金属超分子化合物抑爆剂,并利用哈特曼管研究了其对镁粉爆炸的抑制效果。研究发现,双金属超分子化合物材料的抑爆效果优于传统抑爆剂碳酸氢钠,且当金属阳离子一致时,碳酸根离子的抑爆效果优于氯离子。抑爆效果由强到弱的排序分别为钙铁碳酸根材料、铜铝碳酸根材料、镁铝碳酸根材料、钙铁氯离子材料、锌铬碳酸根材料以及镁铝氯离子材料。明确了抑爆机理为吸热分解、物理包裹、惰性气体稀释及金属阳离子/层间阴离子协同清除关键自由基,从而实现物理-化学的双重抑爆。

双金属超分子化合物  /  镁粉爆炸  /  火焰传播  /  爆炸抑制

Magnesium powder, a commonly utilized metallic material, frequently gives rise to combustion and explosion incidents during its production. To identify efficient suppressants for magnesium dust explosions, six bimetallic supramolecular compounds were synthesized via co-precipitation, and their flame-suppression performance on magnesium dust flames was compared by means of flame morphology and flame-propagation velocity in a Hartmann tube; sodium bicarbonate, a traditional suppressant, served as the reference. In the tests, magnesium powder was premixed with each of the seven suppressants at a mass ratio of 1∶6 and then ignited in the Hartmann tube. The average flame-propagation velocity was derived from the tube length and the time required for the flame to reach the tube top, whereas the instantaneous flame-propagation velocity was obtained by recording flame height at successive instants. A higher average velocity and a faster flame-front propagation velocity signify a weaker suppressant efficacy. When the seven suppressants were ranked according to these two indicators, however, the orders were not fully consistent. For instance, MgAl-Cl yielded a lower average velocity than NaHCO3, yet its maximum flame-propagation velocity exhibited the opposite trend. This discrepancy arises because certain suppressants only weakly inhibit the magnesium flame, allowing rapid flame acceleration near the tube outlet where oxygen is abundant. Integrating both the average and the maximum flame-propagation velocities, the suppressants can be arranged from the least to the most effective as follows: NaHCO3, MgAl-Cl, ZnCr-CO3, CaFe-Cl, MgAl-CO3, CuAl-CO3, CaFe-CO3. Moreover, the percentage reductions in average velocity imparted by the four bimetallic supramolecular compounds (MgAl-Cl versus MgAl-CO3, and CaFe-Cl versus CaFe-CO3) were 17.95%, 27.30%, 23.82%, and 50.76%, respectively, evidencing that carbonate as the interlayer anion have a superior suppression effect on magnesium powder deflagration compared to those with chloride as the interlayer anion. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses of the reaction products, together with TG-DSC traces of the bimetallic supramolecular compounds, revealed that during the decomposition process, bimetallic supramolecular compounds lower the flame temperature via the desorption of interlayer water molecules and the heat absorption associated with the decomposition of the layered structure. Moreover, the inert gases and metal oxides generated during decomposition can block heat transfer and inhibit the volatilization of combustible gases from the surface of magnesium powder particles. Meanwhile, the metal ions and interlayer anions participate in the combustion reaction, consuming free radicals and interrupting the chain reaction, thereby achieving the explosion suppression effect.

bimetallic supramolecular compound  /  magnesium powder explosion  /  flame propagation  /  explosion suppression
王慧婷, 韩志跃, 余子明. 不同双金属超分子化合物抑制镁粉爆燃火焰的实验研究. 爆炸与冲击, 2026 , 46 (9) : 095401-1 -095401-13 . DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0294
Huiting WANG, Zhiyue HAN, Ziming YU. Experimental study on suppression of magnesium powder deflagration flame with different bimetallic supramolecular compounds[J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2026 , 46 (9) : 095401-1 -095401-13 . DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0294
镁金属凭借轻质高强的特性被广泛应用于航天航空、军工装备、石油化工等行业[1-4],而在对镁金属的加工过程中不可避免地会有镁粉生成,且镁粉与水反应会生成氢气[5],同时释放大量热量,引起燃烧或爆炸,对周围环境和人身造成较大危害。在2018年12月26日,北京交通大学实验室就发生一起镁粉爆炸事故,造成3人死亡[6]。常用的爆炸防治措施有隔爆、泄爆、抑爆,其中抑爆技术通过多种机制降低了爆炸的威胁和危害,未来将在保护人员和基础设施安全方面发挥更重要的作用[7]。而抑爆的关键就在于抑爆剂性能[8]。目前国内外开展了许多针对镁粉的固体抑爆剂抑爆效能的研究。Nifuku等[9]发现通过增加氧化钙或碳酸钙与镁粉的混合比例能够抑制粉尘爆炸性,但通常需要50%或更高的比例混合才能够有效地降低爆炸压力;陈金健等[10]研究了碳酸钙、二氧化硅2种抑爆剂对镁粉尘云最低着火温度的影响,但当体系温度高于630 ℃时,2种粉末对镁粉的抑制效果较弱;李亚男等[11]研究了磷酸二氢铵对镁粉的爆炸抑制效果,研究发现只有当磷酸二氢铵的质量分数大于80%时才能完全惰化粉尘,抑制爆炸反应发生。目前研究的传统抑爆剂多为无机盐粉末类抑制剂,如碳酸氢钠、碳酸钙、磷酸二氢铵等[12-16],当仍存在抑爆效果差、抑爆机理不明确等缺点。
双金属超分子化合物的化学通式为[${\rm{M}}_{1-x}^{2+}{\rm{M}}_x^{3+} $(OH)2]·[(An−)x/n·mH2O][17](M代表金属阳离子,A代表阴离子)。图1为双金属超分子化合物材料的分子结构简图,层板为相互平行且带有正电荷的金属阳离子,层间由平衡层板正电荷的阴离子及水分子构成。该材料被广泛研究的原因主要是层板中的金属阳离子和层间阴离子组成的多样性,在一定范围内 M2+/ M3+的组成比例可以调控超分子化合物材料的化学组成,从而调整其电荷密度和化学性质。双金属超分子化合物独特的层状结构和阴离子交换性能,使其在阻燃、抑爆领域显示出巨大潜力[18],已有众多学者对其阻燃机理进行说明,如吸热作用、释放惰性气体、消耗自由基、阴离子协同阻燃等[19-21]。吴忧等[22]证实了改性双金属超分子化合物材料作为阻燃剂具有较好的耐火能力;Zhang等[23]研究了改性双金属超分子化合物对聚乙烯纳米复合材料热降解及燃烧行为的影响,证实了双金属超分子化合物材料具有热屏蔽效果与热稳定性能;纪文涛等[24]研究了镁铝超分子化合物对聚乙烯粉尘的爆炸超压与最低着火温度的抑制效果,结果表明在抑制比为2时,镁铝超分子化合物就可完全抑制聚乙烯粉尘爆炸,且抑爆效果优于氢氧化镁和氢氧化铝。但目前对于双金属超分子化合物抑爆性能的研究较少,且缺少不同双金属超分子化合物之间以及该材料与传统抑爆剂之间的性能比较。
本文中利用哈特曼管实验装置,分析加入NaHCO3和6种不同双金属超分子化合物后的镁粉爆燃火焰形态、火焰传播速度,利用火焰到达管道顶部的时间计算火焰传播的平均速度,并通过测量火焰高度计算火焰锋面传播速度,火焰平均速度越大、火焰锋面的传播速度越快,则证明该抑爆剂对镁粉爆燃火焰的抑制效果越差。在机理探究方面,通过对产物开展扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscopy, SEM)分析与X射线衍射分析(X-ray diffraction, XRD)分析,对双金属超分子化合物开展同步热重-差示扫描量热分析(thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry, TG-DSC),从吸热作用和离子参与消耗自由基等方面说明双金属超分子化合物材料对镁粉火焰的抑制机理。双金属超分子化合物因其催化、吸附、阻燃性能而被广泛研究,但目前对其抑爆效能的研究较少,期望为双金属超分子化合物材料在镁粉抑爆中的应用提供参考。
实验材料选用粒径为35 μm的球状镁粉(长沙天工金属材料有限公司),纯度在98%以上。镁粉的粒径分布如图2所示,粒径呈现为正态分布,其中D10为21.2 μm(10%镁粉颗粒粒径小于21.2 μm),D50为34.1 μm(50%镁粉颗粒粒径小于34.1 μm),D90为53.8 μm(90%镁粉颗粒粒径小于53.8 μm),满足实验所需镁粉粒径为35 μm的要求。
图3所示为镁粉颗粒以及镁粉爆炸后的扫描电镜图像,从图3 中可以观察到镁粉颗粒为球形,表面基本光滑,且镁粉颗粒分布均匀。
制备双金属超分子化合物的原料包括CaCl2·2H2O、FeCl3·6H2O、AlCl3·6H2O、MgCl2·4H2O、CuCl2·2H2O、CrCl2·4H2O (江苏爱康生物制药研发有限公司)、Na2CO3 (北京同光精细化工有限公司)、NaOH (上海泰坦科技股份有限公司)、NaHCO3 (北京同光精细化工有限公司)、蒸馏水 (北京华威锐科化工有限公司)。
实验中使用的双金属超分子化合物材料均采用共沉淀法制备。图4所示为通用的制备流程:在碱性条件下,同时滴加可溶性混合金属盐溶液与碱溶液(由双金属超分子化合物的金属层板和层间阴离子决定,一般为氯盐与钠盐溶液),控制pH值为一定值,保持一定转速确保混合均匀并引发共沉淀反应,当金属盐溶液耗尽时停止滴定,在反应结束后将得到的悬浊液置于温度为80 ℃的恒温水浴中进行24 h的回流加热和结晶,然后离心得到产物,用水洗涤3次,于60 ℃真空干燥24 h得到产物。当层间阴离子不是碳酸根时,在制备过程中需使用去除CO2的蒸馏水配置溶液,并在合成过程中通入N2。
图5所示为6种双金属超分子化合物的扫描电镜图,可以观察到CaFe-CO3、MgAl-CO3、MgAl-Cl双金属超分子化合物的分子结构为不规则的六边形片状结构,分散性较好,而其他双金属超分子化合物材料的团聚现象明显,多个分子堆叠成“假山状”,难以识别单个分子的形状。
火焰传播可视化系统如图6所示,主要由哈特曼管、粉尘扩散系统、点火能量产生系统、同步控制系统和高速摄影系统组成。
哈特曼管道主体长度为900 mm,内径为60 mm×60 mm,既能满足生成湍流条件,又易于火焰的传播与观察测量,管道左右两侧为高强度耐高温的金属材料白钢,内壁光滑以减少对火焰传播的干扰,前后两侧为耐高温耐压的透明石英玻璃,便于利用高速摄影机对火焰形态进行观察与记录。粉尘扩散系统由垂直玻璃管底部的伞状粉尘扩散器、储气罐、高压气瓶与连接的管道组成。点火能量产生系统可产生的点火能量为1 000 mJ,电极高度为100 mm。同步控制系统连接至电脑,并对点火能量、点火延迟时间、储气罐存储气体压力等参数进行设置。高速摄影系统的帧速为6 000 s−1,通过软件可实时查看并记录高速摄像机的拍摄画面。
实验分为空白对照组与惰化实验组,其中:空白对照组有3种不同质量浓度的工况,加入镁粉质量浓度分别为100、200和300 g/m3,根据不同质量浓度镁粉火焰的形态与传播速度,选择惰化实验所用的镁粉质量浓度为300 g/m3,且金属粉尘与抑爆剂的质量浓度比为6∶1。实验过程中先将镁粉与抑爆剂进行预混,把混合后的粉尘均匀分布在垂直玻璃管底部的伞状粉尘扩散器上,高压气瓶将储气罐加压至0.2 MPa,实验开始后储气罐压力释放将样品喷到垂直玻璃管中,形成粉尘云;同步控制系统延迟200 ms后点火系统产生1000 mJ电火花点燃粉尘云;高速摄影系统同步记录火焰在玻璃管中的传播过程,用于分析火焰形态与火焰传播速度变化,从而得到不同抑爆剂对镁粉火焰传播的影响,包括传统的抑爆剂NaHCO3以及MgAl-Cl、ZnCr-CO3、CaFe-Cl、MgAl-CO3、CuAl-CO3和CaFe-CO3等双金属超分子化合物。每组实验至少重复3次,且每次实验结束待装置冷却之后,进行吹扫清理,确保没有残留物影响。
图7展示了不同质量镁粉在哈特曼管中的火焰传播情况。在图7(a)中,t=0 ms时,点火电极附近很容易观察到火焰,并伴有部分白光;随着时间的推移,火焰逐渐变得明亮,并在点火电极周围自由扩散;t=70 ms时,火焰底部开始出现黑色区域,可能是由于存在大量未参与燃烧的镁粉颗粒,导致可燃挥发性气体质量浓度降低,上层火焰继续向上传播,底部由于燃烧反应不充分,火焰逐渐破碎并消失;t=100 ms时,火焰到达最高处300 mm,火焰表面分布不散不均匀,可能是由于镁粉颗粒热解汽化产生的可燃挥发性气体分布不均匀,火焰向可燃挥发性气体质量浓度高的区域扩散[25];随着燃烧的继续,在t=120 ms处,火焰上层逐渐破碎,并逐渐分为2段;在t=140 ms之后,可以明显观察到火焰逐渐变暗。
当镁粉质量浓度提高为200 g/m3时,可以明显观察到图7(b)中火焰上升速度变快,火焰传播距离变远。在t=70 ms时,火焰上层变得破碎,且上层破碎区域在t=80 ms时已经完全消失,这可能是由于上层镁粉尘质量浓度较小,产生的可燃挥发性气体较少,当燃烧反应进行时,可燃气体的消耗速度远大于产生速度[26];t=140 ms时,火焰前部到达玻璃管的顶部,颜色明显变暗,边缘为深橙色。火焰的形态也变得不规则。同时在玻璃管的中上部出现了大面积的裂缝,这可能是因为在不规则火焰中存在许多未燃烧的镁粉颗粒[27],导致可燃挥发性气体质量浓度降低,气相燃烧面积减少。
继续增加镁粉质量浓度至300 g/m3,可在图7(c)中观察到点火初期呈点状火焰,t=16 ms时火焰逐渐扩散且颜色变亮变白,可能是由于未反应颗粒的进一步催化分解和气相燃烧区域的膨胀,并逐渐占据主导地位[27];火焰在t=32 ms处到达玻璃管顶部,火焰颜色明亮且上部呈圆弧状;t=40 ms时火焰下部出现明显的分离,且火焰颜色由白色变为橙黄色,火焰形状变得不规则,可能是由于大部分镁粉已经反应完全,粉尘质量浓度减小,镁粉颗粒周围产生的可燃性气体减少[28],不足以使火焰继续传播;t=44 ms之后,上下部火焰完全分离,下部火焰逐渐上升并在t=60 ms时达到最高点,之后火焰逐渐变暗,这可能是由于火焰中部存在少部分未参与反应的粉尘颗粒,由于重力作用下沉,在下部火焰前端高温区域吸收热量发生分解,从而使燃烧反应得以维持;t=84 ms之后上部火焰明显变暗,火焰形状不规则且火焰颜色变为橙黄色,而下部火焰持续燃烧,但火焰前沿变为橙黄色,且在达到最高点之后逐渐熄灭。
取质量浓度为300 g/m3的镁粉与50 g/m3不同抑爆剂粉末预混之后在哈特曼管中进行实验。如图8所示,火焰形态均从开始的点状火焰以不规则形状向四周扩散为指状。在图8(b)(加入NaHCO3),图8(h)(加入CaFe-CO3)中,火焰上层呈橘黄色且火焰形状不规则,说明火焰外围区域温度降低。图8(b)(加入NaHCO3)中在t=44 ms之后火焰中部出现明显的黑色破碎区域,图8(c)(加入0.18 g MgAl-Cl)中在t =33 ms时火焰中部呈现破碎形态,而图8(d)~(h)中火焰破碎区域出现的时间依次为38、44、36、40、42.5 ms,这可能是由于抑爆剂参与反应之后的气体产物稀释粉尘质量浓度并减少管内氧气含量,而出现的时间不一致说明不同双金属超分子化合物的抑爆性能有差异。在图8(c)(加入MgAl-Cl)和图8(f)(加入MgAl-CO3)中可明显观察到火焰上层形态变得不规则并与火焰主体发生了分离,这表明火焰上层的镁粉大部分被消耗,镁粉质量浓度较低[29],因而不足以支持火焰的继续传播。
如图8所示,未添加惰性粉末时镁粉火焰在t=32 ms时传播到管道顶端,且火焰形态较为规整;在添加NaHCO3、MgAl-Cl、ZnCr-CO3、CaFe-Cl、MgAl-CO3、CuAl-CO3和CaFe-CO3之后火焰传播到管道顶端的时间依次延迟36、39、40、42、44、46和65 ms,已知管道长度为900 mm,由此计算不同抑爆剂作用下火焰平均传播速度与速度降低的百分数,如表1所示。在加入传统抑爆剂NaHCO3时镁粉火焰传播的平均速度仅降低11.13%,而加入双金属超分子化合物材料后火焰平均速度降低11.13%、17.95%、20.01%、23.82%、27.30%、30.43%、50.76%,均大于加入NaHCO3的降幅,其中加入CaFe-CO3超分子化合物后,镁粉火焰的平均传播速度降低50.76%,证明其抑爆效果最佳。
为探究不同双金属超分子化合物材料对镁粉火焰速度的抑制效果,计算加入6种双金属超分子化合物材料后火焰锋面最大速度与时刻如表2所示。按照最大速度将抑爆剂的抑爆效能从弱到强排序为:MgAl-Cl、CaFe-Cl、NaHCO3、MgAl-CO3、ZnCr-CO3、CuAl-CO3、CaFe-CO3。与对比平均速度得到的抑爆效果排序不一致,其中MgAl-Cl、CaFe-Cl对应的最大火焰速度明显高于其他双金属超分子化合物,且大于NaHCO3对应的最大火焰速度,但二者的平均速度均小于NaHCO3。观察数据发现:二者的最大火焰速度的出现时刻与到达管顶的时间几乎一致;加入MgAl-Cl后,火焰于39 ms到达管顶,而最大火焰速度对应的时间为35.25 ms;加入CaFe-Cl后,火焰到达管顶的时间为42 ms,而在39 ms时火焰速度达到最大。因此推测最大火焰速度与平均速度结果不一致的原因为:在靠近管道顶部的区域,由于材料大部分已被消耗,此时仅有少部分双金属超分子化合物抑制燃烧反应的进行,因而在火焰接近管道顶部时速度出现明显加快。这说明双金属超分子化合物材料在反应初期对镁粉火焰均有较好的抑制效果,且双金属超分子化合物的抑爆效果由弱到强依次为:MgAl-Cl、ZnCr-CO3、CaFe-Cl、MgAl-CO3、CuAl-CO3、CaFe-CO3。
对有相同金属层板MgAl-Cl与MgAl-CO3、CaFe-Cl与CaFe-CO3进一步分析,4种双金属超分子化合物材料对镁粉爆燃火焰的平均速度降低百分数分别为17.95%与27.30%、23.82%与50.76%。图9显示了加入4种双金属超分子化合物材料后镁粉爆燃火焰速度的变化。当金属层板为MgAl时,可以观察到火焰速度在反应初期变化较小,且始终小于20 m/s;加入MgAl-Cl超分子化合物后,镁粉火焰最大速度上升至105 m/s,高于MgAl-CO3对应的86.4 m/s,在上升至最大速度后又降低至约30 m/s,说明MgAl-CO3对镁粉爆燃火焰的抑制效果优于MgAl-Cl。而当金属离子为CaFe时,可以观察到CaFe-Cl对应的最大速度达到98.55 m/s,远高于CaFe-CO3对应的48.24 m/s,且加入CaFe-CO3双金属超分子化合物后在反应后期火焰速度降低至3.96 m/s,说明CaFe-CO3对镁粉爆燃火焰的抑制效果优于CaFe-Cl。因而可以得出结论:层间阴离子为碳酸根离子的双金属超分子化合物对镁粉爆燃的抑制效果优于层间为氯离子的超分子化合物。
由于双金属超分子化合物金属层板与层间阴离子的多样性,且抑爆机理为物理与化学协同作用,因而本文将从它的层状结构与离子多样性2方面对其抑制机理进行说明。
双金属超分子化合物材料在参与爆燃反应时主要通过层间水分子脱附、层板结构分解吸收热量,从而降低火焰温度,抑制爆燃反应的发生。图10(a)为镁粉的TG-DSC曲线。在20~583 ℃,TG曲线呈现平缓趋势(质量减少3.82%),对应DSC曲线的波动范围小于±0.5 μW/mg,表明镁粉在583 ℃前具有优异的热稳定性,TG曲线趋势平缓说明在这一温度区间Mg粉并未与空气中的O2发生氧化反应,DSC曲线波动范围小且并未出现明显的吸热与放热峰,说明在这一温度范围内镁粉也未发生物相变化。在高温阶段,对应583~800 ℃,在临界温度Tc=583 ℃附近,TG曲线失重速率急剧增大,至583~644 ℃区间累计质量损失率Δm≈36%,DSC曲线同步出现陡峭吸热峰(峰值温度T=627 ℃),该吸热效应与TG失重呈强相关性,说明镁粉在583 ℃附近与O2发生快速燃烧反应生成MgO。
图10(b)所示为CaFe-CO3的TG-DSC曲线,可以将曲线分为3个阶段,低温区为65~220 ℃:DSC曲线在80~150 ℃区间呈现显著的吸热峰,对应TG曲线出现初始失重(Δm≈9.23%),此阶段吸热效应与质量损失呈弱关联性,推测为材料内部结合水的脱附过程。中温区为220~550 ℃:DSC曲线呈现多级吸热/放热耦合现象,220~350 ℃区间吸热峰伴随TG曲线梯度增大,推测为Fe(OH)3分解生成Fe2O3的过程,Δm累计达5.83%;400~480 ℃出现放热峰,TG曲线斜率趋缓,推测为固相碳化反应与气相产物释放达到动态平衡。高温区为550~800 ℃:560 ℃附近二次吸热峰,对应的TG曲线失重速率陡增,推测为Ca(OH)2分解生成CaO的过程;700 ℃之后TG曲线趋于稳定,剩余相为Fe2O3与CaO。CaFe-CO3具体的分解反应式如下:
$ \mathrm{Ca}_2 \mathrm{Fe(OH)}_5 \mathrm{CO}_3 \cdot 6 \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O} \to 0.5{\mathrm{Fe}}_2 \mathrm{O}_3 +2\mathrm{CaO}+8.5{\mathrm{H}}_2 \mathrm{O} +{\mathrm{CO}}_2 $
用Origin软件计算镁粉和CaFe-CO3材料在反应过程中的热量变化,得到镁粉的放热量为3154.58 J/g,CaFe-CO3的吸热量为1637.02 J/g。可知,CaFe-CO3能够有效吸收反应体系的热量,降低温度。从镁粉与CaFe-CO3的TG曲线中能够发现,镁粉在583 ℃附近与O2发生反应,而CaFe-CO3在65 ℃时就发生初始失重,生成H2O,而在300和550 ℃时层板的羟基与金属离子又发生分解生成金属氧化物和H2O,且层间的碳酸根离子在高温条件下也会参与反应生成CO2,稀释反应体系中O2的质量浓度。因而CaFe-CO3双金属超分子化合物材料因为较低的初始分解温度,不仅能有效吸收反应体系的热量,还能快速分解出H2O与CO2抑制爆炸火焰的发展。且CO2由于比热容高,因而在反应过程中可以吸收更多热量,通过物理作用抑制爆炸反应。随着温度升高,在约220 ℃时,CaFe-CO3材料开始分解生成Fe2O3,在约563 ℃分解生成CaO。一方面,在分解过程中材料吸收热量会降低反应体系中的温度;另一方面,分解产生的金属氧化物附着在镁粉颗粒表面,也会阻隔热量传递[23]。因而物理抑制机理主要是双金属超分子化合物材料分解过程中吸收热量、生成惰性气体稀释O2质量浓度和产生金属氧化物附着在镁粉颗粒表面阻隔热量传递3个方面。
选用的双金属超分子化合物材料层板金属离子种类多样,它们主要通过消耗氧自由基、氢自由基、羟基来阻断燃烧反应,以M代表金属离子,可将其参与燃烧链式反应的具体过程[29-30]表示如下:
$ {\mathrm{M}}+{\mathrm{OH}}\cdot \to {\mathrm{MOH}} $
$ {\mathrm{M}}+{\mathrm{O}}\cdot \to {\mathrm{MO}} $
${\mathrm{MOH}}+{\mathrm{H}}\cdot \to {\mathrm{M}}+{\mathrm{H}}_2 \mathrm{O} $
${\mathrm{MOH}}+{\mathrm{OH}}\cdot \to {\mathrm{MO}}+{\mathrm{H}}_2 \mathrm{O} $
$ \mathrm{MO}+\mathrm{OH}\cdot\to\mathrm{M}+\mathrm{H}_{ }\mathrm{O}_2 $
层间阴离子为氯离子和碳酸根离子2类,其中氯离子能迅速夺走燃烧链反应中的羟基自由基和氢自由基,主要切断链的引发阶段[31]:
$ \mathrm{Cl}+{\mathrm{RH}}\to {\mathrm{R}}+{\mathrm{HCl}} $
$ \mathrm{HCl}+{\mathrm{OH}}\cdot \to {\mathrm{Cl}}+{\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{O}} $
而碳酸根离子一方面在吸热分解过程中会生成惰性气体CO2,稀释反应体系中的O2质量浓度,另一方面碳酸根离子也可与自由基结合,从而阻断燃烧反应的进行[32]:
$ \mathrm{CO}_3 +\mathrm{H}\cdot \to {\mathrm{HCO}}_3 $
因而与传统的无机盐类抑爆剂相比,双金属超分子化合物材料因其层状结构与离子多样性而展示出更优的抑爆性能。
本文中在哈特曼管装置中通过对加入NaHCO3与6种双金属超分子化合物后镁粉火焰的形态与速度变化进行分析,探究双金属超分子化合物材料对镁粉的抑爆效果,得到主要结论如下。
(1)镁粉与抑爆剂质量浓度分别为300 g/m3与50 g/m3时,双金属超分子化合物材料的抑爆效果比简单化合物NaHCO3更优,且根据镁粉火焰速度的降低百分数将抑爆剂对火焰的抑制效果由弱到强排序为NaHCO3、MgAl-Cl、ZnCr-CO3、CaFe-Cl、MgAl-CO3、CuAl-CO3、CaFe-CO3。
(2)当化合物层板的金属离子一致时,层间阴离子为碳酸根离子的双金属超分子化合物抑爆效果优于层间为氯离子的化合物。
(3)从层板结构与离子多样性2方面解释双金属超分子化合物材料对镁粉爆炸的抑制机理:一方面,双金属超分子化合物分解过程中通过层间水分子脱附、层板结构分解吸收热量来降低温度;另一方面,金属离子与层间阴离子参与燃烧反应消耗自由基,阻断链式反应的继续,达到抑爆的效果。

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2026年第46卷第9期
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doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0294
  • 接收时间:2025-09-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-09-05
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-09
  • 修回日期:2025-10-11
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    北京理工大学爆炸科学与安全防护全国重点实验室,北京 100081

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韩志跃(1984- ),男,博士,副教授,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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