Article(id=1315732120232907755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, issueId=1315732078327616225, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11883/bzycj-2025-0177, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750003200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-16, revisedDate=1775664000000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791624582584, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1788537600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791624582584, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791624582584, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791624582584, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315732078327616225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, year='2026', volume='46', issue='9', pageStart='091001-1', pageEnd='095402-10', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788537600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-05', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791624572593, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791624783658, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315732963703247483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, issueId=1315732078327616225, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315732963703247484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, issueId=1315732078327616225, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=093101-1, endPage=093101-12, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315732121050797037, articleId=1315732120232907755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, language=EN, title=Expanding fracture behaviors of single- and double-layer metallic cylindrical shells subjected to detonation of hollow explosives, columnId=1315732120966910956, journalTitle=Explosion and Shock Waves, columnName=Impact Dynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The detonation-driven expansion and fracture behavior of single-layer and double-layer metallic cylindrical shells (with equal total thickness) were investigated via the DPS (Doppler pins system) array and high-speed photography. The velocity curves and high-speed photography images of the outer surface of the single- and double-layer cylindrical shells were obtained. The velocity curves show that spallation occurs at approximately 40% of the thickness from the outer surface in the single-layer cylindrical shell. In addition, the spallation part was caught up after ~1.89 μs by the fragments of the single-layer cylindrical shell, leading to the secondary impact loading. In the case of double-layer cylindrical shell, the inner and outer shells of the double-layer cylindrical shell separated quickly since they cannot withstand the tensile stress. The outer cylindrical shell expands freely with high velocity at initial stage. It is then caught up by the inner cylindrical shell after 26.13 μs, leading to the secondary impact loading. There is a significant difference in secondary impact loading times the single- and double-layer shell expansion experiments. The premature separation of the double-layer cylindrical shell hinders the crack penetration from the inside to the outside, and delays the crack penetration until the complete fracture of the whole cylindrical shell. In contrast to the widely investigated fracture behavior in a single-layer cylindrical shell, the detonation product leakage time is delayed when the outer layer of the double-layer cylindrical shell expands. The fragment size of a double-layer shell is obviously smaller than that of a single-layer shell. The distribution of the overflowing detonation product is relatively scattered and rare, and the overall crack of the outer cylindrical shell is clearly visible. The results of SPH (smoothed particle hydrodynamics) numerical simulations demonstrate that under certain conditions, the lower the spallation strength in single-layer cylindrical shells, the later the residual fragments catch up with the spalled layer during secondary loading, the less likely the occurrence of penetration fracture. Meanwhile, the interfacial gaps in double-layer cylindrical shells significantly inhibit the penetration and propagation of cracks.

, authors=Shiwen ZHANG, Yan CHEN, Shan JIN, Jiakun DAN, Mingtao LIU, Tiegang TANG, authorsList=Shiwen ZHANG, Yan CHEN, Shan JIN, Jiakun DAN, Mingtao LIU, Tiegang TANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yan CHEN, Jiakun DAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Explosion and Shock Waves, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315732127409360904, articleId=1315732120232907755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, language=CN, title=空心炸药爆炸加载下单双层金属柱壳的膨胀断裂行为, columnId=1315732123072451566, journalTitle=爆炸与冲击, columnName=冲击动力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

采用多普勒光纤探针系统(Doppler pins system,DPS)和高速摄影技术,研究空心炸药爆轰加载下,单、双层金属柱壳(双层总厚度等于单层厚度)的膨胀断裂行为,获得了单、双层柱壳外表面的速度曲线和高速摄影图像。测速结果表明:单层柱壳靠近外表面约2/5处产生层裂,单层柱壳剩余残片经过约1.89 μs迅速追上层裂柱壳并产生二次冲击加载;双层柱壳的内、外层柱壳之间因无法承受拉应力而迅速分离,外层柱壳沿径向膨胀,内层柱壳则继续受爆轰加载,26.13 μs后,内层柱壳追上外层柱壳并进行二次冲击加载。单、双层柱壳膨胀实验中的二次加载时间差异显著,表明二者柱壳的膨胀断裂过程存在差异:双层柱壳的过早分离阻碍了裂纹从内至外的贯通过程,延缓了柱壳整体的裂纹扩张及完全断裂行为的产生。与传统的单层柱壳断裂现象明显不同,双层柱壳的外层膨胀断裂时,其爆轰产物泄漏时间晚、破片尺寸明显小于单层柱壳破裂尺寸,溢出的爆轰产物较少且分布较为分散,外层柱壳整体裂纹清晰可见。采用光滑粒子流体动力学(smoothed particle hydrodynamics,SPH)方法进行数值模拟分析,结果表明:在一定条件下,单层柱壳的层裂强度越低,二次加载时剩余残片追上层裂片的时间越晚,越不容易发生贯穿性断裂,双层柱壳界面的间隙阻挡裂纹贯穿性发展的效果显著。

, authors=张世文, 陈艳, 金山, 但加坤, 刘明涛, 汤铁钢, authorsList=张世文, 陈艳, 金山, 但加坤, 刘明涛, 汤铁钢, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈艳, 但加坤, authorNote=

张世文(1971- ),男,博士,副研究员,

, correspAuthorsNote=
陈艳(1993- ),女,硕士,助理研究员,
但加坤(1984- ),男,博士,副研究员,
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张世文(1971- ),男,博士,副研究员,

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空心炸药爆炸加载下单双层金属柱壳的膨胀断裂行为
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张世文 , 陈艳 , 金山 , 但加坤 , 刘明涛 , 汤铁钢
爆炸与冲击 | 冲击动力学 2026,46(9): 093101-1-093101-12
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爆炸与冲击 |冲击动力学 2026 , 46 (9) : 093101-1 -093101-12
空心炸药爆炸加载下单双层金属柱壳的膨胀断裂行为
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张世文 , 陈艳 , 金山, 但加坤 , 刘明涛, 汤铁钢
作者信息
  • 中国工程物理研究院流体物理研究所,四川 绵阳 621999
通讯作者:
陈艳(1993- ),女,硕士,助理研究员,
但加坤(1984- ),男,博士,副研究员,
作者简介:

张世文(1971- ),男,博士,副研究员,

Expanding fracture behaviors of single- and double-layer metallic cylindrical shells subjected to detonation of hollow explosives
Shiwen ZHANG , Yan CHEN , Shan JIN, Jiakun DAN , Mingtao LIU, Tiegang TANG
Affiliations
  • Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, Sichuan, China
出版时间: 2026-09-05 doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0177
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采用多普勒光纤探针系统(Doppler pins system,DPS)和高速摄影技术,研究空心炸药爆轰加载下,单、双层金属柱壳(双层总厚度等于单层厚度)的膨胀断裂行为,获得了单、双层柱壳外表面的速度曲线和高速摄影图像。测速结果表明:单层柱壳靠近外表面约2/5处产生层裂,单层柱壳剩余残片经过约1.89 μs迅速追上层裂柱壳并产生二次冲击加载;双层柱壳的内、外层柱壳之间因无法承受拉应力而迅速分离,外层柱壳沿径向膨胀,内层柱壳则继续受爆轰加载,26.13 μs后,内层柱壳追上外层柱壳并进行二次冲击加载。单、双层柱壳膨胀实验中的二次加载时间差异显著,表明二者柱壳的膨胀断裂过程存在差异:双层柱壳的过早分离阻碍了裂纹从内至外的贯通过程,延缓了柱壳整体的裂纹扩张及完全断裂行为的产生。与传统的单层柱壳断裂现象明显不同,双层柱壳的外层膨胀断裂时,其爆轰产物泄漏时间晚、破片尺寸明显小于单层柱壳破裂尺寸,溢出的爆轰产物较少且分布较为分散,外层柱壳整体裂纹清晰可见。采用光滑粒子流体动力学(smoothed particle hydrodynamics,SPH)方法进行数值模拟分析,结果表明:在一定条件下,单层柱壳的层裂强度越低,二次加载时剩余残片追上层裂片的时间越晚,越不容易发生贯穿性断裂,双层柱壳界面的间隙阻挡裂纹贯穿性发展的效果显著。

冲击动力学  /  多普勒光纤探针系统阵列  /  高速摄影  /  膨胀断裂  /  双层柱壳  /  光滑粒子流体动力学

The detonation-driven expansion and fracture behavior of single-layer and double-layer metallic cylindrical shells (with equal total thickness) were investigated via the DPS (Doppler pins system) array and high-speed photography. The velocity curves and high-speed photography images of the outer surface of the single- and double-layer cylindrical shells were obtained. The velocity curves show that spallation occurs at approximately 40% of the thickness from the outer surface in the single-layer cylindrical shell. In addition, the spallation part was caught up after ~1.89 μs by the fragments of the single-layer cylindrical shell, leading to the secondary impact loading. In the case of double-layer cylindrical shell, the inner and outer shells of the double-layer cylindrical shell separated quickly since they cannot withstand the tensile stress. The outer cylindrical shell expands freely with high velocity at initial stage. It is then caught up by the inner cylindrical shell after 26.13 μs, leading to the secondary impact loading. There is a significant difference in secondary impact loading times the single- and double-layer shell expansion experiments. The premature separation of the double-layer cylindrical shell hinders the crack penetration from the inside to the outside, and delays the crack penetration until the complete fracture of the whole cylindrical shell. In contrast to the widely investigated fracture behavior in a single-layer cylindrical shell, the detonation product leakage time is delayed when the outer layer of the double-layer cylindrical shell expands. The fragment size of a double-layer shell is obviously smaller than that of a single-layer shell. The distribution of the overflowing detonation product is relatively scattered and rare, and the overall crack of the outer cylindrical shell is clearly visible. The results of SPH (smoothed particle hydrodynamics) numerical simulations demonstrate that under certain conditions, the lower the spallation strength in single-layer cylindrical shells, the later the residual fragments catch up with the spalled layer during secondary loading, the less likely the occurrence of penetration fracture. Meanwhile, the interfacial gaps in double-layer cylindrical shells significantly inhibit the penetration and propagation of cracks.

impact dynamics  /  Doppler pins system array  /  high-speed photography  /  expansion fracture  /  double-layer shell  /  smoothed particle hydrodynamics
张世文, 陈艳, 金山, 但加坤, 刘明涛, 汤铁钢. 空心炸药爆炸加载下单双层金属柱壳的膨胀断裂行为. 爆炸与冲击, 2026 , 46 (9) : 093101-1 -093101-12 . DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0177
Shiwen ZHANG, Yan CHEN, Shan JIN, Jiakun DAN, Mingtao LIU, Tiegang TANG. Expanding fracture behaviors of single- and double-layer metallic cylindrical shells subjected to detonation of hollow explosives[J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2026 , 46 (9) : 093101-1 -093101-12 . DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0177
爆炸加载下金属柱壳的膨胀断裂现象得到了大量研究,其中对柱壳膨胀断裂模式(拉伸断裂、纯剪切断裂和拉剪混合型断裂等)[1-5]、裂纹起始位置[6-8]、扩展路径[8-10]等方面的研究较多。不同断裂模式的发展进程不同,进而影响柱壳的破裂时间,宏观上表现为爆轰产物从柱壳中泄漏的时间不同。根据柱壳沿壁厚方向的裂纹起始位置和发展过程,徐皇兵[11]研究了双层、三层柱壳在爆轰加载下的膨胀断裂过程,通过人为设置分层界面进行阻断,延缓了柱壳整体的断裂过程,实验表明:在相同情况下,双层管的破裂时间晚于单层圆管,但界面数量并非越多越好。研究人员还研究了不同装药模式对柱壳膨胀断裂的影响。根据gurney理论,炸药与柱壳的质量比可以近似决定柱壳的终速度。在炸药种类或柱壳内径确定的情况下,为降低柱壳的最终速度,人们常采用空心炸药开展柱壳膨胀断裂实验。这类实验与实心炸药爆轰加载实验均属于传统爆轰加载下柱壳膨胀断裂研究范畴,如汤铁钢等[12]、禹富有等[3]、潘顺吉等[13]开展的空心炸药爆轰加载实验。柱壳膨胀断裂的影响因素主要为柱壳速度对应的应变率大小。然而,空心炸药加载与实心炸药加载明显不同的是,两者的爆轰加载波形(包括爆轰波幅值和脉宽)差异较大,仅通过高速摄影获取柱壳外表面膨胀断裂的分幅图像,无法推断内部柱壳膨胀断裂的演化过程及机理,也不利于从结构设计上延缓柱壳膨胀断裂的进程。大量实验结果表明,空心炸药由于内壁为自由面反射,压力更容易卸载到零,爆轰加载的卸载率更大,柱壳更容易产生层裂,层裂与断裂的耦合增加了柱壳膨胀断裂过程的复杂性。
针对单点起爆实心炸药滑移爆轰加载下柱壳的膨胀断裂过程,研究人员获得了较多的高速摄影图像或激光测速曲线。例如:汤铁钢等[4,12]、金山等[7,14-15]通过高速摄影技术获得了较清晰的图像,其幅间距低至0.5 μs;中物院流物所近十年针对柱壳膨胀断裂的研究,更多地同时采用了高速摄影和测速技术获取柱壳的测速曲线[16-17],在分析过程中,更多关注柱壳速度和位移大小,与柱壳断裂过程的关联研究相对较少。2016年以后,由于多普勒光纤探针系统(DPS,Doppler pins system)阵列通过多点测速的速度分叉,可判断柱壳的破裂时刻[18],为此张世文等[19]通过柱壳不同角度速度细微差异,研究了装配垫片对柱壳膨胀断裂的影响,并与高速摄影结果进行了对比分析。目前,空心炸药加载下柱壳膨胀实验的观测方法以高速摄影居多,关于速度测试结果的公开报道很少,缺乏对空心与实心炸药加载下柱壳膨胀断裂曲线差异的系统研究。如何通过对测速曲线差异的解读,分析柱壳膨胀断裂进程,值得进一步研究。
因此,本研究采用不同直径光斑、不同角度间隔布置的DPS测速阵列以及高速摄影技术,开展爆轰实验,获得空心装药爆轰加载对单、双层柱壳膨胀断裂的影响速度曲线,结合高速摄影动态演化图像分析柱壳断裂的主要影响因素,深入对比单、双层柱壳在空心炸药加载下膨胀断裂影响因素的差异。
实验装置如图1所示,其中:单、双层柱壳材料均为45钢;单层柱壳的内、外径分别为90、100 mm,壁厚为5 mm,高度为210 mm;双层柱壳中,内层柱壳的内、外径分别为90、 97.5 mm,壁厚为3.75 mm,外层柱壳的内、外径分别为97.5、100 mm,壁厚为1.25 mm;主炸药为高能炸药(high explosive,HE)PBX(polymer bonded explosive)柱状空心炸药,其内、外径分别为70、90 mm;传爆药直径为20 mm,高度为5 mm。设置中心点起爆,通过厚度为45 mm的TNT(trinitrotoluene)过渡引爆空心炸药。高速摄影和DPS阵列速度测点角度分布如图2所示,其中:A区包含13个小光斑测速探头,相邻测点间隔为0.7°;B区包含16个小光斑测速探头,相邻测点间隔为4°;C区包含16个中型光斑测速探头,相邻测点间隔为4°,与B区测点交错排布;D区包含13个中型光斑测速探头,相邻测点间隔为1.4°。任国武等[18] 详细阐述了采用DPS阵列研究柱壳破裂时间的原理,认为柱壳表面形成的不等宽破片会造成其速度的不一致性,DPS阵列布置于沿柱壳表面的环向局域内,保证光纤探头组能跨越多条宏观裂纹,从而测得表面形成裂纹后速度历史剖面的差异,获得与金属柱壳断裂有关的实时信息。图2所示高速摄影机采用氙灯照明系统光作为前照明光源,白纱布作为背景屏增加对比度。转镜式分幅相机转速设定为1.2×105 r/min,每幅图像的时间间隔为0.5 μs,可获得40幅图像,获取从表面裂纹萌生到爆轰产物严重泄漏的膨胀断裂全过程。
忽略传爆药和雷管细节,根据装置各部件尺寸,采用轴对称模型进行建模(对称轴为x轴)。空心炸药爆炸驱动柱壳计算模型如图3所示,包括TNT炸药、PBX、单层或双层金属柱壳。采用SPH方法进行计算,粒子尺寸为0.1 mm,粒子数量为455 050。TNT采用中心点起爆,当爆轰波传到PBX界面时,采用Lee-Tarver点火增长模型的压力引爆模式控制PBX起爆(采用相似的炸药相关参数,仅为起爆阈值)。PBX采用JWL状态方程描述,45钢柱壳采用Johnson-Cook(J-C)本构模型和Grüneisen状态方程描述。建模时,双层柱壳界面留有0.01cm的间隙,内、外层柱壳的材料参数相同,采用2种材料编号进行区分,柱壳损伤模式为Grady模型的层裂损伤模式[20],临界失效应变为0.15。45钢、TNT的材料参数取自材料库,PBX参数见文献[21]。沿柱壳外表面布置40个测点(G1~G40),其中:G1位于距柱壳上端2 mm处,各点间隔均为5 mm,G21为测速探头对应位置(距柱壳上端102 mm)。单层柱壳的数值模拟时,将图3所示双层柱壳替换为壁厚为5 mm的单层柱壳,其余材料参数和尺寸等不变。
A~D区4种(不同直径光斑、不同布局角度)测速探头在单、双层柱壳膨胀断裂实验中的测速曲线如图4所示。在同一高度上(与起爆点的轴向距离为102 mm)的测速探头测得的速度曲线基本重合,同一类测速探头之间的分叉隐含了柱壳的膨胀断裂过程,携带了柱壳破裂时刻及破片尺寸等信息[22],可以与高速摄影图像联合解读分析。由图4可知,对于A~D区4种类型或布局的测试探头,双层柱壳速度分叉时间较单层柱壳晚2~3 μs,表明双层柱壳的破裂时间晚于单层柱壳。
针对单、双层柱壳膨胀速度曲线的差异,以B3测速探头为例进行分析。如图5所示,单、双层柱壳的自由面速度曲线具有明显的回跳现象,其中实验和计算速度曲线中自由面速度最大值与第1次反弹时自由面速度最小值之差Δu代表典型的层裂特征。单层柱壳在靠近外表面约2/5处产生层裂,持续时间为1.18 μs(17.51~18.69 μs)。单层柱壳剩余主体经过1.89 μs后(19.67~21.56 μs)迅速追上外层层裂柱壳并产生二次冲击加载,双层柱壳的内、外层柱壳之间因无法承受拉应力而迅速分离,外层柱壳自由径向膨胀,内层柱壳则继续在爆轰加载下响应,经过26.13 μs(18.86~44.99 μs)的径向膨胀后,内层柱壳追上外层柱壳并进行二次加载。单、双层柱壳膨胀实验中二次加载时间的差异显著。
图5给出了单、双层柱壳外壳距起爆端102 mm处的测速曲线,其中,计算结果为起爆15 μs到达G20点,15.57 μs到达G21点(考虑到雷管作用时间和传爆药传播时间导致的速度起跳差,将G21点计算结果顺延1.59 μs与实验结果对应,即计算结果15.57 μs对应实验结果17.16 μs)。计算和实验结果对比显示,单层柱壳的速度曲线在17~28 μs内吻合较好,双层柱壳在17~45 μs内吻合较好。后期计算结果与实验结果的差异可能由3个因素引起。
(1) 目前炸药JWL状态方程的CJ等熵线方程含有3项:$ {A}{\mathrm{e}}^{-R_1\overline{v}}、{B}{\mathrm{e}}^{-R_2\overline{v}}和{C}\overline{v}^{-(\omega+1)} $,它们依次在高、中、低的压力范围内起主要作用。常用软件中的JWL状态方程常常省略第3项的相关参数C的输入,这虽然对于中、高压段的炸药驱动做功模拟能够获得足够高的精度,但针对本实验,由于炸药为空心结构,引爆炸药TNT的爆轰产物做功在低压段会经历足够长的加载时间,因此低压段对柱壳的驱动加速不可忽略,它将影响爆轰产物对柱壳后期的缓慢加载过程:补充炸药低压段能量,内层柱壳飞行速度将会提高,更容易追上外层柱壳,产生二次加载。为提高模拟的准确性,需对JWL状态方程进行修改,并嵌入商用程序或自编程序。
(2) 在建模时忽略了2个因素:一是起爆端压盖对该部位爆轰产物的弱约束,造成爆轰产物压力衰减过快,二是装置底座对爆轰产物的反射作用,爆轰产物在25 μs到达底座,在底座的弱约束下反射回来,将会增加驱动内层柱壳中间段的加载压力,提高内层柱壳速度,缩短内层柱壳追上外层柱壳的时间。
(3) 由于柱壳底部嵌入装置底座约1 cm,外柱壳底端的膨胀受到限制,并进一步影响外壳其余部位的运动,导致内、外柱壳首次冲击分离后,内壳再次追上外壳,产生二次加载。尽管如此,从计算结果可以看出,单、双层柱壳测速的基本特征具有显著差别,并不影响对实验结果的分析。
为更详细地阐述两者差异,结合数值模拟和测速结果进行对比分析。图6为单、双层柱壳在起爆15 μs时(考虑雷管起爆时间和传爆药传播时间,相当于实验的17.16 μs)的冲击波波阵面及层裂演化对比。单、双层柱壳在G20位置的径向速度均有振荡信号,但不能直接根据振荡周期判断是否发生层裂或者计算层裂片厚度。其计算公式相当复杂,必须考虑冲击波波阵面与厚度方向的夹角。由计算可知,爆轰波进入柱壳后,其冲击波波阵面与厚度方向的夹角θ约为60°,波阵面沿该方向经过的距离远大于单层柱壳层裂后的厚度和双层柱壳外壳的厚度。由实验和计算结果可知,对于单层柱壳,实验测得单层柱壳产生的层裂柱壳振荡周期为0.90 μs,计算振荡周期为1.03 μs,两者非常接近,由此确定的层裂柱壳厚度约为原始柱壳厚度的2/5,且沿着轴向不同位置,层裂柱壳的厚度逐渐增加,损伤程度逐渐降低。对于双层柱壳,实验测得的速度曲线振荡周期为0.49 μs,计算振荡周期为0.45 μs,由此计算得到的外壳厚度与实际厚度相当,表明双层柱壳外壳没有发生层裂。由于爆轰产物的压力衰减与实心炸药相比更为显著,柱壳测速曲线与实心炸药经过多次吸能再加速振荡的过程不同,而是经过2、3个周期后趋于平缓。由计算结果可知,双层柱壳内柱壳同样出现损伤萌芽,随后被再次压实,但受到外层柱壳的约束,损伤程度较单层柱壳弱得多。从数值模拟可以看出,单层柱壳中间有一个损伤区间,可能未完全层裂。回收单层铜柱壳破片,发现铜破片沿厚度方向的中间区域存在一个层裂发展不充分的损伤区,进一步证实了该结论。
起爆37~39 μs时单、双层柱壳的膨胀形态如图7所示。双层柱壳破裂时,爆轰产物零星从裂缝溢出,裂缝清晰可见,在相近时刻,单层柱壳的爆轰产物泄漏量明显多于双层柱壳;双层柱壳的外层膨胀断裂时,其破片尺寸明显小于单层柱壳破裂尺寸。对图7指定高度位置(即DPS阵列对应高度)的破片宽度进行统计,结果显示,在37 μs时,单、双层柱壳的破片数分别为24、32(包含即将形成的破片),双层柱壳形成的破片宽度小于单层柱壳。
单、双层柱壳在起爆35 μs后的飞行姿态如图8所示。单层柱壳未完全层裂时,其剩余残片在不到2 μs迅速追上层裂片。双层柱壳由于内、外层柱壳无法承受拉应力,在爆轰加载下迅速分离,且两层之间的间隙远大于单层柱壳因未完全层裂产生的距离。两者状态的不同进一步影响柱壳膨胀断裂进程。针对双层柱壳,外层柱壳与内层柱壳长时间分离,一是可以阻断裂纹沿着与厚度方向呈0°(拉伸断裂)或45°(剪切断裂)扩展,二是当爆轰产物从内层柱壳溢出后,在内外层之间的空腔内逐渐弥散,产物喷射速度大幅度下降,对外层柱壳内界面的冲击下降,降低外层柱壳内界面裂纹的萌芽和起始时间,外层柱壳可在无内压或少量爆轰产物的冲击下自由膨胀,损伤成核点较为分散和均匀,可充分发挥材料延展性好的优势。针对单层柱壳,裂纹的扩展可以跨过内界面附近产生的损伤、界面加工缺陷产生的损伤,甚至还能穿越已经处于疏松状态的损伤区[3]。特别地,当爆轰产物从内界面侵入单层柱壳基体后,裂纹两侧受到挤入爆轰产物向两边扩张的压力作用,进一步提高了裂尖应力集中程度,加快了裂纹的扩展速度,使得单层柱壳更容易产生贯穿性断裂。单、双层柱壳裂纹扩展对破片尺寸的影响如图9所示:单层柱壳已经充分扩展的裂纹抑制了旁侧裂纹的扩展;双层柱壳的外柱壳主要表现为自由径向膨胀,受内层柱壳裂纹扩展的影响较少,其破片宽度与应变率及柱壳膨胀量有关。单层柱壳仅有部分裂纹扩展至外层,另一部分裂纹的发展被抑制,导致单层柱壳的破片宽度大于双层柱壳、破片数目相对较少的实验现象。
为更详细地分析单、双层柱壳在空心炸药加载下不同轴线位置的动态断裂过程,通过对实际装置开展数值模拟,从工程设计和材料性能两方面进一步解读实验结果:一方面,确认本实验装置沿轴线方向是否存在定常段,以及它对柱壳不同高度的动态断裂影响;另一方面,分析这种工程结构是否干扰和影响单、双层柱壳的断裂过程差异。
单、双层柱壳不同轴向位置的径向速度如图10所示。对于双层柱壳,外层柱壳在内层柱壳的冲击加载下长时间与内层柱壳分离,外层柱壳的速度第一幅值主要受冲击波波阵面的影响:离起爆端越近,冲击波波阵面越垂直于壁厚方向,冲击波沿壁厚方向的分量越大[19],外层柱壳的径向速度幅值越大。随着轴向距离的增加,外层柱壳的径向速度幅值逐渐较小,内层柱壳长时间无法追上外层柱壳,外层柱壳速度平台时间较长,依靠自身径向膨胀塑性增加耗散能量,速度略微下降,与传统的柱壳膨胀速度曲线明显不同。对于单层柱壳,不同轴向位置G15、G20、G25、G30对应的速度曲线的第1、第2次起跳时间的间隔Δt分别为9.81、5.16、4.43和4.21 μs,表明越远离起爆端,爆炸冲击波波阵面与柱壳厚度方向的夹角越小,越不容易产生层裂。即使发生层裂,其剩余残片将迅速追上层裂柱壳,如图11所示,引爆炸药TNT的爆轰流场分布表明,本实验几乎没有较稳定的定常段存在,不利于研究空心炸药加载下单、双层柱壳的动态断裂过程。但是,对于同一轴向位置,单、双层柱壳断裂过程的差异是可以明确的。
图12为空心炸药爆轰加载下单层柱壳不同层裂强度对应的柱壳速度曲线。材料层裂强度ps可根据Grady计算公式得出:
$ p _{ \rm{s}}=(2 \rho c _0^2 Y\varepsilon _{ \rm{c}} )^{ {1/2}} $
式中:ρ为密度,c0为声速,Y为屈服强度,εc为失效应变。由式(1)可知,ps与εc的1/2次方成正比[20]。当ps增大10%和20%时,在保持参数ρ、c0、Y不变的情况下,失效应变分别增至1.12和1.22。即3种工况下的失效应变分别为0.15、0.1815和0.216。由计算曲线可知,当柱壳材料的层裂强度分别为ps、1.1ps和1.2ps并逐渐增大时,层裂损伤的演化时间也随之增长,层裂片达到速度最低值的时间分别为15.56、15.64和15.71 μs,剩余残片追上层裂柱壳的时间反而提前,分别为19.88、19.48和18.54 μs。层裂强度为ps时,层裂柱壳从速度最低值到达二次碰撞的时间差为4.32 μs,而层裂强度为1.2ps时,对应的时间差为2.83 μs,缩短了1.49 μs。双层柱壳相当于在该位置的层裂强度基本为零,内柱壳追上外柱壳的时间显著增长,在空心炸药加载下,柱壳膨胀断裂更容易受到层裂过程的影响,两者相互耦合增大了研究柱壳膨胀断裂过程机理的难度。
本文开展了空心炸药爆轰加载下单、双层柱壳的膨胀断裂实验。根据DPS阵列测速曲线和高速摄影图片,结合数值模拟获得了如下结论。
(1)与实心炸药爆轰加载相比,空心炸药爆轰加载下,单层柱壳靠近外表面部分更容易产生层裂。在爆轰加载持续驱动下,单层柱壳剩余残片经过较短时间就能迅速追上层裂柱壳并产生二次冲击加载。双层柱壳的外层柱壳在一次加载后由于内外层界面无法承受拉伸应力,与内层柱壳分离,开始自由径向膨胀,内层柱壳继续在爆轰加载下经过较长时间才能追上外层柱壳,甚至有可能在监测时间段无法追上外层柱壳,单、双层膨胀实验现象中二次加载时间差异显著。
(2)单、双层柱壳的速度差异暗含了柱壳膨胀断裂过程不同:双层柱壳的过早分离阻碍了裂纹从内至外的贯通过程,延缓了柱壳整体的裂纹贯通直至完全断裂。双层柱壳的外层膨胀断裂时爆轰产物泄漏时间晚,破片尺寸明显小于单层柱壳破裂尺寸。
(3)数值模拟分析表明,单层柱壳的层裂强度越高,二次加载时剩余残片追上层裂片的时间越短,由内向外的裂纹扩展路径不容易被阻碍,越容易发生贯穿性断裂,反之亦然,在合适位置出现的无法承受拉应力的双层柱壳界面阻挡裂纹贯穿性发展的效果越显著。

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2026年第46卷第9期
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doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0177
  • 接收时间:2025-06-16
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-09-05
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-16
  • 修回日期:2026-04-09
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    中国工程物理研究院流体物理研究所,四川 绵阳 621999

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陈艳(1993- ),女,硕士,助理研究员,
但加坤(1984- ),男,博士,副研究员,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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