Article(id=1315732080269570240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, issueId=1315732078327616225, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11883/bzycj-2025-0212, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752076800000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-10, revisedDate=1773417600000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791624573056, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1788537600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791624573056, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791624573056, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791624573056, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315732078327616225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, year='2026', volume='46', issue='9', pageStart='091001-1', pageEnd='095402-10', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788537600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-05', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791624572593, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791624783658, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315732963703247483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, issueId=1315732078327616225, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315732963703247484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, issueId=1315732078327616225, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=092101-1, endPage=092101-19, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315732080739332290, articleId=1315732080269570240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, language=EN, title=Effects of inlet pressure perturbations on hydrogen-fueled rotating detonation characteristics, columnId=1315732080638668993, journalTitle=Explosion and Shock Waves, columnName=Explosion Physics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the effects of inlet pressure perturbations on the propagation characteristics of rotating detonation waves (RDWs), numerical simulations were conducted using the OpenFOAM platform and the two-dimensional Euler equations coupled with detailed chemical kinetics. A two-dimensional unfolded rotating detonation combustor model was established to represent the annular chamber. Periodic boundary conditions were applied in the circumferential direction, and non-reflecting boundary conditions were imposed at the outlet. Discretized premixed injection units were specified at the inlet to simulate the reactant supply process. High-frequency, small-amplitude pressure perturbations with a frequency of 5 kHz and an amplitude of 0.1 MPa were superimposed on the inlet total pressure with a mean value of 1 MPa, while the inlet total temperature was fixed at 300 K. Hydrogen–air mixtures with equivalence ratios ranging from 0.6 to 1.6 were considered to examine the influence of reactant composition on RDW behavior under perturbed inlet conditions. The governing equations were solved using a density-based compressible reacting-flow solver with a finite-volume discretization scheme. Convective fluxes were calculated using the KNP central-upwind scheme with a van Leer limiter, and time integration was performed using a second-order Crank-Nicolson method. A detailed hydrogen–air chemical reaction mechanism consisting of 27 elementary reactions was employed to capture detonation dynamics. The results indicate that the RDW wavenumber and propagation mode exhibit significant responses to inlet pressure perturbations at different equivalence ratios, which are mainly governed by the dual-wave collision process and the reactant replenishment characteristics ahead of the detonation front. The combustor adaptively balances the energy release and stable RDW propagation, allowing the system to stabilize at different wavenumbers through a nonlinear dynamic equilibrium. Under inlet pressure perturbations, flow parameters and RDW characteristics exhibit periodic responses at the perturbation frequency, with the RDW structure being more sensitive to the perturbations. The equivalence ratio and RDW propagation mode jointly determine the combustion heat release level and the outlet thrust, whereas the specific impulse is primarily controlled by the equivalence ratio and shows a weak correlation with the RDW wavenumber. High-frequency, small-amplitude inlet pressure perturbations mainly affect the wave structure and propagation mode of RDWs, while the mean performance parameters are only weakly influenced.

, authors=Yu WU1, Huangwei CHEN1, 2, Shunli ZHANG1, Ting JU1, Yuejin ZHU1, authorsList=Yu WU, Huangwei CHEN, Shunli ZHANG, Ting JU, Yuejin ZHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yuejin ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Explosion and Shock Waves, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315732087647351024, articleId=1315732080269570240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, language=CN, title=进口压力扰动对氢气燃料旋转爆轰特性的影响, columnId=1315732080827412675, journalTitle=爆炸与冲击, columnName=爆炸物理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究进口压力扰动对旋转爆轰波(rotating detonation wave,RDW)传播特性的影响,基于OpenFOAM平台,采用二维欧拉方程,在进口处施加高频小幅(5 kHz/0.1 MPa)压力扰动,对不同当量比条件下的旋转爆轰特性进行了数值研究。结果表明,不同当量比下的RDW波数及传播模态对进口压力扰动具有显著响应,其变化主要受双波对撞过程及爆轰波前反应物填充特性的共同影响。燃烧室通过自适应调整平衡了能量释放和RDW稳定传播,使系统最终稳定在不同波数的非线性动态平衡状态。在压力扰动作用下,燃烧室内RDW各项特征和参数随扰动频率发生周期性响应,其中RDW结构对扰动更敏感。当量比及RDW传播模态则共同决定了燃烧释热水平及出口推力,其中比冲主要受当量比控制,与RDW波数变化的相关性较弱。总体而言,高频小幅进口压力扰动主要影响旋转爆轰波的波动结构和传播模态,而对整体性能参数平均特性的影响有限。

, authors=吴宇1, 陈煌威1, 2, 张顺利1, 琚挺1, 朱跃进1, authorsList=吴宇, 陈煌威, 张顺利, 琚挺, 朱跃进, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=朱跃进, authorNote=

吴宇(2000- ),男,硕士研究生,

, correspAuthorsNote=
朱跃进(1986- ),男,博士,教授,
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《爆炸与冲击》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=RLsrnfkuEovx7MgHyuVbcg==, magXml=F+Dnq/OIjTZDT87fH2zR9Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=f3JtrxEQIN4QuVV46+W9PQ==, pdfFileSize=15677944, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=4qVaJyKvdZmrtDNotPGsHQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=WwjIrUqxK6a2FWOz37hQRg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1315732088180027640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732080269570240, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=w1813848978@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1315732088276496634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732080269570240, authorId=1315732088180027640, language=EN, stringName=Yu WU, firstName=Yu, middleName=null, lastName=WU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1315732088364577019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732080269570240, authorId=1315732088180027640, language=CN, stringName=吴宇, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1江苏大学能源与动力工程学院,江苏 镇江 212013, bio={"content":"

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figureFileBig=qsawl5TE/ULlSRasWL5GCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315732096723824960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732080269570240, language=CN, label=图19, caption=工况1~6比冲均值的变化曲线, figureFileSmall=P8/G7rjMeOSv0xc1lcDZQQ==, figureFileBig=qsawl5TE/ULlSRasWL5GCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315732096816099649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732080269570240, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Computational case settings

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工况A/MPaf/kHzER
10.150.6
20.150.8
30.151.0
40.151.2
50.151.4
60.151.6
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计算算例设置

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工况A/MPaf/kHzER
10.150.6
20.150.8
30.151.0
40.151.2
50.151.4
60.151.6
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Velocities and peak pressures of RDW under different grid sizes

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网格尺寸/mmRDW速度/(m·s−1)RDW峰值压力/MPa
0.11 6976.14
0.21 6905.96
0.41 6795.31
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不同网格尺寸下的RDW速度及峰值压力

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网格尺寸/mmRDW速度/(m·s−1)RDW峰值压力/MPa
0.11 6976.14
0.21 6905.96
0.41 6795.31
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RDW propagation characteristics of all cases

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工况ER $ \overline{f} $/kHzvcal/(m·s−1)vCJ/(m·s−1)vDef/%
10.68.081 615.971 718.725.97
20.817.321 731.981 871.337.45
31.027.491 832.421 981.297.51
41.228.371 891.482 036.597.13
51.428.241 882.472 063.528.77
61.619.791 978.942 100.215.77
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所有算例的RDW传播特性

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工况ER $ \overline{f} $/kHzvcal/(m·s−1)vCJ/(m·s−1)vDef/%
10.68.081 615.971 718.725.97
20.817.321 731.981 871.337.45
31.027.491 832.421 981.297.51
41.228.371 891.482 036.597.13
51.428.241 882.472 063.528.77
61.619.791 978.942 100.215.77
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进口压力扰动对氢气燃料旋转爆轰特性的影响
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吴宇 1 , 陈煌威 1, 2 , 张顺利 1 , 琚挺 1 , 朱跃进 1
爆炸与冲击 | 爆炸物理 2026,46(9): 092101-1-092101-19
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爆炸与冲击 |爆炸物理 2026 , 46 (9) : 092101-1 -092101-19
进口压力扰动对氢气燃料旋转爆轰特性的影响
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吴宇1 , 陈煌威1, 2, 张顺利1, 琚挺1, 朱跃进1
作者信息
  • 1江苏大学能源与动力工程学院,江苏 镇江 212013
  • 2西北工业大学动力与能源学院,陕西 西安 710072
通讯作者:
朱跃进(1986- ),男,博士,教授,
作者简介:

吴宇(2000- ),男,硕士研究生,

Effects of inlet pressure perturbations on hydrogen-fueled rotating detonation characteristics
Yu WU1 , Huangwei CHEN1, 2, Shunli ZHANG1, Ting JU1, Yuejin ZHU1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
  • 2School of Power and Energy, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, Shaanxi, China
出版时间: 2026-09-05 doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0212
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为研究进口压力扰动对旋转爆轰波(rotating detonation wave,RDW)传播特性的影响,基于OpenFOAM平台,采用二维欧拉方程,在进口处施加高频小幅(5 kHz/0.1 MPa)压力扰动,对不同当量比条件下的旋转爆轰特性进行了数值研究。结果表明,不同当量比下的RDW波数及传播模态对进口压力扰动具有显著响应,其变化主要受双波对撞过程及爆轰波前反应物填充特性的共同影响。燃烧室通过自适应调整平衡了能量释放和RDW稳定传播,使系统最终稳定在不同波数的非线性动态平衡状态。在压力扰动作用下,燃烧室内RDW各项特征和参数随扰动频率发生周期性响应,其中RDW结构对扰动更敏感。当量比及RDW传播模态则共同决定了燃烧释热水平及出口推力,其中比冲主要受当量比控制,与RDW波数变化的相关性较弱。总体而言,高频小幅进口压力扰动主要影响旋转爆轰波的波动结构和传播模态,而对整体性能参数平均特性的影响有限。

当量比  /  旋转爆轰波  /  高频小幅扰动  /  热释放速率  /  双波对撞

To investigate the effects of inlet pressure perturbations on the propagation characteristics of rotating detonation waves (RDWs), numerical simulations were conducted using the OpenFOAM platform and the two-dimensional Euler equations coupled with detailed chemical kinetics. A two-dimensional unfolded rotating detonation combustor model was established to represent the annular chamber. Periodic boundary conditions were applied in the circumferential direction, and non-reflecting boundary conditions were imposed at the outlet. Discretized premixed injection units were specified at the inlet to simulate the reactant supply process. High-frequency, small-amplitude pressure perturbations with a frequency of 5 kHz and an amplitude of 0.1 MPa were superimposed on the inlet total pressure with a mean value of 1 MPa, while the inlet total temperature was fixed at 300 K. Hydrogen–air mixtures with equivalence ratios ranging from 0.6 to 1.6 were considered to examine the influence of reactant composition on RDW behavior under perturbed inlet conditions. The governing equations were solved using a density-based compressible reacting-flow solver with a finite-volume discretization scheme. Convective fluxes were calculated using the KNP central-upwind scheme with a van Leer limiter, and time integration was performed using a second-order Crank-Nicolson method. A detailed hydrogen–air chemical reaction mechanism consisting of 27 elementary reactions was employed to capture detonation dynamics. The results indicate that the RDW wavenumber and propagation mode exhibit significant responses to inlet pressure perturbations at different equivalence ratios, which are mainly governed by the dual-wave collision process and the reactant replenishment characteristics ahead of the detonation front. The combustor adaptively balances the energy release and stable RDW propagation, allowing the system to stabilize at different wavenumbers through a nonlinear dynamic equilibrium. Under inlet pressure perturbations, flow parameters and RDW characteristics exhibit periodic responses at the perturbation frequency, with the RDW structure being more sensitive to the perturbations. The equivalence ratio and RDW propagation mode jointly determine the combustion heat release level and the outlet thrust, whereas the specific impulse is primarily controlled by the equivalence ratio and shows a weak correlation with the RDW wavenumber. High-frequency, small-amplitude inlet pressure perturbations mainly affect the wave structure and propagation mode of RDWs, while the mean performance parameters are only weakly influenced.

equivalence ratio  /  rotating detonation wave  /  high frequency small-amplitude disturbance  /  heat release rate  /  double-wave collision
吴宇, 陈煌威, 张顺利, 琚挺, 朱跃进. 进口压力扰动对氢气燃料旋转爆轰特性的影响. 爆炸与冲击, 2026 , 46 (9) : 092101-1 -092101-19 . DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0212
Yu WU, Huangwei CHEN, Shunli ZHANG, Ting JU, Yuejin ZHU. Effects of inlet pressure perturbations on hydrogen-fueled rotating detonation characteristics[J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2026 , 46 (9) : 092101-1 -092101-19 . DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0212
旋转爆轰发动机(rotating detonation engine,RDE)凭借单次点火、自增压、热循环效率高、结构紧凑等突出优点[1-4],得到了研究者的广泛关注[5-10],而氢气作为一种清洁高效的燃料,在“双碳”背景下,同样得到了更多的应用[11-16]。
近年来,大量学者开展了以氢气为燃料的RDE实验和数值研究。在实验方面,2017年,Anand等[17]通过调节空气流量和化学反应当量比(equivalence ratio,ER),发现爆轰波传播过程中存在2种类型的低频不稳定性,分别是幅度调节(amplitude modulated,AM)不稳定性和频率调节(frequency modulated,FM)不稳定性。2018年,Frolov等[18]进行了氢气驱动的旋转爆轰冲压发动机的风洞测试研究,发现在当量比等于1.25时,冲压发动机模型的推力和比冲达到最大值,而当量比在1.4到1.6之间时,发现了纵向脉冲爆轰(longitudinally pulsating detonation,LPD)燃烧模式。2019年,Wen等[19]使用不同当量比和氧气体积分数的H2-O2-N2混合气,在长圆型燃烧室中进行了实验,发现随着氧化剂质量流量的增加,旋转爆轰波(rotating detonation wave,RDW)的速度亏损呈线性减小。同年,Xia等[20]研究了RDW在平面径向燃烧室中的传播模式,发现在化学当量比条件下,通过增大质量流量,RDW的传播模式将从单波模式转变为双波模式,然后变为三波模式。2020年,Sosa等[21]通过实验研究了旋转爆轰火箭发动机(rotating detonation rocket engine,RDRE)中爆轰波的动态特性,发现在不同流量和当量比下,H2/O2推进剂能够实现连续的同方向五波。随后,Zhou等[22]研究了C2H4/C2H2/H2混合燃料的旋转爆轰过程,发现爆轰波的强度主要受入射质量流量的影响,且在接近化学恰当比时,爆轰波表现出相对稳定的传播特性。2023年,Bai等[23]将高温氢气与空气掺混,研究旋转爆轰燃烧室(rotating detonation combustor,RDC)中RDW的自起爆过程,发现在当量比为1.32时,RDW达最高速度,并以稳定的单波模式传播。最近,Wu等[24]在空心和环形燃烧室中进行了相关研究,发现随着当量比增加,旋转爆轰波前的数量减少,且在富燃料条件下,环形燃烧室中的速度亏损急剧增加,而空心燃烧室中的速度亏损较小。Wang等[25]研究了CH4/CO/H2混合气体在RDE中的爆轰特性及多波演化机理,发现提高燃料质量流量将导致波前数量增加,而多波模态的形成与燃料填充高度和反射激波密切相关。
在数值模拟方面,Zheng等[26]开展了非预混氢气/空气旋转爆轰波的数值研究,发现形成稳定RDW的贫燃料极限当量比约为0.4,且在当量比为1.0时最快地形成了稳定RDW。同年,Zhao等[27]详细研究了氢气/空气混合物中RDW的起源和传播现象,发现提高进口总压会导致混沌传播阶段的出现,且当量比对爆轰波数量与速度亏损有显著影响。2022年,Yao等[28]对滞止温度和槽宽影响氢气/空气旋转爆轰波的传播模式进行了二维数值研究,发现增加滞止温度会导致混沌模式,而增加槽宽则可以在高喷射总温下将RDW传播模式从混沌变为稳定模式。紧接着,2023年,Chen等[29]进行了进口总压分别为0.5和1.2 MPa时不同当量比的氢气/空气旋转爆轰波传播特性的二维数值研究,发现当总压从0.5MPa增加到1.2 MPa时,RDW的传播模式会从单波模式转变为同向双波模式和双波对撞模式。同年,Wang等[30]对氨/氢/空气混合物的RDE进行了二维模拟,发现随着氨当量比的增加,RDW传播速度显著降低,且NOx的排放增加。随后,Hu等[31]进行了氢气/空气混合物在当量比从0.52到3.5的RDW传播特性的二维数值研究,发现了4种不同的RDC工作模式:点火失败、碰撞失败、单波模式和多波模式。最近,Xiong等[32]提出了一种利用氢气的旋转爆轰射流增强高速非预混反应物燃烧的方法,证明了其在加力燃烧室中的潜力。
不难看出,当量比的变化不仅直接决定了RDW能否形成,而且显著影响了其传播模式与稳定性特征。然而,在以往研究中,进口参数(如质量流量、进口总压和进口总温等)通常被假定为恒定,多数RDE研究也建立在理想均匀进气的假设基础之上,从而在一定程度上忽略了实际运行过程中由燃料喷注系统或上游流动结构引起的进口参数在时间和空间上的非均匀性。近年来,已有部分研究开始关注进口非均匀性对RDE燃烧特性和RDW传播行为的影响。例如:Chen等[33]通过数值方法系统研究了周期性进口波动对RDE特性的作用,分析内容涵盖流动特性(如压力分布、波高和热释放率)以及推进性能(如推力和比冲)等多个方面。Zhang等[34]以氢气为燃料,初步探讨了进口总压空间波动对RDW传播特性的影响,发现较大的空间幅值和空间频率会导致RDW传播不稳定,而适度的空间波动反而有利于爆轰波的自调整和稳定传播。随后,Zhang等[35]进一步研究了进口总压空间波动对气、固两相RDW的影响,指出过大的空间幅值会抑制RDW的形成,而固体碳颗粒的存在能够削弱总压非均匀性的影响,从而促进爆轰波的传播稳定性。
需要指出的是,鉴于RDC内部流动的高度非定常性以及RDW对进口流场的强烈反馈作用,实际工况下进口参数往往难以保持严格恒定。基于上述认识,在进口边界条件中引入了一种高频、小幅值的压力扰动,具体选取频率为5 000 Hz、幅值为0.1 MPa。该扰动参数不仅位于实际RDC进口压力脉动主频的合理分布范围内,而且与涡轮喘振或阀门振荡等工程背景下可能产生的压力波动幅值相匹配[17-18, 22],可有效避免因扰动幅度过大而引入的非物理流场失真。在此基础上,本文通过引入受控进口压力扰动的数值模拟方法,系统考察不同当量比条件下旋转爆轰的形成过程、流场结构特征及RDW传播规律,为深入理解旋转爆轰发动机中非理想进气条件下的爆轰动力学行为提供参考。
由于实际RDC的径向厚度远小于燃烧室的周向长度,因此一般可以忽略RDC径向厚度的影响[27-31],将燃烧室沿母线展开获得二维的计算模型,如图1所示,计算域周向长度(x方向)为200 mm,轴向长度(y方向)为60 mm。将计算域的左右两侧设置为周期边界,出口处采用无反射边界条件[1-2, 36-37],依据出流马赫数分为2种情况:当出流为亚声速时,采用外展出流边界条件;当出流为超声速时,通过二阶外推得到。对于进口边界,图1中燃烧室上游进口处设置为40个燃料与壁面交替分布的离散进口单元,燃料与壁面的宽度之比为3/2,其中,壁面为绝热滑移边界,而燃料则采用预混喷射策略[29-38],通过等熵关系式(式(1)~式(3))进入燃烧室内,具体可以根据来流总压p0、总温T0和进气壁面网格压力pw可以分为3种情况。
(1)当pw ≥ p0时,进气道可视为固体壁面,反应物不能进入燃烧室,入射流动参数为:
$ p={p}_\text{w}\text{,}\;\;\;T={T}_{0}{\left(\frac{p}{{p}_{0}}\right)}^{\tfrac{\gamma -1}{\gamma }}\text{,}\;\;\;v=0 $
(2)当p0 > pw > pcr时,以亚声速填充反应物,注入流动特征为:
$ p={p}_\text{w}\text{,}\;\;\;T={T}_{0}{\left(\frac{p}{{p}_{0}}\right)}^{\frac{\gamma -1}{\gamma }}\text{,}\;\;\;v=\sqrt{\frac{2\gamma }{\gamma -1}R{T}_{0}\left[1-{\left(\frac{p}{{p}_{0}}\right)}^{\frac{\gamma -1}{\gamma }}\right]} $
(3)当pw ≤ pcr时,反应物按声速填充,注入流动特性为:
$ p={p}_\text{cr}\text{,}\;\;\;T={T}_\text{cr}\text{,}\;\;\;v=\sqrt{\frac{2\gamma }{\gamma +1}R{T}_{0}} $
式中:R为气体常数;γ为混合气的比热比;pcr和Tcr分别为临界压力和临界温度,其定义分别为:
$ {p}_\text{cr}={p}_{0}{\left(\frac{2}{\gamma +1}\right)}^{\frac{\gamma }{\gamma -1}}\text{,}\;\;\;{T}_\text{cr}={T}_{0}\left(\frac{2}{\gamma +1}\right) $
为研究高频小幅压力扰动进口对RDC内部爆轰流场的影响,在燃料进口处对总压施加频率5 kHz、振幅0.1 MPa的高频小幅扰动,具体形式如下:
$ {p}_{0}=A\sin \left(2\text{π}ft\right)+{p}_{1} $
式中:平均总压p1为1 MPa;A为扰动振幅,取值为0.1 MPa;f为扰动频率,取值为5 kHz;t为时刻;进口总温设为300 K。初始时刻,RDC内部空气静温设为300 K,静压设为0.1 MPa。在计算区域左下角设置长度为1 mm,高度为5 mm的高温高压区域,温度为2 500 K,压力为4 MPa。同时,在该高温高压区域前设置静压为0.1 MPa、静温为300 K的不同当量比的氢气/空气混合物,共设置6组算例,如表1所示,探究在特定高频小幅压力扰动进口下的流场结构及RDW演化规律。
采用耦合化学反应源项的可压缩欧拉方程,具体表示为:
$ \frac{\partial \boldsymbol{U}}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{E}}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{F}}{\partial y}=\boldsymbol{S} $
$ \boldsymbol{U}=\left[\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{c}\rho \\\rho {Y}_{i}\\\rho u\\\rho v\end{array}\\\rho E\end{array}\right]\text{,}\boldsymbol{E}=\left[\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{c}\rho u\\\rho {Y}_{i}u\\\rho {u}^{2}+p\\\rho uv\end{array}\\u\left(\rho E+p\right)\end{array}\right]\text{,}\boldsymbol{F}=\left[\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{c}\rho v\\\rho {Y}_{i}v\\\rho vu\\\rho {v}^{2}+p\end{array}\\v\left(\rho E+p\right)\end{array}\right]\text{,}\boldsymbol{S}=\left[\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{c}0\\{\dot{\omega }}_{i}\\0\\0\end{array}\\{\dot{\omega }}_{T}\end{array}\right] $
式中:U为守恒变量,E和F分别为x和y方向的对流通量,S为化学反应相关源项;i=1, 2,···,N−1;N为组分总数;Yi为第i个组分的质量分数;E为混合物的总能,定义为$ E=e+\left({u}^{2}+{v}^{2}\right)/2 $,e为显内能;$ {\dot{\omega }}_{i} $(i=1,2,···,N−1)为化学反应中第i个组分的质量生成率;$ {\dot{\omega }}_{T} $为放热速率源项,$ {\dot{\omega }}_{T}=\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{N}{\dot{\omega }}_{i}{h}_{i} $,hi为第i个组分的生成焓。此外,结合完全气体的状态方程$ p=\dfrac{\rho RT}{\overline{M}} $即可对控制方程组进行封闭,其中,$ \overline{M} $为混合气的平均摩尔质量。
计算过程基于开源平台OpenFOAM进行,求解器采用rhoReactingCentralFoam[39],该求解器被广泛用于模拟可压缩、多组分超声速反应流和爆轰燃烧场景[29, 40-45],其有效性已经得到了验证。控制方程通过有限体积法进行离散,计算过程中采用二阶中心迎风KNP(Kurganov-Noelle-Petrova)格式[46]处理能量方程中的对流项,采用vanLeer限制器保证通量的数值稳定性。时间积分采用隐式的二阶Crank-Nicolson格式[47],并同时设置最大库朗数不超过0.1。此外,物质的热力学性质根据JANAF模型描述,使用Marinov等[48]提出的27步详细化学反应机理,该机理已被成功用于爆轰相关的数值模拟[29, 49-51],能有效地揭示流场中的爆轰相关参数,求解过程中采用欧拉隐式方法求解化学反应过程。
为进行网格无关性验证,本节分别采用尺寸为0.1、0.2和0.4 mm的3组均匀网格对上述RDC模型在当量比为0.6的工况下进行计算,设置总压p0=1 MPa,总温T0=300 K。图2展示了3组不同网格尺寸下稳定传播时刻(450 μs)的温度云图。可以观察到,在不同网格尺寸下,RDC内的流场结构均表现出良好的一致性,其中旋转爆轰波(RDW)、斜激波(oblique shock wave,OSW)、滑移线(slip line,SL)以及新鲜混合物层(fresh mixture layer,FML)等特征结构清晰可见。随着网格细化,爆轰波后的滑移线呈现出更为清晰的细节。此外,图3给出了RDC内靠近进口(y = 7 mm)处的静压分布曲线,3组网格得到的压力分布均与ZND结构吻合较好。对应的压力峰值见表2,分别为6.14、5.96和5.31 MPa。此时,3种网格中爆轰波的传播速度分别为1 697、1 690和1 679 m/s,与SDToolbox[52]计算的理论C-J速度相比,相对误差依次为1.27%、1.7%和2.37%。结果表明,0.2 mm网格所得的爆轰波数据与0.1 mm网格的结果更为接近。综合考虑上述定性及定量分析,并参考文献[10],[26],[30],为在计算资源与模拟精度之间取得平衡,最终选用0.2 mm的均匀网格进行计算。
在旋转爆轰燃烧室的研究中,传播模态对RDE性能具有重要影响。图4为3 000 μs时不同当量比下的流场结构云图,可以看出,所有算例中的爆轰波传播方向相同,多波模态下的RDW波头高度均达到一致。随着当量比的增大,RDW从单波模态逐步转变为多波模态:当量比为0.6对应单波模态,当量比为0.8和1.6对应双波模态,而当量比为1.0、1.2和1.4时RDW则呈现三波模态,波数随当量比呈现“先增后减”的非单调变化趋势。同时,波数的增加伴随着波头高度的降低。这是由于,波数增多导致相邻2道波之间的填充时间缩短,在下一道波到达之前被消耗区域内重新填充的预混气体质量减少,从而造成波头高度的下降。波数随当量比的非单调变化源于流动、化学反应、激波动力学与进气边界条件的复杂耦合作用。当量比偏离化学当量比时,化学反应速率和放热强度均发生变化:贫燃条件下反应受燃料浓度限制,富燃条件下则受氧化剂浓度限制,两者均导致爆轰强度减弱。燃烧室最终稳定的波模态可视为化学放热与波动能量输运之间动态平衡的结果。当量比为0.6时,放热率较低,仅能维持单波传播;当量比为0.8~1.4时,放热率的提高可支撑多波稳定存在;而当量比为1.6时,虽燃料充足,但富燃燃烧效率下降致使有效放热率降低、波数回落。此外,爆轰波周期性扫过进气面产生的压力脉动会改变喷注流量特性,形成进气-爆轰耦合的非线性反馈机制,进一步影响波模态的选择与稳定。这一现象体现了旋转爆轰燃烧室作为复杂非线性动力学系统通过自组织过程寻求能量平衡的本质特征。
在旋转爆轰燃烧室中,爆轰波的模态演化过程对燃烧室内波数的调整与稳定性具有重要影响。本节将探讨不同算例中爆轰波从波数调整到高度调整的演变过程,重点分析双波和三波模态的形成与相互作用。当RDW处于波数调整阶段时,燃烧室内会出现多道旋转爆轰波,呈现出不同的传播方向、高度和速度。首先讨论最终呈现双波的算例,图5给出了工况2中不同时刻的归一化压力梯度云图(图5(a))与温度云图(图5(b))。当t=410 μs时,流场中出现3道RDW,分别用图5(b)中数字表示,其中RDW1和RDW2向右传播,RDW3向左传播。在t=420 μs时,RDW2与 RDW3在燃烧室内发生正面碰撞。碰撞过程中,2道旋转爆轰波相互作用后解耦,各自形成1道透射激波向下游传播,而爆轰波本身则因能量耗散而湮灭。此时,燃烧室环形通道内仅存留1道稳定传播的旋转爆轰波,如图5(a)所示。值得注意的是,RDW3传播后的尾迹区域内仍存有充足的新鲜预混可燃气体。在离散进气结构的周期性供气作用下,该区域内的流场呈现出显著的非均匀特性,进而诱发更复杂的激波反射现象。当反射激波强度达到临界阈值,并与局部高温区在未燃预混气前缘形成有效耦合时,将触发爆轰再起爆过程。如图5(b)中t=430 μs所示,燃烧室内已生成新的旋转爆轰波RDW4。该爆轰波的起爆位置位于RDW3原传播路径后方的新鲜预混气富集区,其形成过程可归因于反射激波与壁面附近高压热点的协同诱导作用。此时已经产生了新的爆轰波RDW4,且其与RDW1的高度差较大。在完成波数的调整后,爆轰波进入高度调整阶段,如图5(b)中t=440~1 700 μs所示。当t=1 700 μs时,2道RDW的高度(H)已经达到一致,流场呈现出动态平衡的特性,而由于燃料进口处存在高频小幅的压力扰动,使得2道RDW的波头高度随时间不断变化,且近似呈正弦形式的波动,对应的爆轰波高度演变情况如图6所示。另外,工况6在3 000 μs内也形成了同向双波,但是其流场温度云图反映了更高的平均温度,且波数调整阶段所持续的时间明显缩短,对应的爆轰波演化情况如图7所示。
对最终呈现三波的算例,图8给出了工况3不同时刻的归一化压力梯度云图(图8(a))与温度云图(图8(b))。当t=120 μs时,流场中出现3道RDW,分别用图8(b)中的数字表示,且RDW1和RDW2向右传播,RDW3向左传播。当t=130 μs时,RDW2 与 RDW3 在燃烧室内发生碰撞,2道旋转爆轰波相互作用后解耦为2道透射激波S1与S2,此时燃烧室内仅存留1道旋转爆轰波,如图8(a)所示。碰撞解耦后,透射激波S1与S2分别沿相反方向传播。其中,S1向左侧传入已燃高温产物区域,由于该区域内不存在可供化学反应释能的新鲜可燃气体,S1在传播过程中持续衰减并逐渐消散。与之相反,向右传播的透射激波S2前方存有充足的新鲜预混可燃气体,激波压缩作用使得局部气体温度与压力显著升高,为热点的形成创造了有利条件。随着S2持续向前推进,激波后方的高温高压区域与未燃预混气发生耦合,最终于t=150 μs时触发再起爆过程,形成新的旋转爆轰波。由于RDW1后方的新鲜可燃预混气受到壁面反射激波的压缩预热,在t=160 μs时又形成1道新的爆轰波RDW4,但其高度很小,如图8(a)中白色虚线框内所示。在燃烧室内完成了RDW的波数调整阶段后,流场中RDW的数目不再变化,同样进入到爆轰波高度的调整阶段。到t=830 μs时,流场中已形成3道高度相同且处于动态平衡状态的RDW,由于燃料进口的高频小幅压力扰动,RDW的高度同样随时间呈现近似正弦形式的波动,对应的爆轰波高度演变情况如图9所示。另外,工况4与工况5也在1 000 μs内形成了同向3波,且工况5的RDW高度调整时间更长,对应的爆轰波演化情况如图10~图11所示。
对比图5与图8中的温度云图可以初步发现,当量比从0.8增大到1.0后,燃烧室内的温度更高。这主要是因为更多的燃料能够参与反应,使得热量释放更集中,在爆轰过程中产生更高的温度,这更加容易诱导形成新的热点或局部爆轰波,从而使得RDW的数目增加,且RDW波数调整阶段的持续时间减小。另外,一旦完成爆轰波数目的调整并形成同向传播的RDW后,每道爆轰波前方预混气区域的长度就会受到限制,难以再次形成新的爆轰波,从而使得RDW的数目保持不变,直到形成高度相同的几道RDW,达到动态平衡。综上可知,爆轰波数目的变化与双波对撞以及爆轰波前的填充反应物密切相关,且特定的高频小幅压力扰动进口导致了动态平衡下的RDW波头高度随时间的波动。
在旋转爆轰燃烧室中,RDW的传播稳定性对于燃烧过程的控制和性能优化至关重要。将通过监测不同当量比下的压力信号演化情况,分析RDW的传播频率及其稳定性。图12给出了工况1~6在监测点(x=70 mm,y=3 mm)处的压力信号演化情况,并统计了完成波数调整阶段后的RDW传播频率fD。整体上看,瞬时压力曲线的疏密程度取决于燃烧室内的RDW数目,且波数越多,压力曲线越密集。各种工况下的压力峰值随时间持续波动,呈现出近似正弦曲线的波动特性,而压力峰值的最大值均出现在波数调整阶段,这与波数调整阶段的流场中发生的复杂爆轰波对撞与再起爆过程有关。对于工况1,由于燃烧室内并未经历过双波对撞过程,因此其压力峰值分布较均匀,RDW的传播频率较稳定。这主要是因为,贫燃料时燃烧室内的平均温度较低,燃烧反应不足,RDW前进气区的填充高度较大,难以形成新的RDW,最终的动态平衡流场表现为单波模态。而对于工况2,由于发生了双波对撞,其压力峰值的最大值超过8 MPa,且在完成波数调整阶段后的RDW传播频率仍然存在一段时间的波动,这对应于完成波数调整后的RDW高度调整阶段。随着时间的增加,RDW传播频率的波动范围逐渐减小,并在1 500 μs左右开始保持稳定。对于三波模态的工况3~5,三者的压力曲线图的疏密程度相同,且在波数调整阶段的压力峰值的最大值均超过了10 MPa。相较于工况2,工况3~5在RDW高度调整阶段的频率波动范围更大,但波动范围同样随着时间的增加而逐渐减小,并在1 000 μs左右趋于稳定。对于工况6,其压力曲线的疏密程度与工况2相同,但其在完成波数调整阶段后的RDW传播频率更加稳定,这说明本文在当量比为1.6的富燃料条件下的RDW能有效提高燃烧室内的燃烧稳定性。对工况1~6中RDW的平均传播频率及波速进行统计,如表3所示,其中$ \overline{f} $为RDW的平均频率,vcal为计算得到的RDW传播速度,vCJ为C-J爆轰速度,vDef为速度亏损。可以看出,单波模态下的RDW传播速度最低,速度亏损也较小。而对于多波模态来说,RDW的传播速度与当量比的关系并不具备单调性,具体来说:对于双波模态,提高当量比能显著提高RDW的传播速度,并减小速度亏损;对于三波模态,提高当量比会使得RDW的传播速度先上升后下降,速度亏损则先减小后增大。综上所述,在特定的高频小幅压力扰动进口条件下, RDW 的传播稳定性与当量比、波数及波数调整阶段的持续时间之间存在着复杂的关系。当量比变化会直接影响燃烧放热水平和燃烧室内的平均温度,从而改变RDW的传播模态和最终波数,并通过改变波数调整阶段及其持续时间,进一步影响RDW传播频率的稳定性表现。
为进一步验证对RDW传播稳定性分析的准确性,对图12中的压力信号进行快速傅里叶变换(fast Fourier transform,FFT),结果如图13所示。可以看到,工况1~6的频域结果均显示出明确的一阶主频,且随着波数的增加,一阶主频的值也相应增大。FFT结果显示,工况1~6对应的一阶主频分别为8、17.33、27.33、28、28.33和19.67 kHz,各工况下均存在清晰的一阶主频,且与RDW传播频率一致,说明高频入口扰动下的压力信号能够有效反映RDW传播及稳定性演化特征。
燃烧室内的热释放速率和推进性能是衡量旋转爆轰燃烧室工作效率的重要指标。图14统计了工况1~6中燃烧室的平均热释放速率(average heat release rate,AHRR)随时间的变化情况,其中虚线表示AHRR的时均值。为消除初始点火条件的干扰,选择1 000~3 000 μs时间段内进行统计,该时间段内所有工况下的RDW均已完成了波数调整并达到动态平衡,以相对稳定的频率进行传播。由图14可知,各种工况下的AHRR曲线呈现近似正弦规律波动,波动周期与进口的时间扰动频率对应,且AHRR曲线的波峰与波谷之间存在多个二次尖峰,尤其是贫燃料的工况1与工况2,二次尖峰更显著,这反映了进口处的压力扰动与燃烧室中燃烧放热之间的非线性关系。进一步观察发现,AHRR曲线的时均值的变化规律与表3中RDW传播速度的变化规律一致,且工况1与工况6分别对应AHRR时均值的最小值和最大值。整体上看,在贫燃料工况下,当量比变化对燃烧室内AHRR的影响更显著,这体现在工况2相比于工况1的AHRR的时均值有明显的增大,而对于工况3~6,AHRR的时均值差异不大。根据前人的研究,结合图15,AHRR与RDW的传播速度与其绝热指数有关[23,34],当处于贫燃料燃烧时,较低的AHRR对应于较低的RDW传播速度。而在富燃料条件下,由于燃烧室内的平均温度较高,且燃烧产物的绝热指数也会增加,这促进了爆轰波的传播,使得RDW的传播速度高于贫燃料时的传播速度[29,53],AHRR的时均值也相应增大。因此,在特定的高频小幅压力扰动进口的前提下,进口扰动参数决定了AHRR曲线的波形特征,RDW波前的填充当量比及RDW的传播模态共同决定了燃烧室内的燃烧放热情况。
为评估不同当量比下RDC的推进性能,采用以下公式对燃烧室的出口推力F进行计算[29,42,54]:
$ F=\int\left(\rho {v}^{2}+p-{p}_{\infty}\right)\text{d}{A}_{0} $
式中:A0为燃烧室的出口面积;ρ为质量密度;v为轴向速度;$ p $为燃烧室出口静压;p∞为外部远场压力,取值为0.1 MPa。图16展示了不同当量比下推力随时间的变化情况,其中虚线表示推力的时均值。从图16中可以看出,进口扰动参数决定了AHRR曲线的波形特征,各种工况下的出口推力曲线同样呈现近似正弦规律波动,波动周期与进口的时间扰动频率对应。除了工况1与工况2之外,推力曲线的二次尖峰现象得到显著改善,推测原因是出口推力的积分运算抹平了部分高频燃烧不稳定性造成的影响。结合图17,进一步观察发现,各种工况下的推力曲线的时均值的变化情况与RDW的传播速度及AHRR时均值的变化情况相吻合,且在多波模态下,推力曲线的波动范围显著增大。通过与图14对比发现,推力曲线相比于AHRR曲线在时间上有稍微的延迟,这反映了燃烧室内的热量释放向出口推力的传递存在迟滞效应。整体上看,在特定的高频小幅压力扰动进口下,出口推力的大小与当量比之间并不是单调的关系,而是由当量比及RDW的传播模态共同决定。
为进一步评价各个工况下的燃料利用效率,采用下列公式对燃烧室的比冲Isp进行计算[29,40,54]:
$ \dot{m}=\int\rho v\text{d}{A}_{i} $
$ {I}_{\text{sp}}=\frac{F}{{\dot{m}g}_{0}{Y}_{{{\text{H}}_{2}}}} $
式中:$ \dot{m} $为推进剂质量流率;Ai为燃烧室进口面积,g0为标准重力加速度,$ {Y}_{{{\text{H}}_{2}}} $是氢气的质量分数。图18展示了不同当量比下比冲随时间的变化情况,其中虚线表示比冲的时均值。从图18可以看出,各种工况下的比冲曲线同样呈现近似正弦波动,波动周期与进口的时间扰动频率对应。从图19中可以看出,随着当量比的增大,比冲是一直下降的,其中工况1与工况6分别对应着比冲时均值的最大值和最小值。主要因为,提高当量比会使得进口氢气质量分数增大,造成氢气与空气的掺混时间不足,导致更多氢气以爆燃而非爆轰形式消耗,甚至有部分未反应的氢气会从出口直接排出。这在当量比过高(工况6)时更为显著。尽管增加进口氢气质量流量补偿了出口推力损失,但这是以牺牲比冲为代价的,即氢气进口质量流量的增速超过了出口推力的增速,导致比冲的持续下降,造成燃料的利用率下降。总之,在特定的高频小幅压力扰动进口的条件下,比冲的大小与RDW的传播模态无关,而是取决于当量比的变化,且两者之间呈负相关。
基于OpenFOAM平台,采用二维欧拉方程,结合氢气/空气的详细反应机理,在燃料进口处对进气总压施加特定的高频小幅扰动,数值研究了不同当量比下的旋转爆轰特性。得到的主要结论如下。
(1)随着当量比的增大,旋转爆轰波出现了从单波到多波模态的变化。爆轰波波数的变化与双波对撞以及爆轰波前的填充反应物密切相关,燃烧室通过自调整平衡了能量释放和RDW稳定传播,并最终呈现出不同波数的非线性动态平衡过程。
(2)各种工况在监测点的压力曲线峰值随时间呈现出近似正弦曲线的波动特性,且压力峰值的最大值均出现在波数调整阶段。压力曲线的疏密程度取决于燃烧室内的RDW数目,且波数越多,压力曲线越密集,RDW传播频率越大。
(3)在特定的高频小幅压力扰动进口条件下,平均热释放速率曲线、出口推力曲线及基于燃料的比冲曲线呈现近似正弦规律波动,波动周期与进口的时间扰动频率对应。当量比及RDW的传播模态共同决定了燃烧室内的燃烧放热情况,进而决定了出口推力的大小,而比冲的大小只取决于当量比的变化,且两者之间呈负相关。
将上述研究发现应用于实际工程仍面临诸多挑战。在实际飞行过程中,特别是当飞行器执行机动动作时,进气道往往会产生复杂的进气流扰动,这些扰动极易改变燃烧室入口边界条件并诱发燃烧不稳定现象。与此同时,压力扰动通常源于供给系统与燃烧室之间的声学及动力学耦合效应,且其对旋转爆轰波传播特性的影响已被广泛关注与研究。因此,未来的工程挑战在于如何通过进气道与供给系统的协同优化设计,将这些复杂的入口扰动限制在安全可控范围内,并尽可能满足高频、低幅值的扰动特征要求,从而实现旋转爆轰发动机相对稳定的燃烧状态与推力输出。

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2026年第46卷第9期
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    1江苏大学能源与动力工程学院,江苏 镇江 212013
    2西北工业大学动力与能源学院,陕西 西安 710072

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朱跃进(1986- ),男,博士,教授,
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