爆炸与冲击

燃料浓度对受限空间内氢气/空气预混气体爆炸特性的影响

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楚紫涵 , 张云 , 安文鑫 , 唐新宇 , 张欣 , 赵越 , 谭迎新 , 曹雄 , 尉存娟 , 曹卫国

爆炸与冲击 | 封面文章 2026,46(9): 091001-1-091001-13

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爆炸与冲击 |封面文章 2026 , 46 (9) : 091001-1 -091001-13

燃料浓度对受限空间内氢气/空气预混气体爆炸特性的影响

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楚紫涵, 张云, 安文鑫, 唐新宇, 张欣, 赵越, 谭迎新, 曹雄, 尉存娟, 曹卫国

作者信息

中北大学环境与安全工程学院，山西太原 030051

通讯作者:

张云（1986－　），女，博士，副教授，zhangyun@nuc.edu.cn

作者简介:

楚紫涵（2002－　），女，博士研究生，B202514003@st.nuc.edu.cn

Influence of fuel concentration on the explosion dynamics characteristics of hydrogen/air premixed gas in confined spaces

Zihan CHU, Yun ZHANG, Wenxin AN, Xinyu TANG, Xin ZHANG, Yue ZHAO, Yingxin TAN, Xiong CAO, Cunjuan YU, Weiguo CAO

Affiliations

School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, Shanxi, China

出版时间: 2026-09-05 doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0140

文章导航

摘要

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氢能作为一种零碳能源，凭借其高能量密度和零碳排放的特性，在国防关键系统中具有广阔的应用前景。为提高能源的利用效率并保障安全，采用试验与数值模拟相结合的方法，系统研究了受限空间内氢气浓度对爆炸动力学特性的影响；在圆柱形容器中进行试验，使用压力传感器和高速摄像机记录爆炸过程中的压力变化和火焰传播规律；同时，结合数值模拟技术，采用包含19步反应的氢气/空气详细化学反应机理，准确捕捉了预混气体爆炸过程中气流速度的时空演化过程。结果表明：最大爆炸压力出现在氢气体积分数为30%时，峰值达到0.623 94 MPa；火焰面积峰值在氢气体积分数为30%和45%工况下最大，相比体积分数为15%和60%时分别提高了14.6%和6.3%，其中，氢气体积分数为30%时，火焰面积在8.2 ms时最快达到峰值。此外，在圆柱侧壁与端壁交界区域，由于几何约束导致未燃氢气积聚，造成局部密度和压力升高，在流场中形成4个明显的高速区。在9 ms时，流场中心线上的气流速度呈对称分布，且单侧出现双峰值结构。在氢气体积分数为45%工况下，初期气流速度因局部热释放较强而呈现瞬态速度优势；而氢气体积分数为30%时，凭借其持续稳定的燃烧过程，气流在后期实现速度反超，体现出近化学计量比条件下的高效燃烧稳定性，为高效氢气燃烧系统的设计与性能提升提供了科学依据。

关键词

受限空间 / 氢气 / 燃料浓度 / 气流速度

Abstract

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Hydrogen energy, as a zero-carbon energy source, holds broad application prospects in critical defense systems because of its high energy density and zero carbon emissions. To enhance energy utilization efficiency and ensure operational safety, an integrated approach combining experimental and numerical simulations was adopted to systematically examine the effects of hydrogen concentration on explosion dynamics in a confined space. Experiments were carried out in a cylindrical chamber equipped with high-frequency pressure sensors and a high-speed camera to record transient overpressure and track flame propagation behavior. Complementing the experimental setup, computational fluid dynamics simulations were implemented using a detailed 19-step hydrogen/air chemical reaction mechanism to accurately reproduce the spatiotemporal evolution of flow field velocity during the premixed gas explosion process. Results indicate that the maximum explosion pressure occurred at a hydrogen volume fraction of 30%, peaking at 0.623 94 MPa. The peak flame area was largest at both 30% and 45%, exceeding results at 15% and 60% by 14.6% and 6.3%, respectively. The 30% condition also achieved the peak flame area in the shortest time, at 8.2 ms. Furthermore, geometric constraints at the junction of the cylindrical sidewall and the endwall led to accumulation of unburned hydrogen, causing localized increases in density and pressure and resulting in four clearly discernible high-velocity regions within the flow field. At 9 ms, the flow velocity profile along the centerline exhibited symmetry with a dual-peak structure appearing unilaterally. While the 45% condition showed an early transient velocity advantage due to intensified local heat release, the 30% condition demonstrated superior late-stage velocity recovery owing to more stable and sustained combustion near the stoichiometric ratio. These findings underscore the high combustion efficiency and stability achievable near stoichiometric conditions, providing a scientific foundation for the design and optimization of high-efficiency hydrogen combustion systems.

Key words

confined spaces / hydrogen / fuel concentration / flow velocity

引用本文

楚紫涵, 张云, 安文鑫, 唐新宇, 张欣, 赵越, 谭迎新, 曹雄, 尉存娟, 曹卫国. 燃料浓度对受限空间内氢气/空气预混气体爆炸特性的影响. 爆炸与冲击, 2026 , 46 (9) : 091001-1 -091001-13 . DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0140

Zihan CHU, Yun ZHANG, Wenxin AN, Xinyu TANG, Xin ZHANG, Yue ZHAO, Yingxin TAN, Xiong CAO, Cunjuan YU, Weiguo CAO. Influence of fuel concentration on the explosion dynamics characteristics of hydrogen/air premixed gas in confined spaces[J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2026 , 46 (9) : 091001-1 -091001-13 . DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0140

正文

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在传统化石能源大量使用加剧气候变化^[1-5]与“碳达峰、碳中和”^[6]战略纵深推进的双重驱动下，军事能源体系正处于向低碳化转型的关键历史阶段。国际军事气候安全理事会指出国防工业是碳氢化合物消费的主要领域^[7]，绿色转型刻不容缓^[8]。在此背景下，氢能作为“零碳能源”^[9-10]，凭借其高质量能量密度和全生命周期零碳排放特性^[9]，正逐步替代传统化石能源应用于军事动力系统、战场供能装备等国防工业关键领域^[11-16]（图1）。

近年来，学者们对氢气在国防工业中的应用进行了广泛研究^[17-22]。Lichthardt等^[10]基于新型分离式固体推进系统探究了高氮燃料热解生成氢气的燃烧特性，发现富氢气体与固体氧化剂混合后可显著提升燃烧效率，而氢气的低分子量特性优化了能量释放路径。韩长霖等^[23]研究了液氢液氧推进剂质量流量对发动机燃烧及传热特性的作用机制，结果表明，随着液氢液氧推进剂质量流量的增大，推力室内的压力水平以及推力室壁面内冷却剂的温度升高幅度均呈现出显著的上升趋势。岳文龙等^[24]总结了高性能液氧液氢发动机技术发展历程，指出氢氧发动机具有更显著的应用优势，其本身性能更优越，在提升火箭推进效能方向有更高的研究意义。Ozbek等^[25]通过选择合适氢消耗量的氢燃料电池进行试验，使用储存的氢气进行地面测试，对氢燃料电池进行性能分析，发现氢燃料电池会使作战无人机系统效率提升12%，同时削弱能源使用率对无人机作战能力的约束作用。Coral等^[26]以氢气为推进剂的增材制造了电阻喷射器并对其进行性能测试，发现峰值热效率达96%，接近理想性能。

为安全提高氢气能量利用率，学者们通过试验或数值模拟的方法，探究了爆炸压力（p）^[27-29]、压力上升速率^[30-32]和火焰传播速度^[33-35]等关键参数对氢气爆炸特性的影响。余明高等^[36]通过自搭建试验平台研究了有管条件下障碍物阻塞率对包含氢气在内的爆炸性预混气体爆炸特性的影响，结果表明，预混火焰传播路径与阻塞率负相关，传播速度与障碍物阻塞率及氢气体积分数正相关。马梦飞等^[37]对开放空间中氢气点火爆炸初期的火焰形貌变化过程及爆炸超压时序变化规律进行了研究，当点火距离保持不变时，氢气流量的提升会使得峰值超压增大；当氢气流量维持恒定时，点火距离的增加会导致峰值超压逐渐降低。杜塞枫等^[38]利用自主设计的5.00 m长方体管道，研究了破膜压力（p_v）对氢气爆炸过程中管外火焰传播行为及爆炸超压的影响，管道内部最大超压随着p_v的升高而增大，最大外部超压与p_v呈非正相关趋势。Ma等^[39]采用20 L球形爆炸试验设备研究了惰性气体的掺入对氢气爆炸的影响，发现氢气爆炸反应速率随着惰性气体浓度的增加而降低，火焰形貌及爆炸超压参数均呈线性下降的规律。Li等^[40]研究了不受限条件下球形爆炸室中氢气/空气混合物的爆炸泄放过程，结果表明，最大爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率在不受限制的泄放条件下显著降低，压力峰值在当量比为1.5时出现，后随当量比的增加而单调减小。Cao等^[41]通过模拟和试验，总结了低浓度气体在管道运输过程中泄放的特点，发现爆炸超压与火焰速度均可分为3个阶段，并得到了爆炸泄压装置安装位置的设计基础。

综上所述，氢气作为高能量密度的清洁能源，在国防工业领域具有广泛的应用前景，为安全提高其在国防工业中的能量输出效率，有必要对其爆炸动力学特性进行系统研究。目前，学者们对氢气爆炸的研究主要聚焦于降低其爆炸危险性，以实现能量的安全利用，但对其爆炸能量输出特性的研究较少。为此，本文搭建圆柱形爆炸测试装置，结合数值模拟技术，系统研究燃料浓度对受限空间内氢气爆炸过程中压力变化特性、火焰传播规律及气流速度时空演变过程的影响，揭示氢气爆炸过程中的流动耦合作用及其对爆炸动力学特性的影响，以期为提高氢气能量输出效率提供理论基础。

1　试验装置及试验方法

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1.1　试验装置

采用自搭建的圆柱形爆炸测试平台对受限空间内的氢气爆炸特性进行研究。圆柱形爆炸测试容器罐体前后开有观察窗，用光学玻璃密封，以便于观察受限空间中氢气爆炸过程。点火位置位于容器几何中心，点火系统由点火电极及化学点火具组成，通过容器顶盖深入容器内部，化学点火具固定于点火电极之间，为氢气爆炸提供初始能量。配气系统由高压氢气气瓶、真空泵与控制阀组成，根据道尔顿分压定律进行配气。罐体设计包括进气孔、用于连接真空泵的抽真空孔以及位于罐体底部的排气孔。数据采集系统中有2个PCB压力传感器，用于实时监测压力变化，此外还有高速摄影装置和数据采集设备，用于记录和处理试验过程中的动态信息。压力传感器型号为113B26，其测量范围为0～3.45 MPa，灵敏度为1.45 mV/kPa，非线性度≤1%，安装在容器两侧以监测容器内压力，承压面与容器内表面水平。拍摄频率为5000 s⁻¹的彩色高速摄影装置用于捕捉氢气在受限空间爆炸过程中火焰的形貌变化过程。图2为试验装置示意图。

1.2　模型构建及参数设置

基于Ansys Fluent软件构建受限空间内氢气爆炸数学模型，采用有限体积法求解非定常Navier-Stokes方程，其质量、动量和能量守恒方程^[42-46]如下式所示。

质量方程：

$ \frac{\partial \rho }{\partial t}+\nabla \cdot \left( \rho \boldsymbol{u}\right) =0 $

(1)

动量方程：

$ \frac{\partial (\rho \boldsymbol{u})}{\partial t}+\nabla \cdot \left(\rho \boldsymbol{u}\boldsymbol{u}\right)=-\nabla p+\nabla \boldsymbol{\tau }+\rho \boldsymbol{g}+\boldsymbol{F} $

(2)

由分子黏度而引起的应力张量

$ \boldsymbol{\tau } $

可表示为：

$ \boldsymbol{\tau }=\mu [\left(\nabla \boldsymbol{u}+\nabla {\boldsymbol{u}}^{{\mathrm{T}}}\right)-\frac{2}{3}\nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{u}\boldsymbol{I}] $

(3)

能量方程：

$ \frac{\partial \left(\rho E\right)}{\partial t}+\nabla \cdot \left[\boldsymbol{u}\left(\rho E+p\right)\right]=\nabla \cdot \left({k}_{{\mathrm{e}}}\nabla T-\sum \limits_{j}{h}_{j}{\boldsymbol{J}}_{j}+\boldsymbol{\tau }\cdot \boldsymbol{u}\right)+{S}_{{\mathrm{h}}} $

(4)

$ \boldsymbol{q}=-{k}_{{\mathrm{e}}}\nabla T+\sum \limits_{j}{h}_{j}{\boldsymbol{J}}_{j} $

(5)

式中：

$ \rho $

为密度，

$ \nabla $

为向量微分算子，

$ \boldsymbol{u} $

为速度向量，

$ p $

为压力，

$ \boldsymbol{g} $

为重力加速度向量，F为额外体积力，

$ \mu $

为动力黏性系数，

$ \boldsymbol{I} $

为单位张量，

$ \boldsymbol{q} $

为热通量，

$ E $

为内能和动能之和，

$ {k}_{{\mathrm{e}}} $

为有效热导率，

$ {h}_{j} $

和

$ {\boldsymbol{J}}_{j} $

分别为组分j的显焓和扩散通量，

$ {S}_{{\mathrm{h}}} $

为定义的源项。

为了准确地模拟出氢气在爆炸时的流动状态，采用剪切应力传输（shear stress transport，SST） k-

$ \omega $

模型来提高计算精度。k-

$ \omega $

输运方程可表示为：

$ \frac{\partial \left(\rho \omega \right)}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial \left(\rho \omega \boldsymbol{u}\right)}{\partial {x}_{i}}=\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}{\mathit{\Gamma }}_{\omega }\left(\frac{\partial \omega }{\partial {x}_{j}}\right)+{G}_{\omega }-{Y}_{\omega }+{S}_{\omega } $

(6)

式中：

$ \omega $

为比耗散率，

$ {\mathit{\Gamma }}_{\omega } $

为

$ \omega $

的有效扩散率，

$ {G}_{\omega } $

为

$ \omega $

的生成量，

$ {Y}_{\omega } $

为湍流引起的

$ \omega $

的耗散，

$ {S}_{\omega } $

为定义的源项。

本文采用Chemkin热力学数据库中由19步可逆基元反应构成的氢气/空气详细化学反应机理^[47]。网格划分示意图如图3所示，圆柱形爆炸测试容器的内径为300.00 mm，高为282.94 mm。x方向和y方向的坐标范围为（−150，150），z方向坐标范围为（0，282.94）。点火位置位于容器中心，对应的坐标为（0，0，141.47）。在整个计算域中使用六面体结构化网格进行网格划分，网格数量为952 644个。

1.3　结果验证

通过网格收敛指数（grid convergence index, GCI）对爆炸压力进行网格无关性验证^[48]，分别选取254 138、601 354、952 644、1 264 524、1 516 340以及2 002 752个单元的网格进行计算，发现网格数量为952 644时的GCI小于3.0%，综合考虑计算效率与计算精度，最终选定网格数量为952 644的方案。

将不同燃料浓度下的压力与模拟压力进行对比，结果如图4所示，图中圆球尺寸代表其最大爆炸压力的相对大小。可以看出，压力峰值较为接近，且其差值随燃料体积分数的增加而减小。这是因为体积分数较大时的氢气燃烧受氧气扩散限制，火焰传播过程较慢；而氢气体积分数较小时，因火焰不稳定性和局部熄火效应导致模拟误差较高。此外，通过模拟得到的火焰传播过程与高速摄影拍摄到的火焰传播过程具有较高的一致性，因此认为模拟具有准确性^[49]。

2　结果与讨论

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2.1　压力变化特性

为系统评估氢气/空气预混气体在受限空间内的爆炸强度特性，在圆柱形爆炸测试容器中设置了两个监测点（A1和A2）进行瞬态压力采集。当氢气体积分数为45%时，监测点A1和A2测得的压力曲线如图5所示。两监测点所得压力曲线的整体趋势一致，监测点A1在11.14 ms时监测到压力峰值为0.577 68 MPa，监测点A2在10.74 ms时监测到的压力峰值为0.575 36 MPa。监测点A1出现压力峰值的时间较监测点A2滞后0.4 ms，延迟了3.72%，而压力峰值比监测点A2高2.32 kPa，两监测点测得的压力峰值仅相差0.403%。这说明虽然不同的几何位置导致压力波传播路径、反射叠加模式及热力学效应存在差异，不同监测点测得的压力特性参数有所不同，但总体差异较小，本文选取监测点A2测得的压力特性参数为代表进行后续研究。

为研究受限空间内氢气浓度对氢气/空气预混气体爆炸特性参数的影响，对氢气体积分数为15%、30%、45%和60%的混合气体在圆柱形容器中的爆炸特性进行试验研究。通过试验测量其实际最大爆炸压力，并通过Cantera计算对应的理论最大爆炸压力，如图6所示，图中圆球尺寸代表其最大爆炸压力相对大小。随着氢气浓度的增加，理论最大爆炸压力和实际最大爆炸压力均呈现先增加后降低的趋势，在氢气体积分数为30%时达到最大值。由于理论最大爆炸压力是在绝热条件下计算的，而试验测试时存在由热传导、对流、辐射造成的热损失，因此，实际最大爆炸压力均低于理论最大爆炸压力。同时，由于热损失和动态耗散的耦合作用，实际最大爆炸压力与理论最大爆炸压力的差值在氢气体积分数为60%时最小，与Zhuang等^[50]的研究结果一致。

爆炸压力及其上升速率作为表征可燃气体爆炸过程中能量释放量与释放速率的关键参数，是衡量爆炸强度的重要指标。图7展示了氢气体积分数为30%和60%工况下，两测点爆炸压力及其上升速率随时间的变化。从图7中可以看出，容器内的爆炸压力均呈现先上升后下降的趋势，但爆炸压力及其上升速率峰值大小与其出现时间存在较大差异。当氢气体积分数为30%时，爆炸压力峰值为0.623 94 MPa，压力上升速率峰值为149.62 MPa/s。当氢气体积分数为60%时，爆炸压力峰值为0.504 09 MPa，压力上升速率峰值为89.80 MPa/s，相较于氢气体积分数为30%时分别下降了19.21%和39.98%。

这主要是由于化学当量比对燃烧热力学与反应动力学的协同调控作用。当氢气体积分数为30%时接近化学计量比（ϕ=1），容器内部可以发生完全燃烧反应，使得单位体积混合气体的燃烧焓释放效率达到峰值，且自由基链式反应的传播速率达到极值，燃烧速度快且放出的热量多，最终导致氢气体积分数为30%时的爆炸压力和上升速率峰值均大于60%时。

2.2　火焰传播规律

受限空间内火焰传播过程可以划分为3个主阶段：火焰增长阶段、火焰稳定阶段以及火焰熄灭阶段，如图8所示。在火焰增长阶段，先形成直径较小的高温火核，此时以层流燃烧为主，产生微弱的压力波向四周传播，使得火焰近似球形向四周扩散。随着火焰半径的增大，燃烧产物的膨胀加剧气流扰动，使得雷诺数增大，火焰表面出现褶皱，进入湍流燃烧阶段。受限空间内气体体积受限，压力的升高使得未燃气体被进一步压缩，促使火焰加速传播。在火焰稳定阶段，火焰充满视窗，火焰前锋接近容器壁时，压力波在壁面反射并与入射波叠加，使得容器内压力不断积聚，火焰亮度不断增加。随后，由于受限空间内反应物含量有限，逐渐进入火焰熄灭阶段。同时，由于能量耗散速率从燃烧爆炸时的快速释放转为缓慢散热，3个阶段中火焰熄灭阶段的持续时间最长。

将试验过程中记录的火焰图像通过Python进行自编程，在灰度值为0～255内对彩色火焰图片进行灰度处理，随后对经过灰度处理的图像进行二值化处理，得到的白色像素点的总面积即为火焰面积。氢气体积分数为30%时，火焰传播面积曲线如图9所示。从图9中可以观察到，在点火后的0～8.2 ms时间内，火焰迅速向外传播，其面积呈现出指数型增长的特征，火焰以点火源为中心，向周围各个方向扩散，如4.8 ms时的火焰图像所示，火焰前锋阵面近似球形，火焰面积为29 995.89 mm²。随着反应的进行，燃烧释放的热量使气体膨胀，产生压力波推动未燃混合气流动，形成正反馈，进一步加速火焰传播，火焰面积不断增长，在8.2 ms时达到所能观察到的火焰面积最大值。在8.2～64.0 ms时，由于受限空间壁面反射的压力波与火焰前锋相互作用增强了湍流，使火焰前锋褶皱化，有效燃烧面积显著增大，火焰的尺度和亮度均达到最大值，如30.6 ms时的火焰图像所示，火焰面积维持在视窗面积70 686.00 mm²。随后，由于受限空间内氧气含量有限，高温燃烧产物通过壁面散热或辐射损失能量，使容器内的压力与温度降低，火焰面积也逐渐降低。78.8 ms时，火焰面积为69 414.81 mm²，火焰亮度与面积相较于30.6 ms时有所减少；161.6 ms时，火焰面积为38 983.88 mm²，只有中心区域火焰亮度较高。

为探究浓度对火焰面积的影响，从氢气体积分数为15%、30%、45%和60%时的火焰面积曲线中提取出面积峰值和峰值时间两个火焰特性参数，如图10所示。从图10中可以看出，氢气体积分数为30%和45%时火焰面积峰值均为70 686.00 mm²，而氢气体积分数为15%时火焰面积峰值为60 393.68 mm²，降低了10 292.32 mm²；氢气体积分数为60%时火焰面积峰值为66 242.46 mm²，降低了4 443.54 mm²。且到达面积峰值所需时间随氢气体积分数的升高先减后增，氢气体积分数为15%时到达面积峰值所用时间最长，而30%时火焰最快达到面积峰值。这是因为在受限空间中，氢气体积分数对火焰面积峰值及峰值时间的影响主要由燃料与氧气的化学计量比、燃烧速率、氧气消耗动态及热力学反馈共同决定。体积分数为15%的贫燃混合气因氢气不足，燃烧速率受限于燃料浓度，氧气消耗缓慢，导致火焰面积峰值较低且达到峰值时间延迟。当氢气体积分数为30%时，最接近化学计量比，燃烧速率最快，热释放速率最大，火焰传播受湍流增强和压力正反馈的协同作用迅速扩展，火焰面积峰值最大且达到峰值时间最短，但受空间及视窗大小限制，面积峰值只能达到视窗面积70 686.00 mm²。在富燃状态下，氧气不足导致部分氢气无法完全燃烧，燃烧速率和热释放量下降，使得氢气体积分数为45%时面积峰值虽也达到视窗面积，但到达面积峰值所需时间长于30%时。氢气体积分数升高到60%时，因氧气快速耗尽及压力积聚提前抑制火焰扩展，火焰面积峰值降低，但因初期燃料充足，其面积峰值大于贫燃状态且峰值时间短于贫燃状态。

2.3　气流速度时空演变过程

为进一步了解三维空间中氢气爆炸时的流场动态特性，提取出了氢气体积分数为30%时不同时刻下x=0 mm、y=0 mm及z=141.47 mm这3个平面上的速度场分布，如图11所示。从图11中可以看出，点火开始后，燃料快速燃烧释放能量，导致局部高压气体膨胀，形成初始压力波向外传播，使得速度从零迅速上升，点火源附近形成高速区域。此时速度分布呈现中心对称性，向外辐射状衰减。3.0 ms时，气流仍以点火源为中心向四周传播，容器内的压力呈指数级增长，但气流速度显著降低。6.0 ms时，气流在壁面反射的作用下向点火源运动，整体气流速度下降，但局部湍流出现高速区域。随着时间的推移，圆柱形容器内的三维效应显著，对称平面与轴向平面的速度差异增大。

9.0 ms时，x=0 mm平面处的中心线处参数分布曲线、压力等值线、温度云图、氢气质量分数分布及速度云图如图12所示，其中R为x=0 mm平面处的y坐标。根据中心线处温度及氢气质量分数分布曲线，可以看出在同一位置，温度和氢气质量分数不再变化。结合云图可以看出，温度为3 000 K的区域与氢气质量分数达到最小值的区域基本一致，是由已燃气体组成的高温区域。在此区域外，压力梯度和密度梯度显著增加，在接近圆柱上、下壁面与侧壁面相接位置时，受容器形状的影响，未燃氢气积聚，密度升高，压力升高。同时，由于此处压力梯度较大，在速度云图中出现了4个高速区域。中心线处的速度幅值曲线呈对称分布，单侧具有2个速度峰值。膨胀波推动气流速度略微上升，压缩波反射与未燃气体压缩使得气流速度下降，产生第1个较小的速度峰值。随后，在火焰前锋阵面附近产生第2个较大的速度峰值。这主要是因为由燃烧产物组成的高压区域与由未燃气体组成的低压区域之间形成陡峭的压力梯度，推动未燃气体向壁面方向加速流动。当气流逐渐接近壁面时，速度在近壁面区域因黏性耗散迅速衰减，形成显著的速度梯度。同时，壁面作为刚性边界直接阻断流动，反射压缩波进一步抑制气流运动，最终在壁面处气流速度降为零。

图13显示了不同氢气体积分数下气流速度云图，可以看出，在氢气体积分数为15%时气流速度最低，其次是60%时。这是因为氢气体积分数为15%时预混气体处于贫燃状态，氧气过剩，导致单位体积内反应释热量减少，燃烧温度降低，使得燃烧产物膨胀不足，无法形成强压力波驱动气流加速。而氢气体积分数为60%时预混气体处于富燃状态，虽氧气不足导致燃烧不完全，但燃料总量多，局部剧烈反应释放的热量仍能驱动瞬时高速流动。此外，由于高燃料浓度增强了点火后局部的热释放与气体膨胀，产生更强的初始压力波驱动高速流动，使得氢气体积分数为45%时在反应初期气流速度高于30%时。但随着燃烧进程的推进，氢气体积分数为45%时因氧化剂不足反应速率骤降，膨胀驱动力衰减，压力波强度减弱。而氢气体积分数为30%时接近化学计量比，火焰锋面稳定传播，燃烧反应充分且持续，气流速度超过45%时。

3　结论

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本文采用试验与数值模拟相结合的方法，在圆柱形爆炸测试容器中研究了受限空间内燃料浓度对氢气爆炸过程中爆炸压力、火焰传播及气流速度的影响，主要发现如下。

(1) 最大爆炸压力随氢气体积分数的增加先增加后降低，在氢气体积分数为30%时取得最大值0.623 94 MPa，验证了化学计量比附近的高效释能特性。

(2) 火焰面积峰值在氢气体积分数为30%和45%时最大，在15%和60%时分别降低了14.6%和6.3%，且在30%时最快到达面积峰值，证实了其燃烧速率最优。

(3) 压力梯度在接近圆柱前、后壁面与侧壁面相接位置时较大，导致9.0 ms时在x=0 mm平面中心线处的速度幅值曲线对称分布，单侧出现双速度峰值。

(4) 氢气体积分数为45%时，初期气流速度因富燃料局部的热释放呈现短期速度优势，但后期因氧气不足迅速衰减；氢气体积分数为30%时，因燃烧反应充分且持续，后期气流速度反超，体现了近化学计量比的高效稳定性。

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2026年第46卷第9期

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doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0140

接收时间：2025-05-14
首发时间：2026-10-10
出版时间：2026-09-05

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收稿日期：2025-05-14
修回日期：2025-09-01

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中北大学环境与安全工程学院，山西太原 030051

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张云（1986－　），女，博士，副教授，zhangyun@nuc.edu.cn

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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