Article(id=1315732124242657536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, issueId=1315732078327616225, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11883/bzycj-2025-0313, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758988800000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-28, revisedDate=1778515200000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791624583539, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1788537600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791624583539, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791624583539, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791624583539, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315732078327616225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, year='2026', volume='46', issue='9', pageStart='091001-1', pageEnd='095402-10', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788537600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-05', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791624572593, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791624783658, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315732963703247483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, issueId=1315732078327616225, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315732963703247484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, issueId=1315732078327616225, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=093201-1, endPage=093201-25, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315732124460761345, articleId=1315732124242657536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, language=EN, title=Mesoscopic numerical simulation and stress wave propagation mechanism of reinforced concrete slabs under contact explosion loading, columnId=1315732120966910956, journalTitle=Explosion and Shock Waves, columnName=Impact Dynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Traditional homogenization models have difficulty accurately capturing the mesoscale effects of aggregate distribution, aggregate particle size, and reinforcement configuration on stress-wave propagation paths and energy-dissipation mechanisms in concrete, thereby limiting an in-depth understanding of the blast-induced failure mechanisms of reinforced concrete slabs. To address this issue, a three-dimensional mesoscale finite element model of reinforced concrete slabs incorporating reinforcement, aggregates, and mortar matrix was established through the combined use of MATLAB and LS-DYNA. The aggregates were modeled according to actual aggregate gradation characteristics, the reinforcing bars were accurately arranged based on practical engineering layout parameters, and appropriate contact algorithms were adopted among the matrix, aggregates, and reinforcing bars to simulate interfacial effects. The model was validated against contact explosion tests, and the results show that it can predict the failure modes and crater dimensions of reinforced concrete slabs subjected to contact explosion loads with reasonable accuracy. On this basis, the effects of aggregate characteristics, including distribution pattern and particle size, and reinforcement arrangement on the blast resistance and stress-wave propagation behavior of reinforced concrete were investigated through parametric mesoscale numerical simulations. Regarding the aggregate parameters, the particle-size distribution pattern and aggregate size govern the evolution of stress waves and energy-dissipation characteristics, thereby affecting the geometric dimensions of the craters on the top surface and the spalling craters on the bottom surface of the concrete slab. When the aggregate particle size decreases from the top surface to the bottom surface, the expansion of the top-surface crater and the development of bottom-surface spalling can be effectively suppressed; in contrast, an increasing particle-size distribution aggravates surface cratering and internal spalling damage. In terms of aggregate size, the bottom-surface spalling craters of slabs containing small aggregates exhibit shallow and wide characteristics, whereas those containing large aggregates exhibit deep and narrow morphologies. Compared with aggregates, reinforcing bars exert a weaker influence on the overall failure mode and stress-wave propagation behavior of the slab. At a low reinforcement ratio, the reinforcing bars have little effect on the dynamic transmission of compressive stress peaks, whereas under high explosion loads, they suppress slab fragmentation, mitigate flexural damage, and improve the structural integrity and damage resistance of the slab.

, authors=Ping WU1, Chongliang MA1, Honglin XU2, Xiaoguang ZHOU3, 4, authorsList=Ping WU, Chongliang MA, Honglin XU, Xiaoguang ZHOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaoguang ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Explosion and Shock Waves, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315732130261483828, articleId=1315732124242657536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, language=CN, title=接触爆炸荷载作用下钢筋混凝土板细观数值模拟及应力波的传播机理, columnId=1315732123072451566, journalTitle=爆炸与冲击, columnName=冲击动力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

传统均质化模型难以准确描述混凝土中骨料分布、骨料粒径和钢筋配置对应力波传播路径及能量耗散机制的细观影响,限制了对钢筋混凝土靶板抗爆破坏机理的深入理解。针对这一问题,联合MATLAB与LS-DYNA建立了包含钢筋、骨料和基体的钢筋混凝土靶板三维细观有限元模型,并通过接触爆炸试验对模型进行了对比验证。结果表明,该模型可以较准确地预测钢筋混凝土板在接触爆炸荷载作用下的破坏模式和开坑尺寸。在此基础上,通过细观数值模拟参数分析,研究了骨料(分布模式、粒径)和钢筋布置对钢筋混凝土抗爆性能及应力波传播的影响。对于骨料参数,骨料的粒径分布特征和粒径大小确定了应力波的演化规律及能量耗散特征,进而影响混凝土迎爆面开坑和背爆面层裂坑的几何尺寸。当骨料粒径沿迎爆面至背爆面方向呈递减分布时,可有效抑制迎爆面开坑扩展及背爆面层裂发展,呈递增分布则会加剧表面开坑和内部层裂损伤。粒径方面,小粒径骨料靶板背爆面层裂坑呈现浅而广特征,大粒径骨料靶板则表现为深而小形态。相较于骨料,钢筋对靶板整体破坏模式及应力波传播的影响弱,低配筋率下钢筋几乎不影响压应力峰值的动态传递过程,而在高爆炸荷载下钢筋抑制了靶板的碎裂进程并缓解了弯曲破坏,提升了靶板的结构完整性和抗毁伤能力。

, authors=吴平1, 马崇亮1, 许弘霖2, 周晓光3, 4, authorsList=吴平, 马崇亮, 许弘霖, 周晓光, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=周晓光, authorNote=

吴平(1993- ),男,博士,副教授,

, correspAuthorsNote=
周晓光(1987- ),男,博士,高级工程师,
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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732124242657536, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Damage distributions on the top surfaces of the test slabs, figureFileSmall=LFkRCMXkqFHp6XGMFhJ5dA==, figureFileBig=T6WVieWWhUT3IF+lEps6Eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315732135877656957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732124242657536, language=CN, label=图15, caption=测试靶板迎爆面损伤分布, figureFileSmall=LFkRCMXkqFHp6XGMFhJ5dA==, figureFileBig=T6WVieWWhUT3IF+lEps6Eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315732135948960126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732124242657536, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Damage distributions on the bottom surfaces of the test slabs, figureFileSmall=eoKQ5qfriB8iTbJILJdUYA==, figureFileBig=ivYfrIrWBG+vtqko5GRH9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315732136020263295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732124242657536, language=CN, label=图16, caption=测试靶板背爆面损伤分布, figureFileSmall=eoKQ5qfriB8iTbJILJdUYA==, figureFileBig=ivYfrIrWBG+vtqko5GRH9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315732136091566464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732124242657536, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Damage of the cross-sections of the test slabs, figureFileSmall=G3IBuNO5Z6quHmOReX8OSw==, figureFileBig=KyOhlbrS+0nTfQqC980UfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315732136309670273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732124242657536, language=CN, label=图17, caption=测试靶板剖面损伤情况, figureFileSmall=G3IBuNO5Z6quHmOReX8OSw==, figureFileBig=KyOhlbrS+0nTfQqC980UfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315732136418722178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732124242657536, language=EN, label=Fig.18, caption=Stress wave propagation morphology of test slabs, figureFileSmall=tSTI2tyxKy4/vKT3RvKEmQ==, figureFileBig=/nZZynmRjJQ5qko/S7psSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315732136494219651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732124242657536, language=CN, label=图18, caption=测试靶板应力波传播形态, figureFileSmall=tSTI2tyxKy4/vKT3RvKEmQ==, figureFileBig=/nZZynmRjJQ5qko/S7psSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315732136762655108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732124242657536, language=EN, label=Fig.19, caption=Stress wave propagation and amplitude of vertical compressive stress of the test slab, figureFileSmall=mIt7dDzAF7nL8XP7BcJBww==, figureFileBig=IeLzMoSNpNn6S58wZKRs4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315732136817181061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732124242657536, language=CN, label=图19, caption=测试靶板垂直方向压应力幅值与应力波传播, figureFileSmall=mIt7dDzAF7nL8XP7BcJBww==, figureFileBig=IeLzMoSNpNn6S58wZKRs4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315732136880095622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732124242657536, language=EN, label=Fig.20, caption=Equivalent stress at the center point on the bottom surface of the test slab, figureFileSmall=KsoRBkbRiaARvBKxQSgTQQ==, figureFileBig=csULez5G7S6lTAYnskfBFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315732136955593095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732124242657536, language=CN, label=图20, caption=测试靶板背爆面中心点等效应力, figureFileSmall=KsoRBkbRiaARvBKxQSgTQQ==, figureFileBig=csULez5G7S6lTAYnskfBFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315732137148531080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732124242657536, language=EN, label=Fig.21, caption=Rebar layout of slabs at different reinforcement ratios, figureFileSmall=kkTMP7/UYH+rYn22sFCrjA==, figureFileBig=xWB5KVY/EMlCcjS704UtwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315732137215639945, 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Basic mechanical properties of concrete

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料抗压强度/MPa抗拉强度/MPa抗弯强度/MPa弹性模量/GPa泊松比最大塑性应变密度/(kg·m−3)
C45433.96.36260.200.000152500
), ArticleFig(id=1315732138876584339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732124242657536, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

混凝土基本力学性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料抗压强度/MPa抗拉强度/MPa抗弯强度/MPa弹性模量/GPa泊松比最大塑性应变密度/(kg·m−3)
C45433.96.36260.200.000152500
), ArticleFig(id=1315732138964664724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732124242657536, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Test conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验编号靶板编号TNT质量/g炸药高度/mm炸药直径/mm
1RC-80-1301539
2RC-100-1502739
), ArticleFig(id=1315732139254071701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732124242657536, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

试验工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验编号靶板编号TNT质量/g炸药高度/mm炸药直径/mm
1RC-80-1301539
2RC-100-1502739
), ArticleFig(id=1315732139329569174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732124242657536, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Model parameters of reinforcement[43]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料密度/(kg∙m−3)杨氏模量/GPa泊松比屈服强度/MPa切线模量/GPa
钢筋78502060.33002.06
), ArticleFig(id=1315732139417649559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732124242657536, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

钢筋材料模型参数[43]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料密度/(kg∙m−3)杨氏模量/GPa泊松比屈服强度/MPa切线模量/GPa
钢筋78502060.33002.06
), ArticleFig(id=1315732139660919192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732124242657536, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Material model parameters of aggregate[44]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
$ \rho $0/(g∙cm−3)G/GPaABCNfc/MPaft,max/MPaε0/s−1Ef, min
2.3100.551.230.00970.9860410.01
Smaxpcrush/MPaμcrushplock/GPaμlockD1D2K1/GPaK2/GPaK3/GPa
20200.0012520.1740.041.039−223550
), ArticleFig(id=1315732139740610969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732124242657536, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

骨料材料模型参数[44]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
$ \rho $0/(g∙cm−3)G/GPaABCNfc/MPaft,max/MPaε0/s−1Ef, min
2.3100.551.230.00970.9860410.01
Smaxpcrush/MPaμcrushplock/GPaμlockD1D2K1/GPaK2/GPaK3/GPa
20200.0012520.1740.041.039−223550
), ArticleFig(id=1315732139832885658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732124242657536, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Material model parameters of explosive[45]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ae/GPaBe/GPaR1R2ω
3.743.254.100.950.35
), ArticleFig(id=1315732139895800219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732124242657536, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

炸药材料模型状态方程参数[45]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ae/GPaBe/GPaR1R2ω
3.743.254.100.950.35
), ArticleFig(id=1315732139967103388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732124242657536, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Comparison between experimental and simulation results of reinforced concrete slab under contact blast load

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
靶板编号迎爆面
开坑面积/cm2
误差/%迎爆面
开坑深度/mm
误差/%背爆面
层裂坑面积/cm2
误差/%背爆面
层裂深坑度/mm
误差/%破坏模式
试验模拟试验模拟试验模拟试验模拟试验模拟
RC-80-1165.9102.6−38.132.5224−26.1423.9385.3−8.740.3136−10.6震塌震塌
RC-100-1151.7208.537.431.34322.1714.1569.5−2047.0344−6.4震塌震塌
), ArticleFig(id=1315732140084543901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732124242657536, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

接触爆炸荷载下钢筋混凝土靶板试验结果与模拟结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
靶板编号迎爆面
开坑面积/cm2
误差/%迎爆面
开坑深度/mm
误差/%背爆面
层裂坑面积/cm2
误差/%背爆面
层裂深坑度/mm
误差/%破坏模式
试验模拟试验模拟试验模拟试验模拟试验模拟
RC-80-1165.9102.6−38.132.5224−26.1423.9385.3−8.740.3136−10.6震塌震塌
RC-100-1151.7208.537.431.34322.1714.1569.5−2047.0344−6.4震塌震塌
), ArticleFig(id=1315732140155847070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732124242657536, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Aggregate distribution parameters of target plate

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靶板编号靶板尺寸/mm骨料分布骨料级配骨料粒径/mm
MA-1700×700×100从迎爆面到背爆面方向递增连续级配4~40
MA-2700×700×100从迎爆面到背爆面方向递减连续级配4~40
MB-1700×700×100随机分布单粒径级配12
MB-2700×700×100随机分布单粒径级配24
MB-3700×700×100随机分布单粒径级配32
), ArticleFig(id=1315732140260704671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732124242657536, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

靶板骨料分布参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
靶板编号靶板尺寸/mm骨料分布骨料级配骨料粒径/mm
MA-1700×700×100从迎爆面到背爆面方向递增连续级配4~40
MA-2700×700×100从迎爆面到背爆面方向递减连续级配4~40
MB-1700×700×100随机分布单粒径级配12
MB-2700×700×100随机分布单粒径级配24
MB-3700×700×100随机分布单粒径级配32
), ArticleFig(id=1315732140332007840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732124242657536, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Results of test slab with different aggregate distributions and particle sizes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
靶板编号开坑面积/cm2层裂坑面积/cm2开坑深度/mm层裂坑深度/mm
MA-1238.53609.762436
MA-2212.55585.441612
MB-1227.5629.42208.9
MB-2240.74624.9116.512
MB-3241.22606.801636
), ArticleFig(id=1315732140512362913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732124242657536, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

不同骨料分布与粒径测试靶板结果

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靶板编号开坑面积/cm2层裂坑面积/cm2开坑深度/mm层裂坑深度/mm
MA-1238.53609.762436
MA-2212.55585.441612
MB-1227.5629.42208.9
MB-2240.74624.9116.512
MB-3241.22606.801636
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接触爆炸荷载作用下钢筋混凝土板细观数值模拟及应力波的传播机理
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吴平 1 , 马崇亮 1 , 许弘霖 2 , 周晓光 3, 4
爆炸与冲击 | 冲击动力学 2026,46(9): 093201-1-093201-25
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爆炸与冲击 |冲击动力学 2026 , 46 (9) : 093201-1 -093201-25
接触爆炸荷载作用下钢筋混凝土板细观数值模拟及应力波的传播机理
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吴平1 , 马崇亮1, 许弘霖2, 周晓光3, 4
作者信息
  • 1宁夏大学土木与水利工程学院,宁夏 银川 750021
  • 2龙岩学院资源工程学院,福建 龙岩 364012
  • 3江汉大学精细爆破全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430056
  • 4江汉大学爆破工程湖北省重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430056
通讯作者:
周晓光(1987- ),男,博士,高级工程师,
作者简介:

吴平(1993- ),男,博士,副教授,

Mesoscopic numerical simulation and stress wave propagation mechanism of reinforced concrete slabs under contact explosion loading
Ping WU1 , Chongliang MA1, Honglin XU2, Xiaoguang ZHOU3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia, China
  • 2School of Resource Engineering, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, Fujian, China
  • 3State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, Hubei, China
  • 4Hubei Key Laboratory of Blasting Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, Hubei, China
出版时间: 2026-09-05 doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0313
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传统均质化模型难以准确描述混凝土中骨料分布、骨料粒径和钢筋配置对应力波传播路径及能量耗散机制的细观影响,限制了对钢筋混凝土靶板抗爆破坏机理的深入理解。针对这一问题,联合MATLAB与LS-DYNA建立了包含钢筋、骨料和基体的钢筋混凝土靶板三维细观有限元模型,并通过接触爆炸试验对模型进行了对比验证。结果表明,该模型可以较准确地预测钢筋混凝土板在接触爆炸荷载作用下的破坏模式和开坑尺寸。在此基础上,通过细观数值模拟参数分析,研究了骨料(分布模式、粒径)和钢筋布置对钢筋混凝土抗爆性能及应力波传播的影响。对于骨料参数,骨料的粒径分布特征和粒径大小确定了应力波的演化规律及能量耗散特征,进而影响混凝土迎爆面开坑和背爆面层裂坑的几何尺寸。当骨料粒径沿迎爆面至背爆面方向呈递减分布时,可有效抑制迎爆面开坑扩展及背爆面层裂发展,呈递增分布则会加剧表面开坑和内部层裂损伤。粒径方面,小粒径骨料靶板背爆面层裂坑呈现浅而广特征,大粒径骨料靶板则表现为深而小形态。相较于骨料,钢筋对靶板整体破坏模式及应力波传播的影响弱,低配筋率下钢筋几乎不影响压应力峰值的动态传递过程,而在高爆炸荷载下钢筋抑制了靶板的碎裂进程并缓解了弯曲破坏,提升了靶板的结构完整性和抗毁伤能力。

钢筋混凝土  /  细观数值模拟  /  接触爆炸  /  参数分析  /  应力波传播

Traditional homogenization models have difficulty accurately capturing the mesoscale effects of aggregate distribution, aggregate particle size, and reinforcement configuration on stress-wave propagation paths and energy-dissipation mechanisms in concrete, thereby limiting an in-depth understanding of the blast-induced failure mechanisms of reinforced concrete slabs. To address this issue, a three-dimensional mesoscale finite element model of reinforced concrete slabs incorporating reinforcement, aggregates, and mortar matrix was established through the combined use of MATLAB and LS-DYNA. The aggregates were modeled according to actual aggregate gradation characteristics, the reinforcing bars were accurately arranged based on practical engineering layout parameters, and appropriate contact algorithms were adopted among the matrix, aggregates, and reinforcing bars to simulate interfacial effects. The model was validated against contact explosion tests, and the results show that it can predict the failure modes and crater dimensions of reinforced concrete slabs subjected to contact explosion loads with reasonable accuracy. On this basis, the effects of aggregate characteristics, including distribution pattern and particle size, and reinforcement arrangement on the blast resistance and stress-wave propagation behavior of reinforced concrete were investigated through parametric mesoscale numerical simulations. Regarding the aggregate parameters, the particle-size distribution pattern and aggregate size govern the evolution of stress waves and energy-dissipation characteristics, thereby affecting the geometric dimensions of the craters on the top surface and the spalling craters on the bottom surface of the concrete slab. When the aggregate particle size decreases from the top surface to the bottom surface, the expansion of the top-surface crater and the development of bottom-surface spalling can be effectively suppressed; in contrast, an increasing particle-size distribution aggravates surface cratering and internal spalling damage. In terms of aggregate size, the bottom-surface spalling craters of slabs containing small aggregates exhibit shallow and wide characteristics, whereas those containing large aggregates exhibit deep and narrow morphologies. Compared with aggregates, reinforcing bars exert a weaker influence on the overall failure mode and stress-wave propagation behavior of the slab. At a low reinforcement ratio, the reinforcing bars have little effect on the dynamic transmission of compressive stress peaks, whereas under high explosion loads, they suppress slab fragmentation, mitigate flexural damage, and improve the structural integrity and damage resistance of the slab.

reinforced concrete  /  mesoscopic numerical simulation  /  contact explosion  /  parametric analysis  /  stress wave propagation
吴平, 马崇亮, 许弘霖, 周晓光. 接触爆炸荷载作用下钢筋混凝土板细观数值模拟及应力波的传播机理. 爆炸与冲击, 2026 , 46 (9) : 093201-1 -093201-25 . DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0313
Ping WU, Chongliang MA, Honglin XU, Xiaoguang ZHOU. Mesoscopic numerical simulation and stress wave propagation mechanism of reinforced concrete slabs under contact explosion loading[J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2026 , 46 (9) : 093201-1 -093201-25 . DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0313
近年来,爆炸荷载(如恐怖袭击、工业事故)对混凝土结构的威胁日益凸显,接触爆炸作为最具破坏性的荷载形式之一,其局部高压、高应变率作用下的混凝土损伤破坏机制仍是防护工程领域的研究重点[1-3]。而普通混凝土(normal concrete, NC)作为典型的多相复合材料,其抗爆性能不仅取决于宏观力学参数,更与骨料性能、骨料分布及级配等细观参数密切相关。同时,混凝土常常配合钢筋使用,其抗爆性能不仅取决于混凝土力学性能,同时也不能忽视钢筋的影响。然而,近年来许多研究人员都将混凝土视为均质材料,对其在爆炸荷载作用下的损伤特性和动态响应进行了广泛的研究[4-12]。如Castedo等[10]通过全尺寸现场试验探究了近场爆炸下钢筋混凝土板的力学响应与损伤规律。研究结果表明,炸药比例距离是影响混凝土损伤的最关键因素,随着比例距离的减小,钢筋混凝土(reinforced concrete, RC)板损伤从背爆面微裂发展为双向层裂乃至中心贯穿破坏。同时,炸药形状也显著影响爆压与靶板损伤形态。这些研究忽略了混凝土内部组分非均质性对爆炸响应的影响。
混凝土作为典型非均质材料,其力学性能与内部细观组分存在紧密关联。其中,粗骨料作为混凝土的骨架,对混凝土整体结构的稳定性起决定性作用。针对粗骨料对混凝土静、动态力学性能的影响机制,学术界已开展大量研究[13-20]。在静态断裂行为研究中,Yu等[17]提出一种耦合比例边界有限元法、统一相场模型与内聚力界面单元细观数值框架,协同建立了混凝土三点弯曲细观模型,系统探究试件尺寸与骨料特性对混凝土断裂过程区演化的影响,其结果表明骨料含量比骨料尺寸对混凝土断裂过程的影响更强。Liu等[18]采用细观尺度有限元建模方法,系统探究了含真实形态骨料的三相混凝土在三轴压缩状态下的破坏行为。研究结果表明,与单轴加载一致,表面粗糙度越大的骨料可显著提升混凝土抗压强度,且围压增大时该增强效应被进一步放大。在动态力学性能方面,Song等[20]采用伪三维分离式霍普金森杆细观数值模型,探究了非均质性对混凝土材料动态增强因子(dynamic increase factor, DIF)的影响。结果表明,粗骨料强度会影响高应变率荷载下混凝土的动态抗力,同时骨料可以通过改变裂缝路径抑制砂浆的集中损伤。考虑到更强烈的爆炸荷载,Qi等[21]采用三维细观数值模拟与多物质ALE (arbitrary Lagrange-Euler)爆炸算法,系统探究了粗骨料对混凝土接触爆炸响应的调控机制。粗骨料的存在使混凝土损伤模式发生改变,其核心在于粗骨料通过波阻抗差异搭配(骨料与砂浆物理性能差异)与骨料挤压效应,使爆炸冲击波分散为局部应力波,在骨料周围砂浆形成应力集中,同时削弱反射拉伸波强度,减少剥落损伤。
当前防护结构以钢筋混凝土结构为主[22-29],在其组分体系中,除骨料外,钢筋是影响结构防护性能的关键因素[30-33]。针对钢筋的作用机制,李治等[34]以钢筋混凝土梁为研究对象,利用ABAQUS建立高温-爆炸耦合作用下的精细化数值模型,通过RC板抗火试验与RC柱抗爆试验验证模型准确性。该研究聚焦配筋率这一核心钢筋参数,设置0.40%、1.26%和2.46%等3种配筋率,探究钢筋对高温环境下RC梁抗爆性能的调控规律。结果表明,配筋率提升可显著增强RC梁抗爆能力,配筋率越高,梁跨中峰值位移越小、抗变形能力越强,其抗爆性能随之提升。而Kyei等[35]基于有限元软件LS-DYNA,系统研究了横向钢筋间距对钢筋混凝土柱在爆炸荷载下的动力响应的影响。研究结果表明在小比例距离下,横向钢筋间距的减小显著提高了柱的抗爆性能,有效减少了侧向位移并延缓了混凝土压溃和纵筋屈曲,而在大比例距离下,横向钢筋间距的影响可忽略不计。然而,现有研究多仅针对单一骨料或单一钢筋组分展开,未充分考虑钢筋与骨料间的协同作用。同时明确爆炸应力波在混凝土细观组分中的传播机理,对提升混凝土抗爆设计水平具有重要意义。
因此,本研究旨在探讨接触爆炸荷载作用下钢筋混凝土靶板的抗爆响应与应力波传播机理。首先,通过MATLAB与LS-DYNA联合建立考虑钢筋、粗骨料和砂浆三相材料的钢筋混凝土细观数值模型,并结合钢筋混凝土板接触爆炸试验数据进行验证。在模型有效性验证的基础上,评估关键细观因素(骨料分布与粒径、钢筋配筋率)对接触爆炸下混凝土抗爆性能及应力波传播的影响,以期为钢筋混凝土结构抗爆性能的优化设计提供参考。
混凝土的制备采用强制式卧轴搅拌机完成,具体搅拌工艺如下:先将预混合均匀的水泥、精细砂与粗骨料进行干拌5 min,以确保其分散均匀。随后加入水与减水剂,继续搅拌5 min至拌合物形成均匀、无离析的工作状态。依据ASTM C469标准规范[36],采用量程为1000 kN的Instron万能试验机对NC开展基本力学性能测试,测试过程中控制加载速率为0.2 mm/min。NC的基本力学性能参数如表1所示。
在制备混凝土靶板过程中,混凝土搅拌完成后倒入木模具中,木模的内壁尺寸为长700 mm、宽700 mm。木模具内壁深度分别采用80 mm和100 mm,在模具中双向铺设直径为6 mm的HPB300热轧钢筋,间距为100 mm。之后将模具放置在振动台上,进行约30 s的振捣,以确保混凝土充分填充,并抹平试件表面。24 h后,将试件从模具中取出,然后在温度为(20±2) ℃、相对湿度超过95%的环境中进行28 d的养护,图1展示了靶板尺寸及钢筋布置。
本研究进行了2块不同厚度的RC靶板接触爆炸试验,其中80 mm厚靶板采用30 g炸药,100 mm厚靶板采用50 g炸药。2块靶体的骨料体积分数均为40%,骨料尺寸级配为4~40 mm,具体试验工况见表2。
本次试验所采用的TNT炸药为等直径变高度的圆柱体结构,为保证试验的便捷性与高效性,试验中仅改变TNT炸药的高度,直径均为39 mm;该TNT炸药的比内能为4521 J/g,密度为1.51 g/cm3,炸药的实物外观如图2所示。本次试验场地设于野外专用靶场,试验现场布置如图3所示。整个加载装置由刚性钢架提供稳定支撑,可有效避免试验过程中装置的滑移或倾覆。钢架顶部水平放置钢筋混凝土靶板,靶板两侧采用U形高强度钢板进行夹持固定,U形钢板通过高强螺栓与钢架刚性连接,确保靶板在爆炸荷载作用下保持位置固定,无明显刚体位移。圆柱形TNT炸药同轴放置于靶板几何中心的正表面,炸药的中轴线与靶板表面保持垂直。起爆方式采用顶部中心起爆,具体操作为:在圆柱体炸药的上表面几何中心处开设深度为5 mm的圆柱形起爆孔,将工业电雷管嵌入孔内并与炸药紧密接触,通过远程电起爆系统触发雷管,实现炸药的瞬间起爆。该起爆方式可保证爆轰波沿炸药中轴线向靶板方向呈准一维平面波传播,降低起爆位置偏差对爆炸荷载作用形式的干扰。
在细观层面,钢筋混凝土靶板可以看作由粗骨料、砂浆和钢筋所构成的复合材料,靶板的整体建模通过MATLAB软件完成。该方法在预设区域内布置符合要求的钢筋,并对骨料投放区域进行有限元网格节点处理,在骨料生成过程中直接完成网格划分,从而构建了一个整体模型,该模型中骨料与基体采用八节点六面体的实体单元,与真实钢筋混凝土结构具有较高的相似度。
相较于传统方法需借助多软件协同、人工干预调整模型缺陷的繁琐流程,本方法的核心创新与优势在于:(1)实现钢筋-骨料的一体式建模,保障细观结构的真实性;(2)建模与网格划分同步完成,省略中间格式转换环节;(3)可直接输出LS-DYNA兼容的K文件,大幅缩减建模步骤与时间成本,显著提升钢筋混凝土细观数值模拟的效率与可重复性。
具体建模流程如下。
(1)在模型区域内定向布置横向钢筋与纵向钢筋,并记录各钢筋端点截面圆心坐标。
(2)在模型区域内随机生成骨料球心坐标与对应球体半径,通过骨料半径计算骨料所占体积分数,骨料半径的投放按预设骨料级配投放,先投放大颗粒骨料之后在大颗粒骨料的间隙中投放小颗粒骨料,直至达到预设的骨料体积分数。具体规则如下。
(i)骨料半径R随机生成。根据当前已生成骨料的体积分数动态调整半径范围,数学表达式为:
$ R=\left\{ \begin{array}{ll}\dfrac{2}{3}R_{\max}+\mathrm{rand}\left(0,1\right)\times\dfrac{1}{3}R_{\max} & \qquad V_{\mathrm{current}}{≤}0.75V_{\rm{target}} \\ \dfrac{1}{2}R_{\max}+\mathrm{rand}\left(0,1\right)\times\dfrac{1}{6}R_{\max} & \qquad0.75V_{\rm{target}}{<}V_{\mathrm{current}}{≤}0.91V_{\rm{target}} \\ R_{\min}+\mathrm{rand}(0,1)\times R_{\min} & \qquad V_{\mathrm{current}}{>}0.91V_{\rm{target}}\end{array}\right. $
式中:Rmax为骨料最大粒径,Rmin为骨料最小粒径,$ {V}_{\text{target}} $为骨料目标体积分数,Vcurrent为当前骨料体积分数,rand(0,1)为[0,1]区间均匀分布的随机数。
(ii)骨料质心坐标随机生成。骨料质心坐标在计算域内随机抽样,且满足边界约束。
(iii)骨料无重叠判定准则。为避免骨料间重叠,采用欧氏距离判定法,对于新生成的骨料与已生成的所有骨料,若满足两者质心距离大于两者半径之和,则判定骨料间无重叠,保留该骨料,否则重新生成质心坐标。
本文中除随机分布骨料外,还建立了骨料随迎爆面至背爆面方向递减与递增的混凝土板细观模型,其投放过程是将靶板厚度方向(z轴)划分为5个区间,通过骨料球心z轴坐标(zc)判定所属区间,为不同区间分配不同的粒径生成范围,最终实现粒径随z轴位置梯度变化,具体数学表达式为:
$ R=\left\{ \begin{array}{ll}\dfrac{4}{5}R_{\max}+\mathrm{rand}(0,1)\times\dfrac{1}{5}R_{\max} & \qquad {\textit{z}}_{\rm{c}}{{≤}} 0.2L \\\dfrac{3}{5}R_{\max}+\mathrm{rand}(0,1)\times\dfrac{1}{5}R_{\max} & \qquad 0.2L {{<}} {\textit{z}}_{\rm{c}} {{≤}} 0.4L \\\dfrac{2}{5}R_{\max}+\mathrm{rand}(0,1)\times\dfrac{1}{5}R_{\max} & \qquad 0.4L {{<}} {\textit{z}}_{\rm{c}} {{≤}} 0.6L \\\dfrac{1}{5}R_{\max}+\mathrm{rand}(0,1)\times\dfrac{1}{5}R_{\max} & \qquad 0.6L {{<}} {\textit{z}}_{\rm{c}} {{≤}} 0.8L \\R_{\min}+\mathrm{rand}(0,1)\times R_{\min} & \qquad 0.8L {{<}} {\textit{z}}_{\rm{c}} {{≤}} L \end{array}\right. $
式中:L为靶板预设的投放厚度。
(3)为模拟钢筋混凝土靶板内部的真实组分分布,需进行骨料与钢筋之间的侵入判定,当骨料与钢筋发生侵入相交时,通过平移缩放等手段确保骨料与钢筋之间不发生侵入相交。
(4)在生成所有符合要求的骨料与钢筋后,将混凝土投放区域按各个方向单元尺寸进行平均分,记录每个网格节点单元的节点坐标,通过映射网格算法,如图4所示,将球体空间与有限元单元网格进行映射,将重叠部分标记为骨料单元,将剩余部分标记为基体单元。
针对接触爆炸瞬时强压缩作用下混凝土靶板的破坏机理模拟,本研究采用了一种简化的细观建模策略。由于爆炸冲击波引发的极端压缩效应显著弱化了骨料-砂浆界面过渡区(interfacial transition zone, ITZ)对材料整体力学响应的贡献,该区域力学性能较弱,其在高速动态载荷下的失效过程对破坏模式演化影响甚微。基于计算效率优化考量,本模型摒弃了传统ITZ离散化建模方法,采用骨料与砂浆基体的理想化界面连接方式,通过节点直接耦合实现了材料界面的力学连续性。这种建模方法在保证破坏形态仿真精度的同时,显著提升了大规模三维细观有限元模型的计算效能。图5直观展示了基于该建模策略构建的混凝土多相复合结构三维数值模型。
本文提出的细观建模方法具备高度的几何适配性与工程扩展性,该方法可灵活生成任意尺寸的矩形截面三维细观模型,突破了固定构型建模的局限。从组分建模层面,能够精准实现钢筋的参数化建模,可完整复现柱、梁、板等典型钢筋混凝土结构的细观特征。在算力条件满足的前提下,该建模方法可适配钢筋混凝土柱、梁、板构件的细观建模需求,且建模流程简单、参数化程度高,能够为不同尺度钢筋混凝土构件的抗爆、抗震等动力响应分析提供统一的细观建模框架,具备良好的工程适配性与应用扩展性。
为提升数值模拟的可靠性与计算精度,本模型引入沙漏控制参数,设置沙漏黏性阻尼系数为0.1以抑制非物理数值振荡。针对爆炸流固耦合问题,空气与炸药介质采用ALE多物质单元,而钢筋则选用梁(beam)单元。根据Yi等[37]的试验观测结果可知,混凝土主要以迎爆面剪切压缩破坏、背爆面拉伸断裂破坏为主导。为模拟宏观破坏中的裂纹分布和局部破坏,需为砂浆基体、钢筋和骨料添加失效准则,通过LS-DYNA的*MAT_ADD_EROSION关键字设定最大主应变为混凝土基体的失效判据。当单元主应变超过限值时删除以模拟局部破坏,本文取最大主应变0.01为砂浆失效判据,该值是根据文献[38]中概述的侵蚀标准通过一系列试验测试确定的。对于钢筋材料,主要以钢筋的断裂为主导破坏模式[39],在钢筋(塑性应变阈值0.2)的*MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC材料模型中定义失效应变判据。此外,通过*CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID关键字实现钢筋与砂浆基体间的力学耦合,以此来模拟界面间的相互作用,而骨料与混凝土砂浆间则采用共节点连接,假设粗骨料和砂浆基体之间存在理想的结合[40]。该建模体系在保证精准再现破坏形态的同时,兼顾了大规模动态显式分析的计算效率。
在本文中,砂浆选用K&C损伤本构模型[41-42],该模型能够准确预测混凝土结构在爆炸荷载下的动态响应特征,该模型中的大多数参数与状态方程均可基于简单的材料输入参数自动生成。此外本文采用了Hao等[40]所提出的混凝土强度动态增强因子公式,以考虑在爆炸荷载作用下混凝土的应变率效应。砂浆基体与均质混凝土存在明显的材料性能差异,Qi等[21]通过大量试验数据,从水灰比推导出一套经验公式用以计算混凝土中砂浆组分的性能参数,具体公式如下:
$ {f}_{\text{cm}}=\frac{{m}_{\text{c}}/{m}_{\text{w}}-0.5}{0.047} $
$ {f}_{\text{tm}}=1.4\ln {f}_{\text{cm}}-1.5 $
$ {E}_{\text{m}}=1\;000(7.7\; {\mathrm{ln}}{f}_{\text{cm}}-5.5) $
式中:fcm和ftm分别为砂浆无侧限抗压强度和抗拉强度,单位均为MPa;$ {m}_{\text{c}}/{m}_{\text{w}} $为水泥与水的质量之比;Em为砂浆的弹性模量,其单位为MPa。
根据C45混凝土的配合比,mw/mc被确认为0.45,根据式(3)~(5)计算可知,砂浆无侧限抗压强度和抗拉强度分别为36.65 MPa和3.54 MPa,为便于后续参数分析,数值模拟中取整数进行仿真计算。
对钢筋采用塑性随动硬化模型(MAT_003_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC)[42]进行表征。该模型适用于模拟各向同性、随动非线性硬化材料的力学行为,能够有效反映钢筋在动态加载条件下的应变率强化效应。同时,该模型可通过设定塑性应变阈值精准表征钢筋的材料失效演化行为,具体材料参数[43]见表3。
对骨料采用Holmquist-Johnson-Cook (HJC)本构模型进行表征,该模型被广泛用于描述岩石在高应变率、高压和高应力条件下的动态力学行为。本文粗骨料材料参数使用方秦等[44]给出的岩石HJC本构参数,如表4所示,表中$ \rho $0为密度,G为剪切模量,A、B、C和N为强度参数,fc为抗压强度,ft,max为最大拉伸压力强度,ε0为准静态阈值应变率,Ef, min为胡克定律弹性极限,Smax为最大归一化断裂强度,pcrush为弹性极限处的压力分量,μcrush为弹性极限处的体积应变,plock为压实时的静水压力,μlock为压实时的体积应变,D1和D2为塑形应变至断裂的参数,K1、K2和K3为压力系数。
对空气采用LS-DYNA自带的*MAT_NULL材料模型以及*LINEAR_POLYNOMAL状态方程进行描述:
$ p={C}_{0}+{C}_{1}V+{C}_{2}{V}^{2}+{C}_{3}{V}^{3}+\left({C}_{4}+{C}_{5}V+{C}_{6}{V}^{2}\right){e}_{\text{a}} $
式中:p为压力,V为相对体积,ea为体积内能;C0~C6为材料常数,C0=−0.1 MPa,C1=C2=C3=0,C4=C5=0.4,C6=0。空气密度为1.29 kg/m3。
炸药的材料模型为*MAT_HIGH_EXPLOSIVE_BURN,通过Jones-Wilkins-Lee (JWL)状态方程进行描述,JWL状态方程为:
$ p={A}_{\text{e}}\left(1-\frac{\omega \varphi }{{R}_{1}}\right)\exp \left(-\frac{{R}_{1}}{\varphi }\right)+{B}_{\text{e}}\left(1-\frac{\omega \varphi }{{R}_{2}}\right)\exp \left(-\frac{{R}_{2}}{\varphi }\right)+\omega \rho {e}_{\text{e}} $
式中:Ae、Be、R1、R2和ω为与炸药类型相关的材料参数;φ=ρe/ρe0为体积压缩比,ρe为炸药的密度,ρe0为炸药的初始密度,ee为比内能。炸药详细参数见表5[45]。
本文在LS-DYNA中建立了与试验1∶1的全尺寸靶板模型,模型采用国际单位制(kg-m-s)。在试验中,靶板以简支形式固定在靶架上,数值模拟中采用相同的方式,在靶板边缘施加固定约束。通过关键字*INITIAL_VOLUME_FRACTION_GEOMETRY将炸药填充到空气网格中,并利用ALE (arbitrary Lagrange-Euler)流固耦合算法对靶板的抗爆性能进行分析。模型中建立了钢筋、骨料和基体的PART集合,并通过关键字*CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID将这些集合与空气和炸药进行耦合。近场爆炸的细观有限元模型如图6所示。
本研究的细观模型计算在小型工程级服务器中完成,硬件配置如下:CPU为AMD Ryzen Threadripper 3945WX (12核24线程,主频3.2 GHz)、内存128 GB、GPU为NVIDIA RTX A5000 (24 GB显存,CUDA核心8192个)。其中,在MATLAB中的细观模型生成(骨料生成、网格划分)耗时约18 h,显式动力学求解(LS-DYNA)耗时约12 h。
80 mm厚钢筋混凝土靶板在30 g TNT炸药接触爆炸下试验结果[12]与模拟结果对比如图7(a)所示。试验中靶板整体表现为层裂震塌的破坏模式,迎爆面呈现不规则的开坑损伤,背爆面层裂坑面积要远大于迎爆面,这是由于靶板背爆面以拉伸应力波为主,而混凝土抗拉强度远小于抗压强度,这导致在拉伸应力波下靶板更容易发生层裂破坏。数值模拟结果也呈现类似的结果,靶板背爆面层裂坑面积及深度要远大于迎爆面,并且背爆面还因拉伸破坏呈现径向的裂纹。由于细观模型局部破坏形态与试验均呈现不规则性,本文使用开坑面积与开坑深度来评估细观模型的有效性,数值模拟得到的迎爆面开坑面积为102.6 cm2,开坑深度为24 mm,要小于试验所测量的数据,与试验的相对误差分别为38.1%和26.1%。而背爆面在整体破坏形态和裂纹分布上都与试验吻合良好,模拟中得到的背爆面开坑面积为385.3 cm2,开坑深度为36 mm,与试验结果的相对误差分别为8.7%和10.6%。本文所建立的细观有限元模型可以较好地再现钢筋混凝土靶板的损伤破坏情况。
100 mm厚钢筋混凝土靶板在50 g TNT炸药接触爆炸下试验结果[12]与模拟结果对比如图7(b)所示。试验结果与模拟结果均呈现层裂震塌的破坏形态,迎爆面与背爆面均有径向裂纹产生。模拟结果显示,靶板迎爆面开坑面积为208.5 cm2,开坑深度为32 mm,略大于试验所测得的结果,相对误差分别为37.4%和2.1%。模拟结果显示,背爆面开坑面积为569.5 cm2,开坑深度为44 mm,相对误差分别为20%和6.4%。2块靶板模拟结果的误差均呈现出迎爆面大于背爆面的趋势,这可能是由于有限元建模中骨料遵循完全随机,而混凝土靶板浇筑中骨料会有堆积沉淀发生,同时上文中所提到的混凝土砂浆强度计算公式是一种基于经验推导的公式,与真实砂浆强度存在一定误差,其次本文因为技术限制对界面过渡区进行了简化处理。为确认骨料随机分布对模拟结果的影响,本研究进行了多次随机骨料的爆炸模拟,结果如图8所示,计算表明迎爆面的变异系数(Cv)为4.37%,略高于背爆面4.11%,这表明本文提出的细观模型离散程度整体较小,模拟结果具有良好的重复性。上述模拟误差更多是来自于靶板浇筑的原始缺陷和砂浆基体本构参数的不适配,变异系数的具体计算公式为:
$ {C}_{\text{v}}=\frac{\sigma }{\mu }\times 100{\text{%}}= \frac{\sqrt{\dfrac{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}{\left({x}_{i}-\mu \right)}^{2}}{n-1}}}{\dfrac{1}{n}\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}{x}_{i}}\times 100{\text{%}} $
式中:Cv为变异系数(无量纲的离散度指标,值越大说明数据波动越高),$ \sigma $为样本标准差,$ \mu $为样本均值,$ {x}_{i} $为第$ i $个样本数据,n为样本总数。
图9为100 mm厚钢筋混凝土靶板砂浆基体的损伤演化云图,可以看出,炸药于靶板中心处起爆后,应力波以球形波阵面形式向外传播,爆炸初期,应力波尚未显著向外扩散,对应图10中钢筋轴向应力幅值处于较低水平。随着应力波的持续传播,靶板中心区域钢筋受应力波作用产生显著的轴向应力。受接触爆炸荷载特性影响,应力波主要作用于靶板中心区域的钢筋,外围钢筋应力响应相对较弱。图11的骨料损伤特征分析表明,爆炸荷载作用下骨料的损伤程度显著低于砂浆基体,仅靶板中心区域的骨料因直接接触爆炸应力波产生一定损伤,靶板周边区域骨料未出现明显损伤特征,说明靶板整体的爆炸损伤主要由砂浆基体承担。
总体来说,本文建立的钢筋混凝土细观有限元模型准确再现了钢筋混凝土在接触爆炸荷载下的损伤分布与破坏形态,细观模型可以有效预测钢筋混凝土结构的结构损伤。本文靶板试验与模拟损伤数据统计如表6所示。
为揭示混凝土结构在爆炸载荷下的动态响应规律与损伤机制,本研究对100 mm厚钢筋混凝土靶板在50 g TNT接触爆炸下的数值模拟结果进行详细分析,对比分析均质模型与细观模型的应力波传播特征。图12为质模型与细观模型靶内的应力波传递过程,在均质模型中,炸药起爆后形成高压源,爆炸应力波以球面波形式向外扩散,压缩波到达靶板后表面时因自由边界反射形成规则的球形稀疏波,导致后表面立即产生层裂损伤。而细观模型中,粗骨料的随机分布破坏了应力波的球形传播特性。当压缩波遇粗骨料表面时,因波阻抗不匹配产生反射与衍射效应,部分波体绕开骨料通过砂浆间隙传播,导致应力场呈现非连续分布。这种非均匀传播模式更贴近混凝土的实际细观结构特征,验证了细观模型在捕捉材料非均质性对爆炸响应影响方面的有效性。
针对不同骨料粒径与骨料分布对混凝土靶板抗爆性能的影响进行研究,设计了不同骨料参数的细观模型,均采用100 mm厚钢筋混凝土靶板开展50 g TNT接触爆炸数值模拟,靶板统一进行配筋,钢筋布置与图1钢筋布置相同。具体靶板细观模型如图13所示,具体靶板布置见表7,通过对比不同模型的响应差异,明晰骨料参数对抗爆性能的作用规律。
相较于均质混凝土模型,细观模型因包含随机分布的骨料,在爆炸荷载作用下,靶板局部损伤区域会呈现不规则形态。为明确骨料分布及粒径对混凝土抗爆性能的影响规律,选取迎爆面开坑面积、背爆面层裂坑面积、迎爆面开坑深度和背爆面层裂坑深度作为量化指标,开坑面积的测量采用图像分析法,基于靶板图像,运用图像处理软件Adobe Photoshop,通过套索工具,精准提取开坑区域边界,并统计该区域内的像素点数量,结合已知的图像像素与实际尺寸的比例关系,将像素点数量转换为实际面积。通过分析这些指标的变化,系统评估骨料参数(分布、粒径)对混凝土抗爆性能的作用机制,开坑深度、层裂坑深度和开坑面积详细测量如图14所示。
靶板迎爆面破坏模式如表8和图15所示,可以看出,靶板MA-1开坑面积、开坑深度、层裂坑面积和层裂坑深度均大于靶板MA-2。这说明,骨料粒径随迎爆面至背爆面方向递减分布时,能更好地缓冲能量,抑制开坑和层裂发展,而递增分布会让能量更集中,加剧表面开坑与内部层裂损伤。同时,由表8可以发现,随着粒径的增大,靶板MB迎爆面开坑面积随之增大,开坑深度反而随之减小。这是由于小粒径骨料的比表面积大,导致其与砂浆接触面增多且包裹不均,砂浆单元密集。中大粒径骨料比表面积适中,与砂浆接触面数量相对平衡。爆轰冲击时,骨料可作为应力分散单元,将爆荷载传递到周围砂浆,能量被骨料-砂浆协同分散,开坑面积不易扩展,同时开坑深度也控制良好。
靶板背爆面损伤分布如图16所示,靶板背爆面层裂破坏的主导机制为反射拉伸波作用下的混凝土受拉开裂。由表8可知,当骨料粒径沿迎爆面至背爆面方向呈递减分布时,层裂破坏的面积与深度均显著降低,其作用机理源于应力波梯度缓冲效应。爆炸荷载产生的压缩应力波传至靶板背爆面后反射形成拉伸应力波,在骨料粒径递减分布的结构中,小粒径骨料增加了模型内部的不均匀性和应力波传播的复杂路径,拉伸应力波在密集骨料间散射而引发砂浆单元损伤破坏,通过砂浆单元破坏耗散削弱拉伸波初始强度。经小粒径骨料衰减后的拉伸波作用于中粒径骨料,此时应力波发生反射与衍射,进一步分散能量。
残余拉伸波传至大粒径骨料区域时,能量已大幅衰减,此时拉伸应力波已不足以使砂浆单元破坏,最终使得背爆面拉伸破坏的范围与程度同步减小,具体表现为在靶板应力波传播形态中,靶板MA-2底部拉应力峰值显著低于靶板MA-1。而靶板MB中,靶板MB-1与靶板MB-2由于中小粒径骨料与砂浆接触面多,在应力波传播形态图中拉伸应力被分散到更多界面,层裂深度受抑制,背爆面层裂破坏范围广但浅,难形成深大层裂,呈现浅而广的层裂特征,应力波传播形态呈现连续、均匀特征。而靶板MB-3层裂区,大骨料使混凝土内部刚度分布不均,如图17所示,呈现深而窄层裂特征,应力波传播形态呈现碎片化、非均匀特征。并通过图18可知,拉伸波遇大骨料易反射和衍射,在骨料背后形成拉伸应力集中,一旦超过砂浆抗拉强度,层裂深度会急剧增大,应力波在不同粒径骨料层级间传递时,会发生多次反射与透射,这一过程显著拉长了应力波的传播时间,导致靶板MA在同一时刻的高压缩应力区域分布范围,显著小于靶板MB,其中靶板MA-2的这一特征表现最突出。爆轰冲击下,靶板MB-3中应力易集中于砂浆单元薄弱界面,引发砂浆单元首先失效,应力波与砂浆接触面积大,压应力峰值在靶板MB中最高,导致开坑面积显著增大。进一步地,小粒径骨料通过多重散射效应实现爆炸能量的耗散,使得靶板MA-2中心部分的应力波幅值低于靶板MA-1,该幅值差异特征在图19中也可得到清晰印证,即靶板MA-2中心部分单元压应力峰值低于靶板MA-1。
为深入揭示细观尺度下混凝土靶板在爆炸荷载作用下的动态响应规律与损伤破坏机制,本研究系统探究了骨料分布模式与粒径参数对应力波传播特性的调控作用。爆炸发生后,爆源处形成高压区域并向外扩散,产生球形压缩波,由于粗骨料的随机分布,压缩波的球形传播特征遭到破坏,原本集中传播的球形压缩波被分散为多个局部压缩波,当应力波传播至粗骨料表面时,会反射形成拉伸波,进而在局部粗骨料和砂浆中诱发拉应力。为统一量化骨料分布与粒径对应力波传播的影响,统计炸药下方靶板内部各单元的压应力峰值如图19所示。
为深入揭示细观尺度下混凝土靶板在爆炸荷载作用下的损伤机理,本研究系统探究了骨料分布与粒径对应力波传播特性的调控作用。爆炸发生后,爆源处形成极高压区域并向外扩散产生球形压缩波。在均质介质中,应力波形态保持几何连续性。但在细观模型中,由于粗骨料与砂浆基体间存在显著的波阻抗差异,应力波传播特性发生了改变。
根据广义波阻抗匹配定律,波阻抗定义为:
$ Z=\rho c $
式中:ρ为介质的密度,c为应力波在介质中的传播速度。
当应力波从波阻抗为Z1的介质(如砂浆)垂直入射到波阻抗为Z2的介质(如骨料)界面时,会产生反射波和透射波,其振幅关系遵循以下匹配定律。
反射系数(γr):
$ {\gamma }_{\text{r}}=\frac{{Z}_{2}-{Z}_{1}}{{Z}_{2}+{Z}_{1}} $
透射系数($ \gamma $tr):
$ {\gamma }_{\text{tr}}=\frac{2{Z}_{2}}{{Z}_{2}+{Z}_{1}} $
当压缩波从砂浆入射至粗骨料表面时,由于Z2>Z1,反射系数γr为正,导致界面处产生强烈的压缩波反射,在局部诱发显著的应力集中。反之,当波从骨料穿回砂浆时,反射系数为负,在骨料内部诱发拉伸波。这种高频次的阻抗变换破坏了波阵面的几何连续性,将原本集中的球形压缩波离散为多个局部波头,产生了明显的波阵面弥散效应,使爆炸能量在空间上发生重分布。
由靶板垂直方向压应力分布特征可知,随着应力波在靶板截面内的传播,靶板内部各单元的应力幅值整体呈衰减趋势。同时,结合应力曲线图可观察到,应力曲线的趋势变化位置与靶板内单元的空间位置具有显著相关性,且曲线趋势拐点通常出现在骨料表面单元处。这一现象的本质原因在于,压应力峰值并非由单一材料属性决定,而是取决于冲击波传播路径中的阻抗匹配关系。在细观模型中,粗骨料作为混凝土的骨架结构,通过改变冲击波的反射、折射行为及局部应力集中效应,直接调控压应力峰值的分布特征与数值大小。
从图19应力峰值曲线图可见,曲线演化整体呈现两阶段特征,第1阶段压应力峰值快速下降,这是由于爆炸产生的应力波与接触表面的粗骨料发生相互作用,引发衍射与反射现象,导致能量耗散。第2阶段压应力峰值在短暂回缓后,下降速率趋于平缓。从物理本质上看,靶板MA-2在第1阶段能量耗散总量更大,归因于其迎爆面密集的大粒径骨料构建了高抗力缓冲区。大骨料作为波传播路径上的阻碍体,迫使初始应力波发生剧烈的衍射与大角度反射,增加了能量耗散的总量。相比之下,靶板MA-1在第1阶段下降速率虽快,但多源于砂浆基体的局部压碎,缺乏有效的波阻抗阶梯来分批次消减能量。
分析靶板MB-1、MB-2和MB-3的应力峰值曲线可知,三者的曲线变化趋势基本一致。在第1阶段,靶板MB-3的压应力峰值下降速率略高,且峰值下降量更大,表明其耗散的爆炸能量更多,这一能量耗散特征直接导致靶板MB-3在第2阶段的压应力峰值下降速率显著放缓,宏观局部破坏表现为背爆面开坑尺寸更小。对比靶板MB-1与MB-2,两者在第1阶段的压应力峰值下降速率相近,但靶板MB-2的压应力峰值下降量更大,意味着其耗散了更多爆炸能量,具体宏观表现为靶板MB-2的迎爆面开坑面积大于靶板MB-1的。
具体而言,骨料对能量耗散的调控机制主要体现在2个方面。一是通过波阻抗失配改变波的传播路径。粗骨料作为刚性外加物,迫使原本呈球形传播的应力波发生散射。如靶板MA-2的工况所示,更合理的骨料分布能诱导应力波在骨料与砂浆界面发生更充分的多次反射与衍射,增加了波的传播路径长度,从而提高了总能量耗散量,有效降低了背爆面的等效应力幅值。二是通过粒径尺寸效应调控应力集中的形态。粒径大小决定了应力波绕射的难易程度,如靶板MB-3中的大粒径骨料,虽然能显著降低整体等效应力,但其巨大的几何尺寸会在骨料背部形成显著的拉伸应力集中区,导致破坏沿纵深方向发展(深而窄)。而小粒径骨料(靶板MB-1)则通过高密度的界面反射快速耗散能量,限制了应力波的穿透深度,使破坏趋于表面化(浅而广)。
为量化对比各靶板对爆炸能量的削弱效能,图20给出了应力波传播至靶板背爆面后,中心点Mises等效应力的统计结果。结合背爆面等效应力特征与破坏形态可知,靶板MA-2背爆面的等效应力显著低于靶板MA-1的,且其背爆面层裂坑尺寸小于靶板MA-1的,同时破坏形态更规则、边缘界限更清晰。这一现象表明,靶板MA-2对应力波能量的耗散更均匀,且小颗粒骨料引发的局部应力集中幅度更小,更有利于抑制背爆面层裂破坏的发生。
在靶板MB-1、MB-2和MB-3中,靶板MB-3的背爆面等效应力最低,证实大颗粒骨料对应力波能量的耗散具有显著作用。但从破坏形态来看,尽管靶板MB-3背爆面的等效应力最低,但其内部拉伸应力波与大颗粒骨料相互作用时,易发生反射和衍射,在骨料后方形成拉伸应力集中区,导致靶板MB-3背爆面整体破坏呈现深而窄的形态。对比靶板MB-1与MB-2,靶板MB-2背爆面的等效应力大于靶板MB-1的,但小颗粒骨料对应力波的耗散速率更快,使得应力波引发的破坏难以向靶板内部深入,因此靶板MB-1背爆面的破坏呈现浅而广的形态。而应力波在中等颗粒骨料中的传播速度适中,且传播深度更深。尽管靶板MB-1与MB-2的背爆面层裂坑面积差异较小,但靶板MB-2背爆面反射的拉伸应力波能量更大,且其骨料粒径大于靶板MB-1的,导致应力波耗散速率更低,最终表现为靶板MB-2背爆面的开坑深度更大。
配筋可有效抑制钢筋混凝土板在爆炸荷载作用下的整体性开裂与坍塌破坏。针对配筋参数对钢筋混凝土板抗爆性能的调控作用,本研究采用细观数值模拟方法,开展了50 g TNT炸药接触爆炸工况下不同配筋配置靶板的损伤破坏规律研究。模拟所用靶板统一设定为厚度100 mm,混凝土基体细观结构中骨料体积分数为40%,骨料粒径区间为4~40 mm;不同组别靶板的钢筋布置方案存在差异,具体的配筋形式、钢筋间距及布置位置如图21所示。
图22展示了不同钢筋布置下钢筋混凝土靶板内应力波传播,爆炸产生的球形应力波从靶板顶面开始向下传播。由于混凝土属于砂浆基体与骨料颗粒组成的非均质复合材料,当应力波传递至砂浆与骨料的界面时,因2种介质的波阻抗存在明显差异,应力波会产生复杂的动态响应。一部分应力波会绕过骨料颗粒发生衍射,导致波前形态发生扭曲,在骨料后方形成应力扰动的阴影区域。另一部分应力波则在骨料表面发生反射,反射波与入射波相互叠加,进而在骨料表面的局部区域形成应力集中现象。在此阶段,由于应力波尚未传播至钢筋所在位置,钢筋处于应力波的未作用区域,因此钢筋内部未产生明显的轴向应力。
当应力波继续向下传播并接触到钢筋表面时,钢筋与混凝土的波阻抗差异更为显著。这种波阻抗的不匹配会引发应力波的反射与透射行为,一部分应力波被钢筋反射回混凝土内部,另一部分则通过钢筋与混凝土的界面作用传递至钢筋内部,使得钢筋受到轴向的拉伸作用,轴向拉应力由此产生。此时,钢筋开始参与结构受力,其变形与应力状态会进一步影响混凝土的应力分布格局。从压应力峰值的传递规律来看,在低配筋率方案下,钢筋布置对靶板内压应力峰值的传递途径与传播速率并无显著的调控作用。如图23所示,压应力峰值主要沿着垂直方向传递,在极端配筋方案下,钢筋对混凝土的约束或阻碍作用才会对压应力峰值的下降速率产生影响。但从靶板整体的局部破坏形态与破坏程度来看,这种影响并不显著。这是由于爆炸作用下的局部破坏主要与初始应力波的能量大小、集中程度、混凝土靶板强度等因素密切相关,在低炸药量作用下,靶板主要发生开坑损伤与层裂破坏,其局部破坏主要发生在靶板表面与背面,而钢筋主要布置在靶板中央,钢筋尚未能在局部破坏的关键阶段对破坏进程产生决定性干预,即便在极端配筋方案下,其影响的范围或程度也较为有限,因此整体上对靶板的局部破坏没有明显的调控效果。
上述研究表明常规配筋的影响较为微弱,针对这一观点,本文深入探讨了在更大爆炸当量下,钢筋对靶板破坏模式演变及延性耗能机制的影响。靶板的几何参数和配筋方案均与靶板RC-100-1保持一致。如图24所示,随着炸药量的增加,靶板的整体破坏特征发生了转变,由局部的层裂破坏演变为完全的贯穿破坏,且靶板的碎裂程度随之加剧。与之对应,钢筋受力的幅值与范围显著扩大。图25的内能时程曲线表明,在高爆炸荷载作用下,钢筋吸收了更多的爆炸能量。这种显著的能量耗散效应有效抑制了靶板的碎裂进程并缓解了弯曲破坏,从而在极端工况下提升了靶板的结构完整性与抗毁伤能力。
采用定向布置钢筋和随机骨料算法建立了钢筋混凝土三维仿真模型,重点研究了在接触爆炸荷载作用下细观参数对钢筋混凝土靶板动力响应及应力波传播的影响,得到以下结论。
(1)基于钢筋混凝土各组分(骨料、砂浆和钢筋)的材料参数,通过各组分的空间分布特征所建立的细观模型,能准确预测钢筋混凝土板在接触爆炸荷载作用下的动力响应,包括开坑尺寸、开坑深度。同时相较于均质模型仅能模拟应力波理想球面传播的缺陷,细观模型可有效捕捉应力波与细观组分的反射衍射交互作用,更贴合混凝土实际结构特征。
(2)骨料的分布模式及粒径大小,影响应力波传播与能量耗散过程,从而影响混凝土迎爆面开坑和背爆面层裂坑的大小与深度。当骨料粒径沿迎爆面至背爆面方向递减分布时,可实现应力波能量的梯度缓冲与逐步耗散,有效抑制迎爆面开坑扩展及背爆面层裂发展。若骨料粒径呈递增分布,爆炸能量易随粒径增大而集中,加剧表面开坑与内部层裂损伤。粒径方面,小粒径骨料因比表面积大、界面过渡区密集,使拉伸应力波分散耗散,层裂坑呈现浅而广特征,大粒径骨料易引发应力波局域集中,层裂坑表现为深而小形态。
(3)在低炸药量下常规配筋对压应力峰值传递的影响小,即使是极端配筋对压应力峰值下降速率的影响也十分有限。而在高爆炸荷载下钢筋的能量耗散效应有效抑制了靶板的碎裂进程并缓解了弯曲破坏,从而在极端工况下提升了靶板的结构完整性与抗毁伤能力,这表明在抵御超高强度荷载时,盲目增加配筋率对局部损伤调控的贡献较小,建议维持常规设计水平以平衡经济性与防护效率。
值得注意的是本研究仍存在一定的局限性,受限于计算成本与计算时间,模型对骨料与基体间的物理连接进行了简化处理,未显式考虑界面过渡区,这可能对预测细观尺度下的应力演化细节产生一定影响。

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2026年第46卷第9期
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doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0313
  • 接收时间:2025-09-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-09-05
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-28
  • 修回日期:2026-05-12
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    1宁夏大学土木与水利工程学院,宁夏 银川 750021
    2龙岩学院资源工程学院,福建 龙岩 364012
    3江汉大学精细爆破全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430056
    4江汉大学爆破工程湖北省重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430056

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周晓光(1987- ),男,博士,高级工程师,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus
种数
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species
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total species (%)
属
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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