Article(id=1315732135521144950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, issueId=1315732078327616225, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11883/bzycj-2025-0235, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753286400000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-24, revisedDate=1774972800000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791624586229, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1788537600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791624586229, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791624586229, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791624586229, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315732078327616225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, year='2026', volume='46', issue='9', pageStart='091001-1', pageEnd='095402-10', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788537600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-05', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791624572593, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791624783658, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315732963703247483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, issueId=1315732078327616225, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315732963703247484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, issueId=1315732078327616225, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=093302-1, endPage=093302-21, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315732135768608887, articleId=1315732135521144950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, language=EN, title=Tensile-compressive modes and vibration characteristics of penetrating projectile, columnId=1315732120966910956, journalTitle=Explosion and Shock Waves, columnName=Impact Dynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Projectile’s structural vibration during high-speed penetration of hard targets is an important factor causing mixed overload signals and charge’s localized-deformation magnification issues, which restricts the destructive capability of projectiles. To accurately characterize the elastic vibration characteristics of the penetrating projectile, a refined theoretical modal modeling method for the projectile was derived based on the theories of variable cross-section rods. Furthermore, two 30-kg mass projectiles with the same mass and outline but different internal cavity structures were manufactured, together with an even hollow cylindrical bar with the same mass and outer diameter. Using these three structures as examples, theory test and simulation mode analyses were conducted to explore the modal features of the projectile from the perspectives of characteristic frequencies and their corresponding low-order tensile-compressive modes. The structural similarities and differences between projectile and even bar were compared, and the influence of charges on projectile modes was explored. Eventually, the vibration characteristics of the projectile penetrating semi-infinite and multi-layer concrete targets were deduced with the introduction of projectile’s modal characteristics measured separately. Research has shown that the Mindlin-Herrmann rod models have derived similar modal characteristic compared with simulation and test results, while the even bar model shows larger discrepancies. In weak load environments, the charge increases the structural damping, and the higher the modal order of the projectile, the weaker the coupling relationship between the projectile and the charge. However, the applicability of this conclusion in harsh load environments still needs to be explored. The low-order tensile-compressive modes dominate the vibration characteristics of the penetrating projectile, and the deformation and overload distribution are mostly affected by the first-order tensile-compressive mode, while the high-order modes supplement the vibration of the projectile. Benefiting from the variable cross-section effect, projectiles with short and concentrated inner cavities have better anti-vibration characteristics during ideal penetration. Projectile’s vibration characteristics obtained through modal analysis provides more reliable guidance for the design of the projectile-fuse-charge system.

, authors=Baihan CHEN1, Kehui WANG2, Gang ZHOU2, Huihui ZOU2, Shengwei ZHAO2, authorsList=Baihan CHEN, Kehui WANG, Gang ZHOU, Huihui ZOU, Shengwei ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Kehui WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Explosion and Shock Waves, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315732139551871140, articleId=1315732135521144950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, language=CN, title=侵彻弹体的拉压模态与振动特性, columnId=1315732123072451566, journalTitle=爆炸与冲击, columnName=冲击动力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

弹体高速侵彻硬目标时的振动是导致过载信号混杂和装药局部变形放大问题的重要因素,制约了弹体的毁伤能力。为准确表征侵彻弹体的弹性振动特性,基于变截面杆理论推导了弹体的精细化理论模态建模方法,开展了空腔和装药条件下的试验和仿真模态分析,并从特征频率和振型两方面获取了弹体的低阶拉压模态特性,进一步利用模态特性推演了弹体的振动特性。研究表明,等截面杆的预测结果与仿真和试验的偏差较大,而Mindlin-Herrmann杆模型取得了较好的一致性,后者更适合于描述弹体的模态和振动特性。弱载环境中,装药增大了结构阻尼,且弹体模态阶数越高,弹-药的耦合关系越弱,但该结论在强载环境下的适用性还需探究。低阶拉压模态主导了正侵彻弹体的振动特性,弹体的变形和过载分布受一阶拉压模态振型的影响较大,高阶模态对弹体振动起补充作用。受益于变截面效应,内腔短粗且集中的弹体在正侵彻时具有更好的抗振特性。通过拉压模态分析得到的弹体振动特性可为弹体-引信-装药系统的设计提供更可靠的参考。

, authors=陈柏翰1, 王可慧2, 周刚2, 邹慧辉2, 赵生伟2, authorsList=陈柏翰, 王可慧, 周刚, 邹慧辉, 赵生伟, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王可慧, authorNote=

陈柏翰(1999- ),男,博士研究生,

, correspAuthorsNote=
王可慧(1975- ),女,博士,研究员,
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language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Theoretical prediction of the first three order tensile-compressive mode vibration characteristics of the projectile (charge-hollow), figureFileSmall=vQxIcdOG0HWjCLGFtvCjkg==, figureFileBig=kpLJ3RKJIUJKQmktQFyyPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315732144656339172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732135521144950, language=CN, label=图11, caption=弹体前三阶拉压振型理论预测(不装药), figureFileSmall=vQxIcdOG0HWjCLGFtvCjkg==, figureFileBig=kpLJ3RKJIUJKQmktQFyyPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315732144723448037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732135521144950, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Simulation prediction of the first three order tensile-compressive mode vibration characteristics of the projectiles (cross-section, charge-hollow), figureFileSmall=Ak58Az/GNcR/xL2e2WK8wA==, figureFileBig=0Ok1bW0Fs0s2ij8YEl0Z3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315732144803139814, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732135521144950, language=CN, label=图15, caption=试验获得的弹体各阶拉压模态阻尼比, figureFileSmall=rrTs1jHUn6OCiNBsXJVDcg==, figureFileBig=qrrpIx79aWGbI9VI+BgxJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315732145381953774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732135521144950, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Deviation of characteristic frequencies obtained from theory simulation and test (charge-loaded), figureFileSmall=fxZ6iB14+4bonngYOJyGhg==, figureFileBig=Mi7jhV+IMYu6+RppgR1PPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315732145457451247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732135521144950, language=CN, label=图16, caption=理论、仿真与试验获取的特征频率的偏差(装药), figureFileSmall=fxZ6iB14+4bonngYOJyGhg==, figureFileBig=Mi7jhV+IMYu6+RppgR1PPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315732145541337328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732135521144950, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Simulation prediction of the first three order tensile-compressive mode vibration characteristics of the projectiles (cross-section, charge-loaded), figureFileSmall=8GpTxTWTEELrlgzP5vRYEg==, figureFileBig=aiWtDTebZKN7obY1TsF09w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315732145629417713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732135521144950, language=CN, label=图17, caption=仿真预测的弹体前三阶拉压模态振型(装药,剖视图), figureFileSmall=8GpTxTWTEELrlgzP5vRYEg==, figureFileBig=aiWtDTebZKN7obY1TsF09w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315732145688137970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732135521144950, language=EN, label=Fig.18, caption=Relationship between the different types of modal orders and frequencies in the simulation (diamond scatter stands for first three order tensile-compressive modes), figureFileSmall=+W5q/Kt2LdOEeJnJEQ+mKw==, figureFileBig=N39waUbDoMpZJz3ei/Ah1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315732145755246835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732135521144950, language=CN, label=图18, caption=仿真中的各类型模态阶数与频率的关系(菱形代表前三阶拉压模态), figureFileSmall=+W5q/Kt2LdOEeJnJEQ+mKw==, figureFileBig=N39waUbDoMpZJz3ei/Ah1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315732145834938612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732135521144950, language=EN, label=Fig.19, caption=The first three order tensile-compressive vibration characteristics of the projectile obtained from theory, simulation and test (charge-loaded)., figureFileSmall=e0tt1C7Wya9TqsudROJ1XA==, figureFileBig=OOQrHJ78asZLgRF7mtNPRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315732145918824693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732135521144950, language=CN, label=图19, caption=理论、仿真和试验给出的装药弹体前三阶拉压振型, figureFileSmall=e0tt1C7Wya9TqsudROJ1XA==, 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initial velocity of 800 m/s, figureFileSmall=r+RBrTM1+cPAOD/RbRQSZQ==, figureFileBig=1R7hsOHIG/eMZA4sHYoZ5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315732146258563321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732135521144950, language=CN, label=图21, caption=弹体Ⅰ以800 m/s初速度侵彻靶板后典型时刻的各截面轴向和径向应变, figureFileSmall=r+RBrTM1+cPAOD/RbRQSZQ==, figureFileBig=1R7hsOHIG/eMZA4sHYoZ5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315732146325672186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732135521144950, language=EN, label=Fig.22, caption=Overload peak and vibration index of each section after the projectiles penetrating different targets at an initial velocity of 800 m/s, figureFileSmall=uLCCHakycb/SkUCrZ1/q1A==, figureFileBig=+o0DEQEq+kKWm59CAPg07A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315732146380198139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732135521144950, language=CN, label=图22, caption=弹体以800 m/s初速度侵彻不同靶板后各截面的过载极值和震荡指数, figureFileSmall=uLCCHakycb/SkUCrZ1/q1A==, figureFileBig=+o0DEQEq+kKWm59CAPg07A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315732146438918396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732135521144950, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Geometric characteristics of the projectiles

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
弹体直径/mm长度/mm壁厚/mm头部曲径比内腔长度/mm内腔曲径比
Ⅰ118.13590.6327.793442.953.78
Ⅱ118.13590.6323.633342.381
), ArticleFig(id=1315732146501832957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732135521144950, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

弹体几何特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
弹体直径/mm长度/mm壁厚/mm头部曲径比内腔长度/mm内腔曲径比
Ⅰ118.13590.6327.793442.953.78
Ⅱ118.13590.6323.633342.381
), ArticleFig(id=1315732146594107646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732135521144950, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Physical characteristics of the penetrating projectiles

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构材料密度/(kg·m−3)杨氏模量/GPa泊松比质量/kg
壳体45钢7816.7209.50.26933.27
尾盖铝合金2700700.330.54
模拟装药细沙&石蜡190010.32.10
), ArticleFig(id=1315732146694770943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732135521144950, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

侵彻弹体的物理特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构材料密度/(kg·m−3)杨氏模量/GPa泊松比质量/kg
壳体45钢7816.7209.50.26933.27
尾盖铝合金2700700.330.54
模拟装药细沙&石蜡190010.32.10
), ArticleFig(id=1315732146757685504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732135521144950, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

The first three order tensile-compressive characteristic frequencies of the calibrator obtained by different methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态阶数特征频率/kHz仿真-试验相对误差/%理论-试验相对误差/%
试验仿真理论
一4.3714.3714.38300.3
二8.6528.6498.7650.031.3
三12.52812.57413.1480.45.0
), ArticleFig(id=1315732146820600065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732135521144950, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同方法得到的校准件前三阶拉压特征频率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态阶数特征频率/kHz仿真-试验相对误差/%理论-试验相对误差/%
试验仿真理论
一4.3714.3714.38300.3
二8.6528.6498.7650.031.3
三12.52812.57413.1480.45.0
), ArticleFig(id=1315732146933846274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732135521144950, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

The first three order tensile-compressive characteristic frequencies of the projectiles obtained by different methods (charge-hollow)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
弹体模态阶数特征频率/kHz
等截面杆理论经典变截面杆理论MH理论仿真试验(轴向)试验(径向)
Ⅰ一4.3834.8464.8384.8084.9304.924
二8.7659.9809.9059.7129.8279.864
三13.14814.73714.50113.90314.04213.996
Ⅱ一4.3834.8274.8184.7524.7514.779
二8.76510.24810.1669.96310.12710.181
三13.14814.24514.04113.37913.52213.540
), ArticleFig(id=1315732147034509571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732135521144950, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同方法得到的弹体前三阶拉压特征频率(不装药)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
弹体模态阶数特征频率/kHz
等截面杆理论经典变截面杆理论MH理论仿真试验(轴向)试验(径向)
Ⅰ一4.3834.8464.8384.8084.9304.924
二8.7659.9809.9059.7129.8279.864
三13.14814.73714.50113.90314.04213.996
Ⅱ一4.3834.8274.8184.7524.7514.779
二8.76510.24810.1669.96310.12710.181
三13.14814.24514.04113.37913.52213.540
), ArticleFig(id=1315732147101618436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732135521144950, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

The first three order tensile-compressive characteristic frequencies of the projectiles with different methods (charge-loaded)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
弹体模态阶数特征频率/kHz
等截面杆理论经典变截面杆理论MH理论仿真试验(轴向)试验(径向)
Ⅰ一4.3834.7444.7364.6354.725
二8.7659.7039.6359.7099.8209.903
三13.14814.35014.13513.56713.98014.047
Ⅱ一4.3834.6894.6824.4994.555
二8.7659.8939.8209.86210.14110.212
三13.14813.88513.69713.34213.51113.581
), ArticleFig(id=1315732147349082373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732135521144950, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同方法得到的弹体前三阶拉压特征频率(装药)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
弹体模态阶数特征频率/kHz
等截面杆理论经典变截面杆理论MH理论仿真试验(轴向)试验(径向)
Ⅰ一4.3834.7444.7364.6354.725
二8.7659.7039.6359.7099.8209.903
三13.14814.35014.13513.56713.98014.047
Ⅱ一4.3834.6894.6824.4994.555
二8.7659.8939.8209.86210.14110.212
三13.14813.88513.69713.34213.51113.581
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侵彻弹体的拉压模态与振动特性
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陈柏翰 1 , 王可慧 2 , 周刚 2 , 邹慧辉 2 , 赵生伟 2
爆炸与冲击 | 冲击动力学 2026,46(9): 093302-1-093302-21
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爆炸与冲击 |冲击动力学 2026 , 46 (9) : 093302-1 -093302-21
侵彻弹体的拉压模态与振动特性
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陈柏翰1 , 王可慧2 , 周刚2, 邹慧辉2, 赵生伟2
作者信息
  • 1清华大学工程物理系,北京 100084
  • 2西北核技术研究所,陕西 西安 710024
通讯作者:
王可慧(1975- ),女,博士,研究员,
作者简介:

陈柏翰(1999- ),男,博士研究生,

Tensile-compressive modes and vibration characteristics of penetrating projectile
Baihan CHEN1 , Kehui WANG2 , Gang ZHOU2, Huihui ZOU2, Shengwei ZHAO2
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 2Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi’an 710024, Shaanxi, China
出版时间: 2026-09-05 doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0235
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弹体高速侵彻硬目标时的振动是导致过载信号混杂和装药局部变形放大问题的重要因素,制约了弹体的毁伤能力。为准确表征侵彻弹体的弹性振动特性,基于变截面杆理论推导了弹体的精细化理论模态建模方法,开展了空腔和装药条件下的试验和仿真模态分析,并从特征频率和振型两方面获取了弹体的低阶拉压模态特性,进一步利用模态特性推演了弹体的振动特性。研究表明,等截面杆的预测结果与仿真和试验的偏差较大,而Mindlin-Herrmann杆模型取得了较好的一致性,后者更适合于描述弹体的模态和振动特性。弱载环境中,装药增大了结构阻尼,且弹体模态阶数越高,弹-药的耦合关系越弱,但该结论在强载环境下的适用性还需探究。低阶拉压模态主导了正侵彻弹体的振动特性,弹体的变形和过载分布受一阶拉压模态振型的影响较大,高阶模态对弹体振动起补充作用。受益于变截面效应,内腔短粗且集中的弹体在正侵彻时具有更好的抗振特性。通过拉压模态分析得到的弹体振动特性可为弹体-引信-装药系统的设计提供更可靠的参考。

硬目标侵彻  /  弹体结构响应  /  模态分析  /  振动特性  /  阻尼

Projectile’s structural vibration during high-speed penetration of hard targets is an important factor causing mixed overload signals and charge’s localized-deformation magnification issues, which restricts the destructive capability of projectiles. To accurately characterize the elastic vibration characteristics of the penetrating projectile, a refined theoretical modal modeling method for the projectile was derived based on the theories of variable cross-section rods. Furthermore, two 30-kg mass projectiles with the same mass and outline but different internal cavity structures were manufactured, together with an even hollow cylindrical bar with the same mass and outer diameter. Using these three structures as examples, theory test and simulation mode analyses were conducted to explore the modal features of the projectile from the perspectives of characteristic frequencies and their corresponding low-order tensile-compressive modes. The structural similarities and differences between projectile and even bar were compared, and the influence of charges on projectile modes was explored. Eventually, the vibration characteristics of the projectile penetrating semi-infinite and multi-layer concrete targets were deduced with the introduction of projectile’s modal characteristics measured separately. Research has shown that the Mindlin-Herrmann rod models have derived similar modal characteristic compared with simulation and test results, while the even bar model shows larger discrepancies. In weak load environments, the charge increases the structural damping, and the higher the modal order of the projectile, the weaker the coupling relationship between the projectile and the charge. However, the applicability of this conclusion in harsh load environments still needs to be explored. The low-order tensile-compressive modes dominate the vibration characteristics of the penetrating projectile, and the deformation and overload distribution are mostly affected by the first-order tensile-compressive mode, while the high-order modes supplement the vibration of the projectile. Benefiting from the variable cross-section effect, projectiles with short and concentrated inner cavities have better anti-vibration characteristics during ideal penetration. Projectile’s vibration characteristics obtained through modal analysis provides more reliable guidance for the design of the projectile-fuse-charge system.

hard target penetration  /  projectile structural response  /  modal analysis  /  vibration characteristics  /  damping
陈柏翰, 王可慧, 周刚, 邹慧辉, 赵生伟. 侵彻弹体的拉压模态与振动特性. 爆炸与冲击, 2026 , 46 (9) : 093302-1 -093302-21 . DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0235
Baihan CHEN, Kehui WANG, Gang ZHOU, Huihui ZOU, Shengwei ZHAO. Tensile-compressive modes and vibration characteristics of penetrating projectile[J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2026 , 46 (9) : 093302-1 -093302-21 . DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0235
侵彻弹体在打击地下坚固目标和建筑物中发挥了重要作用。近年来,随着侵彻速度的提高,弹体振动引发的问题日益突出,典型问题如引信过载信号混杂而无法精准起爆[1]以及侵彻振动环境诱导下装药被提前引燃[2]等,最终导致弹体的毁伤效果受限。因此,研究弹体在侵彻过程中的振动特性具有重要意义。
在弹体过载信号的相关研究中,孙桂娟等[3]指出,侵彻弹体振动以及传感器连接结构振动构成了弹体过载信号中的高频成分,并导致信号幅值失真。王世虎[4]针对过载信号的弹体振动成分开展研究,在理论推导中将弹体简化为细长等截面杆,并对弹体进行试验和仿真模态分析,揭示了过载信号的弹体振动成分中一阶拉压模态特征频率的主导特性。目前,对过载信号进行处理时常用低通滤波法,其核心即为将弹体一阶拉压模态的特征频率作为低通滤波截止频率,从而滤去弹体振动信号以及更高频的成分[5-9]。此外,也存在若干利用弹体结构振动对过载信号进行反演、预测的工作。为尽可能准确估计弹体关键截面的过载幅值,徐文峥等[10]利用等截面杆模型分析了弹体模态,并给出了其受均布冲击载荷时的过载分布。卢玉斌等[11]总结了多种弹体过载特性模型,发现准确的弹体结构振动信号构建是预测过载信号的关键。王成华等[12]在斜侵彻场景中将弹体视为均质梁,利用模态分解方法补偿了弹体过载信号。Yan等[13]考虑几何缩比下弹体过载信号的变化,通过重构并滤去过载的弹体结构振动信号实现了缩比下刚体减速度的一致性。马孟新等[14]和Yu等[15]利用应力波补偿方法将弹体振动从过载信号中剔除,从而提高了弹体侵彻多层靶时碰靶和出靶等目标特征的识别率。因此,对过载信号的准确处理要求对弹体结构振动特性的准确把握,而对弹体的模态分析是研究的关键。
在装药安定性的相关研究中,王宁[16]和李彦超[17]通过试验和仿真发现装药受到弹体结构振动的影响,其中后部出现了明显的拉压交替作用,并与弹体的径向变形耦合。张萌昭等[18]对侵彻多层板过程中装药的损伤开展了试验和仿真研究,发现不同部位装药的受力环境差异较大,且损伤由振动诱发,而非冲击载荷直接引起。因此,众多研究聚焦于在弹体内添加缓冲结构,通过隔振减小装药损伤[19-22]。此外,也存在若干关于装药结构响应的机理研究。周霖等[23]基于单自由度受迫振动模型构建了装药的瞬态响应计算方法,并总结了抗过载判据。梁君等[2, 24]将侵彻环境简化为隔板-间隙结构,并通过施加类侵彻阻力的外载研究了装药的结构响应,发现装药结构具有非线性振动特性,且在较低幅值的振动载荷下产生局部变形放大,从而诱发不安定。后续通过仿真和振动台试验复现了装药的局部变形放大现象[25],并在侵彻试验中进一步验证了该结论[26]。仲苏洋等[27]和何杨等[28]设计了多脉冲加载下考核装药非线性放大效应的实验和理论方法,发现载荷加载频率与装药固有频率接近是引起局部变形放大的主要原因。因此,弹体结构振动特性是装药安定性评估的关键输入,而弹体-装药的接触关系以及模态耦合是研究的关键。
本文将继承上述研究中对弹体结构振动的研究方法,并着重于证实理论、试验和仿真模态方法的统一性。在以往等截面杆模型的基础上,尝试利用变截面杆模型更精准地描述弹体模态和振动特性,进一步通过试验和仿真模态分析探究内腔结构以及装药对弹体振动特性的影响,最后推导侵彻弹体的振动变形、应力和过载分布特性,以期为弹引系统和装药结构的设计提供参考。
正侵彻时,弹体受对称侵彻阻力,其结构响应形式以拉压为主,可用杆模型加以描述。以往研究常将弹体简化为等截面杆,并直接导出其模态特性[10,14-15]。设杆长为L,壳体材料密度为ρ,杨氏模量为E,则其n(n=1,2,···)阶空间振型函数φn和特征频率fn为:
$ {\varphi }_{n}(x)=\cos \left(n{\text{π}} \frac{x}{L}\right),\;\;\;\;\;\;{f}_{n}=\frac{n}{2l}\sqrt{\frac{E}{\rho }}\;\;\;\;\;\;n=1,2,\cdots $
弹体外壳和内腔均存在变截面结构,因此,变截面杆模型可更好地还原弹体结构。变截面杆模型包括经典变截面杆、Love杆、Rayleigh-Bishop杆、Mindlin-Herrmann杆以及多模态杆模型等,已有众多关于上述模型波导特性的研究[29-31]。本研究选择其中被广泛检验的经典变截面杆和Mindlin-Herrmann杆模型(MH杆模型)。在经典变截面杆理论中,剪切变形被忽略,杆仅有轴向位移自由度u。在弹性本构下,其动力学方程为:
$ \rho A\frac{\partial^2u}{\partial t^2}-\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\left(EA\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}\right)-p=0 $
式中:A为截面面积,p为加载在杆上的轴向线载荷。
Mindlin-Herrmann杆理论则假设杆上任意截面的径向应变ψ都是对称的,并且与轴向位移u没有直接关系。其动力学方程为:
$\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} \rho A\dfrac{\partial^2u}{\partial t^2}-\dfrac{\partial}{\partial x}\left[\left(2\mu+\lambda\right)A\dfrac{\partial u}{\partial x}\right]-\dfrac{\partial}{\partial x}\left(2\lambda A\psi\right)=p \\ \rho I\dfrac{\partial^2\psi}{\partial t^2}+4\left(\mu+\lambda\right)A\psi-\dfrac{\partial}{\partial x}\left(\mu I\dfrac{\partial\psi}{\partial x}\right)+2\lambda A\dfrac{\partial u}{\partial x}=Rq\end{array}\right. $
式中:λ、μ均为Lamé常数,q为加载在杆上的径向线载荷,R为该横截面的最大半径。
与等截面杆模型不同,由于侵彻弹体的刚度和质量分布难以解析表达,变截面杆模型的模态和振动特性需要利用有限元方法求解。设M、K、P为结构的质量矩阵、刚度矩阵和载荷向量,则变截面杆的有限元形式的动力学方程为:
$ \boldsymbol{M}\boldsymbol{\ddot{u}}+\boldsymbol{K}\boldsymbol{u}-\boldsymbol{P}=\mathbf{0} $
式(2)~(3)可改写为有限元单元形式[32],进一步排列得到对应的结构质量矩阵M和刚度矩阵K,并求出满足下式的n阶空间振型向量${\boldsymbol{\varphi}}_n $和n阶特征频率fn:
$ \left[\boldsymbol{K}-\left(2\text{π}f_n\right)^2\boldsymbol{M}\right]\boldsymbol{\varphi}_n=\boldsymbol{0} $
以上给出了等截面杆和典型变截面杆模型的模态特性求解方法。获取弹体的模态特性后,可进一步求解其侵彻瞬态响应。由于侵彻载荷的时空分布难以解析表达,弹体瞬态响应的求解需使用一维有限元方法,此时等截面杆模型也需基于式(4)进行改进。对于杆的有限元模型,其节点位移向量u均可分解为${\boldsymbol{\varphi}}_n $和振型坐标qn(t)的组合形式:
$ \boldsymbol{u}(t)=\sum \limits_{n=1}^{N}\boldsymbol{\varphi}_nq_n(t) $
式中:N为单元数,qn满足振型动力学方程:
$ \ddot{q}_n(t)+2\xi_n\left(2\text{π}f_n\right)\dot{q}_n(t)+\left(2\text{π}f_n\right)^2q_n(t)=\frac{\boldsymbol{P}(t)\cdot\boldsymbol{\varphi}_n}{(\boldsymbol{\rho A})\cdot\boldsymbol{\varphi}_n^2} $
式中:ξn为n阶阻尼系数,ρA为材料面密度分布向量。为方便不同振型间的比较,将式(7)中的振型归一化:
$ ({\boldsymbol{\rho A}})\cdot {{\boldsymbol{\varphi}} }_{n}^{2}\triangleq {m}_{0}\;\;\;\;\;\;n=1,2,\cdots $
结合式(7)~(8),在不考虑塑性时,qn(t)可直接由Duhamel积分求解[33]:
$ q_n(t)=\frac{\boldsymbol{\varphi}_n}{m_02\text{π}f_n\sqrt{1-\xi_n^2}} \cdot \int_0^t\boldsymbol{P}(\tau)\text{e}^{-2\text{π}\xi_nf_n(t-\tau)}\sin\left[2\text{π}f_n\sqrt{1-\xi_n^2}(t-\tau)\right]\text{d}\tau $
式中:阻尼振动频率为$ {f}_{n}\sqrt{1-\xi _{n}^{2}} $。式(9)表明,在小阻尼情况下,qn(t)的幅值取决于载荷向量P(τ)的主频成分:若载荷的主频与fn接近,则载荷与该振型接近共振,qn(t)的幅值较大;反之,若载荷的主频与fn偏离,则qn(t)的幅值较小。因此,瞬态响应分析的关键是寻找与载荷主频接近的特征频率和对应的振型。
考虑弹体侵彻多层建筑靶的工况。设靶的间距为H,侵彻速度为v(忽略速度降幅),靶的厚度为h,则载荷形式可简化为:
$ F(t)=\left\{ \begin{array}{ll}0 \;\;\;& 0{\text{≤}}{\mathrm{rem}}\left(t\text{,}\dfrac{H}{v}\right){<}\dfrac{H-h}{v} \\ F_0 \;\;\;& \dfrac{H-h}{v}{\text{≤}}{\mathrm{rem}}\left(t\text{,}\dfrac{H}{v}\right){\text{<}}\dfrac{H}{v}\end{array}\right. $
式中:rem(t, H/v)表示t对H/v的余数。对式(10)进行Fourier变换,可得:
$ F(f)={F}_{0}\left[\frac{2{\text{π}} h}{H}\delta (f)-\sum \limits_{n=-\mathrm{\infty },\;n\neq 0}^{+\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{1}{n}\sin \left(2n{\text{π}} \frac{h}{H}\right)\delta \left(f-\frac{nv}{H}\right)\right] $
式中:h/H为小量,δ(f)为Dirac函数。易证载荷主频f1P = v/H,且高阶频率随阶数的增大以1/n的规律衰减。将载荷主频f1P与依据式(1)估计的弹体一阶频率f1相除,可得:
$ \frac{f_{1P}}{f_1}=\frac{2lv}{Hc} $
式中:c为壳体材料的应力波波速。对于典型工况,l/H<1,v/c<1/2,则f1P/f1<1。因此,弹体侵彻多层靶时,载荷主频通常小于弹体的一阶特征频率。这也表明:模态阶数越低,其对弹体瞬态响应的影响越大;对低阶模态进行分析足以揭示弹体的瞬态响应特征。
对于侵彻厚靶和半无限靶的工况,其载荷作用时间比多层靶侵彻工况更长、载荷峰值升降也更缓,因此,其载荷主频相比多层靶侵彻工况的载荷主频更低,上述推论同样成立。
弹体在侵彻过程中易出现局部塑性,此时式(9)不成立,而需实时求解其模态和特征频率,可将式(9)改为累加格式,具体过程较为繁杂,可参考骞朋波等[34]的研究。然而,Chen等[32]的研究表明,若塑性是局部的,且塑性区存在时间较短,则塑性对整体侵彻过程中弹体振动的影响较小,弹体振动的基本性质不变。因此,在广泛的侵彻工况下,弹体振动由其低阶振动模态主导。后续将对弹体的低阶振动模态进行详细分析,并导出若干初步结论。
为探究变截面杆模型在侵彻工况下的适用性以及内腔结构对弹体模态和振动的影响,设计了2枚简化缩比弹体(弹体Ⅰ和弹体Ⅱ)以及用于校准壳体材料参数的校准件,进一步通过试验、仿真和理论模态分析获取其低阶振动模态,并进行比较分析。2种弹体的外型相同,壳体质量均为33.27 kg,装药后的总质量均为35.91 kg。在内腔体积相同的情况下,二者的内腔结构不同:弹体Ⅰ的内腔细长、壁厚较厚,而弹体Ⅱ的内腔短粗且集中,壁厚较薄。弹体构型如图1所示,几何特征如表1所示。此外,为方便产生激励信号,弹体头部具有7.5 mm直径的平台。校准件则为长590.63 mm、外径118.13 mm、内径69.25 mm的空心圆柱筒,其质量与弹体壳体相同。
弹体由3部分结构构成:壳体、尾盖和模拟装药。壳体和尾盖采用M82.5的螺纹连接,模拟装药在研究初期不装填。弹体Ⅰ和Ⅱ的物理特征均如表2所示。校准件的材料与弹体壳体相同。
其中,45钢的杨氏模量由试验模态分析获得。基于表1~2所示的弹体几何物理特征构建了弹体质量、刚度、转动惯量等参数沿轴线的分布,进而基于前文所述的变截面杆有限元建模方法完成了弹体的理论建模,获取了结构质量矩阵M和刚度矩阵K,最终得到弹体前三阶模态特性。经鲁棒性检验,最终选择单元数量为800(沿轴线均匀分布)。
试验模态分析环境如图2所示,主要由试验件、力锤、加速度传感器、数据采集器和上位机构成。在将弹体悬挂并使其保持静止后,使用力锤锤击弹体头部平台,力锤输出实时压力,同时弹体表面的加速度传感器输出实时加速度。力锤主体为压电式力传感器,量程为2 kN,灵敏度为2.54 pC/N,经阻抗变换器后接入数据采集器。共设置5个IEPE式加速度传感器,量程为500 m/s2,灵敏度约为9.85 mV/(m·s−2)(不同传感器略有不同)。传感器标准频率响应范围为1~10 kHz,但在20 kHz内仍具有较平稳的幅频响应曲线。数据采集器开启6通道,采样频率设为51.2 kHz,其输入端连接力锤和加速度计连接线,输出端通过网线连接记录压力-加速度响应信号的上位机。
在弹体距离尾部5、15、25、35和45 cm处用302胶粘接底面为弧面、表面为平面的五向测座。校准件表面采用同样的粘接工艺,且位于距离端面5 cm处。校准件与弹体的测前状态如图3所示。
在正式试验时,加速度计通过五向测座与校准件或弹体连接。利用松软的橡皮绳将校准件和弹体分别悬垂于挂弹架上,保持自由状态。对于校准件,锤击其远离加速度计的端面;对于弹体,则锤击其头部平台。传感器的安装有2种模式:平行或垂直于弹体轴线,试验中先后采取了这2种安装方式,以综合评价弹体的轴向和径向振动特性。安装传感器后,弹体在测试中的状态如图4所示。
每次试验均获取了J组锤击-响应信号(J>50),并用于求解频率响应函数(frequency response function,FRF)和前三阶拉压模态。具体地,对测得锤击-响应信号施加长度为2 s的力窗,确保窗沿处的压力和加速度信号均接近零。进一步对信号进行快速傅里叶变换(fast Fourier transform,FFT),获得压力频域信号F(f)和加速度频域信号ak(f),并获得单点、单次测试的FRF:
$ H_{a_{kj}F_j}(f)=\frac{G_{a_{kj}F_j}(f)}{G_{F_jF_j}(f)}=\frac{a_{kj}(f) F_j^*(f)}{F_j(f) F_j^*(f)}\;\;\;\;\;\;k=1,2,3,4,5;\;j=1,2,\cdots, J $
式中:下标k代表测点的空间位置,下标j代表测量的次序,“*”代表共轭。为减小干扰,对多次测量获得的FRF做平均处理:
$ {H}_{{{a}_{k}}F}(f)=\frac{1}{J}\sum \limits_{j=1}^{J}{H}_{{{a}_{kj}}{{F}_{j}}}(f)\;\;\;\;\;\;k=1,2,3,4,5 $
令ω=2πf,将FRF改写为复变函数形式,并依据Prony方法[35-36]对指定频率范围的FRF进行拟合,得到式(15)所示的最佳表达:
$ {H}_{{{a}_{k}}F}(\omega )={C}_{1}+\sum \limits_{n=1}^{N}\frac{{}_{n}R{}_{{{a}_{k}}F}}{\text{i}\omega -{s}_{n}}+\frac{{}_{n}R_{{a}_{k}F}^{*}}{\text{i}\omega -s_{n}^{*}}+\frac{{C}_{2}}{\text{i}\omega }+\frac{{C}_{3}}{{(\text{i}\omega )}^{2}} $
式中:C1、C2、C3为常数,i为虚数单位,下标n代表模态阶数,$ {}_{n}R{}_{{{a}_{k}}F} $为n阶模态在测点k处的留数,sn为的n阶模态极点。最终可得试验模态分析获得的n阶特征频率exp fn、阻尼比expξn和振型expφn:
$ \begin{split}&{}_{\exp }f{}_{n}=\frac{\mathrm{Im}\left({s}_{n}\right)}{2{\text{π}} },\;\;\;\;\;\;{}_{\exp }\xi {}_{n}=-\frac{\mathrm{Re}\left({s}_{n}\right)}{\left| {s}_{n}\right| },\;\;\;\;\;\;{}_{\exp }\mathbf{\varphi }{}_{n}={\left[{}_{n}R{}_{{{a}_{1}}F},{}_{n}R{}_{{{a}_{2}}F},{}_{n}R{}_{{{a}_{3}}F},{}_{n}R{}_{{{a}_{4}}F},{}_{n}R{}_{{{a}_{5}}F}\right]}^\text{T}\end{split} $
在前三阶拉压模态特征频率范围内对FRF进行拟合,并识别突出模态。最终筛选出阻尼比低、单根且留数相位接近0°或180°的模态,并与理论和仿真获得的前三阶拉压模态对比。
仿真模态分析使用商业有限元模态分析软件进行。弹体的几何特征和物理特征分别如表1~2所示。校准件网格类型为六面体,弹体网格类型为四面体。经鲁棒性检验,最终选择网格大小为4 mm。校准件和弹体的网格状态如图5所示。
校准件和弹体保持自由,均不施加边界条件,弹体、壳体和尾盖均采用绑定接触。设置初步仿真不装药,后续仿真装药进行对比。最终筛选以轴向拉压变形为主、径向变形对称的模态,并与理论及试验获得的前三阶拉压模态对比。
为提高后续特征频率分析的准确性,首先对校准件进行试验模态分析,获取校准后的45钢的杨氏模量。采集的典型校准件锤击-响应信号及其FRF幅值曲线如图6所示。
从多次测量获取的平均FRF曲线中提取校准件的前三阶拉压模态,并在仿真中通过调整45钢的杨氏模量获得尽可能与试验接近的特征频率。试验获取、并通过仿真拟合得到的最佳杨氏模量为209.5 GPa。此外,校准件为均匀圆柱筒,式(1)所示的等截面杆理论也有一定适用性。因此,将试验、仿真和理论给出的前三阶特征频率一并列出进行对比并计算相对误差,如表3所示。
仿真得到的校准件前三阶拉压模态振型如图7所示,其中着色代表无量纲的整体位移|Δu|。表3结果表明,试验和仿真结果的对应性较好,而校准件的二阶、三阶特征频率与一维等截面杆理论的预测值差距较大。结合图7分析,在轴向位移之外,校准件的二阶、三阶模态均存在较大幅度的径向位移,且模态阶数越高,径向位移的相对幅度越大。一维等截面杆理论忽略了径向位移对振型的贡献,导致其高阶模态预测不准确。
对不装药的弹体,试验采集的典型锤击-响应信号如图8所示。经过多次测量(次数>50)后得到的弹体Ⅰ和弹体Ⅱ的平均FRF幅值曲线如图9所示。
图8表明,锤击的压力时程仍表现为瞬态单峰。然而,相对于校准件响应信号,弹体响应信号的衰减更快,弹体结构回归稳态也更快,表现出因截面非均匀变化而产生的结构性阻尼。此外,图9中各阶模态所占频宽也大于图8中的模态频宽,进一步证明了结构性阻尼的存在。图9也表明,对同一种弹体,非节点位置的测点均能提供一致的特征频率和不同的响应幅值。弹体的一阶拉压模态约为5 kHz,此处各测点的径向振幅均远小于轴向振幅,因此从径向测试中获取弹体的一阶振型较为困难。同时,弹体的二、三阶拉压模态在10~15 kHz范围内,此处各测点的轴向和径向振幅均较大,但存在模态间的耦合。因此,不能直接从FRF峰值读出特征频率和振型,而应通过拟合FRF、导出极点和留数的方式获取模态。
在利用Prony方法获取试验模态后,进一步基于表1~2所示的弹体几何物理特征进行了理论和仿真分析,得到弹体Ⅰ和弹体Ⅱ的前三阶拉压特征频率如表4所示。
表4结果表明,试验中不同方向获取的特征频率略有偏差(最大为0.59%),为测座连接方式和传感器的附加质量导致。取轴向和径向特征频率的平均值作为试验获取的最终特征频率,并将其与理论、仿真结果进行比较,计算相对误差,如图10所示。
图10表明,3种理论在预测特征频率时均具有“低阶偏低、高阶偏高”的偏差趋势,且综合表现上MH杆理论优于经典变截面杆理论,等截面杆理论最差。变截面杆理论之间的差异不大,而等截面杆与变截面杆理论有显著差别。弹体的变截面特性显著影响其低阶特征频率,忽视这一特性将导致特征频率误差接近15%。仿真获得的特征频率则相较于试验值统一偏低,具体原因需结合振型说明。
在振型对比上,首先从3种理论中导出各阶振型对应的弹体外轮廓变形,将其归一化后进行比较,如图11所示。值得注意的是,图11(a)、(c)中经典变截面杆理论和MH理论的轴向振型曲线基本重合:这两种变截面杆模型以类似的方式描述弹体的轴向变截面特性。此外,与特征频率的情况类似,等截面杆与变截面杆模型间再次出现了较大差异,且模态阶数越高,两者的差异越大。最后,图11(b)、(d)还表明,等截面杆理论和经典变截面杆理论的径向振型均为零,而这是由两者对截面径向变形的忽视导致的。综合来看,MH杆模型能展示弹体的变截面效应,并可同时预测弹体轴向、径向振型,是3种理论模型中最完善的模型。
仿真预测的振型如图12所示,弹体局部发生了非平面位移,且阶数越高,位移越显著。杆理论假设杆沿轴截面不发生非平面变化,但弹体为三维实体,其局部变形模式使得弹体变形能降低,结构更易与低频振动耦合。对局部变形模式的忽略将导致理论预测的特征频率偏高,而对局部变形模式的高估将导致仿真预测的特征频率偏低。
将MH杆理论模型、仿真和试验导出的弹体振型(由测点位移构成)进行比较,如图13所示。其中,振型无量纲,每种方法均对应一个轴向和径向位移统一适用的振型缩放因子。
图13表明,试验获取的轴向振型与理论和仿真符合较好,且阶数越低,不同方法间的一致性越好。试验获取的径向振型与理论和仿真的预测趋势基本一致,但振幅差距较大:仿真预测的振幅明显偏大,MH杆模型的振幅居中,但仍大于试验结果导出的振幅。上述现象表明,弹体低阶拉压模态以轴向变形为主,3种方法均能给出较准确的预测结果。弹体拉压模态中存在不可忽略的径向变形,试验中可能因传感器本身灵敏度不够、胶粘连接不当等因素而测得偏小的振幅,理论和仿真中也存在因局部变形模式估计不当导致的振幅偏差,但不同方法获取的振型整体趋势一致,仍表明了弹体拉压模态的存在性和3种方法的有效性。
图11、图13体现了不同弹体的模态差异:一阶轴向振型中,弹体Ⅰ弹头处的变形量与弹尾接近,而弹体Ⅱ弹头处的变形量较弹尾处更小;二阶轴向振型中,弹体Ⅰ弹尾、弹身中部和弹头处的变形量接近,而弹体Ⅱ弹尾、弹身中部的变形量小于弹头处。上述现象由内腔结构导致:弹体Ⅰ的内腔更细长均匀,其轴向刚度分布更接近等截面杆,因此其模态也近似于等截面杆;弹体Ⅱ的内腔短粗且集中,其变截面特性更突出,弹头处的刚度显著偏大,导致其低阶模态更偏离等截面杆的结果。下文将进一步说明模态差异导致的振动特性差异。
对于装药弹体,试验采集的典型锤击-响应信号与图8类似。经过多次测量(次数>50)后得到的弹体平均FRF幅值曲线如图14所示。
对比图14与图9发现:轴向测试获取的装药弹体一阶拉压频率降低,且带宽变宽;二、三阶拉压频率位置基本不变,但仍存在不同模态间的杂糅;径向测试中装药弹体的一阶特征已被噪声淹没,无法识别,而二、三阶模态仍有较清晰峰值,可进行解耦分析。进一步提取了装药弹体的前三阶拉压模态。在导出试验模态数据中,阻尼的变化尤为显著。将装药状态下弹体的各阶阻尼比与不装药状态下进行对比,其结果如图15所示。
图15表明,模态阶数越低,其阻尼比越高。装药导致弹体Ⅰ的阻尼显著升高,弹体Ⅱ的阻尼也略有升高。进一步将试验获得的前三阶特征频率列出,将其与理论和仿真的预测值进行对比,如表5所示。
表5表明,试验中不同方向获取的二、三阶特征频率略有偏差(最大为0.83%),仍较为接近。列出理论、仿真以及不装药时的试验获得的特征频率与装药时的试验特征频率的相对偏差,如图16所示。等截面杆模型再次表现出最大误差,而2种变截面杆理论模型的预测结果相近,总误差上MH杆略优,与试验值的偏差在±4%以内。仿真获得的特征频率较试验值均偏低。值得注意的是,理论和仿真分析中均假设装药外表面与壳体内腔固定接触,而实际连接关系更为复杂。对壳体-装药接触关系的不准确估计是导致建模与实际出现偏差的重要原因。理论获取的各阶模态振型与图11类似,不再列出。
然而,仿真中前三阶拉压模态的振型以及拉压模态在所有模态中的位置均发生了较大变化,如图17~18所示。图17表明:对于一阶模态,装药导致特征频率降低;对于二、三阶模态,装药对特征频率的影响甚微。该现象的具体原因需结合振型说明。此外,在壳体展现低阶模态时,装药已进入高阶变形模式,随着整体拉压模态阶数的升高,装药模态的复杂程度也大幅升高,在装药发生大变形的同时,壳体的变形反而不显著。图18表明:在不考虑装药时,弹体的模态类型较简单,拉压模态易于获取;在考虑装药后,模态随频率的升高分布密集,整体拉压模态寻找困难,其真实性也存疑。
提取MH理论和仿真中各阶振型对应的弹体外轮廓变形,并与试验获得的振型(由测点位移构成)进行比较,如图19所示。试验获取的轴向振型仍与理论和仿真符合较好。对于径向振型,仿真预测的振幅明显偏大,且二、三阶模态出现不符实际的多次弯折,因此可信度较低。而MH理论预测的二阶径向振幅与试验值较接近,但三阶径向振幅的预测值仍偏大。上述现象表明,MH理论对于装药弹体振型仍具有一定的预测能力,可用于装药弹体的初步模态分析。
此外,对比图13和图19可知,试验获取的装药前后的二、三阶振型偏差不大,而一阶轴向振型头尾出现了“拉平”现象,且一阶径向振型不再可测。结合图16展示的装药前后特征频率的变化发现,在试验模态分析的弱载环境中,装药与壳体在一阶模态上仍表现出一定的接触关系。在二、三阶模态上,装药与壳体的接触显著减弱。即:在弱载环境中,弹体模态阶数越高,弹-药之间的耦合程度越低。
然而,本研究仍有若干局限性,关于弹-药耦合的结论在实际侵彻场景下的适用性有待考察。首先,真实装药的弹性力学性质与模拟装药不同(例如,李彦超[17]通过模态分析测得真实装药的杨氏模量约为10 GPa,而非模拟装药的1 GPa)。装药刚度的提升会带来模态耦合特性的改变。此外,真实装药与壳体的接触关系也与模拟装药对应的情况差异较大,在侵彻环境下的弹-药接触关系也与弱载环境下的差异较大[2,17]。更贴近实际场景的研究需要在真实装药、施加近似侵彻载荷的条件下进行。
本节选取的算例为:弹体以600~1 000 m/s的初速度正侵彻40 MPa的半无限混凝土靶或厚度为10 cm、间距为1.5 m的五层混凝土薄靶。为保证弹体不出现整体的塑性响应,依据陈小伟[37]提出的计算方法,要求壳体材料屈服强度大于800 MPa,因此,需要将弹体的壳体材料替换为高强钢,而其他材料性质仍如表2所示。构建变截面杆模型后,利用刚体动力学模型实时分析弹靶接触状态、计算弹体的受力和运动[32],最终可基于模态对弹体振动特性进行推演。
考虑到MH杆模型在理论模型中表现较优,且具有施加径向载荷的可能,因此选取MH杆模型模拟变截面杆。弹体的受力模型采用空腔膨胀模型,其参数与Li等[38]的取值一致,薄靶情况下还考虑了冲塞修正[39]。
弹体Ⅰ和弹体Ⅱ的质量和外形相同,将其视为刚体时,其所受载荷的时程相同,刚体减速度也相同。分别以600、800和1 000 m/s的初速度侵彻半无限混凝土靶和5层薄靶,其刚体减速度时程和对应的FFT频谱如图20所示。过载时程表明,弹体侵彻半无限靶时其承受载荷的变化缓慢,而侵彻多层薄靶时的载荷具有“骤升-骤降”的特点。频谱表明,侵彻半无限靶和侵彻多层薄靶的载荷主频均在4 kHz以下,4 kHz以上的载荷成分均逐渐趋于零。因此,对于典型工况,载荷主频通常小于弹体的一阶特征频率,这也表明弹体低阶模态对其瞬态响应起关键作用。
由于载荷主频小于弹体一阶频率,可以证明,式(12)中的振型坐标qn(t)的大小与(fn)3呈反比,可得:
$ \left| {q}_{1}(t)\right| {{>}} \left| {q}_{2}(t)\right| {{>}} \left| {q}_{3}(t)\right| {{>}} \cdots {{>}} \left|{q}_{n}(t)\right|, \;\;\;n {{>}} 3 $
轴向应变ε和径向应变ψ可表示为:
$ \varepsilon (x,t)=\frac{\partial u(x,t)}{\partial x}\text{,}\;\;\;\psi (x,t)=\frac{v(x,t)}{R(x)} $
由式(6)、式(17)~(18)可知,φ1q1(t)为u(t)的主要成分,因此,轴向应变的主要成分为φ1q1(t),而φ1表现为两端为0,中部偏弹头处有极值。因此,弹体轴向应变的极值位置也应位于弹身前部,轴向应变的分布主要表现为弹体一阶轴向模态导数的涨落。同理,径向应变的主导项也应为模态的一阶成分。然而,考虑到振型的径向幅值随阶数的增高而增大,高阶项对径向应变分布的影响也更大。
当弹体的初速度为800 m/s时,以弹体Ⅰ为例,计算得到侵彻2种靶板的典型时刻弹体各截面的轴向、径向应变,如图21所示,印证了弹体一阶轴向模态导数涨落模式的存在,而深侵彻时的载荷分布比薄靶侵彻时更复杂,其轴向应变的头部响应与该模式存在偏离。此外,径向应变的幅值低于轴向应变,但仍处于同一量级,与低阶模态振型的情况一致。然而,径向应变类似于一阶和二阶径向振型的组合,表明其受高阶模态的影响更大。
由式(9),弹体各截面相对质心的加速度分布ar(t)为:
$ {\boldsymbol{a}}_{\text{r}}(t)=\frac{{\partial }^{2}{{\boldsymbol{u}}}(t)}{\partial {t}^{2}}=\sum \limits_{n=1}^{N}{\boldsymbol{\varphi }}_{n}\frac{{\partial }^{2}{q}_{n}(t)}{\partial {t}^{2}} $
由于振型坐标qn(t)的大小与(fn)3呈反比,简单计算可知ar(t)的幅值与fn呈反比。因此,ar(t)的主要成分为$ {\boldsymbol{\varphi }}_{1}\dfrac{{\partial }^{2}{q}_{1}(t)}{\partial {t}^{2}} $,其安定点位于弹体一阶模态的轴向节点附近。由于ar(t)的收敛比u(t)更慢、高阶项对ar(t)的贡献更多,安定点处也无法保证没有震荡产生。
此外,弹体各截面所受的总过载为:
$ {{\boldsymbol{a}}}(t)={{\boldsymbol{a}}}_{\text{r}}(t)+{{\boldsymbol{a}}}_{0}(t) $
式中:a0(t)为图20所示的刚体减速度。由于各截面均匀分布,过载的安定点也位于弹体一阶模态的轴向节点附近。过载的震荡主要由ar(t)体现,它的均值为0,主频较高,易对引信和装药造成负面影响[1]。ar(t)相对于0的偏离越大,对结构越有害。因此,定义过载的“震荡指数”为:
$ \text{Int}\left[{{\boldsymbol{a}}}_{\text{r}}(t)\right] \triangleq \frac{1}{T}\int _{0}^{T}{{\boldsymbol{a}}}_{\text{r}}^{2}(t)\text{d}t $
式中:T为侵彻总时间。震荡指数越大,则ar(t)的平均幅值越大。当初速度为800 m/s时,以弹体Ⅰ、弹体Ⅱ侵彻混凝土为例,计算得到的弹体截面所受过载极值和震荡指数的空间分布如图22所示(弹尖部分因过载值过大而没有绘出)。
图22表明,弹体的过载极值分布具有以一阶模态轴向节点(距离尾部0.26~0.27 m处)为中心的平台段,而震荡指数更直观地体现了该节点附近的最小震荡特性,由此印证了弹体过载安定点位于弹体一阶模态的轴向节点附近的初步结论。此外,图22还体现了弹体Ⅰ和弹体Ⅱ的振动特性差异。
(1) 时,弹体Ⅰ中部、头部的振动较弹体Ⅱ偏大,而弹体Ⅰ尾部的振动较弹体Ⅱ偏小。考虑到侵彻半无限靶时弹体的一阶模态占主导地位,可依据弹体的一阶模态特性进行分析:一方面,弹体Ⅰ的一阶特征频率较弹体Ⅱ偏高,侵彻载荷主频与之的差值更大,因此其一阶模态的响应幅值更低;另一方面,弹体Ⅰ的振型中头部、中部的相对变形量偏大,因此其头部、中部的一阶模态的响应幅值较弹体Ⅱ更高。2种效应的综合作用下形成了弹体的振动差异。
(2) 在多层薄靶侵彻中,弹体Ⅰ的各部位振动较弹体Ⅱ显著偏大。考虑到多层薄靶侵彻中弹体的一、二阶模态均占一定成分,而一阶模态特性与侵彻半无限靶时相似,因此,需对弹体的二阶模态特性进行着重分析:一方面,弹体Ⅰ的二阶特征频率较弹体Ⅱ偏低,侵彻载荷主频与之的差值更小,导致其二阶响应幅值更高;另一方面,弹体Ⅰ振型的尾部、中部的相对变形量偏大,导致其二阶响应幅值进一步偏高。2种效应的共同作用导致了弹体Ⅰ在多层靶侵彻中的振动幅值更大。
综合来看,在正侵彻情况下,弹体Ⅱ的抗振能力优于弹体Ⅰ。一方面,弹体Ⅱ更强的变截面效应导致其二阶特征频率偏高、各部分振动的独立性增强。另一方面,弹体Ⅰ更长的内腔将导致装药结构跨越低阶模态节点,各处的应力应变状态差异显著,从而损害装药安定性。
本文以弹体正侵彻时的振动响应为研究背景,通过引入变截面杆模型发展了弹体模态分析理论,并利用试验、理论和仿真方法分析了弹体的低阶拉压模态,最后基于模态方法导出了弹体的振动特性,为弹引系统的过载特性研究和装药安定性研究提供了更符合实际的输入。得到的基本结论如下。
(1) 在广泛的侵彻工况下,侵彻载荷主频低于弹体的一阶拉压特征频率。弹体的低阶模态决定其振动特性。
(2) 轴向拉压主导弹体低阶拉压振型。随着阶数升高,振型的径向位移越来越显著。等截面杆理论在特征频率和振型预测上与试验和仿真的偏差均较大。与之相反,MH理论和试验、仿真方法在弹体低阶拉压模态的特征频率上相互印证,偏差不超过4%。试验、MH理论和仿真方法在轴向振型上一致性好,在径向振型上趋势一致但存在幅值偏差。总体上,相较于等截面杆理论,MH理论更适合描述弹体模态和振动特性。
(3) 在实验室条件下,装药将导致弹体结构的阻尼增加,弹体模态阶数越高,弹-药之间的耦合程度越低。但因为模拟装药与真实装药的差异,以及强载下弹-药接触关系的复杂化,该结论在侵彻条件下的适用性还有待探究。
(4) 侵彻过程中,弹体各截面变形以轴向压缩为主,但仍存在不可忽视的径向应变。轴向应变大体表现为弹体一阶轴向模态导数的涨落,而径向应变类似于一阶和二阶径向振型的组合。弹体一阶拉压模态振型节点附近为安定区域,此处弹体过载震荡幅度最小。
(5) 弹体的内腔构型显著影响其模态和振动特性:内腔均匀、细长的弹体更近似于等截面杆,而内腔短粗、集中的弹体的变截面效应更突出。在正侵彻条件下,后者各处的振动幅值普遍偏小,且装药受力状态更统一,在抗振意义上是一种更好的结构。
然而,本研究仍是在弹性小变形条件下进行的。材料本构和弹靶接触力均被简化,而实际弹体的装药也由多类材料构成。关于弹体内腔构型的讨论也仅在2种弹体上进行,缺少更多实例。一方面,需结合侵彻试验中的引信信号,解耦其中的弹体结构响应成分,从而检验变截面杆模型的适用性;另一方面,需借鉴动态子结构[33]等方法进行塑性修正,使建模更贴近真实侵彻环境。在装药方面,还需更换装药材料,以在普遍材料范围内探究装药和弹体的耦合关系。在内腔构型方面,还需在更多构型、更多侵彻工况下对结论进行检验,以确认上述设计准则的适用范围。

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doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0235
  • 接收时间:2025-07-24
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-09-05
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-24
  • 修回日期:2026-04-01
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    1清华大学工程物理系,北京 100084
    2西北核技术研究所,陕西 西安 710024

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王可慧(1975- ),女,博士,研究员,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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