Article(id=1315732131796595285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, issueId=1315732078327616225, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11883/bzycj-2025-0139, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746979200000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-12, revisedDate=1756656000000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791624585340, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1788537600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791624585340, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791624585340, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791624585340, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315732078327616225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, year='2026', volume='46', issue='9', pageStart='091001-1', pageEnd='095402-10', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788537600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-05', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791624572593, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791624783658, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315732963703247483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, issueId=1315732078327616225, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315732963703247484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, issueId=1315732078327616225, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=093301-1, endPage=093301-19, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315732132048253526, articleId=1315732131796595285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, language=EN, title=Self-sharpening behavior and penetration/perforation property of tungsten fiber/metallic glass composite long rods with different fiber diameters, columnId=1315732120966910956, journalTitle=Explosion and Shock Waves, columnName=Impact Dynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to compare the similarities and differences among the self-sharpening behavior as well as the corresponding ballistic performance of tungsten fiber/metallic glass matrix (WF/MG) composite long rod projectile with different fiber diameters, the deformation and failure characteristics of various WF/MG composite long rod projectile were investigated systematically integrated with related penetration test results and mesoscopic finite element (FE) simulation analysis. The two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) meso-scale FE geometric models of WF/MG composite long rod projectile were established according to the actual distribution characteristics of metallic glass matrix and tungsten fibers. A coupled ‘thermo-mechanical-free volume’ constitutive model was applied to characterize the high shear sensitivity as well as high strength of metallic glass matrix. Moreover, the transformation of deformation and failure modes of projectiles under different impact velocities was analyzed in detail. Related analysis demonstrated that due to the differences in the mechanical properties among the tungsten fibers with different diameters, i.e., bending resistance and shear resistance, etc., the corresponding composite long rod projectile exhibit different failure characteristics during the penetration process, which further affects their penetration/perforation performance. The impact velocity also plays an important role on the deformation and failure modes of composite long rod projectile and the corresponding penetration/perforation performance. When the impact velocity is relatively low, the fibers in the nose of composite rod projectile exhibits unstable buckling phenomenon and gradually disperse during the penetration process, which makes the projectile nose blunt at a certain extent. This induces the increase in the penetration resistance and decrease in the penetration performance. As the impact velocity increases, small-diameter fibers reflux along the nose periphery while large-diameter fibers fail in shear. The large-diameter fiber further strengthens the self-sharpening behavior as well as the penetration performance of projectile. When the impact velocity and fiber diameter reach a certain upper threshold values, the thickness of ‘edge layer’ in the rod nose is sharply reduced, and thus the self-sharpening performance is weakened, and the penetration capability of projectile is decayed again. Related research is beneficial to predicting the penetration/perforation performance of WF/MG composite long rod projectiles with different fiber diameters under different impact velocities, and optimizing the structural design of projectile as well as the impact velocity, etc.

, authors=Jie REN1, 2, Lang ZHANG1, 2, Jicheng LI2, 3, Yongjun DENG1, 2, Xiaowei CHEN2, 4, Chengxin DU5, authorsList=Jie REN, Lang ZHANG, Jicheng LI, Yongjun DENG, Xiaowei CHEN, Chengxin DU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jicheng LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Explosion and Shock Waves, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315732136267723384, articleId=1315732131796595285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, language=CN, title=不同直径钨纤维增强金属玻璃复合材料长杆弹自锐行为及侵彻/穿甲性能, columnId=1315732123072451566, journalTitle=爆炸与冲击, columnName=冲击动力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为对比不同直径钨纤维增强金属玻璃(tungsten fiber/metallic glass, WF/MG)复合材料长杆弹的侵彻/穿甲自锐行为以及相应弹道性能的异同,综合侵彻/穿甲试验结果和细观有限元模拟,系统开展不同长杆弹在侵彻/穿甲钢靶过程中的弹靶变形和破坏特性研究,并分析长杆弹在不同撞击速度下变形和破坏模式的转变。结果表明:由于不同直径钨纤维在抗弯曲、抗剪切等方面性能存在差异,相应复合材料弹体在侵彻过程中表现出不同的破坏特征,从而影响其侵彻/穿甲性能。撞击速度对弹体的变形和破坏模式及其侵彻/穿甲性能也具有显著影响:速度较低时,在钨纤维直径较小的情形下,弹体头部纤维在侵彻过程中表现出屈曲失稳现象且逐渐分散,使得弹头发生一定程度的钝粗,并导致侵彻阻力增大和侵彻性能下降;随撞击速度的提高,在纤维直径较小的情形下,弹体外侧纤维发生回流;在钨纤维直径较大时则主要发生剪切破坏,使得弹头进一步锐化并导致侵彻/穿甲性能提升;当撞击速度和钨纤维直径达到某一上限阈值时,弹体头部边缘层厚度急剧减小,自锐性能有所弱化,侵彻/穿甲能力再次降低。

, authors=任杰1, 2, 章浪1, 2, 李继承2, 3, 邓勇军1, 2, 陈小伟2, 4, 杜成鑫5, authorsList=任杰, 章浪, 李继承, 邓勇军, 陈小伟, 杜成鑫, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李继承, authorNote=

任杰(1998- ),男,硕士研究生,

, correspAuthorsNote=
李继承(1984- ),男,博士,研究员,
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《爆炸与冲击》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=eAmcjtNqxfJ2iOTXtKWFUw==, magXml=l4aM1HVAk+aOT8vzrxhRow==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=6FqEWn0cnH4mbRgK2psI0A==, pdfFileSize=16264949, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=HRynpbg0N1j/lHAiPI/Bew==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=bz4K9d9OLKGPeDaGZUFuqQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1315732137249190537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732131796595285, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=2501853799@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1315732137362436748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732131796595285, authorId=1315732137249190537, language=EN, stringName=Jie REN, firstName=Jie, middleName=null, lastName=REN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010 , Sichuan, China
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A constitutive model and data for metals subjected to large strains, high strain rates and high temperature [C]//Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium of Ballistics, Hague, Netherlands: International Ballistics Committee, 1983: 541–547., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1315732156828201754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732131796595285, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=55, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG L L, YANG L M, DONG X L, et al. Dynamics of materials: experiments, models and applications [M]. London: Academic Press, 2019., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1315732156966613787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732131796595285, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=56, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LEBER S, TAVERNELLI J, WHITE D D, et al. Fracture modes in tungsten wire [J]. Journal of the Less Common Metals, 1976, 48(1): 119–133. 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Parameters of constitutive model for Zr-based metallic glass[7-8]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
E/GPaρ/(kg·m−3)νcV/(J·kg−1·K−1)V*/(10−30 m3)ξcξ0Tg/K
注:Tg为玻璃转变温度。
9661250.36400201340.05625
T0/KΩ/(10−30 m3)f/s−1αnDΛCΛT
300251×10130.0530.050.35
), ArticleFig(id=1315732146057229018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732131796595285, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

锆基金属玻璃本构模型参数[7-8]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
E/GPaρ/(kg·m−3)νcV/(J·kg−1·K−1)V*/(10−30 m3)ξcξ0Tg/K
注:Tg为玻璃转变温度。
9661250.36400201340.05625
T0/KΩ/(10−30 m3)f/s−1αnDΛCΛT
300251×10130.0530.050.35
), ArticleFig(id=1315732146124337883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732131796595285, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Constitutive model parameters for metallic materials [36-38]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料E/GPaρ/(kg·m−3)νTr/KTm/KcV/(J·kg−1·K−1) $ {\dot{\varepsilon }}_{0} $/s−1A/MPaB/MPaCm
95W钨合金410179000.283001752134116504500.0161.00
30CrMnMo钢20078500.293001793477112003100.0141.03
材料nD1D2D3D4D5c0/(m·s−1)S1γ0a
95W钨合金0.123.00000038501.441.580
30CrMnMo钢0.263.20000045781.381.670.47
), ArticleFig(id=1315732146187252444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732131796595285, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

金属材料本构模型参数[36-38]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料E/GPaρ/(kg·m−3)νTr/KTm/KcV/(J·kg−1·K−1) $ {\dot{\varepsilon }}_{0} $/s−1A/MPaB/MPaCm
95W钨合金410179000.283001752134116504500.0161.00
30CrMnMo钢20078500.293001793477112003100.0141.03
材料nD1D2D3D4D5c0/(m·s−1)S1γ0a
95W钨合金0.123.00000038501.441.580
30CrMnMo钢0.263.20000045781.381.670.47
), ArticleFig(id=1315732146493436638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732131796595285, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Penetrating test and the corresponding simulation results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
d/mmv0/( m·s−1)试验侵彻深度/mm模拟侵彻深度/mm
二维三维
0.31 5606060.1463.09
0.514355252.8751.50
0.714755454.8451.10
1.014805255.2252.74
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穿甲试验及相应数值模拟结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
d/mmv0/( m·s−1)试验侵彻深度/mm模拟侵彻深度/mm
二维三维
0.31 5606060.1463.09
0.514355252.8751.50
0.714755454.8451.10
1.014805255.2252.74
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不同直径钨纤维增强金属玻璃复合材料长杆弹自锐行为及侵彻/穿甲性能
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任杰 1, 2 , 章浪 1, 2 , 李继承 2, 3 , 邓勇军 1, 2 , 陈小伟 2, 4 , 杜成鑫 5
爆炸与冲击 | 冲击动力学 2026,46(9): 093301-1-093301-19
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不同直径钨纤维增强金属玻璃复合材料长杆弹自锐行为及侵彻/穿甲性能
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任杰1, 2 , 章浪1, 2, 李继承2, 3 , 邓勇军1, 2, 陈小伟2, 4, 杜成鑫5
作者信息
  • 1西南科技大学土木工程与建筑学院,四川 绵阳 621010
  • 2工程材料与结构冲击振动四川省重点实验室,四川 绵阳 621010
  • 3中国工程物理研究院总体工程研究所,四川 绵阳 621999
  • 4北京理工大学前沿交叉研究院,北京 100081
  • 5南京理工大学机械工程学院,南京 210094
通讯作者:
李继承(1984- ),男,博士,研究员,
作者简介:

任杰(1998- ),男,硕士研究生,

Self-sharpening behavior and penetration/perforation property of tungsten fiber/metallic glass composite long rods with different fiber diameters
Jie REN1, 2 , Lang ZHANG1, 2, Jicheng LI2, 3 , Yongjun DENG1, 2, Xiaowei CHEN2, 4, Chengxin DU5
Affiliations
  • 1School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010 , Sichuan, China
  • 2Shock and Vibration of Engineering Materials and Structures Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, China
  • 3Institute of Systems Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, Sichuan, China
  • 4Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
  • 5School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
出版时间: 2026-09-05 doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0139
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为对比不同直径钨纤维增强金属玻璃(tungsten fiber/metallic glass, WF/MG)复合材料长杆弹的侵彻/穿甲自锐行为以及相应弹道性能的异同,综合侵彻/穿甲试验结果和细观有限元模拟,系统开展不同长杆弹在侵彻/穿甲钢靶过程中的弹靶变形和破坏特性研究,并分析长杆弹在不同撞击速度下变形和破坏模式的转变。结果表明:由于不同直径钨纤维在抗弯曲、抗剪切等方面性能存在差异,相应复合材料弹体在侵彻过程中表现出不同的破坏特征,从而影响其侵彻/穿甲性能。撞击速度对弹体的变形和破坏模式及其侵彻/穿甲性能也具有显著影响:速度较低时,在钨纤维直径较小的情形下,弹体头部纤维在侵彻过程中表现出屈曲失稳现象且逐渐分散,使得弹头发生一定程度的钝粗,并导致侵彻阻力增大和侵彻性能下降;随撞击速度的提高,在纤维直径较小的情形下,弹体外侧纤维发生回流;在钨纤维直径较大时则主要发生剪切破坏,使得弹头进一步锐化并导致侵彻/穿甲性能提升;当撞击速度和钨纤维直径达到某一上限阈值时,弹体头部边缘层厚度急剧减小,自锐性能有所弱化,侵彻/穿甲能力再次降低。

钨纤维增强金属玻璃复合材料长杆弹  /  侵彻/穿甲  /  自锐  /  纤维直径  /  破坏模式  /  有限元模拟

In order to compare the similarities and differences among the self-sharpening behavior as well as the corresponding ballistic performance of tungsten fiber/metallic glass matrix (WF/MG) composite long rod projectile with different fiber diameters, the deformation and failure characteristics of various WF/MG composite long rod projectile were investigated systematically integrated with related penetration test results and mesoscopic finite element (FE) simulation analysis. The two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) meso-scale FE geometric models of WF/MG composite long rod projectile were established according to the actual distribution characteristics of metallic glass matrix and tungsten fibers. A coupled ‘thermo-mechanical-free volume’ constitutive model was applied to characterize the high shear sensitivity as well as high strength of metallic glass matrix. Moreover, the transformation of deformation and failure modes of projectiles under different impact velocities was analyzed in detail. Related analysis demonstrated that due to the differences in the mechanical properties among the tungsten fibers with different diameters, i.e., bending resistance and shear resistance, etc., the corresponding composite long rod projectile exhibit different failure characteristics during the penetration process, which further affects their penetration/perforation performance. The impact velocity also plays an important role on the deformation and failure modes of composite long rod projectile and the corresponding penetration/perforation performance. When the impact velocity is relatively low, the fibers in the nose of composite rod projectile exhibits unstable buckling phenomenon and gradually disperse during the penetration process, which makes the projectile nose blunt at a certain extent. This induces the increase in the penetration resistance and decrease in the penetration performance. As the impact velocity increases, small-diameter fibers reflux along the nose periphery while large-diameter fibers fail in shear. The large-diameter fiber further strengthens the self-sharpening behavior as well as the penetration performance of projectile. When the impact velocity and fiber diameter reach a certain upper threshold values, the thickness of ‘edge layer’ in the rod nose is sharply reduced, and thus the self-sharpening performance is weakened, and the penetration capability of projectile is decayed again. Related research is beneficial to predicting the penetration/perforation performance of WF/MG composite long rod projectiles with different fiber diameters under different impact velocities, and optimizing the structural design of projectile as well as the impact velocity, etc.

tungsten fiber/metallic glass composite long rod  /  penetration/perforation  /  self-sharpening  /  fiber diameter  /  failure mode  /  finite element simulation
任杰, 章浪, 李继承, 邓勇军, 陈小伟, 杜成鑫. 不同直径钨纤维增强金属玻璃复合材料长杆弹自锐行为及侵彻/穿甲性能. 爆炸与冲击, 2026 , 46 (9) : 093301-1 -093301-19 . DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0139
Jie REN, Lang ZHANG, Jicheng LI, Yongjun DENG, Xiaowei CHEN, Chengxin DU. Self-sharpening behavior and penetration/perforation property of tungsten fiber/metallic glass composite long rods with different fiber diameters[J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2026 , 46 (9) : 093301-1 -093301-19 . DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0139
在动能穿甲弹中,贫铀弹在侵彻/穿甲过程中会产生自锐现象,从而降低侵彻阻力[1]。但贫铀材料会对人员和环境造成放射性危害[2]。钨合金弹体在穿甲过程中易发生弹头镦粗现象,致使穿甲阻力增大[3]。在新型穿甲材料的研发中,钨纤维增强金属玻璃(tungsten fiber/metallic glass, WF/MG)复合材料,以下均简称为复合材料,受到广泛关注[4]。研究发现,由于金属玻璃基体极高的剪切敏感特性[5-8]使其表现出侵彻/穿甲自锐特性,复合材料弹体侵彻/穿甲能力较钨合金弹得到显著提升。Conner等[9]和Choi-Yim等[10]开展了复合材料弹体高速侵彻铝靶和钢靶的试验,研究其在高应变率条件下的力学行为。陈小伟等[11]开展了复合材料弹体侵彻45钢靶的穿甲试验,利用金相分析对材料失效模式进行了识别和分类,并与材料静动态试验数据进行了比较,讨论了自锐剪切失效的机理。Chen等[12]开展大尺寸复合材料长杆弹侵彻Q235钢靶的侵彻/穿甲试验,对残余弹体进行了宏、细观观测,研究弹体材料的失效破坏模式,发现复合材料弹体在高速侵彻时具有头形自锐能力,表现出优异的侵彻/穿甲性能;雷波[13]开展了复合材料弹体和钨合金弹体正/斜侵彻/穿甲30CrMnMo装甲钢靶的对比试验,发现复合材料弹体发生显著自锐行为,在正/斜撞击条件下的侵彻/穿甲性能均显著优于钨合金弹。荣光等[14]和Rong等[15]对侵彻试验之后的复合材料残余弹体进行了显微结构分析,发现弹头区域金属玻璃基体的破碎和钨纤维的大角度弯曲及断裂都局限在头部边缘层局部狭小区域内,弹体质量消蚀由头部至尾部按边缘层逐层连续进行。夏龙祥[16]开展了复合材料分段弹体侵彻试验,并与复合材料长杆弹侵彻性能进行对比,还分析了护套、分段间隔和分段隔片等结构特征对复合材料弹体侵彻性能的影响。Du等[17]开展了5种不同长径比复合材料弹体的侵彻试验,对比分析了弹体在不同长径比下的侵彻行为,并总结了弹体侵彻效率同其长径比和撞击速度之间的关系。Zhou等[18-19]在分析复合材料残余弹体形貌的基础上,进一步结合弹坑区域靶材的硬度反推出侵彻过程,并分析了靶材碎裂特征及相应的碎片形貌。吴烁罡等[20]对比分析了复合材料弹体和钨合金弹体侵彻45钢靶之后弹坑周围靶材的硬度及高硬度区的金相特征,发现复合材料弹体对应靶板材料高硬度区域范围更宽,进而推知复合材料弹体在侵彻靶板过程中可能持续释放热量。然而,此前相关研究中的复合材料弹体钨纤维直径比较单一,多为d=0.3 mm左右。
钨纤维作为金属玻璃复合材料的主要成分,其性能和几何参数将对弹体侵彻/穿甲行为产生重要影响,尤其是钨纤维直径将显著影响弹体的密度、整体强度和韧性等。实际工程应用中,对钨纤维增强金属玻璃复合材料多采用熔渗法来制备[21],制备过程中钨纤维的体积分数和直径等参量均对基体和纤维之间的界面反应具有显著影响[22-24],且钨纤维越细,基体形成过程的冷却速度将会越小,进而使得界面反应越剧烈[25]。因此,增大钨纤维直径可有效降低复合材料的制备和加工难度。然而纤维直径的增大也将导致复合材料的力学性能发生改变[26-29],相应复合材料长杆弹侵彻/穿甲能力也可能互不相同[30-31],因此有必要开展深入分析。近年来Zhou等[19]、吴烁罡等[20]和Dandliker等[21]开展了针对不同钨纤维直径复合材料长杆弹的试验研究,并得到丰富的试验结果。但对相关侵彻/穿甲性能随钨纤维直径的变化规律及其物理机制仍需要进一步深入探究。
在侵彻/穿甲力学领域,有限元模拟已成为一种重要研究手段,可作为相关试验的良好补充和完善。Li等[32-33]结合纤维增强复合材料的细观结构特征建立了相应的有限元几何模型,并采用力-热-自由体积耦合本构模型来描述金属玻璃基体的变形和破坏特征,系统开展了针对复合材料静动态拉压试验和高速冲击试验的有限元模拟研究,详细分析了复合材料的变形和破坏特性,尤其是变形过程中的剪切带行为,以及剪切行为所导致的弹体自锐特征及其影响因素,包括撞击速度、撞击姿态、弹体构形、靶材强度等。相关分析显示,纤维增强复合材料的变形和破坏特征同金属玻璃基体剪切带对增强纤维的具体冲击过程密切相关。Li等[34-35]针对颗粒增强金属玻璃复合材的力学性能开展了类似的系统有限元模拟分析。陈建良等[36]和章浪等[37]采用类似有限元模拟方法,进一步分析了钨纤维增强金属玻璃复合材料分段弹体的侵彻性能以及复合材料长杆弹在斜撞击条件下的弹道行为。任杰等[38]则基于系统的有限元模拟结果,总结了复合材料长杆弹在不同速度下的头形转变规律。
为系统研究不同直径钨纤维增强复合材料长杆弹在穿甲过程中的形变、破坏等特性,本文基于有限元方法[32-38],开展复合材料长杆弹侵彻/穿甲钢靶的数值模拟,结合相关试验进行验证。此外,进一步讨论弹体自锐行为及相应穿甲性能的异同,并分析长杆弹在不同撞击速度下变形和破坏模式的转变。
结合前期开展的穿甲试验[30-31]进行数值模拟,试验采用4种不同直径钨纤维(d=0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0 mm)的复合材料长杆弹在$ {v}_{0} $=800~1600 m/s速度区间侵彻80 mm厚30CrMnMo钢靶。弹体尺寸为D=10 mm,L=54 mm,长径比L/D=5.4,复合材料弹体中的钨纤维体积分数约为80%,整体密度约为17 g/cm3。弹体形貌如图1所示,4种钨纤维直径复合材料弹体横截面如图2所示,弹体正撞击钢靶有限元模型如图3所示。
前期研究[32-38]表明,二维有限元模拟也可较好地描述金属玻璃以及相应复合材料的变形和破坏特征。因此,为减小求解规模和节约数值计算耗时,将主要开展二维数值模拟,同时进行相应三维有限元模拟验证。为便于直接分析增强钨纤维直径对弹体自锐行为和相应弹道特征的影响,有限元模拟分析中统一将弹体结构设为尺寸相同的圆柱形长杆弹。如图4所示。对于二维有限元模拟,选取轴对称计算模型开展分析,采用四节点轴对称单元划分网格,尺寸约为35 μm;针对三维模型,采取1/4弹靶结构,并利用八节点六面体单元划分网格,尺寸约为75 μm,相应模型如图5所示。由图5(b)~(e)可看出有限元模型较好地体现了实际材料的内部结构特性(图2)。
金属玻璃材料具有较高剪切敏感性,且温度、应变率、应力、静水压力以及自由体积浓度等多种因素对其变形和破坏具有显著影响。本文中沿用此前的热-力-自由体积耦合本构模型和临界自由体积浓度破坏准则[7-8]来表征其力学特性,模型具体表达式为:
$ {\dot{\varepsilon }}_{ij}={{{\dot{\varepsilon }}_{ij}}}^{\text{e}}+{{{\dot{\varepsilon }}_{ij}}}^{\text{p}} $
$ {{{\dot{\varepsilon }}_{ij}}}^{\text{e}}=\frac{1+\nu }{E}\left({\dot{\sigma }}_{ij}-\frac{\nu }{1+\nu }{\dot{\sigma }}_{kk}{\delta }_{ij}\right) $
$ {{{\dot{\varepsilon }}_{ij}}}^{\rm{p}}=f\mathrm{exp}\left(-\frac{\Delta G^{\rm{m}}}{{K}_{\rm{B}}T}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left(-\frac{1}{\xi }\right)\mathrm{sinh}\left(\frac{\sigma' _{\rm{e}}\varOmega}{2{K}_{\rm{B}}T}\right)\frac{{S}_{ij}}{{\sigma }_{\rm{e}}} $
$ {\sigma }_{\text{e}}=\sqrt{3{J}_{2}} $
$ \sigma'_{\text{e}}=\mathit{\Lambda}\sigma_{\text{m}}+\sqrt{J_2} $
式中:(·)表示参量对时间$ t $求导。$ E $和$ \nu $分别为材料弹性模量和泊松比;$ {\Delta G}^{\text{m}} $为运动激活能;$ f $为原子振动频率;$ {K}_{\text{B}} $为波尔兹曼常数;$ T $为绝对温度;$ \varOmega $为平均原子数;$ \xi ={\overline{V }}_{\text{f}}/\left(\alpha {V }^{*}\right) $为材料内部自由体积浓度,其中$ {V }^{*} $为临界体积,$ {\overline{V }}_{\text{f}} $为原子平均自由体积,$ \alpha $为考虑原子叠加的几何因子;$ {\sigma }_{\text{e}} $为von-Mises等效应力,$ {J}_{2}={S}_{ij}{S}_{ij}/2 $为应力偏量第二不变量,$ {S}_{ij}={\sigma }_{ij}-{\delta }_{ij}{\sigma }_{\text{m}} $为应力偏量,其中$ {\sigma }_{\text{m}}={\sigma }_{kk}/3 $为名义应力;$ \sigma '_{\text{e}} $为考虑静水应力的等效应力;$ \varLambda $为静水应力敏感因子,且压缩条件下的敏感因子$ {{\varLambda }}_{\text{C}} $和拉伸条件下的敏感因子$ {{\varLambda }}_{\text{T}} $取值不同。自由体积的演化方程为:
$ \dot{\xi}=\frac{1}{\sigma}f\mathrm{exp}\left(-\frac{\Delta G^{\rm{m}}}{K_{\rm{B}}T}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left(-\frac{1}{\xi}\right)\left\{\frac{2K_{\rm{B}}T}{\xi V^{^*}s}\left[\cos\rm{h}\left(\frac{\sigma'_{\rm{e}}\varOmega}{2K_{\rm{B}}T}\right)-1\right]-\frac{1}{n_{\rm{D}}}\right\} $
式中:$ {s}={E}/\left[3\left(1-\nu \right)\right] $为Eshelby模量;$ {{n}}_{\mathrm{D}} $为让大小等于$ {{V}}^{*} $的自由体积湮灭所需要的原子跃迁次数。温度的演化方程为:
$ \dot{T}=\kappa\nabla^2 T+\frac{\beta_{\rm{TQ}}}{\rho c_V}\sigma_{\rm{e}}^{\text{'}}\dot{\varepsilon}_{ij}^{\rm{p}} $
式中:$ \kappa=K/\left(\rho c_V\right) $为热扩散系数,$ K $为热传导系数,$ c_V $为材料的定容热容,$ \rho $为材料密度;$ {\beta }_{\rm{TQ}} $为Taylor-Quinney系数;$ \varepsilon_{\rm{ep}}^{\rm{ }}=\sqrt{2\varepsilon_{ij}^{\rm{p}}\varepsilon_{ij}^{\rm{p}}/3} $为等效塑性应变。材料破坏判据为:
$ \xi {{≥}} {\xi }_{\text{c}} $
其物理含义是金属玻璃材料内部的自由体积浓度$ \xi $达到某个临界值$ {\xi }_{\text{c}} $。弹体中的锆基金属玻璃基体材料参数[7-8]详见表1。
结合Johnson-Cook本构模型[39]、累积损伤失效模型[40]和Grüneisen 状态方程[41]等共同表征弹体纤维和靶材等晶态合金材料的力学行为。Johnson-Cook本构模型[39]为:
$ \sigma =\left(A+B\varepsilon _{\text{p}}^{{n}}\right)\left(1+C\ln {\dot{\varepsilon }}^{*}\right)\left(1-{{{T}^{*}}}^{{m}}\right) $
式中:$ A $、$ B $、$ C $、$ n $和$ m $等参量均为材料常数,$ A $为参考应变率$ \left({\dot{\varepsilon }}^{*}=1\right) $下的屈服应力,$ B $和$ n $为应变硬化系数,$ C $和$ m $分别为应变率敏感系数和温度敏感系数;$ \dot{\varepsilon}^*=\dot{\varepsilon}_{\text{ep}}/\dot{\varepsilon}_0 $,$ {\dot{\varepsilon }}_{0} $为参考应变率(1 s−1);$ {T}^{*}=\left(T-{T}_{\text{r}}\right)/ \left({T}_{\text{m}}-{T}_{\text{r}}\right) $,$ {T}_{\text{r}} $为参考温度,$ {T}_{\text{m}} $为材料熔点温度。
$ \mathrm{d}T=\frac{\beta_{\text{TQ}}}{\rho c_V}\sigma_{\text{e}}\mathrm{d}\varepsilon_{\text{ep}}^{ } $
式(10)说明材料内部的温升来自变形过程中所施加的塑性功。累积损伤失效模型[40]为:
$ D=\sum_{ }^{ }\frac{\Delta\varepsilon_{\text{ep}}}{\varepsilon^{\text{f}}} $
$ \varepsilon^{\text{f}}=\left[D_1+D_2\exp\left(D_3\sigma^*\right)\right]\left(1+D_4\ln\dot{\varepsilon}^*\right)\left(1+D_5T^*\right) $
式中:$ D $为损伤度,用于描述材料的损伤破坏程度,其取值处于0~1,初始时$ D=0 $,当材料失效时,$ D=1 $;$ {\varepsilon }^{\text{f}} $为破坏应变;$ \Delta\varepsilon_{\text{ep}} $为一个计算步长的等效塑性应变增量;$ \sigma^*=p/\sigma_{\text{e}} $为应力状态参数, $ {D}_{1}~{D}_{5} $为材料参数。Grüneisen 状态方程为:
$ p=\dfrac{{\rho }_{0}c_{0}^{2}\mu \left[1+\left(1-\dfrac{{\gamma }_{0}}{2}\right)\mu +\dfrac{a}{2}{\mu }^{2}\right]}{\left[1-\left({S}_{1}-1\right)\mu -{S}_{2}\dfrac{{\mu }^{2}}{\mu +1}-{S}_{3}\dfrac{{\mu }^{3}}{{\left(\mu +1\right)}^{2}}\right]}+\left({\gamma }_{0}+a\mu \right){e}_{0} $
式中:$ {e}_{0} $为材料内部的初始内能;$c_0 $为$ {v }_{\text{s}}{\text{-}}{v }_{\text{p}} $曲线的截距,$ S_1~S_3 $为$v_{\text{s}}{\text{-}}v_{\text{p}} $曲线斜率的系数,$ {v }_{\text{s}} $为冲击波速度,$ {v }_{\text{p}} $为质点速度;系数$ \mu =\rho /{\rho }_{0}-1 $,其中$ \rho $为当前密度,$ {\rho }_{0} $为初始密度;$ {\gamma }_{0} $为Grüneisen系数,$ a $为对$ {\gamma }_{0} $的一阶体积修正。
结合上述穿甲试验中弹材和靶材的力学特性,并参考钢材、钨合金等金属材料的有限元模拟工作,得到相关材料的模型参数[36-38]如表2所示。
结合前期相关试验[30-31],针对其中4种侵彻工况开展数值模拟,即4种直径钨纤维增强复合材料长杆弹分别以4种初速度$ {v}_{0} $侵彻100 mm厚钢靶。针对各侵彻工况,其侵彻深度数据如表3所示,最终弹靶变形和破坏形貌如图6所示。观察发现,总体来说数值模拟结果与试验结果符合较好。在侵彻初期,4种速度条件下弹体侵彻所导致的靶板孔径均相对较大;后续侵彻中,弹头区域基体材料发生快速的剪切破坏,随即切断临近钨纤维,致使钨纤维发生剪切断裂,之后持续向弹体后端流失,弹头呈现尖头构型,相应地,靶板孔径逐渐减小,最终变得和弹体直径相当,相应地最终弹坑形貌呈现出细长且底部尖锐的特征。
从图6还可知,不同长杆弹侵彻之后呈现出不同的头形特征。4种残余弹体弹头形貌放大如图7所示,弹体头部均表现出自锐特征,而弹身区域未发生明显变形。其中d=0.5, 0.7 mm纤维的弹体头部存在较厚边缘层(图7(b)~(c)),边缘层内纤维发生显著变形或破坏,弹头锐化特征较明显;相对来说,对于较细(d=0.3 mm)和较粗(d=1.0 mm)钨纤维的复合材料弹体,弹头区域未产生边缘层,弹头锐化程度也有所减弱,更接近于半球形形貌。
另外可看出,由于数值模拟采用的圆柱形弹体结构与实际弹体在头尾两端结构(图1)存在几何特征差异,同时模型中纤维-基体界面结合条件以及纤维均匀分布等理想化特征(图2)导致材料变形破坏的具体情况与试验结果呈现一定差别。总体来说,相关模拟能较好地呈现试验中的主要现象;另外,二维模型与三维模型均能较好地体现弹靶在侵彻过程中的主要力学响应特征,为更直观地观察弹靶破坏特征并减小计算规模,以下将主要开展二维模拟结果开展相关讨论。
如第2节所述,不同钨纤维直径长杆弹呈现出不同侵彻特性;前期研究[38]表明,复合材料弹体侵彻模式及最终侵彻性能受撞击速度影响显著。以下将基于不同撞击速度范围内的2个典型取值($ {v}_{0} $=800, 1600 m/s),进一步具体分析纤维直径对弹体侵彻/穿甲性能的影响规律。
图8~9展示了$ {v}_{0} $=800 m/s条件下,4种弹体侵彻过程中的弹靶变形破坏过程。在该较低速度下,在侵彻初期(16 μs时刻),弹头内部基体材料先破坏,其临近钨纤维在靶板挤压下发生剧烈弯折变形,导致弹头呈现出尖头构形,同时弹体头部发生镦粗变形,靶板孔径也进一步增大。随着侵彻过程的继续(50 μs时刻),弹头区域的钨纤维逐渐被切断并向后端流失,从而使得弹头进一步锐化,相应地,靶板孔径逐渐减小,也即弹头的自锐行为是一个渐变过程。在后续侵彻过程中弹体自锐行为持续进行,最终靶板内呈现出细长且底部尖锐的弹坑形貌(120 μs时刻)。
从图9中可发现,在侵彻初期,4种弹体均发生不同程度的镦粗变形(16 μs时刻)。随着侵彻过程持续进行,d=0.3 mm钨纤维呈现出显著弯折特征,尤其是弹体外侧纤维已发生剪切破坏(图9(a)中60 μs时刻所示)。断裂的钨纤维向弹体后端流失,弹头进一步锐化为尖头形状,即发生自锐现象。此外,还可观察到弹头边缘层厚度逐渐增大,原因是由于大量纤维发生弯曲变形并堆积在弹体头部;图9(b)~(c)显示,d=0.5和d=0.7 mm钨纤维同样发生弯曲变形,且d=0.7 mm纤维变形程度小于d=0.5 mm纤维(图9(b)~(c)中60 μs时刻),同时二者弯折程度均低于d=0.3 mm直径纤维弹体情形(图9(a))。原因主要在于低速撞击工况下弹体材料变形应变率较低,导致基体材料屈服强度相对较弱[32-33]。因此,金属玻璃基体对周围钨纤维的前期约束作用和后期剪切冲击作用较小,相应地,钨纤维直径越大,其刚度及抗剪强度均相对较高[42],因此纤维更不容易发生弯折变形。同样地,由于受到靶板挤压作用,断裂的钨纤维沿着弹体后端流失,弹头进一步锐化;对于d=1.0 mm直径纤维,由于纤维刚度及抗弯、剪切强度等进一步提高,并未发生明显弯折变形,如图9(d)所示,纤维断裂后同样向弹体后端流失,弹头表现出自锐行为,导致边缘层厚度也逐渐增大。
类似地,将4种弹体在$ {v}_{0} $=1600 m/s条件下的弹靶变形破坏历程及弹体头形演化过程,如图10~11所示。从图10可知,侵彻初期(10 μs时刻)弹头镦粗变形特征与$ {v}_{0} $=800 m/s情形(图9)相似,然而在该较高速度下,弹头并未呈现明显的尖头构形。原因主要是在该高速条件下,金属玻璃基体迅速破坏,导致弹头前端钨纤维未受到基体约束,破坏之后快速向后端流失。然而,在后续过程中(60 μs时刻),头部钨纤维持续剥落,同时向弹体后端流失,使得弹头发生一定程度锐化,且该自锐状态持续直至侵彻结束,最终靶板也呈现细长且底部尖锐的弹坑形貌(90 μs时刻)。
从图11(a)~(d)中的10 μs时刻可看出,在侵彻初期,4种弹体均发生一定程度镦粗变形,但头部并未像$ {v}_{0} $=800 m/s情形锐化为尖头构形,且头部边缘层也相对较薄;在随后的侵彻过程中,d=0.3 mm钨纤维未发生明显弯折变形,边缘层厚度较$ {v}_{0} $=800 m/s工况下变得更薄。这是由于弹体材料变形的应变率与金属玻璃基体的屈服强度在较高撞击速度条件下均进一步增大,因此其临近纤维在初期受到的约束作用以及在后期受到的剪切冲击作用均显著增大,导致钨纤维迅速发生断裂。
此外还可发现,d=0.3 mm纤维的弹体头部最外侧钨纤维表现出屈曲回流特征(图11(a)中50 μs时刻),主要原因在于弹体最外侧纤维受到金属玻璃基体包裹较少(如图2(a)和图4(a)所示),即所受约束作用相对较小,且金属玻璃基体迅速破坏,进而侵彻过程中弹头区域纤维更容易同弹体分离并向弹体后端流失,使得弹体发生自锐行为(图11(a));类似地,如图11(b)~(c)所示,d=0.5 mm和d=0.7 mm钨纤维弹头边缘层内纤维同样未发生剧烈的弯折变形,相较于$ {v}_{0} $=800 m/s工况,边缘层厚度显著减小,但相较于d=0.3 mm纤维弹体有所增大,且d=0.7 mm纤维弹体边缘层厚度相对更大,这主要是由于纤维的抗弯和抗剪切性能随纤维直径增大而增强,纤维更不容易被切断,导致边缘层厚度随纤维直径增大而增大。此外,由于弹体外侧纤维所受约束作用也相对较小(图2(b)~(c)和图4(b)~(c)),2种弹体均发生屈曲回流(图11(b)~(c)中90 μs时刻);从图11(d)则可看出,d=1.0 mm纤维的弹体头部纤维仍未发现明显弯折变形(图11(d)中50 μs时刻),且弹头最外侧钨纤维也未发生屈曲回流,主要原因在于纤维直径较大,弹靶之间的空隙不能满足纤维回流条件,因此钨纤维主要是受到靶板的挤压作用发生剪切破坏(图11(d)中90 μs时刻)。
4种弹体内部关键点处(图4)应力变化历程如图12所示,可以发现,在侵彻过程中金属玻璃基体的应力呈现先缓慢上升,在临近破坏时迅速上升随后又快速下降的特征,且在$ {v}_{0} $=1 600 m/s速度下的极限强度显著高于$ {v}_{0} $=800 m/s情形,原因主要是由于随着应变率的提高,金属玻璃强度也随之增大,与前期研究结论[32-33]相符。此外,关键点处纤维应力变化特征存在差异,以下将具体分析。
图12(a)中显示,在$ {v}_{0} $=800 m/s条件下,关键点处钨纤维应力同样快速上升至屈服强度,然后在金属玻璃基体破坏后钨纤维仍可经历一段时间的塑性变形,其中d=0.3 mm纤维的破坏时间约为54 μs,而d=1.0 mm纤维破坏时间达到70 μs。相关差别主要是由于在该速度条件下钨纤维受到金属玻璃基体剪切冲击作用相对较弱,相应地钨纤维直径越大越不容易发生破坏。而从图12(b)可看出,在$ {v}_{0} $=1 600 m/s条件下,4种弹体的纤维在金属玻璃基体破坏后便迅速发生破坏,其中d=0.3 mm和d=1.0 mm纤维的破坏时间分别为38和41 μs,相关差异较$ {v}_{0} $=800 m/s情形明显减小,且不同直径纤维之间的差异减弱。这主要源于临近钨纤维受到金属玻璃基体的剪切冲击作用在更高应变率条件下变得更为显著。
综合上述分析可知,4种直径钨纤维增强复合材料弹体在侵彻过程中均呈现自锐特征,但弹体变形和破坏模式存在显著差异,且受到撞击速度影响。在较低撞击速度($ {v}_{0} $=800 m/s)下,由于弹头区域基体材料对纤维的剪切冲击作用较弱,钨纤维随其直径增大而变得难以发生弯折变形;随撞击速度升高($ {v}_{0} $=1 600 m/s),弹体内部纤维变得更容易发生剪切断裂,头部边缘层厚度有所减小,边缘层内纤维弯折变形程度也有所减弱。此时随纤维直径增大,由于弹头区域被金属玻璃基体约束纤维数量逐渐减少,纤维逐渐倾向于同弹体分离并向弹体后端流失。当直径增大到1.0 mm时,钨纤维难以在弹靶之间空隙发生回流,转为因靶板的挤压作用而直接发生剪切破坏。
进一步分析不同纤维直径复合材料弹体头部形状在不同速度条件下的演化特征。4种弹体在$ {v}_{0} $=800,1 200,1 600,2 000 m/s等4种撞击速度条件下侵彻中期准定常阶段的弹头形貌如图13所示。
从图13红色虚线区域可看出,弹头均发生剪切断裂。此外,在$ {v}_{0} $=800 m/s条件下,d=0.3,0.5,0.7 mm这3种直径钨纤维发生不同程度的弯折变形且较为剧烈;而d=1.0 mm钨纤维则未发生弯折特征,弹头锐化程度也有所降低;在$ {v}_{0} $=1 200 m/s条件下,由于临近纤维受到金属玻璃基体剪切冲击作用增强,因此d=0.3 mm和d=0.5 mm纤维同样发生剪切破坏,但弹体头部纤维并未发生剧烈弯曲变形,且表现出边缘层厚度有所减小以及纤维所经历的塑性变形时长有所缩短的特征。
图13绿色虚线区域显示,弹头外侧钨纤维发生屈曲回流。类似地,在$ {v}_{0} $=1200 m/s条件下,d=0.7 mm纤维未发生剧烈弯折,且边缘层厚度小于$ {v}_{0} $=800 m/s情形。还可观察到,在$ {v}_{0} $=1600, 2000 m/s条件下,d=0.3,0.5,0.7 mm这3种弹头最外侧纤维均发生屈曲回流,且弹头边缘层厚度随撞击速度增大而逐渐减小。特别地,当$ {v}_{0} $=1600 m/s时,弹头均保持一定厚度的边缘层并呈现为尖头构形,而当$ {v}_{0} $=2 000 m/s时,d=0.3 mm和d=0.5 mm纤维弹体头部边缘层厚度显著减小,弹头锐化程度降低。
从图13蓝色虚线范围中可知,d=1.0 mm钨纤维在$ {v}_{0} $=1200, 1600, 2000 m/s这3种速度条件下表现为剪切破坏,同$ {v}_{0} $=800 m/s情形相似,弹头纤维未发生明显弯折变形,但边缘层厚度显著减小,且随着撞击速度提高而进一步减小,当$ {v}_{0} $=2 000 m/s时,弹体自锐性能明显弱化。此外,受限于弹靶之间相对较小的空间,d=1.0 mm钨纤维受到靶板的挤压作用,进而直接发生剪切破坏。
任杰等[38]针对复合材料长杆弹在不同速度下的头形转变规律研究发现,头形因子$ {N}^{*} $可较好地表征弹体侵彻过程中的头部形状演化特征,可作为反映长杆弹高速侵彻过程中弹体头形尖锐程度的重要参量。总体来说,$ {N}^{*} $值越小,弹头越尖锐,反之亦然。为进一步对比不同弹体在不同速度条件下侵彻过程中的弹头变形特性差异,结合有限元模拟结果计算得到弹体头形因子如图14所示。
从图14(a)可看出,在$ {v}_{0} $=800 m/s条件下,4种弹体的头形因子均呈现出持续下降至某一稳定值的变化特征,其中稳定取值对应于弹体停止侵彻。由于弹头边缘层内发生预损伤的纤维堆积在弹头区域,导致边缘层厚度不断增加,因此计算得到的头形因子相对较小且持续减小。总体来说,该撞击速度条件下不同弹体头形因子之间的差异相对较小。
对于$ {v}_{0} $=1200 m/s情形,如图14(b)所示,头形因子演化可大致分为3个阶段:(1) 0~30 μs阶段,4种弹体的头形因子均呈现下降趋势,且头形因子差异较小;(2) 30~80 μs阶段,弹体头部进一步锐化,这是由于弹头弯折的钨纤维被剪断且从弹体剥落,因此头形因子持续减小,其中d=0.7 mm纤维弹体头形因子相对较大,d=1.0 mm纤维弹体头形因子相对较小;(3) 80~140 μs阶段,4种弹体头形因子保持为某一恒定值,即该阶段中弹体的侵彻趋于停止。
图14(c)显示,在$ {v}_{0} $=1 600 m/s条件下,d=0.5, 0.7, 1.0 mm纤维弹体头形因子表现出单调下降特征,而d=0.3 mm纤维弹体头形因子首先快速下降,然后在30~70 μs阶段保持在一个相对稳定的区间,最后下降至某一稳定值。d=1.0 mm纤维弹体头形因子仍相对较小,同$ {v}_{0} $=1200 m/s情形相似,这主要源于较粗的钨纤维受限于弹体与靶板的间距而直接发生剪切破坏。
从图14(d)中可以看出,当$ {v}_{0} $=2000 m/s时,4种弹体头形因子在0~20 μs阶段均保持下降趋势,而在20~140 μs阶段存在较明显差异:(1) d=0.3 mm纤维弹体头形因子取值在20~60 μs阶段基本保持为稳定取值,随后在60~80 μs阶段再次开始下降至某一稳定值;(2) d=0.5 mm纤维弹体头形因子则在20~50 μs阶段基本保持为稳定值,在50~80 μs阶段再次下降至稳定值;(3) d=0.7 mm和d=1.0 mm纤维弹体在20~70 μs阶段持续下降,随后保持稳定。还可看出,d=0.3 mm和d=1.0 mm纤维弹体头形因子最终取值相对较大,主要原因是这2种弹体的边缘层厚度急剧减小(图13)。
接下来进一步深入讨论侵彻/穿甲过程中复合材弹体的变形和破坏特性,同时分析纤维直径对弹体侵彻/穿甲性能的影响规律以及相应自锐行为演变特征。
弹体和撞击速度组合的4种典型工况侵彻过程中的弹靶内部应变发展历程如图15所示。从图15(a)可看出,d=0.3 mm纤维弹体以$ {v}_{0} $=800 m/s侵彻时,初期弹体头部呈现显著镦粗变形并造成较大靶板孔径,弹头区域钨纤维产生剧烈弯折变形,且弹头顶端呈现出一定尖头构形(15 μs时刻),这主要是由于金属玻璃基体已发生破坏且纤维直径相对较小,其抗弯、抗剪强度较弱;在随后侵彻过程中,由于金属玻璃基体的冲击和剪切作用,受到预损伤的纤维发生屈曲变形,堆积在弹体头部,形成较厚边缘层。在靶板的挤压作用下,弹头进一步发生锐化(60 μs时刻);尖锐弹头内部纤维持续受到剪切作用并向后端流失,导致弹头锐化程度进一步增加,靶板孔径也越来越小(130 μs时刻)。
而图15(b)显示,d=0.7 mm纤维弹体以$ {v}_{0} $=1 600 m/s侵彻初期,弹体头部镦粗,导致靶板孔径相对较大,但此时由于基体迅速发生破坏,弹体头部前端区域的钨纤维未受到束缚,使得弹头并未呈现尖头构形(10 μs时刻);在随后过程中,由于侵彻速度较大,弹头区域钨纤维迅速发生剪切破坏而未经历长时间屈曲变形,同时由于钨纤维直径相对较大,外侧钨纤维由于受到基体的约束较少,容易发生向后端的屈曲回流,致使弹体发生自锐行为(40 μs时刻);在最后阶段,由于靶板的挤压、摩擦作用,回流钨纤维发生断裂,导致弹头未发生镦粗,且呈现一定锐化特征(90 μs时刻)。
图15(c)中显示,当撞击速度提高到$ {v}_{0} $=2 000 m/s时,d=1.0 mm纤维在侵彻初期阶段受到基体强剪切冲击作用后迅速发生破坏,因此弹体未发生显著镦粗变形(5 μs时刻);后续过程中,弹头纤维也未发生明显变形,而是快速被剪断并向后端流失(30 μs时刻);随后钨纤维持续受到靶板的挤压和摩擦作用,最终弹体头部边缘层厚度急剧减少,锐化程度进一步减弱(70 μs时刻)。
为更具体地对比分析弹头变形特征,再将上述图中弹体应变分布放大如图16所示。由图16(a)可知,在d=0.3 mm纤维弹体头部边缘层区域纤维发生剧烈弯折。此外,从边缘层后端圆圈区域可看出基体的剪切冲击作用使其临近钨纤维提前产生预变形或损伤,从而导致弹头侧面区域部分纤维出现断裂现象,如图中AA'、BB'虚线区域所示。因塑性变形而发生弯折的钨纤维堆积在弹体头部,在随后的侵彻过程中才被剪断,因此弹体破坏模式主要表现为塑性流动+剪切破坏的模式。
图16(b)中显示,d=0.7 mm纤维弹体头部纤维并未发生剧烈弯折现象,而是出现轻微弯曲,且弹头边缘层厚度相对于图16(a)中的情形有所减小。这是由于在更高撞击速度下,钨纤维受到临近基体的剪切冲击作用进一步增强,纤维在发生轻微弯曲后立即被剪断。同时由于外侧钨纤维受到基体的约束作用较弱,容易发生屈曲回流(参见圆圈区域)。因此弹体在侵彻过程的破坏模式主要表现为屈曲回流+剪切破坏。该模式一定程度上减小了侵彻阻力,进而提高了弹体的侵彻效率。
图16(c)显示,在更高速度下,d=1.0 mm纤维弹体头部钨纤维并未发生弯折变形,而是在基体强剪切冲击作用和靶板挤压作用直接发生剪切断裂,因此弹头边缘层变得更薄;同时较粗的纤维难以在弹靶之间的空隙发生回流,此时弹体的破坏模式仍主要表现为剪切破坏模式。
在纤维直径较小情形下,复合材料弹体破坏主要表现为塑性流动+剪切破坏模式;随着纤维直径增大,弹头区域钨纤维容易发生向后端的屈曲回流,并随撞击速度的升高而逐渐倾向于发生剪切破坏,表现为屈曲回流+剪切破坏模式,使得弹头进一步锐化并导致弹体侵彻/穿甲性能提升;当撞击速度和钨纤维直径达到某一上限阈值时,复合材料弹体转变为剪切破化模式,但弹体头部边缘层厚度显著减少,自锐性能有所弱化,侵彻/穿甲能力再次降低。实际应用中可尽量使用较大直径的钨纤维来增强复合材料弹体,同时尽量提高撞击速度,这有助于降低材料加工制备难度,并可增强弹体穿甲自锐性能。
本文中通过细观有限元模拟与试验验证相结合的方法,开展了不同直径钨纤维增强复合材料长杆弹侵彻/穿甲钢靶弹道行为研究,系统讨论了纤维直径对复合材料弹体自锐特性及相应穿甲能力的影响规律和相应机理,得到主要结论如下。
不同直径钨纤维增强复合材料弹体在侵彻过程中均呈现自锐特征,但弹体变形和破坏模式存在显著差异,且受撞击速度的影响。在较低速度下,钨纤维随其直径增大而变得难以发生弯折变形;随速度升高,弹体头部边缘层厚度有所下降,随纤维直径增大,纤维逐渐倾向于同弹体分离并向弹体后端流失,当直径增大到一定程度后,钨纤维因难以发生回流而转变为直接发生剪切破坏。
总体来说,在纤维直径较小的情形下,复合材料弹体在侵彻过程的破坏模式主要表现为塑性流动+剪切破坏模式;随纤维直径的增大,弹体逐渐表现为屈曲回流+剪切破坏模式,使得弹头进一步锐化并导致弹体侵彻/穿甲性能提升;当撞击速度和钨纤维直径达到某一上限阈值时,弹体进一步转变为剪切破坏模式,但头部边缘层厚度减小,其自锐性能有所弱化,侵彻/穿甲能力也再次降低。
实际工程应用中,为降低材料加工制备难度,可尽量使用较大直径的钨纤维来增强复合材料弹体,同时在使用复合材料弹体时尽量提高其撞击速度,可有效提升弹体侵彻/穿甲效率。

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2026年第46卷第9期
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doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0139
  • 接收时间:2025-05-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-09-05
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-12
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    1西南科技大学土木工程与建筑学院,四川 绵阳 621010
    2工程材料与结构冲击振动四川省重点实验室,四川 绵阳 621010
    3中国工程物理研究院总体工程研究所,四川 绵阳 621999
    4北京理工大学前沿交叉研究院,北京 100081
    5南京理工大学机械工程学院,南京 210094

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李继承(1984- ),男,博士,研究员,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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