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Article(id=1315732105791910274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, issueId=1315732078327616225, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11883/bzycj-2025-0067, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741017600000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-04, revisedDate=1747238400000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791624579140, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1788537600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791624579140, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791624579140, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791624579140, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315732078327616225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, year='2026', volume='46', issue='9', pageStart='091001-1', pageEnd='095402-10', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788537600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-05', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791624572593, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791624783658, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315732963703247483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, issueId=1315732078327616225, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315732963703247484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, issueId=1315732078327616225, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=091501-1, endPage=091501-8, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315732106005819779, articleId=1315732105791910274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, language=EN, title=Explosion venting studies of constructure in lithium-ion battery environments, columnId=1315732079569130210, journalTitle=Explosion and Shock Waves, columnName=Interdisciplinary Frontiers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Lithium-ion battery thermal runaway (LIBTR) poses a serious explosion hazard in enclosed spaces such as warehouses, charging rooms, and energy storage facilities. Despite the increasing attention and regulation of explosion venting in battery storage systems, the current standards lack specific guidance for calculating venting areas in LIBTR environments. To address this issue, an experimental study was conducted in this study using an 8-liter cylindrical explosion tank equipped with five different diameters (10.5, 15, 21.2, 30 and 60 mm) and venting devices with adjustable static opening pressures. The gas released by the thermal runaway of ternary lithium-ion batteries was used as the experimental material. CO, H2, CH4, C2H4, and CO2 were pre-mixed in actual proportions and used as a combustible mixture. At the same time, graphite dust with a D50 of 4 μm and a carbon purity of 99% was added to the hybrid explosion test to determine the effect of anode graphite dust on the explosion venting characteristics of lithium-ion batteries. High-energy ignition was used to simulate the worst-case scenario, igniting pure BVG (battery vent gas) and BVG-graphite dust mixtures under turbulent conditions. The pressure sensor monitored the real-time overpressure and recorded the maximum explosion relief pressure (pred) as the critical output. The results showed that the pred produced by pure BVG was always higher than that of the mixture containing graphite, indicating that graphite particles have a mitigating effect on the severity of the explosion, which may be due to heat absorption. Therefore, the influence of solid particles ejected by thermal runaway can be ignored when designing the explosion relief. pred decays exponentially with the increase of the explosion relief diameter and grows logarithmically with the opening pressure pstat of the explosion relief device. Based on the experimental data and combined with the specification GB50016, the calculation formula for the explosion relief area of lithium-ion battery structures was obtained, and the commonly used pressure relief ratio C is given as 0.11.

, authors=Gang LI, Shilong LI, Qiuping LI, Yuchong YANG, Hongli LU, Kehan XU, authorsList=Gang LI, Shilong LI, Qiuping LI, Yuchong YANG, Hongli LU, Kehan XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Explosion and Shock Waves, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315732109667447192, articleId=1315732105791910274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, language=CN, title=锂离子电池环境的建构物泄爆研究, columnId=1315732079833371364, journalTitle=爆炸与冲击, columnName=学科交叉前沿, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

利用8 L柱形爆炸测试装置通过设置10.5、15.0、21.2、30.0和60.0 mm五种泄爆口径，模拟探究了锂离子电池热失控环境下建构物的泄爆规律。结果显示：锂离子电池热失控释放气体（BVG）的泄爆压力pred高于BVG-石墨粉杂混物的pred，可以不考虑热失控喷出的固体颗粒的影响；pred随泄爆口径的增大呈指数衰减、与泄爆装置开启压力pstat呈对数增长关系；结合规范得到了涉及锂离子电池建构物的泄爆面积计算公式，并给出了常用的泄压比C可取0.11。

, authors=李刚, 李世龙, 李秋平, 杨雨憧, 陆宏利, 胥科含, authorsList=李刚, 李世龙, 李秋平, 杨雨憧, 陆宏利, 胥科含, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

李刚（1969－　），男，博士，教授，

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李刚（1969－　），男，博士，教授，

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李刚（1969－　），男，博士，教授，

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language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=泄爆压力), Keyword(id=1315732112146280897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732105791910274, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=建构物泄爆)], refs=[Reference(id=1315732115858239960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732105791910274, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王京. 锂电池储能现状及前景研究 [J]. 电子测试, 2020(6): 118–119. 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Typical components and concentrations of NCM lithium-ion battery thermal runaway release gas

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
气体种类CO2COH2CH4C2H4
体积分数/%37.328.922.75.45.7
), ArticleFig(id=1315732115761770967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732105791910274, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

NCM锂离子电池热失控释放气体典型组分及浓度[9]

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气体种类CO2COH2CH4C2H4
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锂离子电池环境的建构物泄爆研究
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李刚 , 李世龙 , 李秋平 , 杨雨憧 , 陆宏利 , 胥科含
爆炸与冲击 | 学科交叉前沿 2026,46(9): 091501-1-091501-8
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爆炸与冲击 |学科交叉前沿 2026 , 46 (9) : 091501-1 -091501-8
锂离子电池环境的建构物泄爆研究
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李刚 , 李世龙, 李秋平, 杨雨憧, 陆宏利, 胥科含
作者信息
  • 东北大学火灾&爆炸防治实验室，辽宁 沈阳 110819
作者简介:

李刚（1969－　），男，博士，教授，

Explosion venting studies of constructure in lithium-ion battery environments
Gang LI , Shilong LI, Qiuping LI, Yuchong YANG, Hongli LU, Kehan XU
Affiliations
  • Fire & Explosion Protection Laboratory, Northeast University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, China
出版时间: 2026-09-05 doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0067
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摘要
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利用8 L柱形爆炸测试装置通过设置10.5、15.0、21.2、30.0和60.0 mm五种泄爆口径，模拟探究了锂离子电池热失控环境下建构物的泄爆规律。结果显示：锂离子电池热失控释放气体（BVG）的泄爆压力pred高于BVG-石墨粉杂混物的pred，可以不考虑热失控喷出的固体颗粒的影响；pred随泄爆口径的增大呈指数衰减、与泄爆装置开启压力pstat呈对数增长关系；结合规范得到了涉及锂离子电池建构物的泄爆面积计算公式，并给出了常用的泄压比C可取0.11。

锂离子电池  /  热失控  /  泄爆压力  /  建构物泄爆

Lithium-ion battery thermal runaway (LIBTR) poses a serious explosion hazard in enclosed spaces such as warehouses, charging rooms, and energy storage facilities. Despite the increasing attention and regulation of explosion venting in battery storage systems, the current standards lack specific guidance for calculating venting areas in LIBTR environments. To address this issue, an experimental study was conducted in this study using an 8-liter cylindrical explosion tank equipped with five different diameters (10.5, 15, 21.2, 30 and 60 mm) and venting devices with adjustable static opening pressures. The gas released by the thermal runaway of ternary lithium-ion batteries was used as the experimental material. CO, H2, CH4, C2H4, and CO2 were pre-mixed in actual proportions and used as a combustible mixture. At the same time, graphite dust with a D50 of 4 μm and a carbon purity of 99% was added to the hybrid explosion test to determine the effect of anode graphite dust on the explosion venting characteristics of lithium-ion batteries. High-energy ignition was used to simulate the worst-case scenario, igniting pure BVG (battery vent gas) and BVG-graphite dust mixtures under turbulent conditions. The pressure sensor monitored the real-time overpressure and recorded the maximum explosion relief pressure (pred) as the critical output. The results showed that the pred produced by pure BVG was always higher than that of the mixture containing graphite, indicating that graphite particles have a mitigating effect on the severity of the explosion, which may be due to heat absorption. Therefore, the influence of solid particles ejected by thermal runaway can be ignored when designing the explosion relief. pred decays exponentially with the increase of the explosion relief diameter and grows logarithmically with the opening pressure pstat of the explosion relief device. Based on the experimental data and combined with the specification GB50016, the calculation formula for the explosion relief area of lithium-ion battery structures was obtained, and the commonly used pressure relief ratio C is given as 0.11.

lithium-ion batteries  /  thermal runaway  /  reduced explosion pressure  /  explosion venting of constructure
李刚, 李世龙, 李秋平, 杨雨憧, 陆宏利, 胥科含. 锂离子电池环境的建构物泄爆研究. 爆炸与冲击, 2026 , 46 (9) : 091501-1 -091501-8 . DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0067
Gang LI, Shilong LI, Qiuping LI, Yuchong YANG, Hongli LU, Kehan XU. Explosion venting studies of constructure in lithium-ion battery environments[J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2026 , 46 (9) : 091501-1 -091501-8 . DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0067
正文
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锂离子电池由于能量密度高、循环寿命长、成本低等优点，被广泛认为是具有发展潜力的储能装置，但其安全问题也日益凸显[1]。锂离子电池在使用过程中可能因热滥用、机械滥用或电气滥用而触发热失控[2-3]。根据国家消防救援局报道，2022年因电池热失控引发的居民建筑物火灾达3242起，较2021年增长了17.3%[4]。
锂离子电池成品仓库、充电间、储能间、废弃电池储存间等相对密闭场所内的电池也有可能发生热失控，这时喷射出的杂混物会导致所处建筑物存在爆炸风险。而泄爆措施通过预设薄弱环节，快速释放建筑内因爆炸产生的超压，能大幅度降低意外的爆炸危害[5-6]，因此被广泛应用。根据国家标准《建筑设计防火规范》[7]，有爆炸危险的厂房或厂房内有爆炸危险的部位应采取泄爆措施。
目前人们对锂离子电池热失控机理的研究成果非常丰富，对热失控喷射物的成分及爆炸特性也有较多报道[3,8]。Koch等[9]利用气相色谱仪（GC-WLD和GC-FID）对51种镍钴锰电池（nickel cobalt manganese, NCM）进行测试，发现NCM电池热失控后，锂离子电池热失控释放气体（battery vent gas, BVG）中最常见的组分为CO2、CO、H2、C2H4、CH4并得到了它们的平均比例。Chen等[10]发现锂离子电池热失控时随着气体也喷射出较多的黑色颗粒，经元素分析这些固体颗粒79.37%是碳，并且主要是D50为4 μm的石墨粉尘。Chang等[11]研究了在密闭空间内，不同初始温度条件下BVG的爆炸特性，包括爆炸极限、最大爆炸压力pmax、最大压力上升速率(dp/dt)max和极限氧浓度（limiting oxygen concentration, LOC），发现随初始温度的升高，爆炸下限变化不明显，爆炸上限增大，而pmax、(dp/dt)max和LOC有不同程度的降低。Zhou等[12]测定了密闭空间内BVG与石墨粉尘所形成的杂混物的爆炸特性，发现在BVG体积浓度较小时，杂混物的pmax和(dp/dt)max较纯BVG爆炸有所上升，但在BVG体积浓度大于0.8当量浓度时，石墨粉尘会抑制BVG的爆燃。Zhang等[13]创新性地将细水雾与惰性气体耦合，构建了多物理场协同灭火系统，实验数据显示该组合使锂离子电池热失控环境的火焰温度从872℃降至216℃。Zhou等[14]在模拟密闭容器中释放高压CO2气体对BVG爆炸的抑制效果时，发现惰性气体射流能显著提高BVG在最低爆炸浓度下的爆炸特征。这些研究主要集中于密闭容器内锂离子电池热失控释放杂混物的爆炸特性及其抑制的研究，对于密闭容器内部热失控喷射杂混物爆炸泄压研究尚未见诸报端。
Liang等[15]研究发现在方形泄爆容器中，压力峰值与泄爆口径呈非线性关系，存在一个最佳泄压比，能有效降低90%以内的峰压。朱文艳等[16]以甲烷-硝酸铵气粉两相杂混物为研究对象，发现容器内压力-时间曲线出现双峰结构，表明高静态动作压力条件下压力特性发生变化。锂离子电池热失控释放可燃物质属于杂混物，其所处建构筑的泄压比如何确定，在标准[7]中尚属空白，导致无法依据该标准计算锂离子电池环境下建构物的泄爆面积。
综上，本文以NCM锂离子电池喷射杂混物作为研究对象，分析锂离子电池热失控释放的杂混物环境的爆炸泄爆特性，探讨泄爆面积和泄爆装置开启压力对锂离子电池环境建构物泄爆压力的影响，并参考规范[7]建立LIBTR环境建构物的泄爆面积计算公式，以期为锂电池环境建构物的泄爆设计提供依据，并为制定相关安全规范和技术标准提供参考。
1　实 验
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1.1　材料
根据标准ANSI/CAN/UL 9540A:2019[17]，可以预先配置BVG来测试其爆燃特性。考虑到研究结果的普遍适用性，使用Koch等[9]测试得到的BVG成分及其体积分数作为本研究配气的依据。气体各成分和体积分数见表1，其中由于C2H6和C3H6的体积分数不足1%，故忽略不计，并将其他主要气体进行归一化处理。
另外，本实验选用D50为4 μm、含碳量（质量分数）为99%[10]的石墨粉尘作为样品与BVG形成杂混物。石墨粉尘粒径如图1所示。
1.2　装置
根据EN 1839:2017[18]搭建了实验装置，如图2所示。实验装置的主体是一个直径210 mm，长径比近似1的圆柱形爆炸罐，其容积为8 L，最大承压为1.0 MPa。在爆炸罐上安装了由电脑采集系统控制的采集范围为0.1～0.9 MPa、采集频率为3000 Hz的压电式压力传感器。在爆炸罐底部放有一个托盘放置粉尘，容器上方设有管道连接电磁阀和50 mL压力罐。
1.3　实验方法
采用分压法制备混合气体，充入BVG和预混合空气预混，以形成具有不同体积浓度的BVG与空气混合物。实验点火前向罐体冲入0.097 MPa（绝对压力）的可燃混合气，压力罐充入0.6 MPa（相对压力）的空气，使用时间继电器控制电磁阀释放压力罐中的空气，在保证点火时罐内初始压力与外界大气压一致的同时，吹起石墨粉尘。容器中间设置了镍铬熔丝点火电极，其点火能量约10 J。点火器点火时间设置为高压空气吹入900 ms后。所有实验均重复3次，取平均值。实验温度为25 ℃，大气压力为0.101 MPa。
在8 L柱形罐体中间通过六个螺栓固定一块穿孔碳钢板，每次实验在8 L罐体与穿孔碳钢板之间放置锡纸作为泄压装置实现罐体的泄压，实验泄爆口径D等于板孔直径，泄爆口径分别为10.5、15.0、21.2、30.0和60.0 mm，泄爆装置实物如图3所示。
实验前采用向8 L罐体内部冲入压缩空气冲破锡纸的方法测定泄爆装置静态动作压力pstat（缓慢升压时泄爆装置的开启压力）。由图4可知，当泄爆口径分别为10.5、15.0、21.2、30.0和60.0 mm，且泄爆膜层数为单层时，测得pstat分别为0.36、0.24、0.18、0.12和0.06 MPa，并得到在同一泄爆口径下不同泄爆装置层数n的压力与单层膜成倍数关系。
2　结果与分析
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2.1　确定危险工况
NCM电池热失控喷射的杂混物主要是BVG和电极材料，其中电极材料中具有可燃爆性质的主要是石墨粉尘。由前述研究[12]可知，密闭空间内BVG气体浓度较低时，氧气较富足，杂混物的pmax和(dp/dt)max较BVG气体均有提升，但是在当量浓度附近时，氧气的不足对杂混物爆燃的剧烈程度有抑制作用，导致pmax和(dp/dt)max较纯气体爆炸略有下降。然而，泄爆时的压力变化规律可能与密闭空间内的情况有所不同。本研究针对BVG气体及其与石墨粉尘所形成的杂混物的泄爆压力进行分析，以此确定危险工况。
首先，需测定纯BVG气体的最危险爆炸浓度。在石墨被吹起形成粉尘云的过程中，爆炸容器内部产生湍流，为了实验的一致性，在评估纯BVG气体和BVG-石墨粉尘两相体系的爆炸危险性时，选取密闭空间内湍流态下BVG气体爆炸特征作为对比。实验测得的湍流态下不同体积浓度（体积分数）的BVG气体爆炸压力pmax和压力上升速率(dp/dt)max，如图5所示。结果表明：BVG爆炸压力pmax和爆炸压力上升速率(dp/dt)max随体积浓度的变化趋势相同，均在BVG体积浓度为29.0%时到达最大值，最大爆炸压力pmax为0.64 MPa，最大压力上升速率(dp/dt)max为68.7 MPa/s。因此将29.0%的BVG体积浓度定义为最危险爆炸浓度，也即当量浓度。
其次，需测定在设置有不同泄爆口径的泄爆装置时，BVG气体与不同浓度的石墨粉尘所形成的杂混物爆炸时的容器内最大超压pred。测试选取的BVG体积浓度为17.5和29.0%，石墨粉尘质量浓度为10、20、30、60、100、200、300和400 g/m3。选择这两个气体体积浓度是为了研究BVG在富氧（0.6当量比）和贫氧（1.0当量比）时加入不同浓度石墨的泄压变化情况。测试结果如图6所示：泄爆口径相同时，29.0%体积浓度的BVG-石墨粉尘杂混物的pred均高于17.5%体积浓度的pred，说明在气体浓度为最危险爆炸浓度时杂混物的危险程度最高；同时，发现所有泄爆口径下BVG的pred最大，且pred随着石墨粉尘浓度的增大而减小，表明在建构物设置有泄爆口时，石墨粉尘的加入起到惰化的效果，降低了BVG的爆炸危险性。分析可知，石墨粉尘的最小点火能很大，有大量石墨粉尘吸收了系统产生的部分热量，使得容器内气体膨胀速率下降，从而导致升压速率下降，而泄爆装置开启后，在剩余可燃混合气和高压燃烧产物的气流携带下，大部分吸收热量的石墨粉尘未经燃烧，便经泄爆口泄放至容器外部，进而导致BVG-石墨粉尘杂混物的pred低于纯BVG气体的pred。
综上，在建构物有泄爆装置时，NCM电池热失控喷射的纯BVG气体比BVG-石墨粉尘杂混物爆炸危险性高，从安全生产的角度出发，研究锂离子电池环境的建构物泄爆特性时，应将纯BVG气体环境的建构物爆炸定义为最危险的工况。
2.2　泄爆因素分析
为进一步分析泄爆口径对压力变化的影响，图7展示了不同泄爆口径下，29.0%体积浓度BVG气体容器内的压力曲线。可以看出，在泄爆口径D=10.5和15.0 mm时容器内压力曲线表现出双压力峰值特点。第一个波峰是点火后BVG爆炸释放热量使气体发生急剧膨胀和高压燃烧产物共同作用使得容器内迅速升压，从而导致泄爆膜破裂的结果，此压力峰值也称动态破膜压力。值得注意的是，动态破膜压力始终高于pstat，这种差异是由于泄爆膜在动态瞬时压力脉冲负荷下的强度高于在缓慢静态压力负荷下的强度[19]。在双压力峰值之间可以观察到压力出现振荡现象，这是由容器内燃烧产物的生成率与未燃烧混合物和高温燃烧产物的向外泄放率之间的竞争引起的，当后者小于前者时，压力上升，反之压力下降。
当D=10.5 mm时，泄爆装置开启后，内外压差导致容器内的高压燃烧产物和未燃尽的BVG气体开始向外泄放，受限于过小的泄爆口径，仍有未燃的大量可燃混合气进行燃烧反应，容器内燃烧引起的升压明显大于泄放引起的减压，当剩余BVG燃尽时，出现第二个压力峰值，此峰值为最大超压峰值，此后压力迅速下降；当D=15.0 mm时，泄爆装置开启后，容器内燃烧引起的升压小于泄放引起的减压，持续一段时间后，泄爆口处的压力大于罐体内压力使得外界空气进入罐体，反而提供氧气供剩余BVG燃烧，小幅度的加剧了燃烧反应，使得升压大于泄放引起的减压，导致容器内压力有所回升，当剩余BVG燃尽时，出现第二个压力峰值，但此压力峰值小于破膜压力，此后压力迅速下降。
当D=21.2、30.0和60.0 mm时，容器内压力曲线表现出单压力峰值特点。此波峰即是点火后BVG气体爆炸释放能量的破膜压力，也是容器内能达到的最大超压峰值。泄爆装置开启后，容器内外压差导致容器内的高压燃烧产物和未燃尽的BVG开始向外泄放。可以发现，随着泄爆口径增大，泄放率增加，压力下降速率随之增加。
泄爆装置破裂压力峰值对应时刻为泄爆口开启时间。从图7可知，随着泄爆口径的减小，泄爆装置破裂所需能量增加，泄爆口开启时间延长。泄爆口最早开启时间为D=60.0 mm时的24.7 ms，最晚开启时间为D=15.0 mm时的98 ms，时间延长幅度达到296.8%。
此外，为定量分析泄爆口径对pred的影响，对实验结果进行了拟合，得到pred(MPa)随泄爆口径D(mm)的变化曲线，如图8所示，pred随泄爆口径的升高有明显的降低，但泄爆口径对pred的影响逐渐减弱，呈现出指数衰减的关系：
$ p_{\text{red}}=0.893\; 4\text{ e}^{-0.050\; 88D}+0.042\; 13 $
当泄爆口径小于7.9 mm时，pred接近BVG在密闭空间发生爆炸时的pmax，说明在容积为8 L时，7.9 mm口径以下的泄爆装置已难以有效降低内压。
泄爆装置开启压力pstat也是影响建构物泄爆的因素。因此，对pred-pstat关系的实验数据进行拟合处理，得到pred（MPa）随pstat（MPa）的变化曲线，如图9所示，其拟合公式为：
$ {p}_{\text{red}}=0.371\; 8\ln ({p}_{\text{stat}}+0.038\; 91)+0.938\; 6 $
由图9可知，pstat在较小范围内时，pred随pstat升高显著提高，这是由于在pstat较小时，随着pstat的升高，泄爆口打开时间越晚，容器内BVG-空气混合气燃烧产生的高压气体生成率与未燃烧混合物的体积消耗率之间的差值越大，同时燃烧产生的热量越多，容器内气体膨胀率越高，从而导致pred增长迅速。当泄爆装置开启压力增加到一定值后，pred增长缓慢甚至不再发生变化，原因是已经与BVG在密闭空间时的工况差别不大，pred已经十分接近BVG的pmax，说明此时泄爆装置的泄压效果显著减弱。
2.3　锂离子电池所在建构筑物的泄爆面积确定方法
《建筑防火设计规范》[7]给出的建构物泄爆面积计算公式：
$ {A}_{\text{v}}=10C{V}^{2/3} $
式中：$ {A}_{\text{v}} $为依据公式计算的泄爆面积，V为建构物容积，C为泄压比。
国家标准[7]给出了常见的可燃气体、可燃爆粉尘和可燃蒸汽泄压比C的取值范围，但未包含BVG。同时，现行标准中泄压比的取值是基于建构筑物体积为1000 m3、抗爆强度为0.07 MPa的确定条件下得到的。当建构筑物允许的最大泄爆压力pred,max（即抗爆强度）发生变化，则泄压比C也会发生变化。比如强度越大则需要的泄爆面积越小，为此将实验测得的pred视为建构物抗爆强度pred,max，对泄压比C与建构物抗爆强度pred,max进行了拟合处理，得到了两者之间的变化曲线，结果如图10所示。由图10可知，泄压比C随pred,max的升高呈指数衰减关系：
$ C=0.096\; 86{\text{e}}^{-12.31{{p}_{\text{red,max}}}}+0.001\; 946 $
结合式(3)和式(4)，可得锂离子电池热失控环境建构物的泄爆面积计算公式：
$ {A}_{\text{v}}=\left(0.968\; 6{\text{e}}^{-12.31{{p}_{\text{red,max}}}}+0.019\; 46\right){V}^{2/3} $
由图5可知，BVG爆炸下限为10.9%，根据GB50016规定可将锂电池环境建构物划分为具有乙类火灾危险性的生产场所，因此其承重结构宜采用钢筋混凝土或钢框架、排架结构。参照《爆破安全规程》[19]所列出的建筑物的破坏程度与超压关系，可知0.025～0.04 MPa的超压可使得钢筋混凝土结构出现小于1 mm的裂缝，该超压虽然会使厂房结构受损，但主体结构仍然具有安全性。因此，将0.025 MPa作为锂离子电池环境建构物的抗爆强度pred,max，兼顾安全性与经济性。代入式(4)，得泄压比C为0.073。出于安全生产考虑，可将锂电池热失控释放气体划入“丙酮、汽油、甲醇、液化石油气、甲烷、喷漆间或干燥室，苯酚树脂、铝、镁、锆等Kst>30 MPa·m·s−1的粉尘”[7]类型，取值范围为C≥0.110。
3　结论
收起
(1) BVG的最危险爆炸体积浓度为29.0%，此浓度时pmax为0.64 MPa，(dp/dt)max为68.7 MPa/s。所有泄爆口径下，在BVG中加入石墨粉尘后，石墨粉尘通过吸收热量降低了气体膨胀速率，导致所形成的BVG-石墨粉尘杂混物的pred均低于BVG的pred。因此，考虑到最危险的工况，在研究锂离子电池热失控喷射杂混物环境下的建构物泄爆时，可以按BVG气体环境考虑。
(2)随着泄爆口径增大，容器内燃烧产物的生成率逐渐小于未燃烧混合物和高温燃烧产物的向外泄放率，使得BVG泄放压力曲线由双峰值过渡为单峰值；泄爆口径的减小会延长泄放时间，延长幅度可达296.8%。pred随泄爆口径D的增大呈指数衰减，同时，pred与泄爆装置开启压力pstat呈对数增长关系。
(3)泄压面积比C与锂离子电池环境的建构物抗爆强度pred,max之间呈指数衰减关系，结合GB50016《建筑防火设计规范》所给建构物泄爆面积计算方法，建立了LIBTR环境建构物的泄爆面积计算公式。按乙类火灾危险建构筑物的抗爆强度，泄压比C的取值可取0.110。

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doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0067
  • 接收时间：2025-03-04
  • 首发时间：2026-10-10
  • 出版时间：2026-09-05
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  • 收稿日期：2025-03-04
  • 修回日期：2025-05-15
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    东北大学火灾&爆炸防治实验室，辽宁 沈阳 110819
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