Article(id=1315732098535773030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, issueId=1315732078327616225, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11883/bzycj-2025-0053, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739894400000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-19, revisedDate=1744560000000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791624577410, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1788537600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791624577410, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791624577410, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791624577410, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315732078327616225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, year='2026', volume='46', issue='9', pageStart='091001-1', pageEnd='095402-10', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788537600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-05', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791624572593, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791624783658, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315732963703247483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, issueId=1315732078327616225, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315732963703247484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, issueId=1315732078327616225, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=092301-1, endPage=092301-11, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315732098841957223, articleId=1315732098535773030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, language=EN, title=Experimental study on non-shock initiation reaction characteristics of CL-20-based PBX explosive charge considering constraint conditions, columnId=1315732080638668993, journalTitle=Explosion and Shock Waves, columnName=Explosion Physics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the influence of constraint conditions on the non-shock ignition reaction process of CL-20-based polymer bonded explosive (PBX) explosives, an ignition test device with adjustable mechanical constraints was used to study the reaction evolution behavior of PBX explosives under different constraints. Based on the high-speed camera image and the recovered shell wreckage, the influence of constraint conditions on the reaction rate and reaction intensity of the charge was analyzed respectively. The pressure change in the process of charge reaction was recorded by pressure sensor, and the evolution behavior of non-shock ignition reaction of explosive was analyzed. The overpressure time history of air shock wave at different positions was measured by overpressure sensor, and the detonation test of PBX was carried out. Based on the overpressure peak at the same position of the two types of tests, the relationship between constraint conditions and charge reactivity was further analyzed. The results show that weakening the mechanical constraint strength can reduce the reaction rate and the reaction intensity of the explosive. According to the pressure growth rate, the non-shock ignition reaction process under the constraint condition is divided into two stages. As the constraint strength increases, the distinction between the two reaction stages is gradually not obvious, and the first stage quickly transitions to the second stage. The parameters determined in the calculation formula of detonation overpressure peak of CL-20-based PBX explosive are A = 0.289, B = 1.041, and C = 2.224. The constraint conditions have a significant effect on the reactivity of the explosive charge. When the shell thickness is 6mm and the strength of the constraint plate is 2 MPa and 50 MPa, the reactivity of the explosive is 0.11 and 0.14, respectively. When the shell thickness is 20 mm and the strength of the constraint plate is 2 MPa, the charge reactivity is 0.31. It can be seen that the reaction intensity of CL-20-based PBX explosive can be effectively reduced by weakening the mechanical constraint strength.

, authors=Jiamin WANG1, Xiao LI2, Kuiguang YAO2, Pengwan CHEN1, Shuji WANG1, Rui LIU1, authorsList=Jiamin WANG, Xiao LI, Kuiguang YAO, Pengwan CHEN, Shuji WANG, Rui LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shuji WANG, Rui LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Explosion and Shock Waves, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315732102373561214, articleId=1315732098535773030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, language=CN, title=考虑约束条件的CL-20基PBX炸药装药非冲击点火反应特性, columnId=1315732080827412675, journalTitle=爆炸与冲击, columnName=爆炸物理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究约束条件对CL-20基高聚物粘结炸药(polymer bonded explosive, PBX)非冲击点火后反应特性的影响,设计了一种可变约束的点火试验装置,结合高速摄像机和压力传感器,对不同约束条件下CL-20基PBX炸药反应剧烈程度、反应压力增长和空气冲击波超压进行分析。进一步与其完全爆轰空气超压峰值对比,分析了约束条件与炸药装药反应度之间的关系。研究结果表明,CL-20基PBX炸药在约束条件下的非冲击点火反应过程分为反应压力缓慢增长和反应压力快速增长两个阶段,随着约束强度增大,两个反应阶段区分逐渐不明显。约束条件对炸药装药的反应度影响显著,当壳厚为6 mm、约束片强度为2和50 MPa时,炸药反应度分别为0.11和0.14;当壳厚为20 mm,约束片强度为2 MPa时,装药反应度为0.31。由此可见,通过减弱机械约束强度,能够有效降低CL-20基PBX炸药装药反应剧烈程度。

, authors=王佳敏1, 李晓2, 姚奎光2, 陈鹏万1, 王书记1, 刘睿1, authorsList=王佳敏, 李晓, 姚奎光, 陈鹏万, 王书记, 刘睿, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王书记, 刘睿, authorNote=

王佳敏(1998- ),男,博士研究生,

, correspAuthorsNote=
王书记(1992- ),男,博士,
刘睿(1985- ),男,博士,副教授,
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Test constraints

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编号h/mmps /MPa
1#2050
2#202
3#650
4#62
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试验约束条件

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编号h/mmps /MPa
1#2050
2#202
3#650
4#62
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The overpressure peak at each position under different constraints

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试验h/mmps/MPaR/m超压峰值/MPa
通道1通道2通道3
120500.75−−−
1.25−−−
1.750.1340.0910.113
22020.750.4800.5170.499
1.250.2300.1700.200
1.750.0820.0920.087
36500.750.319−0.319
1.250.0960.0860.091
1.750.0430.0440.0435
4620.750.2550.2680.2615
1.250.0870.0810.084
1.750.0420.0410.0415
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不同约束条件下各位置处的超压峰值

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试验h/mmps/MPaR/m超压峰值/MPa
通道1通道2通道3
120500.75−−−
1.25−−−
1.750.1340.0910.113
22020.750.4800.5170.499
1.250.2300.1700.200
1.750.0820.0920.087
36500.750.319−0.319
1.250.0960.0860.091
1.750.0430.0440.0435
4620.750.2550.2680.2615
1.250.0870.0810.084
1.750.0420.0410.0415
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考虑约束条件的CL-20基PBX炸药装药非冲击点火反应特性
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王佳敏 1 , 李晓 2 , 姚奎光 2 , 陈鹏万 1 , 王书记 1 , 刘睿 1
爆炸与冲击 | 爆炸物理 2026,46(9): 092301-1-092301-11
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爆炸与冲击 |爆炸物理 2026 , 46 (9) : 092301-1 -092301-11
考虑约束条件的CL-20基PBX炸药装药非冲击点火反应特性
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王佳敏1 , 李晓2, 姚奎光2, 陈鹏万1, 王书记1 , 刘睿1
作者信息
  • 1北京理工大学爆炸科学与安全防护全国重点实验室,北京 100081
  • 2中国工程物理研究院化工材料研究所,四川 绵阳 621999
通讯作者:
王书记(1992- ),男,博士,
刘睿(1985- ),男,博士,副教授,
作者简介:

王佳敏(1998- ),男,博士研究生,

Experimental study on non-shock initiation reaction characteristics of CL-20-based PBX explosive charge considering constraint conditions
Jiamin WANG1 , Xiao LI2, Kuiguang YAO2, Pengwan CHEN1, Shuji WANG1 , Rui LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
  • 2Institute of Chemical Materials, CAEP, Mianyang 621999, Sichuan, China
出版时间: 2026-09-05 doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0053
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为研究约束条件对CL-20基高聚物粘结炸药(polymer bonded explosive, PBX)非冲击点火后反应特性的影响,设计了一种可变约束的点火试验装置,结合高速摄像机和压力传感器,对不同约束条件下CL-20基PBX炸药反应剧烈程度、反应压力增长和空气冲击波超压进行分析。进一步与其完全爆轰空气超压峰值对比,分析了约束条件与炸药装药反应度之间的关系。研究结果表明,CL-20基PBX炸药在约束条件下的非冲击点火反应过程分为反应压力缓慢增长和反应压力快速增长两个阶段,随着约束强度增大,两个反应阶段区分逐渐不明显。约束条件对炸药装药的反应度影响显著,当壳厚为6 mm、约束片强度为2和50 MPa时,炸药反应度分别为0.11和0.14;当壳厚为20 mm,约束片强度为2 MPa时,装药反应度为0.31。由此可见,通过减弱机械约束强度,能够有效降低CL-20基PBX炸药装药反应剧烈程度。

CL-20  /  炸药装药  /  约束条件  /  压力演化  /  反应特性

In order to study the influence of constraint conditions on the non-shock ignition reaction process of CL-20-based polymer bonded explosive (PBX) explosives, an ignition test device with adjustable mechanical constraints was used to study the reaction evolution behavior of PBX explosives under different constraints. Based on the high-speed camera image and the recovered shell wreckage, the influence of constraint conditions on the reaction rate and reaction intensity of the charge was analyzed respectively. The pressure change in the process of charge reaction was recorded by pressure sensor, and the evolution behavior of non-shock ignition reaction of explosive was analyzed. The overpressure time history of air shock wave at different positions was measured by overpressure sensor, and the detonation test of PBX was carried out. Based on the overpressure peak at the same position of the two types of tests, the relationship between constraint conditions and charge reactivity was further analyzed. The results show that weakening the mechanical constraint strength can reduce the reaction rate and the reaction intensity of the explosive. According to the pressure growth rate, the non-shock ignition reaction process under the constraint condition is divided into two stages. As the constraint strength increases, the distinction between the two reaction stages is gradually not obvious, and the first stage quickly transitions to the second stage. The parameters determined in the calculation formula of detonation overpressure peak of CL-20-based PBX explosive are A = 0.289, B = 1.041, and C = 2.224. The constraint conditions have a significant effect on the reactivity of the explosive charge. When the shell thickness is 6mm and the strength of the constraint plate is 2 MPa and 50 MPa, the reactivity of the explosive is 0.11 and 0.14, respectively. When the shell thickness is 20 mm and the strength of the constraint plate is 2 MPa, the charge reactivity is 0.31. It can be seen that the reaction intensity of CL-20-based PBX explosive can be effectively reduced by weakening the mechanical constraint strength.

CL-20  /  explosive charge  /  constraint conditions  /  pressure evolution  /  reaction characteristics
王佳敏, 李晓, 姚奎光, 陈鹏万, 王书记, 刘睿. 考虑约束条件的CL-20基PBX炸药装药非冲击点火反应特性. 爆炸与冲击, 2026 , 46 (9) : 092301-1 -092301-11 . DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0053
Jiamin WANG, Xiao LI, Kuiguang YAO, Pengwan CHEN, Shuji WANG, Rui LIU. Experimental study on non-shock initiation reaction characteristics of CL-20-based PBX explosive charge considering constraint conditions[J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2026 , 46 (9) : 092301-1 -092301-11 . DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0053
炸药在生产、储存、服役的过程中,会受到如撞击、高温等意外载荷刺激,导致炸药发生非受控的化学反应,最终演变成为燃烧、爆炸甚至爆轰等安全事故。该反应过程被称为非冲击点火反应[1],其显著区别于冲击起爆。炸药装药的非冲击点火后反应演化过程及行为十分复杂,该过程主要以层流和对流燃烧过程为主导[2-5],与装药的约束条件、炸药自身物理化学性质[6-9]密切相关,认识约束条件对炸药反应演化行为的影响特性,对非冲击点火后反应转变机制以及安全事故控制具有重大意义。
为揭示非冲击点火后炸药反应的演化行为,Dickson等[10-11]观测到炸药点火后产生多条裂纹,裂纹的产生导致化学反应表面积增大,主导了反应的剧烈程度。李涛等[12]设计了一种带窗口的新型强约束球形装药试验装置,针对HMX基PBX炸药装药的反应过程中裂纹扩展与传播和反应演化过程进行了观测分析,点火后对反应演化影响最大的因素为反应燃烧面积的增加速度,装药在反应过程中存在灾变式的破碎过程,因此强约束对反应的增长创造了条件。邱天等[13]采用强约束厚壁钢柱壳管实验装置,对比分析了点火试验与爆轰试验的反应过程与特性:装药点火后的反应行为主要以高温高压反应产物在装药缝隙中对流,并促使炸药表面的层流燃烧为主要特征。在此基础上,楼建锋等[14]采用数值计算的方法同样得出非冲击点火条件下炸药反应过程更加复杂,其中炸药表面的燃烧传播要快于炸药基体中心的反应,缓慢燃烧转变为剧烈反应的时间尺度为数毫秒,明显区别于冲击起爆过程。Smilowitz 等[15-17]采用质子照相机直接观察到对流燃烧阵面的传播以及点火后炸药的物理消耗过程,证明了炸药点火后压力增大导致炸药基体裂纹产生与传播、高温高压气体对流传播点火和炸药层流反应的物理机制。
上述研究表明,反应压力直接决定了裂纹扩展与传播,导致反应表面积增大,而针对带壳装药,反应压力与壳体的失效强度密切相关,因此装药约束强度是影响炸药点火后反应程度和烈度演化的关键因素。为分析约束条件对演化过程的影响, Holmes等[18]开展了炸药约束与未约束的反应演化试验,发现炸药在约束条件下的反应剧烈程度明显高于未约束条件:未约束时,大质量炸药并未参与化学反应,高压气体产物驱动裂纹扩展使其解体,导致压力释放和反应熄灭;约束条件主导了压力增长与释放之间的相互竞争关系。姚奎光等[19]设计了一种可调约束的装药结构,研究了不同机械约束下压装HMX基PBX炸药装药演化行为,不同约束条件下装药的反应压力与约束壳体速度相差一个数量级,体现了约束强度对于装药反应行为的显著影响。楼建锋等[20]基于炸药反应演化的主导机制为压力增长特性,构建了两项式反应速率增长模型,描述了点火后炸药反应由缓慢燃烧反应到剧烈反应的演化过程,分析了约束强度对反应压力增长过程及其峰值的影响。目前,常采用超压对非冲击反应装药反应度进行讨论[12-13,21],Duan等[22-23]基于冲击波超压峰值得到的装药反应度,验证了所建立的燃烧裂纹网络反应演化理论模型。关于炸药的非冲击点火演化行为研究主要集中于以RDX、HMX为基的混合炸药中,而CL-20作为具有广泛应用潜能的新一代炸药,针对其在非冲击点火后的演化行为特性研究较少。
本文采用一种可调节约束的装药装置,开展CL-20基PBX(polymer bonded explosive, PBX)炸药非冲击点火后反应演化行为研究,通过反应过程的特征图像、反应压力、冲击波超压和壳体断裂特性分析约束条件对反应演化行为特性的影响。
为研究不同约束强度下炸药反应演化行为,采用如图1所示的试验装置,该装置由可调节约束片、装药壳体、点火器及圆柱形炸药药柱组成。炸药药柱放入壳体后,在壳体上端安装约束片,约束片尺寸为M56 mm。设计约束片内径小于炸药药柱内径,当高压产物冲破约束片后,使其在轴向方向仍能对炸药基体施加约束。装药壳体底部预留填充黑火药的中心孔,试验过程中使用点火器先点燃黑火药,继而黑火药反应产生的高温高压气体产物点燃装药药柱,装药在自身基体约束与壳体机械约束下进行反应演化。黑火药的燃烧产物可以模拟炸药受到非冲击载荷后,在炸药基体某个位置发生点火,并产生数兆帕的高温高压气体。通过改变装药壳体厚度与调节约束片的强度,对炸药实现不同的约束条件。
试验过程中,采用KISTLER6215高量程压力传感器,将其固定在腔体侧壁,传感器敏感面与侧壁的距离为2 mm,对腔体内炸药反应演化过程中的压力变化情况进行测量。将PCB公司超压传感器布置在距离装药0.75、1.25和1.75 m位置处,测量装药反应后在空气中产生的冲击波超压,每个距离处布置两路传感器。采用高速摄像系统记录壳体膨胀变形与装药反应演化过程。试验过程中,在约束片顶端安装触发探针,探针导通信号触发同步机,同步机同时触发冲击波超压系统和高速摄像系统。试验现场的装药与超压测试系统整体布局如图2(a)所示,装药与局部测试系统布局如图2(b)所示。
装药腔体设计时,保持内半径ri=25 mm不变,通过改变壳体厚度(h)确定外径尺寸,设计了2种腔体厚度,分别为6和20 mm厚,因此外半径分别为31和45 mm。可调节约束片依据强度(ps)选用了2和50 MPa两种规格,用来对炸药装药的约束条件进行小幅调节。试验中装药所采用的约束条件如表1所示。
装药为CL-20基PBX压装炸药,药柱的几何外形为圆柱形,质量为392 g,尺寸为$\varnothing $50 mm×100 mm,由两节$\varnothing $50 mm×50 mm的小药柱拼接而成。CL-20基PBX裸药柱如图3所示,其主要成分为CL-20和铝粉,质量分数分别为51%和29%,密度为1.99 g/cm3,爆热为8080 J/g。
试验过程中使用高速摄像机记录了装药壳体的膨胀破碎过程以及炸药的反应演化过程,如图4所示。以装药壳体顶端约束片破坏后出现亮光作为分析的起始时刻,以装药壳体侧壁破坏后出现火光作为分析的终止时刻。当壳体厚度为20 mm、约束片强度分别为2和50 MPa时,从顶端约束片破坏到壳体侧壁失效持续时间分别为69和58 μs,分别如图4(a)和4(b)所示。当壳体厚度为6 mm、约束片强度分别为2和50 MPa时,从顶端约束片破坏到壳体侧壁失效持续时间分别为75和77 μs,分别如图4(c)和4(d)所示。对比两种壳体厚度约束下的持续时间,当壳体厚度从20 mm变为6 mm后,壳体对炸药的机械约束强度减小,即壳体的失效压力减小,而约束片破坏到壳体侧壁失效的持续时间变长,说明炸药装药在弱约束条件下的反应压力增长速度减小,进而导致炸药反应速率变慢。
对反应后的壳体残骸及底座进行回收,如图5所示。可以看出,当壳厚为6 mm时,装药壳体上下端盖和装置底座未发生明显的破坏与变形,约束片仍然保持圆形截面,且保持金属光泽,说明反应产物主要从壳体失效部位排放,经测量,壳体侧壁破裂形成碎片的特征尺寸为10~60 mm。当壳厚为20 mm时,装药壳体上下端盖发生严重破碎,约束片与底座均产生了较大塑性变形,经测量,回收碎片的特征尺寸为20~100 mm。综上所述,从回收壳体残骸可以看出,强约束下装药发生了更为剧烈的化学反应。
采用高量程压力传感器测量了装药反应过程中壳体内部压力的时程变化情况,如图6所示。可以看出,依据壳体内部压力增长速率,可以将装药的反应过程大致分为2个阶段:第1阶段(Ⅰ)为反应压力缓慢增长阶段,此阶段体现了装药的初始反应过程,由图6(a)和图6(b)可知,在初始反应阶段,壳体内部压力会有下降现象,甚至会出现多次下降,压力值上下抖动,说明在较慢的初始反应过程中,发生了显著的气体反应产物泄压,导致壳内压力下降;第2阶段(Ⅱ)对应着反应压力增长速率突然变大,压力呈现指数增长,说明此阶段装药发生了剧烈的化学反应。
黑火药燃烧产生高温高压反应产物首先作用于炸药装药表面,炸药基体在高压载荷作用下产生裂纹。高温高压气体进入裂纹间隙后对流传播,并促使裂纹表面发生层流燃烧。炸药燃烧产生高温高压气体进一步促进了裂纹的传播与演化,增大了裂纹燃烧总面积。炸药基体内部裂纹、燃烧面积与反应压力之间相互促进,致使反应速率逐渐增大。裂纹与燃烧面积增长速率尚未失控时,装药反应压力增长缓慢阶段,处于非冲击点火的第1阶段。一旦装药燃烧总面积发生灾变式的增大后[12],反应模式变为更加剧烈的形式,反应压力迅速呈现指数增长,进入反应的第2阶段。
对比图6中3种不同约束条件下壳体内部压力的增长曲线,当约束壳厚为6 mm、约束片强度为2 MPa时,装药反应初始阶段的壳内压力反复多次上下浮动,说明该过程出现了泄压现象;当约束壳厚为6 mm、约束片强度增大到50 MPa时,反应初始阶段的壳内压力下降次数明显降低;而当约束壳厚增大到20 mm、约束片强度为2 MPa时,初始阶段未出现压力下降现象。当约束较弱时,在较低的内部压力情况下会发生约束片破坏和壳体开裂等部件失效的情况,导致高压反应产物泄露,而此时壳内压力大小仅能促使装药相对缓慢反应,未能激发装药的剧烈反应,因此会出现壳内压力反复增大和减小变化,直到压力到达一定值后,激发了装药快速且剧烈的化学反应,壳内压力迅速增大,反应进入第2阶段[23]。随着约束变强,首先同等压力条件下不会发生约束失效而导致壳内压力降低,其次,在更高的压力条件下发生失效后,由于较高的压力已经能使装药的反应速率在一个相对较高的水平,即使出现压力降低,后续的化学反应能够较快速地使压力再次增大,甚至化学反应的第1阶段不会出现压力降低,直接进入装药反应的第2阶段。
为分析与评价不同约束条件下炸药的能量输出,定量分析约束条件对炸药反应后冲击波峰值的影响,进一步开展了无约束CL-20基PBX裸药柱静爆试验,用于与机械约束条件下炸药装药的能量输出进行对比分析。
选用压装成型的CL-20基PBX炸药药柱,其质量为790.0 g,尺寸为$\varnothing $100 mm×100 mm。CL-20炸药裸药柱及试验现场布置如图7所示。在距离炸药药柱3、5、7和9 m处分别测量装药反应后空气冲击波超压情况,每个距离处布置3路超压传感器。
带约束的非冲击点火实验中,由于炸药外部装有壳体,因此冲击波超压数据噪声较大,首先对其进行平滑处理,并剔除无效数据。图8给出了不同约束条件下装药反应典型冲击波超压情况,可以看出,装药反应后在0.75~1.75 m的范围内,冲击波超压峰值在几百到几十千帕范围内变化。
获得了不同机械约束条件下,距离装药不同位置处的冲击波超压时程曲线峰值,如表2所示,其中,R为装药位置与测点的距离,超压峰值数据为“−”表示无效测试结果。
针对上述冲击波超压峰值,同一位置处超压取平均值,依据平均值对比分析在不同机械约束条件下,距离炸药不同位置处的超压峰值结果,如图9所示。可以看出,同一约束条件下,随着超压测试距离增大,冲击波超压峰值衰减速率变小,这一现象与炸药爆轰反应下冲击波峰值衰减形式类似。对比任意两种不同约束条件,距离装药同一位置处,二者的超压峰值差值随着距离装药位置变远而逐渐减小,说明炸药装药的反应剧烈程度对近场比对远场的影响更大。
对比三种约束条件(壳厚-约束片强度为:6 mm-2 MPa、6 mm-50 MPa、20 mm-2 MPa),当壳厚均为6 mm时,不同强度的约束片对距离炸药同一位置处的超压峰值影响较小;而当约束片强度均为2 MPa时,不同壳体厚度对距离炸药同一位置处的超压峰值影响较大,说明在壳体与约束片共同对炸药的约束条件下,壳体厚度的改变对炸药装药反应的影响更大,而改变约束片强度只能对其进行微弱的调整。这是因为,壳体包覆着装药大部分区域,约束片仅与装药的上端面中心区域接触,因此壳体对装药的约束体现在整体形式上,而约束片对装药的约束仅为局部;从失效强度上来看,壳体的失效强度远大于约束片强度,并且当约束片失效后,在轴向方向仍然能够约束壳内装药,此时未反应的炸药部分对反应产物形成约束。因此,即使高压反应产物冲破约束片后能够起到泄压作用,但更多的气体产物累计在装药壳体内部,根据装药反应速率特性,增大压力能够加快其反应速率,进而产生更多气体产物增大内部压力,反应速率与压力形成相互促进的关系。较厚的壳体对装药形成了更强的约束,因此,壳体厚度的变化显著影响了装药的反应剧烈程度。
针对CL-20基PBX裸药开展了静爆试验,在距离炸药3、5、7和9 m处分别测量炸药爆轰反应后空气冲击波超压数据。为与约束条件下装药的反应能量输出进行对比分析,首先基于由爆炸相似律理论得到的自由场冲击波超压峰值计算公式,拟合确定CL-20基PBX炸药的待定参数,然后计算受约束的炸药裸药柱在爆轰条件下,距离其0.75、1.25和1.75 m处的空气冲击波超压峰值。自由场冲击波超压峰值计算公式为[24]:
$ \Delta p=\frac{A}{\overline{R}}+\frac{B}{{\overline{R}}^{2}}+\frac{C}{{\overline{R}}^{3}} $
式中:A、B、C为待定参数;$ \overline{R}=R/\sqrt[3]{\lambda\omega_{\mathrm{e}}} $为相对距离,$ \omega_{\mathrm{e}} $为TNT等效当量,$ \lambda $为装药的反应度。TNT等效当量计算公式为:
$ {\omega }_{\rm e}=\frac{{Q}_{\rm{PBX}}}{{Q}_{\rm{TNT}}}{\omega }_{\rm i} $
式中:$ {Q}_{\rm{PBX}} $和$ Q_{\rm{TNT}} $分别为PBX和TNT炸药的爆热,取值分别为8080和4186 J/g;$ {\omega }_{\rm i} $为PBX炸药质量。经计算得到试验所用PBX炸药的TNT等效当量为3.05 kg。
依据2发CL-20基PBX裸药柱静爆超压峰值数据,拟合得到A=0.289, B=1.041, C=2.224,不同位置处的超压峰值与拟合曲线如图10所示。
为定量分析装药的反应度,依据式(1),结合约束条件下装药反应后不同位置处的冲击波超压峰值,拟合得到了相应约束条件下装药反应的TNT等效当量,进而计算得到反应度λ,结果如图11所示。由图可知,在约束条件为壳厚6 mm、约束片强度为2 MPa时,装药的反应度为0.11;约束片强度增大到50 MPa后,反应度变为0.14;当壳厚增大到20 mm、约束片强度为2 MPa时,装药反应度为0.31。随着装药的约束变强,炸药最终的反应度变大。由于约束变强后,装药反应演化时会经历更高的压力过程,而高压力环境导致装药更快的反应速率,最终使得更多炸药参与反应释放能量。
针对CL-20基PBX炸药,装药外部机械约束强度对其非冲击点火后的反应剧烈程度有显著影响。机械约束为炸药药柱在反应初始阶段裂纹网络扩展传播创造了条件[25],导致燃烧比面积增大,进而引发了装药的剧烈反应。本文量化了不同机械约束条件下CL-20基PBX炸药非冲击点火后的反应剧烈程度,并分析了其反应过程中导致压力变化的原因,为CL-20基PBX炸药反应评估与配方筛选提供了参考与数据支撑。
采用冲击波超压评估炸药装药的反应剧烈程度,是基于外部场的特征物理参数,侧重于装药整体反应后对外部环境的作用结果。而针对评估炸药本身的反应而言,需采用局部测试与表征方法,如对壳体膨胀速度进行时程记录,因此,为更全面深刻地认识CL-20基PBX炸药非冲击点火后的反应演化行为,后续将进一步对装药自身的动力学响应开展更细致研究。
为研究不同机械约束条件下CL-20基PBX炸药的非冲击点火反应,设计了约束可变的炸药装药壳体,可通过调整壳体厚度与约束片强度,改变对炸药装药的约束强度,开展了CL-20基PBX炸药在不同约束下反应特性试验,并对反应剧烈程度、壳体内部压力和空气超压对进行了量化。主要结论如下。
(1) CL-20基PBX炸药装药非冲击点火后反应的剧烈程度与外界约束条件强相关,其反应速率及装药反应剧烈程度随着约束强度的减弱而降低。
(2) 约束条件下CL-20基PBX炸药非冲击点火后反应过程分为2个阶段:第1阶段压力增长相对缓慢,炸药反应程度较低;第2阶段压力增长速率迅速增大,呈现指数型增长。随着约束强度增加,炸药装药反应从第1阶段向第2阶段的过渡时间显著缩短。
(3) 约束条件对CL-20基PBX炸药装药的反应度影响明显,当壳厚为6 mm、约束片强度为2 MPa和50 MPa时,炸药反应度分别为0.11和0.14。而当壳厚为20 mm、约束片强度为2 MPa时,炸药装药反应度为0.31。

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doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0053
  • 接收时间:2025-02-19
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-09-05
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-19
  • 修回日期:2025-04-14
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    1北京理工大学爆炸科学与安全防护全国重点实验室,北京 100081
    2中国工程物理研究院化工材料研究所,四川 绵阳 621999

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王书记(1992- ),男,博士,
刘睿(1985- ),男,博士,副教授,
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