Article(id=1315732157620925212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, issueId=1315732078327616225, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11883/bzycj-2025-0052, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739894400000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-19, revisedDate=1754841600000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791624591498, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1788537600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791624591498, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791624591498, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791624591498, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315732078327616225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, year='2026', volume='46', issue='9', pageStart='091001-1', pageEnd='095402-10', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788537600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-05', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791624572593, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791624783658, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315732963703247483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, issueId=1315732078327616225, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315732963703247484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, issueId=1315732078327616225, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=095402-1, endPage=095402-10, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315732157872583453, articleId=1315732157620925212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, language=EN, title=Coupling effects of initial temperature and pressure on the explosion limits of propylene-air mixture, columnId=1315732147281969633, journalTitle=Explosion and Shock Waves, columnName=Applied Explosion Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To effectively prevent explosion hazards during propylene production, storage, and utilization, the explosion limits of propylene in air under varying initial temperatures (20 ℃–180 ℃) and initial pressures (0.1 MPa–0.9 MPa) were measured using 12L explosion limit tester. The study revealed that as the initial temperature and pressure increase, the upper explosion limit (UEL) of propylene rises significantly, while the lower explosion limit (LEL) decreases slightly, resulting in a marked broadening of the explosion limit range. At an initial temperature of 180 ℃, with the pressure increases, the carbon powder content in the explosive products significantly increases during the UEL test, and the LEL decline transitions from a linear to a sliding-curve pattern. Analysis using CHETAH 11.0 software revealed that the increase in carbon powder content is closely related to thermodynamic properties under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions. When the pressure rises from 0.1 MPa to 0.9 MPa, the carbon powder content in the explosion products surges from 3.82% to 25.88%. This significant growth primarily stems from two factors: first, high-pressure conditions promote the Boudouard reaction toward carbon formation; second, the increased total amount of reactants under high pressure leads to a multiplicative rise in product quantities.Using CHEMKIN software, the combustion characteristics of propylene under lower explosion limit conditions were investigated. In the fuel-lean region, propylene undergoes free radical chain reactions, ultimately generating CO2, which maintains the calculated adiabatic flame temperature (CAFT) above 1400 K. As pressure increases, CAFT gradually decreases. Meanwhile, with rising temperature, CAFT exhibits a pressure-dependent transition: at low pressures (<0.5 MPa), CAFT increases, whereas at high pressures, it decreases, with 0.5 MPa serving as the critical transition threshold. The coupling effects of initial temperature and pressure on explosion limits are far more pronounced than those of individual factors, with a stronger impact on the UEL than the LEL. The coupling effects caused a 108% increase in the UEL and an 18.05% decrease in the LEL. For individual factors, initial temperature alone led to a 3.8% UEL increase and a 3.41% LEL decrease, while initial pressure alone resulted in a 51.3% UEL increase and 2.44% LEL reduction.

, authors=Zhengang WANG1, 2, Jie JIANG1, 2, Ruiji MENG1, 2, Nan SHENG1, 2, Feng SUN1, 2, Song WEN1, 2, authorsList=Zhengang WANG, Jie JIANG, Ruiji MENG, Nan SHENG, Feng SUN, Song WEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jie JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Explosion and Shock Waves, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315732159135068970, articleId=1315732157620925212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, language=CN, title=初始温度、压力对丙烯-空气混合物爆炸极限的耦合影响, columnId=1315732147483296227, journalTitle=爆炸与冲击, columnName=应用爆炸力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为有效预防丙烯在生产、储存及使用过程中的燃爆风险,利用12 L爆炸极限测试仪测定了丙烯-空气混合物在不同初始温度(20~180 ℃)和初始压力(0.1~0.9 MPa)条件下的爆炸极限。实验结果表明:随初始温度、初始压力的升高丙烯爆炸上限显著上升,爆炸下限轻微下降,爆炸极限明显变宽。在初始温度为180 ℃时,随着压力的升高,丙烯爆炸上限测试中碳粉生成量显著增加,同时丙烯爆炸下限下降趋势由直线变为滑梯状曲线。通过CHETAH 11.0软件分析发现,碳粉含量升高与高温高压条件下的热力学特性密切相关,当压力从0.1 MPa升至0.9 MPa时,爆炸产物中碳含量从3.82%急剧增加至25.88%,这种显著增长主要源于两个方面:一是高压条件促进了Boudouard反应向碳生成方向进行,二是高压环境下反应物总量提升,导致产物总量成倍增加。利用CHEMKIN软件分析了丙烯爆炸下限条件下燃烧特性规律:在贫燃料区,丙烯通过自由基链式反应最终生成CO2,使计算绝热火焰温度(calculated adiabatic flame temperature,CAFT)维持在1400 K以上;随着压力升高CAFT逐渐降低;随着温度升高CAFT呈现压力依赖性转变,低压(低于0.5 MPa)时CAFT上升,高压时则下降,0.5 MPa为关键转变阈值。研究还发现初始温度、初始压力的耦合影响明显高于单因素的影响且对爆炸上限的影响明显高于爆炸下限:在初始温度单因素影响下,爆炸上限上升4.2%,爆炸下限下降3.41%;在初始压力单因素的影响下,爆炸上限上升51.3%,爆炸下限下降2.44%;在初始温度和初始压力的耦合影响下,爆炸上限上升了108%,爆炸下限下降了18.05%。

, authors=王振刚1, 2, 姜杰1, 2, 孟睿佶1, 2, 盛楠1, 2, 孙峰1, 2, 文松1, 2, authorsList=王振刚, 姜杰, 孟睿佶, 盛楠, 孙峰, 文松, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=姜杰, authorNote=

王振刚(1983- ),男,硕士,高级工程师,

, correspAuthorsNote=
姜杰(1980- ),男,博士,教授级高工,
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《爆炸与冲击》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=skiDXS+sBGQvfz0PfZJlow==, magXml=Ppk+W2b3nMgPN+BNkHLL4Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=vNn/yJ7DGra0GJkmfyPQfQ==, pdfFileSize=1560300, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=+WEvtYB+VHVF+c32Ys0BZg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=/QjpXvnVUdhwO3RehnpZnQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1315732161123169074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732157620925212, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=wangzg.qday@sinopec.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1315732161215443765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732157620925212, authorId=1315732161123169074, language=EN, stringName=Zhengang WANG, firstName=Zhengang, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1State Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
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王振刚(1983- ),男,硕士,高级工程师,

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figureFileBig=+WEvtYB+VHVF+c32Ys0BZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315732163857855326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732157620925212, language=CN, label=图1, caption=12 L爆炸球示意图, figureFileSmall=sZ46PQBh2GHL3HakvgZWPw==, figureFileBig=+WEvtYB+VHVF+c32Ys0BZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315732165585908575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732157620925212, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Individual effect of single factor on the explosion limits of propylene at typical temperature or pressure, figureFileSmall=8V1ScVoyxviMKFbV/pXiIA==, figureFileBig=9DR6tzhXgZXXPqMm4bnyqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315732165661406048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732157620925212, language=CN, label=图2, caption=典型温度和压力条件下单因素对丙烯爆炸极限的影响, figureFileSmall=8V1ScVoyxviMKFbV/pXiIA==, figureFileBig=9DR6tzhXgZXXPqMm4bnyqA==, tableContent=null), 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caption=Propylene LEL curve with initial temperature and pressure, figureFileSmall=pasNBv2UL/OUAgi4RMDFPQ==, figureFileBig=btSQIzsq34Q1LA2VURvD3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315732166286357352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732157620925212, language=CN, label=图6, caption=初始温度、压力对丙烯爆炸下限的耦合影响, figureFileSmall=pasNBv2UL/OUAgi4RMDFPQ==, figureFileBig=btSQIzsq34Q1LA2VURvD3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315732166361854825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732157620925212, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameters for fitting function

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
yxA/%B/%R2
UELT/℃11.86±0.04(2.5±0.4)×10−30.93
UELp/MPa10.96±0.348.05±0.600.98
LELT/℃2.04±0.02(−3.5±1.26)×10−40.72
LELp/MPa2.07±0.01−0.06±0.020.75
), ArticleFig(id=1315732166441546602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732157620925212, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

拟合函数的参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
yxA/%B/%R2
UELT/℃11.86±0.04(2.5±0.4)×10−30.93
UELp/MPa10.96±0.348.05±0.600.98
LELT/℃2.04±0.02(−3.5±1.26)×10−40.72
LELp/MPa2.07±0.01−0.06±0.020.75
), ArticleFig(id=1315732166521238379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732157620925212, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Mole fraction of propylene combustion products at 180 °C under various pressures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产物Mole fraction/%
0.1 MPa0.3 MPa0.5 MPa0.7 MPa0.9 MPa
Ar0.5790.4970.4510.4150.377
CH40.5421.8183.0964.3485.734
CO19.50012.2899.1397.2645.848
CO22.2733.0182.9602.7402.387
H223.14823.19022.72422.24822.035
H2O1.8823.9725.1335.8526.273
NH30.0050.0150.0240.0330.042
N248.24841.48937.56634.59031.421
C3.82413.71118.90622.50925.882
), ArticleFig(id=1315732166617707372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732157620925212, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

丙烯180 °C、不同初始压力下燃烧产物的摩尔分数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产物Mole fraction/%
0.1 MPa0.3 MPa0.5 MPa0.7 MPa0.9 MPa
Ar0.5790.4970.4510.4150.377
CH40.5421.8183.0964.3485.734
CO19.50012.2899.1397.2645.848
CO22.2733.0182.9602.7402.387
H223.14823.19022.72422.24822.035
H2O1.8823.9725.1335.8526.273
NH30.0050.0150.0240.0330.042
N248.24841.48937.56634.59031.421
C3.82413.71118.90622.50925.882
), ArticleFig(id=1315732166680621933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732157620925212, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Calculated adiabatic flame temperature results of propylene under varying temperature and pressure conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环境温度/K火焰温度/K
0.1 MPa0.3 MPa0.5 MPa0.7 MPa0.9 MPa
29314571457145714471433
33314651465146514401431
37314971477145814331414
41315291495146114221405
45315521474142514151392
), ArticleFig(id=1315732166764508014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315122079294652549, articleId=1315732157620925212, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

丙烯在不同温度、压力下的绝热火焰温度结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环境温度/K火焰温度/K
0.1 MPa0.3 MPa0.5 MPa0.7 MPa0.9 MPa
29314571457145714471433
33314651465146514401431
37314971477145814331414
41315291495146114221405
45315521474142514151392
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初始温度、压力对丙烯-空气混合物爆炸极限的耦合影响
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王振刚 1, 2 , 姜杰 1, 2 , 孟睿佶 1, 2 , 盛楠 1, 2 , 孙峰 1, 2 , 文松 1, 2
爆炸与冲击 | 应用爆炸力学 2026,46(9): 095402-1-095402-10
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爆炸与冲击 |应用爆炸力学 2026 , 46 (9) : 095402-1 -095402-10
初始温度、压力对丙烯-空气混合物爆炸极限的耦合影响
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王振刚1, 2 , 姜杰1, 2 , 孟睿佶1, 2, 盛楠1, 2, 孙峰1, 2, 文松1, 2
作者信息
  • 1化学品安全全国重点实验室,山东 青岛 266000
  • 2中石化安全工程研究院有限公司,山东 青岛 266000
通讯作者:
姜杰(1980- ),男,博士,教授级高工,
作者简介:

王振刚(1983- ),男,硕士,高级工程师,

Coupling effects of initial temperature and pressure on the explosion limits of propylene-air mixture
Zhengang WANG1, 2 , Jie JIANG1, 2 , Ruiji MENG1, 2, Nan SHENG1, 2, Feng SUN1, 2, Song WEN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
  • 2SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
出版时间: 2026-09-05 doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0052
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为有效预防丙烯在生产、储存及使用过程中的燃爆风险,利用12 L爆炸极限测试仪测定了丙烯-空气混合物在不同初始温度(20~180 ℃)和初始压力(0.1~0.9 MPa)条件下的爆炸极限。实验结果表明:随初始温度、初始压力的升高丙烯爆炸上限显著上升,爆炸下限轻微下降,爆炸极限明显变宽。在初始温度为180 ℃时,随着压力的升高,丙烯爆炸上限测试中碳粉生成量显著增加,同时丙烯爆炸下限下降趋势由直线变为滑梯状曲线。通过CHETAH 11.0软件分析发现,碳粉含量升高与高温高压条件下的热力学特性密切相关,当压力从0.1 MPa升至0.9 MPa时,爆炸产物中碳含量从3.82%急剧增加至25.88%,这种显著增长主要源于两个方面:一是高压条件促进了Boudouard反应向碳生成方向进行,二是高压环境下反应物总量提升,导致产物总量成倍增加。利用CHEMKIN软件分析了丙烯爆炸下限条件下燃烧特性规律:在贫燃料区,丙烯通过自由基链式反应最终生成CO2,使计算绝热火焰温度(calculated adiabatic flame temperature,CAFT)维持在1400 K以上;随着压力升高CAFT逐渐降低;随着温度升高CAFT呈现压力依赖性转变,低压(低于0.5 MPa)时CAFT上升,高压时则下降,0.5 MPa为关键转变阈值。研究还发现初始温度、初始压力的耦合影响明显高于单因素的影响且对爆炸上限的影响明显高于爆炸下限:在初始温度单因素影响下,爆炸上限上升4.2%,爆炸下限下降3.41%;在初始压力单因素的影响下,爆炸上限上升51.3%,爆炸下限下降2.44%;在初始温度和初始压力的耦合影响下,爆炸上限上升了108%,爆炸下限下降了18.05%。

丙烯  /  爆炸极限  /  初始温度  /  初始压力

To effectively prevent explosion hazards during propylene production, storage, and utilization, the explosion limits of propylene in air under varying initial temperatures (20 ℃–180 ℃) and initial pressures (0.1 MPa–0.9 MPa) were measured using 12L explosion limit tester. The study revealed that as the initial temperature and pressure increase, the upper explosion limit (UEL) of propylene rises significantly, while the lower explosion limit (LEL) decreases slightly, resulting in a marked broadening of the explosion limit range. At an initial temperature of 180 ℃, with the pressure increases, the carbon powder content in the explosive products significantly increases during the UEL test, and the LEL decline transitions from a linear to a sliding-curve pattern. Analysis using CHETAH 11.0 software revealed that the increase in carbon powder content is closely related to thermodynamic properties under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions. When the pressure rises from 0.1 MPa to 0.9 MPa, the carbon powder content in the explosion products surges from 3.82% to 25.88%. This significant growth primarily stems from two factors: first, high-pressure conditions promote the Boudouard reaction toward carbon formation; second, the increased total amount of reactants under high pressure leads to a multiplicative rise in product quantities.Using CHEMKIN software, the combustion characteristics of propylene under lower explosion limit conditions were investigated. In the fuel-lean region, propylene undergoes free radical chain reactions, ultimately generating CO2, which maintains the calculated adiabatic flame temperature (CAFT) above 1400 K. As pressure increases, CAFT gradually decreases. Meanwhile, with rising temperature, CAFT exhibits a pressure-dependent transition: at low pressures (<0.5 MPa), CAFT increases, whereas at high pressures, it decreases, with 0.5 MPa serving as the critical transition threshold. The coupling effects of initial temperature and pressure on explosion limits are far more pronounced than those of individual factors, with a stronger impact on the UEL than the LEL. The coupling effects caused a 108% increase in the UEL and an 18.05% decrease in the LEL. For individual factors, initial temperature alone led to a 3.8% UEL increase and a 3.41% LEL decrease, while initial pressure alone resulted in a 51.3% UEL increase and 2.44% LEL reduction.

propylene  /  explosion limits  /  initial temperature  /  initial pressure
王振刚, 姜杰, 孟睿佶, 盛楠, 孙峰, 文松. 初始温度、压力对丙烯-空气混合物爆炸极限的耦合影响. 爆炸与冲击, 2026 , 46 (9) : 095402-1 -095402-10 . DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0052
Zhengang WANG, Jie JIANG, Ruiji MENG, Nan SHENG, Feng SUN, Song WEN. Coupling effects of initial temperature and pressure on the explosion limits of propylene-air mixture[J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2026 , 46 (9) : 095402-1 -095402-10 . DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0052
丙烯(propylene)作为重要的基础有机化工原料,在石油化工领域具有广泛的应用,主要用于生产聚丙烯、丙烯腈、环氧丙烷等高附加值化学品[1-3]。然而,丙烯在生产、储存和运输过程中存在较高的燃爆风险,已发生多起严重事故[4-5]。特别值得关注的是,在丙烯氨氧化制丙烯腈、丙烯环氧化制环氧丙烷等典型生产工艺中[6-9],由于需要引入空气或双氧水等氧化剂,导致工艺尾气中不可避免地残留氧气,在高温高压的工艺条件下,这种含氧环境极易引发燃爆事故。针对这一重大安全隐患,学者在可燃气体爆炸极限(与空气混合后可以发生爆炸的可燃气体体积分数范围)测试及惰化技术方面开展了深入研究。罗振敏等[10-11]使用可燃气体和液体蒸气爆炸极限测试装置,系统研究了不同配比N2/CO2混合气体对丙烯爆炸极限、危险度、临界氧体积分数和惰化效果的影响,通过构建爆炸三角图定量揭示了CO2相较于氮气具有更优异的抑爆性能,并进一步结合反应动力学模拟和气体动理论分析,阐明了CO2优越抑爆性能的微观机理:一方面,CO2较高的比热容可更有效地吸收燃烧热量;另一方面,CO2分子与活性自由基(如·OH)的碰撞猝灭效率显著高于N2。高娜等[12]研究了甲烷在不同初始温度、压力下的爆炸极限,结果表明初始压力/初始温度对爆炸下限的影响与初始温度/初始压力的相关性并不显著,初始温度和初始压力对爆炸极限的耦合影响比单一因素对其的影响大,且相较而言,其对爆炸上限的影响更为显著。刘可心等[13]测试了初始温度、初始压力、当量比对甲烷最大爆炸压力的双因素、多因素耦合影响规律,利用1stOpt构建了非线性回归预测模型,对比预测结果与实验结果,该模型在测试范围内具有较高的精度和适应性。王康等[14]测试了氧含量对丙烯爆炸极限、爆炸压力的影响。王振刚等[15]针对丙烯环氧化工况利用爆轰管测试得到了三种工况温度、压力下的爆炸三角图和极限氧含量。刘姝廷等[16]开发了基于核函数的偏最小二乘算法(kernel partial least squares,KPLS)的丙烯爆炸极限预测模型,并验证了该算法的有效性。针对爆炸产物,宋来臣[17]向低浓度甲烷中通入爆炸下限更低的可燃气体,多次爆炸实验后在爆炸容器内壁收集到固体产物,采用红外和扫描电镜对产物分析后发现:固体生成物种含有大量的芳香烃结构和OH官能团,芳香烃结构在炭黑形成过程中起重要作用。
为有效预防丙烯燃爆事故,获取其在不同温度、压力条件下的精确爆炸极限数据至关重要,闫侠等[18]和任常兴等[19]系统分析了现行主流测试标准,指出针对高温高压工况的燃爆参数测试标准体系仍存在不足。当前国际通用的爆炸极限测试标准主要包括:ASTM E 618[20](5 L球)、EN 1839[21](5 L球或长径比为1∶1的管)、ASTM E 2079[22](7.85 L球)、ASTM E 918[23](1 L管)、GB/T 12474—2008[24](内径60 mm的管)以及最新实施的GB/T 42368—2023[25](5、12、20 L球)。值得注意的是,ASTM E 2079标准明确指出,由于器壁效应的影响,采用该标准测试得到的极限氧含量(limiting oxygen concentration,LOC)值要比内径50 mm的管状容器测得值小1.5%。基于此,本研究采用大体积的12 L爆炸球,结合高精度静态/动态压力传感器与稳定的点火装置,显著提升爆炸极限测试的精度与可靠性;在此基础上,系统测定丙烯在20~180 ℃、0.1~0.9 MPa条件下的爆炸极限,旨在为涉及丙烯生产与使用的工业安全设计提供精准的基础数据。
实验仪器主要由12 L球测试腔、恒温油浴、抽真空系统、动态压力采集系统及电脑控制软件组成。其主要技术参数为:温度范围为室温至200 ℃(控温精度为±2 ℃);压力范围为常压至1 MPa。压力测量系统配置两种传感器:静态压力传感器(量程为0~1 MPa,精度为满量程的0.05%,分辨率为0.01 kPa)和动态压力传感器(采样频率为20 kHz)。点火参数:放电电压15 kV,放电电流30 mA,放电持续时间400 ms。针对传统爆炸极限测试存在的精度限制问题(常规配气体积分数的步长为0.1%),本文采用高精度压力传感器,将丙烯爆炸下限测试步长优化至0.02%,爆炸上限测试步长保持0.1%,显著提升了测试结果的分辨率。仪器装置示意图如图1所示。
(1) 设置12 L爆炸球油浴至目标温度;
(2) 待爆炸球内温度稳定至设定值±2 ℃后,对球体和管路抽真空;
(3) 装置抽真空至绝对压力400 Pa,装置漏气速率小于60 Pa/min时判定合格;
(4) 按照分压配气法将丙烯、空气依次充入爆炸球;
(5) 充气完成后,开启搅拌5 min,搅拌结束后等待3 min,然后进行点火,并记录爆炸压力;
(6) 排出废气,空气吹扫3次以上,多次实验或爆炸上限测试后开盖清理积碳,重新抽真空准备下次实验。
依据GB/T 42368—2023标准,以压力升高达到初始压力的5%作为爆炸判定依据,重复测试未爆炸的边界浓度3次,3次均未爆炸则认为该浓度不爆炸,取爆炸与非爆炸浓度的平均值为爆炸极限。
图2为丙烯-空气混合在不同初始温度和初始压力下的爆炸极限。可以看出,在常压或常温条件下,随着初始温度或初始压力的升高,爆炸上限显著升高,爆炸下限轻微下降,爆炸极限区域变宽。这一现象可通过链式反应理论解释:温度升高增加了分子动能和自由基碰撞频率,而压力增大缩短了分子间距,两者均促进了链式反应的持续传播,从而扩大了爆炸极限区域。
由图2可知,在常压条件下,温度由20 ℃升至180 ℃时,爆炸上限从11.90%增至12.35%(升高0.45%),爆炸下限从2.05%降至1.98%(降低0.07%);在20 ℃条件下,初始压力由0.1 MPa升至0.9 MPa,爆炸上限从11.9%增至18.0%(升高6.1%),爆炸下限从2.05%降至2.00%(降低0.07%)。对数据进行线性拟合:
$y=A+Bx$
式中:y为爆炸极限;x为温度或压力参数(T/℃∈[20,180]或p/MPa∈[0.1,0.9])。线性公式的系数见表1。
通过比较拟合公式R2可知,在上述测试范围内初始温度和初始压力变化对爆炸下限影响相对有限,其线性拟合决定系数较爆炸上限明显偏低。这一现象主要源于两个实验因素:(1) 爆炸下限的绝对变化量较小(0.05%~0.07%),接近测试系统的配气精度极限(0.01%);(2) 为确保压力曲线判据的可靠性,测试步长设定为0.02%,与下限变化量处于同一数量级。尽管如此,考虑到工业安全标准通常要求0.1%的精度等级,本线性模型完全能够满足工程应用需求。
图3为丙烯在不同初始压力和初始温度下得到的爆炸上限,可以看出,随着温度或压力的升高,丙烯的爆炸上限均逐渐升高,图中曲线斜率随压力或温度的升高也逐渐增大。
实验数据表明,温度和压力对丙烯爆炸上限(upper explosion limit, UEL)的耦合效应呈现显著的非线性特征。常压常温(20 ℃、0.1 MPa)下,丙烯的UEL为11.9%。当温度与压力协同升至180 ℃、0.9 MPa时,UEL大幅拓宽至24.8%,增幅达108%。单因素实验表明,温度升至180 ℃仅使UEL增至12.4%(微增4.2%),而压力升至0.9 MPa则显著提升UEL至18.0%(增幅51.3%)。值得注意的是,温度压力耦合作用下的增幅(108%)远高于两因素单独作用效应的线性叠加值(55.5%),呈现出显著的非线性正协同效应。为直观表征这一协同效应,建立了三维响应曲面模型,如图4所示,拟合函数为
$ {\varphi }_{\text{u}}={\varphi }_{\text{u}0}+{a}_{\text{u}}p+{b}_{\text{u}}T+{c}_{\text{u}}{p}^{2}+{d}_{\text{u}}{T}^{2}+{f}_{\text{u}}pT $
式中:$ {\varphi }_{\text{u}} $为爆炸上限;p为压力,p∈[0.1,0.9] MPa;T为温度,T∈[20,180] ℃;系数$ {\varphi }_{\text{u}0} $ = (10.69811 ± 0.38152)%,au = (10.32931 ± 1.15623)%/MPa,bu = (−0.00637 ± 0.00578)%/℃,cu = (−3.65357 ± 1.04212)%/MPa2,du = [(3.99107 ± 2.60529)×10−5]%/℃2,fu = (0.04521 ± 0.00436)%/(MPa·℃)。该拟合函数的R2=0.99266。该模型准确揭示了高温高压区(T>120 ℃,p>0.6 MPa)爆炸上限的加速上升现象,为工业安全设计提供了重要依据。
实验观察发现:当丙烯在爆炸上限附近爆炸后内会产生大量碳粉。为探究这一现象,采用CHETAH 11.0软件基于吉布斯自由能最小化原理,计算了丙烯在空气中的燃烧产物摩尔组成,计算参数设定为:反应温度取丙烯最低火焰温度为1418 K,压力为初始压力的1.05倍。如表2所示,模拟结果准确反映了实际观察到的碳粉生成现象,为理解高压条件下碳粉形成机理提供了理论依据。
由表2揭示了丙烯爆炸上限测试时碳粉生成的典型特征:压力升高,爆炸上限升高,体系氧含量降低,耗氧的一氧化碳和二氧化碳总量明显降低,不耗氧的碳生成量增加。同时,压力升高,Boudouard反应(2CO$\rightleftharpoons $C+CO2)向右移动。一氧化碳在这两种作用下大量消耗,但二氧化碳在Boudouard反应的补充下含量变化不明显。实验结果显示,高压条件下爆炸球内碳粉沉积量剧增,这是反应物总量成倍增加与碳生成比例上升共同作用的结果。
图5展示了丙烯爆炸下限(lower explosion limit, LEL)随初始压力和温度的变化规律。在压力影响方面:常压不同温度条件下(0.1 MPa)爆炸下限变化幅度较小(2.05~2.00%),受测试精度限制趋势不明显;随着压力升高,下限呈现明显的线性下降趋势,且降幅随压力增大而增强,该线性规律与文献[26-30]结果一致。在温度影响方面,低温区(T≤60 ℃)下限变化受测试精度限制不明显,中温区(60 ℃<T≤140℃)呈现线性下降,而高温区(T>140 ℃)则转变为非线性“滑梯状”下降曲线,这种非线性特征与高温或高压条件下的测试结果相符[31-32]。从机理上看,线性段符合经典的链式反应理论,而非线性转变可能与高温/高压耦合下分子碰撞频率的指数增长有关。
实验数据表明,温度和压力对丙烯爆炸下限的耦合效应显著。常压常温(20 ℃、0.1 MPa)下,丙烯的LEL为2.05%。当温度与压力协同升至180 ℃、0.9 MPa时,LEL大幅下降至1.68%,降幅达18.05%。单因素实验表明,温度升至180 ℃仅使LEL降至1.98%(降幅3.41%),而压力升至0.9 MPa后LEL降至2.00%(降幅2.44%)。温度压力耦合作用下的降幅(18.05%)远高于两因素单独作用效应的线性叠加值(5.85%)。为直观表征这一协同效应,建立了三维响应曲面模型,如图6所示,拟合函数为:
$ {\varphi }_{\text{l}}={\varphi }_{\text{l}0}+{a}_{\text{l}}p+{b}_{\text{l}}T+{c}_{\text{l}}{p}^{2}+{d}_{\text{l}}{T}^{2}+{f}_{\text{l}}pT $
式中:$ {\varphi }_{\text{l}} $为爆炸下限;p为压力(p∈[0.1,0.9] MPa);T为温度(T∈[20,180] ℃);系数$ {\varphi }_{\text{l}0} $ = (2.07291 ± 0.02862)%,al = (−0.06986 ± 0.08673)%/MPa,bl = (−1.96429 ± 4.33653)%/℃,cl = (0.06786 ± 0.07817)%/MPa2,dl = (−1.51786 ± 1.95426)%/℃2,fl = (2.15000 ± 0.32701)%/(MPa·℃)。该拟合函数的R2=0.96132。
准确测定不同温度压力下可燃气体的爆炸下限对工业燃爆防控至关重要,本文采用基于绝热火焰温度法的成熟计算方法,利用CHEMKIN软件的相平衡模块,结合AramcoMech3.0燃烧反应动力学机理,系统模拟了丙烯在不同温度、压力和浓度条件下的计算绝热火焰温度(calculated adiabatic flame temperature,CAFT)与爆炸下限的关系。在爆炸下限条件下,1 mol丙烯的燃烧反应可表示为:
$ {\mathrm{C}}_3{\mathrm{H}}_6+n\left({\mathrm{O}}_2+3.76{\mathrm{N}}_2\right)=3{\mathrm{CO}}_2+3{\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{O}}+\left(n-4.5\right){\mathrm{O}}_2+3.76{\mathrm{N}}_2 $
假设反应放出的热量全部用来加热产物,则使用NASA多项式拟合Cp(T),迭代求解能量守恒方程为:
$ \Delta H+\int_{{T}_{\rm{i}}}^{{T}_{\rm{ad}}}({n}_{\rm{C}{{\rm{O}}_{2}}}{C}_{p,{{\mathrm{c}}}{{\rm{o}}_{2}}}+{n}_{{{\rm{H}}_{2}}\rm{O}}{C}_{p,{{\rm{H}}_{2}}\rm{O}}+{n}_{{{\rm{O}}_{2}}}{C}_{p,{{\rm{O}}_{2}}}+{n}_{{{\rm{N}}_{2}}}{C}_{p,{{\rm{N}}_{2}}}+\cdots ){\mathrm{d}}T=0 $
式中:$ \Delta H $为反应热,n为物质的量,Cp为物质在某温度下的热容。计算得到丙烯在不同温度、压力下的计算绝热火焰温度见表3。
在贫燃料区的爆炸下限测试中,丙烯燃烧过程经历典型的链式反应路径:首先裂解生成H、OH、O等活性自由基,继而转化为H2和CO,最终通过CO氧化为CO2的强放热过程完成燃烧。这一反应机理导致爆炸下限条件下的CAFT始终维持在1390 K以上。具体而言,丙烯的CAFT值在0.1 MPa、180 ℃时达到峰值1552 K,而在0.9 MPa、180 ℃时降至最低值1392 K。由表3可知,在同一温度下,随着压力的升高,CAFT逐渐降低,这是由于:(1) 压力增加导致分子间距缩小,爆炸下限随之降低;(2) 单位体积反应物燃烧释放的总热量随之减少;(3) 产物种类和热容保持相对稳定。研究发现,同一压力下温度对CAFT的影响呈现显著的压力依赖性转变特征。在低压区间(p<0.5 MPa),温度升高使CAFT单调上升,这主要是因为:虽然温度升高导致爆炸下限轻微下降,但初始温度提升直接增加了产物的显热,其热力学增益超过燃烧热减少的影响。而在高压区间(p≥0.5 MPa),温度升高反而导致CAFT下降,这是由于:(1) 分子碰撞概率随温度呈指数增长,使爆炸下限显著降低;(2) 燃烧热损失速率超过温度提升带来的显热增益。
随着初始温度或压力的升高,丙烯-空气混合物的爆炸下限轻微降低,爆炸上限显著升高,爆炸极限区域变宽。在高温高压条件下,丙烯爆炸上限测试时观察到大量碳粉生成,通过CHETAH 11.0热力学分析表明,当压力从0.1 MPa升至0.9 MPa时,爆炸产物中碳含量从3.82%急剧增加至25.88%。这种显著增长主要源于两个方面:一是高压条件促进了Boudouard反应向碳生成进行;二是高压环境下反应物总量提升,导致产物总量成倍增加。
在180 ℃高温条件下,丙烯爆炸下限随压力升高的变化规律呈现出显著的非线性特征,其下降趋势由常规的线性关系转变为明显的“滑梯状”曲线。这一现象暗示在极端工况下可能存在新的反应机理或传质过程。下一步应采用更高压力的爆炸极限测试系统深入探究这一转变机制,并拓展模型适用性,从而为建立更完善的高压爆炸极限理论模型提供实验基础。
初始温度和初始压力对丙烯爆炸上限或下限的耦合影响远超单一因素的简单叠加。具体而言,丙烯在180 ℃、0.9 MPa条件下相比20 ℃、0.1 MPa条件下,UEL上升108%,LEL降低18.05%;丙烯在180 ℃、0.1 MPa条件下相比20 ℃、0.1 MPa条件下,UEL上升4.2%,LEL降低3.41%;丙烯在20 ℃、0.9 MPa条件下比20 ℃、0.1 MPa条件下,UEL上升51.3%,LEL降低2.44%。
在贫燃料区,丙烯通过自由基链式反应最终生成CO2,使CAFT维持在1390 K以上。随着压力升高CAFT逐渐减低;随着温度升高CAFT呈现压力依赖性转变:低压(p<0.5 MPa)时CAFT上升,高压时则下降,0.5 MPa为关键转变阈值。

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  • 接收时间:2025-02-19
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  • 出版时间:2026-09-05
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-19
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    1化学品安全全国重点实验室,山东 青岛 266000
    2中石化安全工程研究院有限公司,山东 青岛 266000

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姜杰(1980- ),男,博士,教授级高工,
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