Article(id=1241777709592936805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.023, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1681920000000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773992477080, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1717171200000, pubDateStr=2024-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773992477080, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773992477080, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992477080, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241777699996368955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773992474792, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992784144, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241778997575619516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241778997575619517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=185, endPage=193, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241777710129807748, articleId=1241777709592936805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Analysis of Dynamic Characteristics of Old Masonry Structure under Blasting-induced Earthquake, columnId=1240702076553065119, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING SAFETY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In urban centers, there are numerous old masonry buildings that possess poor seismic performance and may suffer damage under the effects of blasting. To investigate the dynamic characteristics of these structures when subjected to blasting, a strong motion instrument was installed near a blasting site on an old masonry building. This allowed for observation of both instantaneous and cumulative damage effects on the structure. By analyzing records of blasting acceleration and velocity in both time and frequency domains, it is concluded that the dynamic characteristics of the masonry structure can be better identified using blasting velocity rather than acceleration. Additionally, it is found that the transverse resonance of the masonry structure is most influenced by the blasting seismic velocity. Furthermore, both blasting seismic velocity and acceleration can approximately identify low order translational and torsional frequencies of the masonry structure. However, when calculating natural vibration frequency, it is observed that using blasting velocity yields a lower value (1.8%~3.4% lower) compared to calculations based on ground pulsation methods. This discrepancy arises because blast vibrations provide a more accurate reflection of structural response under larger vibrations. Moreover, frequent blasts may induce nonlinear responses in old masonry structures. By monitoring changes in natural vibration frequency over time due to long-term exposure to blasts, it is determined that with increasing blast frequency, first-order torsional frequency decreases by 4%, second-order transverse frequency decreases by 3.6%, and second-order longitudinal frequency decreases by 5.2%. These reductions occur even though individual blasts meet safety regulations, thus highlighting the importance of considering cumulative damage effects from long-term exposure to blasts for old masonry structures with poor seismic capacity during safety monitoring.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
XIA Jie-ning (1982-), Male, Senior engineer, Master degree, engaged in the study on major engineering environmental vibration, ground motion monitoring, warning and disaster reduction, (E-mail) .
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城市内老旧砌体结构多但抗震性能较差,在爆破作用下可能产生破坏。为研究爆破作用下老旧砌体的动力特性,在爆破现场附近的老旧砌体结构上布设强震仪,以观测爆破地震波对结构的瞬时作用以及长期爆破作用下的累积损伤效应。通过对爆破加速度和速度记录进行时域和频域分析比较,认为爆破速度记录相比爆破加速度记录可以更好地识别出砌体结构的动力特性,且爆破地震速度对砌体结构横向的共振影响最大。采用对比分析法,分别用爆破地震速度和地脉动加速度记录识别老旧砌体结构的动力特性,发现两种方法都能近似地识别出砌体结构的低阶平动和扭转频率,但采用爆破速度计算的自振频率比地脉动法要小1.8%~3.4%,这主要是因为爆破振动更能反映在较大振动作用下结构的响应,频繁的爆破可能导致老旧砌体结构出现非线性反应。通过监测结构自振频率在长期爆破作用下的变化,发现虽然单个爆破振动能满足《爆破安全规程》的安全要求,但在长期爆破作用下,结构1阶扭转频率、2阶横向和纵向频率随爆破次数的增加分别减少了4%、3.6%和5.2%,因此在爆破安全监测中应考虑长期爆破作用对老旧砌体结构等抗震能力较差建筑的累积损伤效应。

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夏界宁(1982-),男,高级工程师、硕士,主要从事重大工程环境振动、地震动监测预警和减灾研究,(E-mail).
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黄俊(1986-),男,工程师、硕士,主要从事重大工程环境振动、地震动监测预警和减灾研究,(E-mail).

HUANG Jun (1986-), Male, Engineer, Master degree, engaged in the study on major engineering environmental vibration, ground motion monitoring, warning and disaster reduction, (E-mail) .

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黄俊(1986-),男,工程师、硕士,主要从事重大工程环境振动、地震动监测预警和减灾研究,(E-mail).

HUANG Jun (1986-), Male, Engineer, Master degree, engaged in the study on major engineering environmental vibration, ground motion monitoring, warning and disaster reduction, (E-mail) .

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黄俊(1986-),男,工程师、硕士,主要从事重大工程环境振动、地震动监测预警和减灾研究,(E-mail).

HUANG Jun (1986-), Male, Engineer, Master degree, engaged in the study on major engineering environmental vibration, ground motion monitoring, warning and disaster reduction, (E-mail) .

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Testing and analysis on dynamic behavior of a frame-shear wall structure before and after earthquake[J]. Building Structure, 2009, 39(11): 78-80. 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between frequency and time, figureFileSmall=qHTAyUzClMX3jzmbsiA9KA==, figureFileBig=CIH+Sp5Ii4QbgmhsnROLng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777722993737807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777709592936805, language=CN, label=图8, caption=砌体结构自振频率随时间的变化关系, figureFileSmall=qHTAyUzClMX3jzmbsiA9KA==, figureFileBig=CIH+Sp5Ii4QbgmhsnROLng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777723140538460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777709592936805, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Blasting seismic vibration peak direction statistics

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振动方向峰值的数量和占比
加速度记录/(cm·s-2占比/%速度记录/(cm·s-1占比/%
横向1712.99471.2
纵向1612.100
竖向9975.03828.8
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爆破地震记录峰值振动方向统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
振动方向峰值的数量和占比
加速度记录/(cm·s-2占比/%速度记录/(cm·s-1占比/%
横向1712.99471.2
纵向1612.100
竖向9975.03828.8
), ArticleFig(id=1241777723341865063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777709592936805, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Blasting seismic vibration predominant frequency statistics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
振动方向爆破地震加速度记录主频统计爆破地震速度记录主频统计
<10 Hz占比/%≥10 Hz占比/%<10 Hz占比/%≥10 Hz占比/%
横向12695.564.513210000
纵向4534.18765.91289743
竖向001321001914.411385.6
), ArticleFig(id=1241777723434139758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777709592936805, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

爆破地震记录卓越频率统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
振动方向爆破地震加速度记录主频统计爆破地震速度记录主频统计
<10 Hz占比/%≥10 Hz占比/%<10 Hz占比/%≥10 Hz占比/%
横向12695.564.513210000
纵向4534.18765.91289743
竖向001321001914.411385.6
), ArticleFig(id=1241777723518025843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777709592936805, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Identification results of masonry structure dynamic characteristics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
频率/Hz地脉动识别爆破地震速度识别偏差/%
1阶横向4.1994.102-2.3
1阶纵向4.1024.004-2.4
1阶扭转4.8834.785-2.0
2阶横向5.4695.371-1.8
2阶纵向5.6645.469-3.4
), ArticleFig(id=1241777723622883450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777709592936805, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

砌体结构动力特性识别结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
频率/Hz地脉动识别爆破地震速度识别偏差/%
1阶横向4.1994.102-2.3
1阶纵向4.1024.004-2.4
1阶扭转4.8834.785-2.0
2阶横向5.4695.371-1.8
2阶纵向5.6645.469-3.4
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爆破地震作用下的老旧砌体结构动力特性分析
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黄俊 1, 2 , 夏界宁 1, 2 , 罗松 1, 2
爆破 | 安全与管理 2024,41(2): 185-193
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爆破 | 安全与管理 2024, 41(2): 185-193
爆破地震作用下的老旧砌体结构动力特性分析
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黄俊1, 2 , 夏界宁1, 2 , 罗松1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.湖北省地震局地震预警湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430071
  • 2.武汉地震科学仪器研究院有限公司,武汉 430071
  • 黄俊(1986-),男,工程师、硕士,主要从事重大工程环境振动、地震动监测预警和减灾研究,(E-mail).

    HUANG Jun (1986-), Male, Engineer, Master degree, engaged in the study on major engineering environmental vibration, ground motion monitoring, warning and disaster reduction, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

夏界宁(1982-),男,高级工程师、硕士,主要从事重大工程环境振动、地震动监测预警和减灾研究,(E-mail).
Analysis of Dynamic Characteristics of Old Masonry Structure under Blasting-induced Earthquake
Jun HUANG1, 2 , Jie-ning XIA1, 2 , Song LUO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Earthquake Early Warning, Hubei Earthquake Agency, Wuhan 430071, China
  • 2.Wuhan Institute of Seismic Scientific Instrument Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430071, China
出版时间: 2024-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.023
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城市内老旧砌体结构多但抗震性能较差,在爆破作用下可能产生破坏。为研究爆破作用下老旧砌体的动力特性,在爆破现场附近的老旧砌体结构上布设强震仪,以观测爆破地震波对结构的瞬时作用以及长期爆破作用下的累积损伤效应。通过对爆破加速度和速度记录进行时域和频域分析比较,认为爆破速度记录相比爆破加速度记录可以更好地识别出砌体结构的动力特性,且爆破地震速度对砌体结构横向的共振影响最大。采用对比分析法,分别用爆破地震速度和地脉动加速度记录识别老旧砌体结构的动力特性,发现两种方法都能近似地识别出砌体结构的低阶平动和扭转频率,但采用爆破速度计算的自振频率比地脉动法要小1.8%~3.4%,这主要是因为爆破振动更能反映在较大振动作用下结构的响应,频繁的爆破可能导致老旧砌体结构出现非线性反应。通过监测结构自振频率在长期爆破作用下的变化,发现虽然单个爆破振动能满足《爆破安全规程》的安全要求,但在长期爆破作用下,结构1阶扭转频率、2阶横向和纵向频率随爆破次数的增加分别减少了4%、3.6%和5.2%,因此在爆破安全监测中应考虑长期爆破作用对老旧砌体结构等抗震能力较差建筑的累积损伤效应。

爆破地震波  /  老旧砌体结构  /  自振频率  /  累积损伤效应  /  爆破安全评估

In urban centers, there are numerous old masonry buildings that possess poor seismic performance and may suffer damage under the effects of blasting. To investigate the dynamic characteristics of these structures when subjected to blasting, a strong motion instrument was installed near a blasting site on an old masonry building. This allowed for observation of both instantaneous and cumulative damage effects on the structure. By analyzing records of blasting acceleration and velocity in both time and frequency domains, it is concluded that the dynamic characteristics of the masonry structure can be better identified using blasting velocity rather than acceleration. Additionally, it is found that the transverse resonance of the masonry structure is most influenced by the blasting seismic velocity. Furthermore, both blasting seismic velocity and acceleration can approximately identify low order translational and torsional frequencies of the masonry structure. However, when calculating natural vibration frequency, it is observed that using blasting velocity yields a lower value (1.8%~3.4% lower) compared to calculations based on ground pulsation methods. This discrepancy arises because blast vibrations provide a more accurate reflection of structural response under larger vibrations. Moreover, frequent blasts may induce nonlinear responses in old masonry structures. By monitoring changes in natural vibration frequency over time due to long-term exposure to blasts, it is determined that with increasing blast frequency, first-order torsional frequency decreases by 4%, second-order transverse frequency decreases by 3.6%, and second-order longitudinal frequency decreases by 5.2%. These reductions occur even though individual blasts meet safety regulations, thus highlighting the importance of considering cumulative damage effects from long-term exposure to blasts for old masonry structures with poor seismic capacity during safety monitoring.

blasting seismic wave  /  old masonry buildings  /  dynamic characteristics  /  cumulative damage effects  /  blasting safety assessment
黄俊, 夏界宁, 罗松. 爆破地震作用下的老旧砌体结构动力特性分析. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (2) : 185 -193 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.023
Jun HUANG, Jie-ning XIA, Song LUO. Analysis of Dynamic Characteristics of Old Masonry Structure under Blasting-induced Earthquake[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (2) : 185 -193 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.023
爆破对建筑结构的影响与结构的频率特性关系密切,当爆破地震波的卓越频率与建筑结构的自振频率相接近时,将发生共振,容易导致结构损伤[1]。目前针对爆破施工对建筑的影响,学者们进行了大量的试验性研究。龙源等在田湾核电站周围的数栋单层和双层民房上布设震动测试系统监测核电站基础开挖爆破对房屋的影响[2],结果表明径向速度的持续时间比其它两个分量要长,且径向分量的主频比垂直向要低,更加接近普通民房的主频,对结构的破坏起主要作用。王仁涛等对地铁爆心附近建筑的7个楼层布设监测仪监测不同楼层的爆破最大振动速度[3],测试结果表明爆破振动速度在砖混结构建筑1~6层衰减作用不明显,但在顶层能量聚集,放大效应明显,因此在进行类似砖混结构爆破安全振速监测时,应注意对顶部进行监测,以免造成安全隐患。
砌体结构房屋一般由砖块用砂浆砌墙,其主要承重结构以砌体为主,但脆性较大,结构整体性较差,抗剪强度较低,导致抗震性能较差,在水平爆破地震波作用下,容易受到剪切破坏。在大量爆破作用下,砌体结构受爆破地震荷载的重复加载,即使这些爆破产生的荷载未达到结构的极限强度值,但由于累积损耗也会导致砌体结构丧失承载力[4,5]。邓长庆等采用数值模拟法对低层砌体结构在爆破振动作用下的动力响应进行分析[6],建立结构累积损伤模型,得到频繁爆破振动作用下砌体结构的临界振动速度。陆瑜等采用数值模拟分析法[7],研究频繁爆破作用下的砖混结构的受损规律和安全控制标准取值,建议对砖混这类抗震能力较弱的建筑物,爆破安全允许值应按《爆破安全规程》最不利频率设定的下限值再乘以一个折减系数来取值。
目前砌体结构在频繁爆破振动作用下的累积损伤效应的研究主要以数值模拟分析为主,缺少实测数据验证,因此以地铁车站爆破工程附近的老旧砌体结构为研究对象,通过布设强震仪长期监测爆破地震波数据和脉动数据,并用爆破振动监测指标和建筑动力特性指标来分析爆破地震波对砌体结构的影响以及累积损伤效应。
武汉某地铁车站南侧有几栋老旧居民楼,如图1所示,为20世纪70年建设的四层砌体结构房屋,采用横墙承重体系统,沿纵墙方向开窗,无构造柱和圈梁,屋顶为现场混凝土屋顶,横墙和纵墙均采用空心砖砌筑,再用水泥砂浆抹平。地铁车站为地下3层12 m岛式车站。车站全长224.9 m,标准段宽21.9 m,基坑深度29.1~34.5 m。隧道区间为圆形断面,断面尺寸为宽7.32 m,高7.38 m。车站开挖深度范围内,表层为杂填土,厚1.6~2.7 m,其下为粉质黏土层,厚8.8~24.6 m,基岩为灰岩,车站底板处于灰岩当中,灰岩平均强度70~80 MPa,最高强度达120 MPa。工程基坑爆破采用多段位非电毫秒雷管超爆,炮孔直径为40 mm,炮孔深度为2.0 m,炮孔间距为1.0~1.6 m,单孔装药量为0.2~0.4 kg,最大段装药量控制在0.5~0.8 kg,起爆段数根据单次总药量控制在50段。在车站爆破施工期间,附近居民反映爆破噪声较大,有时会引起门窗剧烈晃动,担心房屋安全。由于这些老旧砌体结构未采取抗震措施且使用年限较长,抗震性能较差,在爆破地震的作用下可能产生破坏或累积损伤,因此通过在砌体结构建筑上布设强震仪记录振动数据,分析其动力特性在爆破地震作用下的变化,以判断其在爆破地震作用下的安全状态和累积损伤情况。
目前建筑常用的动力特性测试方法主要包括自由振动法、共振法和脉动法。其中自由振动法和共振法都需要提供人工激励,由于砌体结构体量较大,提供足够大和可控的激励力较为困难,而脉动法是通过在结构上布设仪器记录结构物在自然环境中(如机器运行、车辆行驶、风等)产生的随机振动,经功率谱分析,即可辨识结构物的自振频率。由于脉动包含的频率范围丰富且与自由振动法和共振法相比,实测时减少了人工激励,也不受结构体量的约束,因此最适合测量建筑物整体结构的动力特性。
根据《建筑结构动力特性及动力响应检测技术规范》(DBJ/T13—285—2018)规定[8],可采用单测点和多测点的结构动力特性分析方法,当对精度要求不高且模态分布不密集的信号采用频率识别法进行识别时,可用峰值拾取法直接判断;否则采用多测点的结构动力特性分析方法,基于以下原则来判断模态频率:(1)自功率谱的最大峰值处;(2)频响函数分析中,不同测点处相干函数较大,接近于1的自振频率;(3)不同测点在自振频率处有近似的相位或相反的相位特点。
比较而言,多点动力特性测试方法布设较复杂,但精度高、抗干扰能力强,能够识别建筑结构的多阶模态频率、振型和阻尼比,适合较复杂的建筑结构短期的动力特性测试。而单点动力特性测试方法更适合于建筑结构简单,振型清楚的建筑。由于监测的建筑为四层砌体结构,结构简单,振型清楚,只需关注低阶自振频率。由于需要长期监测,多测点在居民楼长期布设会影响居民生活,因此采用单个测点来实现砌体结构的自振频率识别。
爆破地震速度和加速度是反应爆破地震波强度的2种常见指标,监测爆破速度的优点是能和爆破地震波携带的能量和岩土工程构筑物的应力分析相联系,而监测爆破加速度能与爆破地震产生的惯性力相联系,便于计算对建筑结构产生影响的地震作用以及进行建筑结构内力分析。由于爆破地震加速度可以积分成速度时程进行分析,因此测试采用美国凯尼公司研制生产的ETNA2型强震动加速度仪,同时监测和记录2个水平向,1个垂直向的加速度振动数据,然后积分成速度数据。该仪器体积小,重量轻,精度高,动态范围可达到155 dB,带宽DC-200 Hz,可同时记录触发和连续振动数据,主要用于地震台站和建筑结构的强震动监测,也可用于建筑结构的动力测试。建筑物顶部两端一般认为是扭转幅值分量最强的地方[9],顶部的1阶平动振型也是最大的,因此建筑物顶部的两端能够反应结构的平动和扭转动力特性。选取在距离爆破点最近的4层老旧砌体结构,结构纵墙方向与地铁车站呈45度夹角,最短距离为147 m。在顶层一端横墙的中心处如图1所示位置布设1台强震仪,其X轴和Y轴方向分别指向结构的横向和纵向,采样率设置为200 Hz,可监测砌体结构在爆破地震作用下以及在安静状态下的平动和扭转响应,从而分析其动力特性和累积损伤情况。
通过布设在老旧砌体结构顶层的强震仪140 d的爆破地震波监测,积累了大量的爆破数据,筛选其中爆破加速度时程波形清晰且积分成速度时程后时程波形也清晰无畸变的132次爆破地震记录。对132次爆破地震加速度和速度记录最大峰值出现的振动方向进行统计,结果如下表1所示,爆破地震加速度记录中竖向峰值为最大振动方向的记录占总记录的75%,爆破地震速度记录中横向峰值为最大振动方向的记录占总记录的71.2%,表明砌体结构对爆破地震加速度振动以竖向响应为主,对爆破地震速度振动以横向响应为主。
爆破地震记录中峰值最大的加速度记录以及对应的速度记录如图2所示,横向、纵向和竖向的最大峰值加速度为8.404 cm/s2、7.87 cm/s2和24.313 cm/s2,对应速度峰值为0.175 cm/s,0.073 cm/s和0.182 cm/s;最大的速度记录以及对应的加速度记录如图3所示,横向、纵向和竖向的最大峰值速度为0.269 cm/s、0.084 cm/s和0.103 cm/s,对应加速度峰值为13.688 cm/s2,8.513 cm/s2和12.327 cm/s2。由图2图3可见,爆破地震最大加速度时程对应的爆破地震速度时程并不是最大的,这主要是因为加速度时程积分成速度时程的幅值大小与爆破振动信号的频谱分布关系密切。
功率谱常用于振动信号的频谱分析,以反映振动信号能量不同频率的分布强度。为统计爆破地震加速度和速度在频域的特征,分别计算爆破地震加速度和速度的功率谱,最大爆破地震加速度时程以及对应速度时程的功率谱如下图4所示,最大爆破地震速度时程以及对应的加速度时程的功率谱如下图5所示,这2组爆破加速度和速度记录在横向、纵向和竖向识别的卓越周期结果一致,均为5.273 Hz、4.102 Hz和17.19 Hz;在频率分布上,爆破速度在横向和纵向能量主要分布在10 Hz以内,竖向能量分布在20 Hz以内,而爆破加速度能量主要分布在20 Hz以内,更高频的能量也有分布,说明爆破信号由加速度积分成速度后可以有效地抑制与结构动力特性无关的高频分量;所有爆破地震记录的功率谱主频统计结果如表2所示,表明100%和97%的横向和纵向的爆破地震速度记录计算的卓越频率都在10 Hz以内,这与典型的砌体结构的自振频率范围是重合的,而爆破加速度信号可能受到爆破地震波中高频分量干扰,导致4.5%和65.9%的横向和纵向爆破记录的卓越频率并不在砌体结构的自振频率范围内,因此通过爆破地震速度数据的卓越频率分析可以更好地识别砌体结构的动力特性。
对爆破地震速度记录进行功率谱分析可以得到砌体结构横向和纵向的频谱分布,建筑结构功率谱在固有频率位置都会有陡峭的峰值,进而得到两个主轴的各阶频率,但由于从输入或局部地方干扰也会带来一些峰值,为了在功率谱中出现的所有峰值中,找出砌体结构的固有频率来,因此要进行加窗并在频域内进行平均计算。根据对爆破地震记录持续时间的统计,使用汉宁窗,窗长为2048个采样点,重叠率为二分之一,则频率识别精度为200/2048=0.097 Hz。选取爆破工程开始后前32组爆破速度记录加窗并在频域内叠加平均计算,得到的功率谱如下图6所示,则识别出砌体结构横向和纵向的1、2阶平动频率以及1阶扭转频率,结果如表3所示。
利用砌体结构上布设的强震仪记录到的连续脉动数据计算结构自振频率。为避免外界干扰对测试结果的影响,选取爆破工程初期凌晨后的脉动数据来计算自功率谱,为了和爆破地震速度识别的频率精度一致,也采用汉宁窗加窗并在频域内至少进行32次平均,窗长为2048个采样点。得到的功率谱如图7所示,则识别出砌体结构横向和纵向的1、2阶平动频率和1阶扭转频率,结果如表3所示。
图6图7可见,采用爆破速度和地脉动计算的功率谱谱形基本一致,都能清楚地识别出砌体结构横向和纵向1阶、2阶平动频率以及1阶扭转频率。从识别结果来看,采用爆破速度计算的横向和纵向1阶、2阶平动和1阶扭转频率较地脉动计算的要小1.8%~3.4%,这表明爆破速度计算的砌体结构自振频率与环境振动下计算的自振频率是相关的,通过获取多次爆破记录进行计算可以识别出的砌体结构低阶平动和扭转频率,但爆破速度计算的自振频率略偏低,这是主要是因为爆破振动幅值比地脉动幅值要大得多,更能反映结构在较大幅度振动作用下的响应,频繁的爆破振动可能导致老旧砌体结构略有非线性反应,产生了变形,因此需要进行安全评估。
我国颁布实施的《爆破安全规程》(GB 6722—2014)以质点振动速度和主振频率来判断爆破振动允许的安全距离[10],因此爆破振动监测一般测量爆破地震波速度值。地震研究者一般采用加速度值来进行建筑抗震设计和验算[11],并利用《中国地震烈度表》(GB/T 17742—2020)的要求来计算仪器烈度以及对应的宏观地震烈度来评估建筑震害[12]。由于测试监测到爆破地震速度主频与砌体结构主频一致,且处于天然地震的频带范围内,体现出了明显的天然地震的特性,因此可以分别采用爆破行业和地震行业的标准来评估结构安全。
根据我国《爆破安全规程》(GB6722—2014)规定,对于一般民用建筑,当主振频率f≤10 Hz时,安全允许的爆破地震波振动速度为1.5~2.0 cm/s。本测试监测到的最大爆破地震速度峰值为0.269 cm/s,未超出爆破地震安全允许的振速。
根据《中国地震烈度表》(GB/T 17742—2020)中介绍的地震仪器烈度的测定方法,计算方法如下
式中:PGA代表0.1~10 Hz带通滤波后的合成地震动加速度记录的最大值;PGV代表0.1~10 Hz带通滤波后的合成地震动速度记录的最大值;II表示地震仪器烈度值;IV表示基于速度信息计算出的烈度值;IA表示基于加速度信息计算出的烈度值。
计算132次爆破地震记录的地震仪器烈度,然后根据地震烈度表对应转化为宏观地震烈度,经统计,宏观地震烈度为Ⅰ度的爆破记录有107组,对应地震烈度表的描述为“无感”;地震烈度为Ⅱ度的爆破记录有24组,对应地震烈度表的描述为“室内个别静止中的人有感觉,个别较高楼层中的人有感觉”;地震烈度为Ⅲ度的爆破记录有1组,对应为震害为“门、窗轻微作响,悬挂物微动,少数较高楼层中的人有明显感觉”;这些低烈度的震害的描述主要是人的感觉与器物反应,与居民在爆破过程中的实际感受相同,表明爆破并未对砌体结构造成破坏。
按《爆破安全规程》(GB 6722—2014)和《中国地震烈度表》(GB/T 17742—2020)要求进行爆破作用下砌体结构的安全评估,可判断砌体结构安全。根据《爆破安全规程》(GB 6722—2014)的规定:“在选取建筑物安全允许质点速度时,应综合考虑建筑物的重要性、建筑质量、新旧程度、自振频率、地基条件等”。老旧砌体结构已服役数十年且基础较浅,没有设置圈梁和构造柱,承重墙采用空心砖,抗震能力差,在爆破地震波作用下,其建筑质量、新旧程度和地基条件均处劣势。在长期爆破作用下更容易发生破坏或累积损伤。
我国《爆破安全规程》(GB6722—2014)的爆破安全判据中未能体现长期爆破作用产生的累积损伤效应,建筑结构在分析爆破振动作用下结构破坏的累积损伤效应时,常采用数值模拟的方法来进行分析[13],而现场试验分析较少。在地震工程领域,学者普遍认为地震前后,建筑结构的自振频率会下降,自振周期会延长,常通过布设强震仪记录数据分析震前和震后结构自振周期的变化,来评估地震对结构的影响[14]。陶磊等在5·12汶川特大地震前后对某框架结构办公楼进行动力特性测试[15],以评估地震对该建筑物的影响,发现震后结构纵、横两个方向的第1阶平动自振周期略有延长,分别延长了7.62%和3.97%;结构纵、横两个方向第2阶平动自振周期分别延长了32.62%和36.11%。表明建筑产生震害后,自振周期有延长的趋势。类似地,为评估长期爆破对砌体结构的累积损伤效应,利用砌体结构的上布设的强震仪记录到的连续脉动数据计算结构每天的自振频率。为避免外界干扰对测试结果的影响,在每天凌晨后脉动数据中选取数据平坦,干扰最小的数据来计算自功率谱,统计其横向和纵向1阶、2阶平动频率和1阶扭转频率在爆破施工过程中的变化情况,统计结果如图8所示。
对比老旧砌体结构在长期爆破作用下自振频率随时间的变化的规律发现,结构横向1阶平动频率在4.199~4.102 Hz往复变化,结构纵向1阶平动频率在4.102~4.004 Hz往复变化,表明建筑在爆破作用下发生水平变形,但变形属于弹性变形,爆破后可恢复,爆破地震波对结构的横向1阶平动累积损伤效应不明显。结构1阶扭转频率在4.883~4.688 Hz范围内变化,表现出往复减小的变化趋势,前77d在4.883~4.785 Hz往复变化,第78 d至129 d在4.785~4.688 Hz往复变化,在第130 d后稳定地下降到4.688 Hz,频率相比爆破开发始时减小了4%,这表明结构1阶扭转频率在连续爆破作用下发生了扭转变形,变形一开始是在弹性范围内,在一段时间内可恢复,但随着爆破次数的增加,频率往复下降,产生了累积损伤,这与砌体结构抗剪能力差,较易发生剪切破坏的特性一致。结构横向2阶频率和纵向2阶频率随时间的变化与1阶扭转频率表现出十分类似的现象,从爆破开始时的5.469 Hz和5.664 Hz,经历了140 d后稳定地下降到5.273 Hz和5.371 Hz,频率相比爆破开始时分别减小了3.6%和5.2%。因此即使是振动速度在安全允许范围内的爆破,长期作用下仍然可能诱发老旧砌体结构的1阶扭转频率和2阶平动频率减少,导致累积损伤。由于砌体结构的刚性一般较大,在计算地震荷载时,只考虑1阶振型[5],表明老旧砌体结构的1阶平动频率均未发生不可恢复的变化,因此可以判断老旧砌体房屋的主体结构仍处于安全状态,但爆破地震作用导致其发生了累积损伤。
现场测试可以反映老旧砌体结构对爆破地震波的真实响应,分别利用爆破记录和地脉动记录来计算砌体结构的低阶平动和扭转自振频率,能得到相似的结果,表明爆破地震波也能反映砌体结构的动力特性。此外,对本次测试观测到新现象也进行了分析和解释,研究工作主要表现在:
(1)经统计,砌体结构对爆破地震加速度振动以竖向响应为主,对爆破地震速度振动以横向响应为主。考虑到砌体的竖向刚度明显大于2个水平向刚度,在竖向抗震上有一定的强度储备,在同等强度的水平力作用下,结构以剪切破坏作用为主,因此在爆破振动监测时应更加关注房屋的水平向的振动分量。
(2)爆破地震波加速度时程和速度时程的功率谱分析表明,爆破加速度信号对高频信号敏感,在用于识别砌体结构自振频率时,容易受到爆破地震波与结构特性无关的高频分量干扰,而爆破速度信号对砌体结构的自振频率敏感,因此通过爆破地震速度记录的卓越频率分析可以更好地识别砌体结构的动力特性。
(3)采用爆破地震波识别的自振频率比地脉动识别结果的要小1.8%~3.4%,表明地脉动记录反映的是结构在微振下的动力特性,而爆破记录反映的是结构在较大幅度振动作用下的动力特性,频繁的爆破振动可能导致老旧砌体结构瞬间发生非线性变形,从而引起自振频率的降低。
(4)根据老旧砌体结构在长期爆破作用下自振频率随时间的变化的规律,表明老旧砌体结构的横向和纵向1阶平动变形属于弹性变形,爆破后自振频率可以恢复,主体结构仍然是安全的,但结构的1阶扭转频率、横向和纵向2阶频率随爆破次数的增加出现逐渐下降的趋势,表明结构产生了累积损伤。我国现行的《爆破安全规程》尚未明确如何评估长期爆破地震作用对建筑结构的累积损伤效应,建议在进行长期爆破作业时,即使监测到的爆破振动能够满足《爆破安全规程》的安全要求,当周边有老旧砌体结构等抗震能力较差建筑时,应在顶层布设测点监测结构自振频率的长期变化,以评估长期爆破作用对结构产生的累积损伤效应,及时识别风险。
  • 湖北省重点研发专项(ZZCXHZYF2022000391)
  • 湖北省高价值知识产权培育工程(0210)
  • 中震双创研发基金(ZZSC-2022-G03)
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.023
  • 接收时间:2023-04-20
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-20
基金
Hubei Province Key Research and Development Project(ZZCXHZYF2022000391)
湖北省重点研发专项(ZZCXHZYF2022000391)
Hubei Province High Value Intellectual Property Cultivation Project(0210)
湖北省高价值知识产权培育工程(0210)
Zhongzhen Double Innovation Research and Development Fund(ZZSC-2022-G03)
中震双创研发基金(ZZSC-2022-G03)
作者信息
    1.湖北省地震局地震预警湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430071
    2.武汉地震科学仪器研究院有限公司,武汉 430071

通讯作者:

夏界宁(1982-),男,高级工程师、硕士,主要从事重大工程环境振动、地震动监测预警和减灾研究,(E-mail).
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/bp/CN/10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.023
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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