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The shock wave generated by underwater explosions has a significant destructive impact on the surrounding environment. Therefore, it is crucial to implement bubble curtain protection for blast area safety. This study aims to investigate the influence of the number of bubble curtain layers on attenuating underwater explosion shock waves. An underwater explosion model with free water and varying numbers of bubble curtain layers was established using AUTODYN finite element software. Through experimental validation of the numerical model, a formula for calculating peak overpressure of the shock wave was derived, and the impact of different numbers of bubble curtain layers on shock wave attenuation in water was compared. The results demonstrate that employing a bubble curtain can effectively reduce peak overpressure from an underwater blast shock wave, achieving an attenuation ratio as high as 83%. Furthermore, increasing the number of bubble curtain layers can further enhance this attenuation effect, reaching more than 94% reduction in peak overpressure. Specifically, when comparing two-layered and one-layered bubble curtains at a distance of 12 m from the detonation center behind the bubble curtain, there is a reduction in peak overpressure by 61.94%. Similarly, using a three-layered bubble curtain leads to an additional decrease in peak overpressure at this distance by 11.38% compared to using a two-layered one. However, when utilizing four-layered curtains instead of three-layers ones, there is only a marginal decrease in peak overpressure (6.42%) at this same distance. In conclusion, implementing a bubble curtain significantly weakens shock waves within water bodies during explosive events. Moreover, fewer layers within the bubble curtain result in greater attenuation effects. However, diminishing returns are observed with each subsequent increase in layer count.

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水下爆炸产生的冲击波对周围环境有巨大的破坏作用,采取气泡帷幕防护对爆破区域保护意义重大。为研究气泡帷幕层数对水下爆炸冲击波的衰减作用,使用Autodyn有限元软件建立了自由水域和不同层数气泡帷幕的水下爆炸模型,并对数值模型进行试验验证,拟合出了冲击波峰值超压的公式,并对比分析了不同气泡帷幕层数对水中冲击波衰减效果的影响。研究结果表明:气泡帷幕能明显削弱水下爆炸冲击波的峰值超压,1层气泡帷幕衰减比例可以达到83%以上,随着气泡帷幕层数的增加,对水下冲击波的衰减可以达到94%以上,2层气泡帷幕时气泡帷幕背爆面距爆心12 m处峰值超压比1层减少了61.94%,3层气泡帷幕时,背爆面距爆心12 m处比2层气泡帷幕时减少11.38%,4层气泡帷幕时气泡帷幕背爆面距爆心12 m处峰值超压仅比3层减少了6.42%,气泡帷幕可以明显地削弱水中冲击波。此外,较少的气泡帷幕层数可以明显衰减水下爆炸冲击波,但是随着气泡帷幕层数的增加,衰减效果越来越不明显。

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杜明燃(1987-),男,博士、副教授,主要从事炸药性能和爆破技术的教学与研究,(E-mail)

DU Ming-ran (1987-), male, Ph. D, associate professor, mainly engaged in the teaching and research of explosive properties and blasting technology, (E-mail) .

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杜明燃(1987-),男,博士、副教授,主要从事炸药性能和爆破技术的教学与研究,(E-mail)

DU Ming-ran (1987-), male, Ph. D, associate professor, mainly engaged in the teaching and research of explosive properties and blasting technology, (E-mail) .

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杜明燃(1987-),男,博士、副教授,主要从事炸药性能和爆破技术的教学与研究,(E-mail)

DU Ming-ran (1987-), male, Ph. D, associate professor, mainly engaged in the teaching and research of explosive properties and blasting technology, (E-mail) .

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Numerical simulation study of underwater explosion and its effect on structure based on general procedure[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 2008. 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Comparative analysis of grid size effects in numerical simulation of air and underwater blast shock waves[J]. Journal of Water Resources, 2015, 46(3): 298-306. 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figureFileBig=oLKGuScai410oB/tfV2tvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777732665803139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777708582109496, language=CN, label=图17, caption=4层气泡帷幕试验冲击波波形图, figureFileSmall=0lHMdtx6shkYUFhGydBgzg==, figureFileBig=oLKGuScai410oB/tfV2tvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777732770660742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777708582109496, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Material parameters of explosives

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度ρ/(kg.m-3爆速/(m·s-1 PC- J/GPa A/GPa B/GPa R1 R2 X E0/GPa
125045009.70214.400.184.200.900.1524.19
), ArticleFig(id=1241777732837769609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777708582109496, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

炸药的材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度ρ/(kg.m-3爆速/(m·s-1 PC- J/GPa A/GPa B/GPa R1 R2 X E0/GPa
125045009.70214.400.184.200.900.1524.19
), ArticleFig(id=1241777732913267085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777708582109496, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameters of the equation of state of water

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
A1/GPa A2/GPa A3/GPa B0 B1 T1/GPa T2/GPa ρ0/(g·cm-3
2.209.5414.570.280.282.200.001.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241777732992958865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777708582109496, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

水的状态方程参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
A1/GPa A2/GPa A3/GPa B0 B1 T1/GPa T2/GPa ρ0/(g·cm-3
2.209.5414.570.280.282.200.001.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241777733064262037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777708582109496, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Underwater explosion test and simulation data without bubble curtains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 R/m Q/kg Z=Q1/3/R P/(实测/MPa) P/(模拟/MPa)误差
140.30.16746.3516.7356.05
240.30.16746.7956.7350.88
340.30.16746.9926.7353.68
480.30.08372.8492.7951.90
580.30.08373.0732.7959.05
680.30.08372.9802.7956.21
7120.30.05581.8311.7603.88
8120.30.05581.6751.7605.07
914.30.30.04681.2871.3807.23
1014.30.30.04681.5071.3808.43
1125.80.30.02590.6720.6109.23
1225.80.30.02590.8100.61024.70
1335.40.30.01890.4640.4326.90
1445.70.30.01460.3620.3347.34
), ArticleFig(id=1241777733156536730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777708582109496, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

无气泡帷幕水下爆炸试验与模拟数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 R/m Q/kg Z=Q1/3/R P/(实测/MPa) P/(模拟/MPa)误差
140.30.16746.3516.7356.05
240.30.16746.7956.7350.88
340.30.16746.9926.7353.68
480.30.08372.8492.7951.90
580.30.08373.0732.7959.05
680.30.08372.9802.7956.21
7120.30.05581.8311.7603.88
8120.30.05581.6751.7605.07
914.30.30.04681.2871.3807.23
1014.30.30.04681.5071.3808.43
1125.80.30.02590.6720.6109.23
1225.80.30.02590.8100.61024.70
1335.40.30.01890.4640.4326.90
1445.70.30.01460.3620.3347.34
), ArticleFig(id=1241777733219451293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777708582109496, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

One layer of bubble curtain test and simulation data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点位置测距/m试验1/MPa试验2/MPa模拟/MPa
帷幕前12.001.8831.7891.630
帷幕后12.000.1540.2280.268
24.000.0760.0570.134
36.000.0320.0400.071
帷幕后衰减比例/%12.0091.8387.2683.56
24.0095.9696.8191.78
36.0098.3097.2695.64
), ArticleFig(id=1241777733299143074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777708582109496, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

1层气泡帷幕试验及模拟数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点位置测距/m试验1/MPa试验2/MPa模拟/MPa
帷幕前12.001.8831.7891.630
帷幕后12.000.1540.2280.268
24.000.0760.0570.134
36.000.0320.0400.071
帷幕后衰减比例/%12.0091.8387.2683.56
24.0095.9696.8191.78
36.0098.3097.2695.64
), ArticleFig(id=1241777733404000678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777708582109496, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Two-layer bubble curtain test and simulation data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点位置测距/m试验3/MPa试验4/MPa模拟/MPa
帷幕前12.001.4681.6751.610
帷幕后12.000.1080.1570.123
24.000.0670.0680.072
36.000.0230.0530.058
帷幕后衰减比例/%12.0092.7390.6392.36
24.0095.4995.9495.53
36.0098.4596.8496.40
), ArticleFig(id=1241777733513052584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777708582109496, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

2层气泡帷幕试验及模拟数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点位置测距/m试验3/MPa试验4/MPa模拟/MPa
帷幕前12.001.4681.6751.610
帷幕后12.000.1080.1570.123
24.000.0670.0680.072
36.000.0230.0530.058
帷幕后衰减比例/%12.0092.7390.6392.36
24.0095.4995.9495.53
36.0098.4596.8496.40
), ArticleFig(id=1241777733617910189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777708582109496, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Triple bubble curtain test data and simulation data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点位置测距/m试验5/MPa试验6/MPa模拟/MPa
帷幕前12.001.8311.9331.670
帷幕后12.000.0390.0830.109
24.000.0250.0310.093
36.000.0150.0200.067
帷幕后衰减比例/%12.0097.8795.7193.55
24.0098.6398.4094.43
36.0099.1898.9796.00
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3层气泡帷幕试验数据及模拟数据

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测点位置测距/m试验5/MPa试验6/MPa模拟/MPa
帷幕前12.001.8311.9331.670
帷幕后12.000.0390.0830.109
24.000.0250.0310.093
36.000.0150.0200.067
帷幕后衰减比例/%12.0097.8795.7193.55
24.0098.6398.4094.43
36.0099.1898.9796.00
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Four-layer bubble curtain test and simulation data

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测点位置测距/m试验7/MPa试验8/MPa模拟/MPa
帷幕前121.5181.4931.679
帷幕后120.0260.0340.102
240.0160.0180.071
360.0130.0130.076
帷幕后衰减比例/%1298.2997.7294.00
2498.9598.7995.77
3699.1499.1395.47
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4层气泡帷幕试验及模拟数据

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测点位置测距/m试验7/MPa试验8/MPa模拟/MPa
帷幕前121.5181.4931.679
帷幕后120.0260.0340.102
240.0160.0180.071
360.0130.0130.076
帷幕后衰减比例/%1298.2997.7294.00
2498.9598.7995.77
3699.1499.1395.47
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气泡帷幕对水下爆炸冲击波的衰减研究
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杜明燃 1 , 王天照 1 , 梁进 2, 3 , 陆少锋 2, 3 , 李基锐 2, 3 , 王尹军 4 , 陈宇航 1 , 陈智凡 1
爆破 | 安全与管理 2024,41(2): 212-222
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爆破 | 安全与管理 2024, 41(2): 212-222
气泡帷幕对水下爆炸冲击波的衰减研究
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杜明燃1 , 王天照1, 梁进2, 3, 陆少锋2, 3, 李基锐2, 3, 王尹军4, 陈宇航1, 陈智凡1
作者信息
  • 1.安徽理工大学 化学工程学院,淮南 232001
  • 2.广西新港湾工程有限公司,南宁 530200
  • 3.广西壮族自治区水下破岩工程研究中心,南宁 530200
  • 4.矿冶科技集团有限公司,北京 100160
  • 杜明燃(1987-),男,博士、副教授,主要从事炸药性能和爆破技术的教学与研究,(E-mail)

    DU Ming-ran (1987-), male, Ph. D, associate professor, mainly engaged in the teaching and research of explosive properties and blasting technology, (E-mail) .

Study on Attenuation of Underwater Explosion Shock Waves by Bubble Curtain
Ming-ran DU1 , Tian-zhao WANG1, Jin LIANG2, 3, Shao-feng LU2, 3, Ji-rui LI2, 3, Yin-jun WANG4, Yu-hang CHEN1, Zhi-fan CHEN1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
  • 2.Guangxi New Harbour Engineering Co., Ltd., Nanning 530200, China
  • 3.Research Institution of Underwater Rock-Cutting Engineering at Guangxi Zhuang Municipality Region, Nanning 530200, China
  • 4.BGRIMM Technology group, Beijing 100160, China
出版时间: 2024-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.026
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水下爆炸产生的冲击波对周围环境有巨大的破坏作用,采取气泡帷幕防护对爆破区域保护意义重大。为研究气泡帷幕层数对水下爆炸冲击波的衰减作用,使用Autodyn有限元软件建立了自由水域和不同层数气泡帷幕的水下爆炸模型,并对数值模型进行试验验证,拟合出了冲击波峰值超压的公式,并对比分析了不同气泡帷幕层数对水中冲击波衰减效果的影响。研究结果表明:气泡帷幕能明显削弱水下爆炸冲击波的峰值超压,1层气泡帷幕衰减比例可以达到83%以上,随着气泡帷幕层数的增加,对水下冲击波的衰减可以达到94%以上,2层气泡帷幕时气泡帷幕背爆面距爆心12 m处峰值超压比1层减少了61.94%,3层气泡帷幕时,背爆面距爆心12 m处比2层气泡帷幕时减少11.38%,4层气泡帷幕时气泡帷幕背爆面距爆心12 m处峰值超压仅比3层减少了6.42%,气泡帷幕可以明显地削弱水中冲击波。此外,较少的气泡帷幕层数可以明显衰减水下爆炸冲击波,但是随着气泡帷幕层数的增加,衰减效果越来越不明显。

水下爆炸  /  气泡帷幕  /  衰减  /  数值模拟  /  峰值压力

The shock wave generated by underwater explosions has a significant destructive impact on the surrounding environment. Therefore, it is crucial to implement bubble curtain protection for blast area safety. This study aims to investigate the influence of the number of bubble curtain layers on attenuating underwater explosion shock waves. An underwater explosion model with free water and varying numbers of bubble curtain layers was established using AUTODYN finite element software. Through experimental validation of the numerical model, a formula for calculating peak overpressure of the shock wave was derived, and the impact of different numbers of bubble curtain layers on shock wave attenuation in water was compared. The results demonstrate that employing a bubble curtain can effectively reduce peak overpressure from an underwater blast shock wave, achieving an attenuation ratio as high as 83%. Furthermore, increasing the number of bubble curtain layers can further enhance this attenuation effect, reaching more than 94% reduction in peak overpressure. Specifically, when comparing two-layered and one-layered bubble curtains at a distance of 12 m from the detonation center behind the bubble curtain, there is a reduction in peak overpressure by 61.94%. Similarly, using a three-layered bubble curtain leads to an additional decrease in peak overpressure at this distance by 11.38% compared to using a two-layered one. However, when utilizing four-layered curtains instead of three-layers ones, there is only a marginal decrease in peak overpressure (6.42%) at this same distance. In conclusion, implementing a bubble curtain significantly weakens shock waves within water bodies during explosive events. Moreover, fewer layers within the bubble curtain result in greater attenuation effects. However, diminishing returns are observed with each subsequent increase in layer count.

underwater explosion  /  bubble curtain  /  decay  /  numerical simulation  /  peak pressure
杜明燃, 王天照, 梁进, 陆少锋, 李基锐, 王尹军, 陈宇航, 陈智凡. 气泡帷幕对水下爆炸冲击波的衰减研究. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (2) : 212 -222 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.026
Ming-ran DU, Tian-zhao WANG, Jin LIANG, Shao-feng LU, Ji-rui LI, Yin-jun WANG, Yu-hang CHEN, Zhi-fan CHEN. Study on Attenuation of Underwater Explosion Shock Waves by Bubble Curtain[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (2) : 212 -222 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.026
近年来,水下爆破在工程中的应用日益广泛,逐渐成为主要研究方向之一[1-3]。通常情况下水下爆炸具有比空中爆炸更强的峰值超压,对构筑物的破坏力更强[4],所以如何减小水下爆炸的破坏作用成为亟待解决的问题。水下爆炸有试验成本高和数据获取困难的特点,但随着计算机性能的提高,数值模拟方法日渐成为水下爆炸研究的主要手段[5-7]
气泡帷幕对水中冲击波的削弱效果优异,因而得到广泛应用[8],刘欣等通过改变气泡帷幕与防护目标之间的距离研究气泡帷幕对水下冲击波衰减效果的影响[9],结果表明气泡帷幕距被保护物越近对水下冲击波的削减效果越好;孟龙,刘科种等对小当量水下爆炸的气泡脉动过程的影响因素进行探究[10,11],利用TNT的JWL状态方程,并结合水的多项式方程进行数值模拟,结果表明数值模拟与理论计算之间的误差较小;贾虎等提出水下爆炸安全防护的关键是利用水与防护层的波阻抗突变实[12-14],并提出了爆炸气泡帷幕削能的创新性理论,结果表明爆炸气泡帷幕其对冲击波能量衰减效果良好。谢达建等利用LS-DYNA软件对工程实例建立了水下钻孔爆破模型[15],分析了气泡帷幕与保护物距离对水中冲击波的削弱作用的影响,结果表明帷幕距被保护物越近防护效果越好;胡伟才等利用LS-DYNA软件分析了气泡帷幕层数、帷幕间距和防护距离对桥梁振动速度削减作用的影响[16],发现气泡帷幕数量对削波效果的影响最大;陆少峰等分析了不同供风量的气泡帷幕对水中冲击波的削减效果[17],发现削波效果随着供风量的增加而增加;贾宪振对比分析了目前常用的几种数值模拟软件在水下爆炸中的应用[18],研究表明Autodyn软件在水下爆炸模拟中计算性能好,优势明显。以上研究结果表明,气泡帷幕对水中冲击波的削弱效果良好,且气泡帷幕层数、气泡帷幕间距和防护距离等因素均对削波效果有影响。
由此本文利用Autodyn有限元软件分析了水中冲击波的传播规律和不同层数气泡帷幕对水中冲击波的削弱作用,通过数值模拟得到不同爆心距和不同层数气泡帷幕对水下爆炸冲击波超压的影响,分析了不同层数气泡帷幕对水中冲击波的削减效果,并设计现场试验对数值模型进行验证,为气泡帷幕在水下爆炸中的应用提供了参考和理论依据。
(1)炸药模型
模型使用2#岩石乳化炸药,满足如下JWL状态方程[19],如下
式中:JWL状态方程的参数分别用ABR1R2ω表示;炸药的内能为E0V为当前的相对体积。具体参数如表1所示。
(2)水的模型
水下爆炸受到水深的影响,所以需要调节水介质比内能,Polynomial状态方程较为合适,根据水的压缩状态不同,状态方程也有不同的形式[19]
当水压缩时(μ>0),状态方程为
当水膨胀时(μ<0),状态方程为
当水既不压缩也不膨胀时(μ=0),上述两式可简化为
式中:P为水中压力;μ为压缩比;ρ0为水的密度,取ρ0=1 g/cm3A1A2A3T1T2B0B1等均为材料参数;e为水的比内能;其中P0为大气压;g为重力加速度;H为水深。可根据深度调节水介质比内能e,实现对不同深度情况下的计算。试验水深为4.5 m,水比内能为519.375 J/kg。水的状态方程参数如表2所示。
(3)空气模型
空气选用AIR空气模型和理想气体状态方程,其状态方程为[20]
式中:比内能为Eγ取1.4,为绝热指数;空气的初始密度ρ0取1.225 kg/m3ρ为当前密度。
(4)水下爆炸经验公式
Cole等总结了水下爆炸问题的研究成果,给出了计算精度高,且简单明了的水下爆炸冲击波及其冲量公式[21]
式中:冲击波峰值压力用Pm表示,Pa;冲击波指数衰减时间常数为θI为压力冲量,N·s/m2W为2#岩石乳化炸药质量,kg;R为到测点的爆心距,m;kαlβ是炸药性能有关的经验参数;2#岩石乳化炸药冲击波峰值压力kα,通过试验数据测定,也可以对水下爆炸有气泡帷幕的试验和数值模拟提供参考。
使用Autodyn有限元软件对自由场水域水下爆炸进行数值模拟,由于水下爆破环境非常复杂,会受到水深、水流速度、水下环境等因素的影响,而数值模拟不能考虑到所有的因素,所以在建模的过程中要对数值模型的一些非必要的影响因素进行简化,对水下爆炸模型分析,可以做出如下假设[15]:在爆轰产物的高压作用下,水介质视为可压缩流体;假设水下爆炸的各种介质是连续的,且各向同性;对于水介质,采用未经扰动的水介质参数;不考虑水底介质的影响;不考虑水流速度的影响;水下炸药爆炸和气泡膨胀过程视为绝热过程;假设水中的冲击波垂直入射介质。
水下爆炸模型如图1所示。模型采用轴对称数值建模,计算水域长度为50 m,高度为12 m,网格尺寸为20 mm,模型单元数量为1 500 000个。药包采用球形装药,起爆中心位于药包中心,水、空气、炸药均采用欧拉算法,在边界处施加Transmit边界条件。分别在距爆心4 m、8 m、12 m、14.3 m、25.8 m、35.4 m、45.7 m处设置测量点,采用mm-mg-ms单位制。
为了研究2#岩石乳化炸药在水下爆炸后的冲击波载荷分布情况,试验采用40 m长的气泡帷幕发生装置,气泡发生器置于河底9.5 m水深位置,测点C1C2C3C4C5C6C7分别位于距爆心4 m、8 m、12 m、14.3 m、25.8 m、35.4 m、45.7 m处。爆心距水面4.5 m,爆心与传感器在同一条水平线上,测点C1C2分别安装一支TP-SJB-10型传感器,其余测点分别安装一支PCB-138A01型传感器,使用质量为300 g的球形2#岩石乳化炸药进行试验。试验布置图如图2所示,现场试验照片如图3所示。
无气泡帷幕水下爆炸试验及模拟数据如表3所示。
为了更加直观的表现实测值与模拟值的可信度,表3中的误差采用相对误差来表示,根据试验及模拟数据进行最小二乘法回归分析,求出水下爆炸冲击波峰值超压的kα值得到拟合后的计算公式为。
试验冲击波峰值超压公式
数值模拟冲击波峰值超压公式
式中:Pm为冲击波峰值压力,MPa;W为炸药质量,kg;R为测点到爆心的距离,m。
拟合曲线如图4所示,从实测自由场水下爆炸与数值计算不同比例距离的冲击波峰值压力曲线吻合较好,且实测与数值模拟不同爆距的峰值压力误差较小,实测数据比模拟数据略大,但整体趋势相同,误差在30%以下,冲击波峰值超压的计算误差在30%以下既可以满足工程要求[22],说明数值模型满足要求。从图4中可以观察到峰值超压随着比例距离的增大呈指数型增加,而比例距离Z与药包的质量Q1/3呈正相关,与爆心距R呈负相关,说明在水下爆破作业当中,如果想得到更好保护作用,应该减小一次齐爆药量且增大爆心距。图5为不同测点处压力时程曲线图。由图5可知,在测点处冲击波超压到达峰值后,迅速下降至静水压,由于水下爆炸峰值超压比静水压力大好几个量级,所以对于水下爆炸,静水压力可以忽略不计。并且随着爆心的距离增大,水中冲击波峰值超压减小。
为了研究气泡帷幕对水中冲击波的削弱作用,建立了含有气泡帷幕的水下爆炸全耦合模型,据刘欣和谢达建等人的研究可知[9,15],在数值模拟中可以利用空气层近似代替气泡帷幕。模型如图6所示,气泡帷幕和自由水域均采用Euler算法建模,气泡帷幕距离爆心的距离为6 m。数值模型尺寸为50 m×12 m,采用X轴作为模型的对称轴,网格尺寸为20 mm,气泡帷幕用空气层代替,球形2#岩石乳化炸药质量为0.3 kg,起爆点位于药包中心,模型的截断处为Transmit边界条件,水的比例内能为519.375 J/kg。
图7为爆炸冲击波的变化过程发展图。可以观察到炸药爆炸后爆轰产物以球形向外传播,随着时间的推移气泡内的压力迅速下降。在爆炸4.021 ms后,冲击波传播至水与空气的结合处,同时由于爆炸产物(气泡)向外迅速膨胀,水介质受到压缩,使周围的水介质挤压空气隔层,从而使空气隔层被压缩变薄,向两侧运动。从图7中可以看出,炸药爆轰初始时刻气泡膨胀速度较快,随着气泡内压力的快速下降,气泡的膨胀速度逐渐变慢。
图8所示,由于水和空气的波阻抗差异非常大,入射冲击波会发生反射,形成反射稀疏波,反射稀疏波与入射冲击波的传播方向相反,入射冲击波一部分会以透射冲击波的形式向空气介质中传播,且透射冲击波的强度远小于入射冲击波,因此气泡帷幕后面的自由水域中基本看不到透射冲击波的传播。由于气泡帷幕会消耗很大一部分入射冲击波的能量,透射波占入射波能量很小一部分,所以在气泡帷幕背爆面冲击波会衰减很大一部分,从而达到气泡帷幕的保护作用。
气泡帷幕对水中冲击波的衰减作用试验布置如图9所示。气泡帷幕距爆心6 m,分别在气泡帷幕迎爆面距爆心12 m处设置测量点C1,在气泡帷幕背爆面距爆心12 m、24 m、36 m处设置测量点C2C3C4。四个测点均使用PCB-138A01型传感器,测量点与药包处于同一水平线,都位于水下4.5 m处。
试验及模拟数据如表4所示,一层气泡帷幕时冲击波峰值超压时程曲线如图10所示,冲击波穿透气泡帷幕后快速衰减并逐渐趋向于静水压,波形图如图11所示。
气泡帷幕迎爆面距爆心12 m处冲击波峰值超压为1.63 MPa,气泡帷幕背爆面距爆心12 m、24 m、36 m处冲击波峰值超压分别为0.268 MPa、0.134 MPa、0.071 MPa,衰减比例分别为83.56%、91.78%、95.64%。距气泡帷幕越远衰减的比例越大,与迎爆面的峰值超压相比削减达到83%以上,由于反射冲击波与爆炸产物的相互作用及周边水压力的变化,从而导致压力提前出现。
对数值模型共进行两次试验验证,气泡帷幕迎爆面距爆心12 m冲击波峰值压力分别为1.883 MPa、1.789 MPa,背爆面距爆心12 m、24 m、36 m处冲击波峰值超压分别为0.154 MPa、0.076 MPa、0.032 MPa和0.228 MPa、0.057 MPa、0.040 MPa,衰减比例分别为91.83%、95.96%、98.30%和87.26%、96.81%、97.26%,衰减比例在87%以上,与模拟结果相近,说明气泡帷幕对水中冲击波的衰减作用非常明显,可以对附近的构筑物起到有效的防护作用。
气泡帷幕是由气泡发生管产生的,气泡发生管开启层数的不同,气泡帷幕代替的空气层的厚度也会发生相应变化。数值模型除空气层的厚度不同外,模型尺寸,网格大小,炸药量,边界条件均与一层气泡帷幕的数值模型相同。
对不同层数气泡帷幕分别进行两次试验验证,试验布置除气泡帷幕层数不同,试验条件与一层气泡帷幕相同。下面给出了不同层气泡帷幕对水中冲击波的衰减比较,可以看出帷幕层数不同对水中冲击波衰减有一定影响,气泡帷幕层数越大,所需冲开气泡帷幕的能量越大,冲开的时间越长,耗散的能量越大,对水中冲击波的衰减作用越好,说明增加空气层厚度可以提高防护效果。
通过对比表4表5表6表7的数据,得到不同气泡帷幕层数的水中冲击波的衰减比例,可以看出冲击波衰减比例可以达到94%以上,随着气泡帷幕层数的增加,气泡帷幕对冲击波的衰减效果增加不再明显。不同气泡帷幕层数的试验及模拟数据如表5表7,冲击波超压时程曲线图如图12图14图16所示,不同层数气泡帷幕冲击波波形图如图13图15图17所示。
对比以上4组数据可以得出,随着气泡帷幕层数增加,水中冲击波峰值超压衰减可以达到94%以上。1层气泡帷幕距爆心12 m处,气泡帷幕背爆面的测点测得的冲击波峰值超压与迎爆面距爆心12 m处的峰值超压衰减比例为87.26%~91.83%,24 m测点处衰减比例为95.96%~96.81%,36m处为97.26%~98.30%,数值模拟背爆面12 m、24 m、36 m处衰减比例分别为83.56%、91.78%、95.64%;2层气泡帷幕试验,距爆心12 m处的冲击波峰值超压衰减比例为90.63%~92.73%,24 m处衰减比例为95.49%~95.94%,36 m处衰减比例为96.84%~98.45%,数值模拟背爆面12 m、24 m、36 m处的衰减比例为92.36%、95.53%、96.40%;3层气泡帷幕,背爆面距爆心距12 m的衰减比例为95.71%~97.87%,24 m的衰减比例为98.40%~98.63%,36 m处的衰减比例为98.97%%~99.18%,数值模拟背爆面12 m、24 m、36 m处的衰减比例为93.55%、94.43%、96%;4层气泡帷幕时,试验背爆面12 m处冲击波的衰减比例为97.72%~98.29%,24 m处衰减比例为98.79%~98.95%,36 m处衰减比例为99.13%~99.14%,数值模型背爆面12 m、24 m、36 m处的衰减比例分别为94%、95.77%、95.47%;说明增加气泡帷幕层数,能够增加对冲击波超压的衰减效果,与数值模拟的衰减效果一致,说明数值模拟与试验吻合,效果良好。从试验和模拟获取的冲击波波形图可知,在爆炸首次冲击波达到波峰后出现二次波,二次波峰值压力相对一次波峰较小,对水下构筑物基本无害。
同时可以看出,当气泡帷幕层数分别为1层、2层、3层、4层时,气泡帷幕背爆面距爆心12 m处峰值超压分别为0.268 MPa、0.123 MPa、0.109 MPa、0.102 MPa。2层帷幕时,背爆面距爆心12 m测点处的峰值压力相比于1层帷幕减小了61.94%;3层帷幕背爆面距爆心12 m测点处的峰值压力比2层帷幕减小了11.38%;4层帷幕背爆面距爆心12 m测点处的峰值压力比3层帷幕减小了6.42%。说明当气泡帷幕层数较少时,对冲击波的缓冲效果具有较大的影响,继续增加气泡帷幕层数时,缓冲效果越来越弱。
基于Autodyn有限元软件平台,建立自由场水下爆炸与气泡帷幕的水下爆炸全耦合数值模型,与试验对比分析了气泡帷幕对水下爆炸冲击波的衰减机理,最后分析了不同层数气泡帷幕对水下爆炸冲击波的缓冲作用得出结论如下。
(1)自由水域水下爆炸水中的冲击波峰值超压在测点处迅速达到峰值,达到峰值后超压迅速以指数级下降,最后在静水压附近波动并趋于平稳。
(2)气泡帷幕对水下爆炸冲击波衰减效果明显,可以有效降低水下爆炸冲击波的峰值压力,能够很好地对水下构筑物起到防护作用,且随着气泡帷幕层数衰减比例达到94%以上,但随着气泡帷幕层数增多,缓冲效果越来越弱。
  • 安徽省高校科学研究项目(KJ2021A0431)
  • 广西重点研发计划(桂科AB22035001)
  • 安徽省自然科学基金(1908085QA33)
  • 安徽理工大学引进人才科研启动基金项目(11881)
  • 广西重点研发计划(防科AB21014001)
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2024年第41卷第2期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.026
  • 接收时间:2023-06-06
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-06
基金
Natural Science Research Project of Anhui Educational Committee(KJ2021A0431)
安徽省高校科学研究项目(KJ2021A0431)
Research on combined structure and construction key technology of underwater blast bubble shock wave protective curtain(桂科AB22035001)
广西重点研发计划(桂科AB22035001)
Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(1908085QA33)
安徽省自然科学基金(1908085QA33)
Scientific Research Foundation for High-level Talents of Anhui University of Science and Technology(11881)
安徽理工大学引进人才科研启动基金项目(11881)
Guangxi Key Research and Development Program(防科AB21014001)
广西重点研发计划(防科AB21014001)
作者信息
    1.安徽理工大学 化学工程学院,淮南 232001
    2.广西新港湾工程有限公司,南宁 530200
    3.广西壮族自治区水下破岩工程研究中心,南宁 530200
    4.矿冶科技集团有限公司,北京 100160
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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