Article(id=1241777708183654576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.025, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1699200000000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773992476744, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1717171200000, pubDateStr=2024-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773992476744, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773992476744, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992476744, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241777699996368955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773992474792, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992784144, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241778997575619516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241778997575619517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=203, endPage=211, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241777710373081372, articleId=1241777708183654576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Prediction of Blasting Vibration Velocity in Open-pit Mine based on MD-PCA-BP Model, columnId=1240702076553065119, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING SAFETY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to address the problem of predicting blasting vibration in complex geological conditions at open-pit mines, an improved BP neural network prediction model based on Mahalanobis distance discrimination (MD) and principal component analysis (PCA), namely MD-PCA-BP model, is proposed. By combining the monitoring data of blasting vibration at Changtan open-pit mine in Inner Mongolia, outliers in the monitoring data are eliminated using the Mahalanobis distance discrimination method. Then, the principal component analysis method is employed to reduce the dimensionality of factors affecting blasting vibration and obtain three principal component factors. The scores of each principal component factor are calculated, and finally a nonlinear relationship between blasting vibration and principal component scores is constructed through BP neural network to establish the prediction model based on MD-PCA-BP. The results show that the fitting degree between predicted values and measured values of blasting vibration velocity prediction model established based on MD-PCA-BP reaches 0.94, indicating high prediction accuracy of this model. When compared with Sadovsky empirical formula, two improved elevation empirical formulas, MD-BP model, PCA-BP model, and BP model, most of the prediction errors of MD-PCA-BP model are within 10%, demonstrating higher reliability and accuracy compared to empirical formulas and unimproved BP prediction models. The blast vibration prediction model based on MD-PCA-BP exhibits good predictive performance for blast vibration velocity in complex terrains.

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ZHOU Chuan-bo (1963-), male, Anhui, professor, mainly engaged in research on geotechnical engineering and engineering blasting, (E-mail) .
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为解决露天矿山爆破复杂场地地质条件的爆破振动预测问题,提出了一种基于马氏距离判别(MD)和主成分分析(PCA)的改进BP神经网络预测模型,即MD-PCA-BP模型。结合内蒙古长滩露天矿爆破振动监测数结果,利用马氏距离判别法剔除监测数据的离群值,并采用主成分分析法对爆破振动影响因素进行降维处理得到3个主成分因子,计算各主成分因子的得分,最终通过BP神经网络构建爆破振动与主成分得分的非线性关系,建立了基于MD-PCA-BP的爆破振动预测模型。结果表明:基于MD-PCA-BP模型建立的爆破振动速度预测模型预测结果与实测值的拟合度达到0.94,预测模型具有较高的预测精度;将预测结果与萨道夫斯基经验公式、2个改进的高程经验公式、MD-BP模型、PCA-BP模型以及BP模型进行比较,MD-PCA-BP模型的预测误差大部分在10%以内,相较于经验公式和未改进的BP预测模型具有更高的可靠度和准确度。基于MD-PCA-BP的爆破振动预测模型在复杂地形的爆破振动速度预测方面表现出了良好的预测效果,对复杂地形的爆破振动预测具有一定的参考作用。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
周传波(1963-),男,安徽人,教授,主要从事岩土工程和工程爆破方面的研究,(E-mail)
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赵茉溪(1996-),女,贵州人,博士研究生,主要从事工程爆破与安全技术方面的研究,(E-mail)

ZHAO Mo-xi (1996-), female, Guizhou, Ph. D Student, mainly engaged in research on engineering blasting and safety technology, (E-mail) .

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赵茉溪(1996-),女,贵州人,博士研究生,主要从事工程爆破与安全技术方面的研究,(E-mail)

ZHAO Mo-xi (1996-), female, Guizhou, Ph. D Student, mainly engaged in research on engineering blasting and safety technology, (E-mail) .

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赵茉溪(1996-),女,贵州人,博士研究生,主要从事工程爆破与安全技术方面的研究,(E-mail)

ZHAO Mo-xi (1996-), female, Guizhou, Ph. D Student, mainly engaged in research on engineering blasting and safety technology, (E-mail) .

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label=Table 1, caption=

Blasting parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
爆破参数参数值爆破参数参数值
孔径100 mm孔数93~277
孔距6 m排距4 m
孔深2~16.5 m最大单响4~112 kg
总药量4000~17200 kg延时孔间30 ms/排间100 ms
), ArticleFig(id=1241777727943020773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777708183654576, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

爆破参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
爆破参数参数值爆破参数参数值
孔径100 mm孔数93~277
孔距6 m排距4 m
孔深2~16.5 m最大单响4~112 kg
总药量4000~17200 kg延时孔间30 ms/排间100 ms
), ArticleFig(id=1241777728047878377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777708183654576, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Blasting vibration velocity monitoring results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组次水平距离/m距离/m高程爆心距/m孔深/m孔数/m最大单孔装药量/kg总装药量/kg爆破振动速度/(cm·s-1
11629.80651631.1017.511513315 0320.11
21038.10-101038.159.51377188160.06
3478.8725479.524.0782117680.06
4285.00-85297.4116.58012510 1681.23
5439.1110439.2216.58012510 1680.86
55651.515651.5316.58012510 1680.21
56557.63-70562.0116.525711613 9360.48
57599.8225600.3416.525711613 9360.29
58722.7320723.0116.525711613 9360.23
59731.6620731.9316.525711613 9360.12
), ArticleFig(id=1241777728140153073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777708183654576, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

爆破振动速度监测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组次水平距离/m距离/m高程爆心距/m孔深/m孔数/m最大单孔装药量/kg总装药量/kg爆破振动速度/(cm·s-1
11629.80651631.1017.511513315 0320.11
21038.10-101038.159.51377188160.06
3478.8725479.524.0782117680.06
4285.00-85297.4116.58012510 1681.23
5439.1110439.2216.58012510 1680.86
55651.515651.5316.58012510 1680.21
56557.63-70562.0116.525711613 9360.48
57599.8225600.3416.525711613 9360.29
58722.7320723.0116.525711613 9360.23
59731.6620731.9316.525711613 9360.12
), ArticleFig(id=1241777728236622067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777708183654576, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Empirical formula regression analysis results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号经验公式名称经验公式模型拟合度
1萨道夫斯基公式 V=2669.21(Q1/3/R1.930.582
2长江科学院改进公式 V=2697.37(Q1/3/R1.91Q1/3/H0.110.592
3其他高程改进公式 V=2699.22(Q1/3/R2.01H/R-0.110.592
), ArticleFig(id=1241777728345673976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777708183654576, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

经验公式拟合结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号经验公式名称经验公式模型拟合度
1萨道夫斯基公式 V=2669.21(Q1/3/R1.930.582
2长江科学院改进公式 V=2697.37(Q1/3/R1.91Q1/3/H0.110.592
3其他高程改进公式 V=2699.22(Q1/3/R2.01H/R-0.110.592
), ArticleFig(id=1241777728442142973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777708183654576, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Correlation matrix

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量水平距离X1高程距离X2孔深X3孔数X4最大单响X5总装药量X6
水平距离X11.0000.705-0.3470.202-0.3560.114
高程距离X20.7051.000-0.254-0.045-0.270-0.163
孔深X3-0.347-0.2541.000-0.1100.9850.668
孔数X40.202-0.045-0.1101.000-0.2090.528
最大单响X5-0.356-0.2700.985-0.2091.0000.616
总装药量X60.114-0.1630.6680.5280.6161.000
), ArticleFig(id=1241777728551194883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777708183654576, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

相关性矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量水平距离X1高程距离X2孔深X3孔数X4最大单响X5总装药量X6
水平距离X11.0000.705-0.3470.202-0.3560.114
高程距离X20.7051.000-0.254-0.045-0.270-0.163
孔深X3-0.347-0.2541.000-0.1100.9850.668
孔数X40.202-0.045-0.1101.000-0.2090.528
最大单响X5-0.356-0.2700.985-0.2091.0000.616
总装药量X60.114-0.1630.6680.5280.6161.000
), ArticleFig(id=1241777728664441098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777708183654576, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Rotated component matrix

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变量成分
123
孔深0.975-0.182-0.021
最大单响0.972-0.192-0.108
总药量0.7280.0580.660
水平距离-0.1160.922-0.151
高程距离-0.1610.9010.232
孔数-0.1100.0240.969
), ArticleFig(id=1241777728756715790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777708183654576, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

旋转后的成分矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量成分
123
孔深0.975-0.182-0.021
最大单响0.972-0.192-0.108
总药量0.7280.0580.660
水平距离-0.1160.922-0.151
高程距离-0.1610.9010.232
孔数-0.1100.0240.969
), ArticleFig(id=1241777728874156306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777708183654576, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

The score of each principal component

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序号主成分成分得分
主成分1主成分2主成分3
11.490892.224480.17548
2-1.26427-0.278690.32211
3-3.14688-0.85039-1.10849
40.26243-2.37880-0.36051
50.55919-0.62477-0.78958
500.39053-0.19327-0.66365
510.39449-0.15030-0.65591
520.793712.149270.63913
530.809402.396520.72292
54-2.959951.188990.01394
), ArticleFig(id=1241777728953848086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777708183654576, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

各主成分的得分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号主成分成分得分
主成分1主成分2主成分3
11.490892.224480.17548
2-1.26427-0.278690.32211
3-3.14688-0.85039-1.10849
40.26243-2.37880-0.36051
50.55919-0.62477-0.78958
500.39053-0.19327-0.66365
510.39449-0.15030-0.65591
520.793712.149270.63913
530.809402.396520.72292
54-2.959951.188990.01394
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基于MD-PCA-BP模型的露天矿山爆破振动速度预测
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赵茉溪 1 , 杨玉民 1 , 周传波 1 , 张升 2 , 陈文忠 2 , 杨茂森 3 , 张玉琦 1
爆破 | 安全与管理 2024,41(2): 203-211
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爆破 | 安全与管理 2024, 41(2): 203-211
基于MD-PCA-BP模型的露天矿山爆破振动速度预测
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赵茉溪1 , 杨玉民1, 周传波1 , 张升2, 陈文忠2, 杨茂森3, 张玉琦1
作者信息
  • 1.中国地质大学(武汉) 工程学院,武汉 430070
  • 2.内蒙古生力中伟爆破有限责任公司,鄂尔多斯 010300
  • 3.内蒙古自治区公安厅 治安管理总队,呼和浩特 010051
  • 赵茉溪(1996-),女,贵州人,博士研究生,主要从事工程爆破与安全技术方面的研究,(E-mail)

    ZHAO Mo-xi (1996-), female, Guizhou, Ph. D Student, mainly engaged in research on engineering blasting and safety technology, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

周传波(1963-),男,安徽人,教授,主要从事岩土工程和工程爆破方面的研究,(E-mail)
Prediction of Blasting Vibration Velocity in Open-pit Mine based on MD-PCA-BP Model
Mo-xi ZHAO1 , Yu-min YANG1, Chuan-bo ZHOU1 , Sheng ZHANG2, Wen-zhong CHEN2, Mao-sen YANG3, Yu-qi ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
  • 2.Inner Mongolia Shengli Zhongwei Blasting Co., Ltd., Ordos 010300, China
  • 3.Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Public Security Department Security Management Corps, Hohhot 010051, China
出版时间: 2024-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.025
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为解决露天矿山爆破复杂场地地质条件的爆破振动预测问题,提出了一种基于马氏距离判别(MD)和主成分分析(PCA)的改进BP神经网络预测模型,即MD-PCA-BP模型。结合内蒙古长滩露天矿爆破振动监测数结果,利用马氏距离判别法剔除监测数据的离群值,并采用主成分分析法对爆破振动影响因素进行降维处理得到3个主成分因子,计算各主成分因子的得分,最终通过BP神经网络构建爆破振动与主成分得分的非线性关系,建立了基于MD-PCA-BP的爆破振动预测模型。结果表明:基于MD-PCA-BP模型建立的爆破振动速度预测模型预测结果与实测值的拟合度达到0.94,预测模型具有较高的预测精度;将预测结果与萨道夫斯基经验公式、2个改进的高程经验公式、MD-BP模型、PCA-BP模型以及BP模型进行比较,MD-PCA-BP模型的预测误差大部分在10%以内,相较于经验公式和未改进的BP预测模型具有更高的可靠度和准确度。基于MD-PCA-BP的爆破振动预测模型在复杂地形的爆破振动速度预测方面表现出了良好的预测效果,对复杂地形的爆破振动预测具有一定的参考作用。

露天矿山  /  爆破振动  /  马氏距离  /  主成分分析  /  BP神经网络模型

In order to address the problem of predicting blasting vibration in complex geological conditions at open-pit mines, an improved BP neural network prediction model based on Mahalanobis distance discrimination (MD) and principal component analysis (PCA), namely MD-PCA-BP model, is proposed. By combining the monitoring data of blasting vibration at Changtan open-pit mine in Inner Mongolia, outliers in the monitoring data are eliminated using the Mahalanobis distance discrimination method. Then, the principal component analysis method is employed to reduce the dimensionality of factors affecting blasting vibration and obtain three principal component factors. The scores of each principal component factor are calculated, and finally a nonlinear relationship between blasting vibration and principal component scores is constructed through BP neural network to establish the prediction model based on MD-PCA-BP. The results show that the fitting degree between predicted values and measured values of blasting vibration velocity prediction model established based on MD-PCA-BP reaches 0.94, indicating high prediction accuracy of this model. When compared with Sadovsky empirical formula, two improved elevation empirical formulas, MD-BP model, PCA-BP model, and BP model, most of the prediction errors of MD-PCA-BP model are within 10%, demonstrating higher reliability and accuracy compared to empirical formulas and unimproved BP prediction models. The blast vibration prediction model based on MD-PCA-BP exhibits good predictive performance for blast vibration velocity in complex terrains.

open-pit mines  /  blasting vibration  /  Mahalanobis distance  /  principal component analysis  /  BP neural network model
赵茉溪, 杨玉民, 周传波, 张升, 陈文忠, 杨茂森, 张玉琦. 基于MD-PCA-BP模型的露天矿山爆破振动速度预测. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (2) : 203 -211 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.025
Mo-xi ZHAO, Yu-min YANG, Chuan-bo ZHOU, Sheng ZHANG, Wen-zhong CHEN, Mao-sen YANG, Yu-qi ZHANG. Prediction of Blasting Vibration Velocity in Open-pit Mine based on MD-PCA-BP Model[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (2) : 203 -211 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.025
钻爆法是目前采矿和基建工程中常用的岩石开挖技术,该技术在高效、便捷的同时也会对周边环境产生危害,其中爆破振动居于危害之首。爆破作业前对爆破振动进行准确预测,提出可靠的爆破优化技术和安全防护措施能够最大程度减少爆破振动带来的伤害,但由于受到场地条件、爆破参数等众多因素的影响,爆破振动大小及分布具有不确定性和随机性,导致难以准确预测。因此,爆破振动预测一直以来都是工程爆破中亟待解决的关键问题和难点问题。
在工程上最常用的爆破振动预测方法主要是通过回归分析得到爆破振动与药量和距离相关的经验公式,传统的预测公式包括萨道夫斯基公式、美国矿务局公式和印度标准局公式[1]。其中在我国主要采用萨道夫斯基经验公式进行爆破振动预测,但是由于爆破场地的多变,其在预测具有高程的地形条件下的误差较大,很多学者引入高程对传统萨道夫斯基公式进行了修正,降低了具有高程影响下的爆破振动预测误差[2-5]。尽管此类改进预测公式能够提升预测精度,但是由于爆破振动受多因素的综合作用,无法反映各因素与爆破振动间复杂的非线性关系,导致预测误差仍旧较大,同时对场地系数的依赖性较高,不具备普适性。为了使爆破振动预测更加准确,研究者们通过理论分析和数值模拟对爆破振动进行预测,对于爆破振动峰值和持续时间均有较好的预测效果[6-12],但是因其理论性较强、建模技术专业等没有得到广泛应用。随着人工智能的发展,机器学习因其具有很强的非线性关系处理能力,被研究者们应用于爆破振动的预测中。目前国内外用于爆破振动预测的机器学习技术主要有支持向量机(SVM)、极限学习机(ELM)、BP神经网络、遗传算法(GA)等,并将机器算法技术与其他统计分析技术进行耦合运用,以达到更好的预测精度[13-21]
上述的智能预测模型主要针对于算法的过拟合优化,对源数据未进行相应处理。本文采用马氏距离判别法(MD)和主成分分析技术(PCA)对源数据进行优化处理改进BP模型算法,提出了MD-PCA-BP预测模型对爆破振动峰值进行预测。该模型首先利用MD方法剔除随机因素带来的数据错误,其次采用PCA技术对各种爆破振动影响因素实现降维处理并获得主成分因子,最终使BP模型得到优化,提高模型的收敛度和准确度。以内蒙古长滩露天煤矿的监测数据为例,对模型进行训练和检验,并与经验公式和未改进的BP预测模型进行对比,验证了MD-PCA-BP预测模型的优越性,为爆破振动控制和预测提供了一定的参考作用。
马氏距离是一种计算多维空间距离的方法,不受指标量纲的影响,不受指标间的相关性影响,在检测离群值方面具有明显优势,其在数据聚类、多元统计分析等领域具有广泛的应用[22]。马氏距离判别法的实质是通过已掌握的数据信息,考虑数据间的相关性,计算样本之间的距离,再由P值检验判定P<0.001的样本值为离群值[23]
爆破振动的产生受众多复杂因素的影响程度不同,现场收集到的数据集庞大分析困难,而主成分分析是一种通过正交变换降低数据维数的方法,低维空间的数据降低了分析的复杂程度,使研究问题得到简化[24]。它的原理是针对实际问题中的众多指标因素,通过坐标系的变换,转换成几个相互独立的主成分,达到降维的目的,提高数据处理的速度。该方法的主要步骤为[25]
(1)对原始数据进行标准化处理,消除量纲和数量级的影响。假设原始数据为n个样本和p个指标的矩阵x,经处理后得到标准化矩阵X
(2)计算标准化矩阵的相关系数矩阵R并求解其特征值λk和其特征向量uk,且λ1λ2≥…≥λm≥0,uk=[u1k u2kumk]Tk=1,2,…,m)。
(3)确定主成分的数量并得到主成分表达式。根据公式(2)和公式(3)分别求出各成分的贡献率αi和累积贡献率Ti,根据特征值和累积贡献率筛选出主成分,一般以累积贡献率大于85%或者特征值大于1作为筛选条件,从而得到主成分Fp的表达式4。
BP模型是人工神经网络(ANN)运用最为广泛且最有代表意义的模型,其理论体系、算法流程和数据识别模拟等均较为完善,在解决非线性问题时具有突出优势。BP模型是一种静态前馈神经网络,实质是基于误差逆向传播算法对数据进行训练,由输入层、隐含层和输出层组成,传播过程主要分为正向传播过程和反向传播过程,正向传播过程是将数据输入神经网络,经隐含层处理,得到输出结果。反向传播过程是在正向传播过程没有得到期望的输出结果时,将输出结果与期望结果的误差进行反向传递,调整权重和偏置减小总体误差。经过反复训练迭代,使得总体误差最小并得到相应的各神经元的权重和偏置,得到输出与输入之间的定量表达关系,完成系统预测[26]
露天矿山爆破开采过程受到众多因素的影响,采集到的爆破振动速度的数据集指标多数量庞大,且实际中采集到的指标不是完全独立的,隐含信息复杂,同时由于受到人为因素、环境因素等不确定性和随机性的影响,采集到的数据可能出现错误值,导致BP模型计算耗时、过度拟合、准确度降低等问题,MD-PCA-BP耦合模型能够剔除离群值,在保留数据特征的同时实现数据降维,简化BP计算模型确保模型预测的收敛和高效。
MD-PCA-BP模型预测的一般流程为:通过MD判别离群值并将其剔除,采用PCA对保留的数据进行降维处理,计算PCA处理得到的主成分的得分,将得分矩阵作为BP模型的输入数据进行爆破振动速度的预测。MD-PCA-BP模型预测的具体流程见图1
长滩露天煤矿位于鄂尔多斯黄土高原东部,属典型的黄土高原地貌,黄土覆盖广厚,固结性差,垂直节理发育,地形总趋势为东高西低。经过多次地壳运动和海水侵退,以及风化、侵蚀等外力作用的影响,沟谷十分发育,形成凹凸不平的地貌,矿区的概况如图2所示。一方面在采矿区的周边存在高层楼房、大烟囱和电塔等建构筑物,另一方面随着露天矿向下开采,阶梯状地貌愈加凸显,边坡稳定性问题愈加突出,加上地质条件复杂,对于爆破振动的控制要求也更加严格。
为了开展爆破振动预测研究,采用TC-4850爆破振动测试仪对矿区不同工作平盘上的生产爆破进行了监测。生产爆破主要采用开槽爆破和台阶爆破的方式,具体的爆破参数如表1所示。根据场地形貌和设备条件,在矿区边帮布置了4个测点,如图3所示为第十七次爆破的监测点布置示意图,记录了23次生产爆破的数据,表2为监测到的59组爆破振动数据。见图3
经过长期的爆破振动研究,针对爆破振动速度峰值的预测已经提出了不同的经验预测方程。经验预测方程主要考虑装药量、爆心距和场地条件对爆破振动的影响,其中最常用的是萨道夫斯基提出的萨道夫斯基回归预测方程,该预测方程给出了爆破振动速度峰值与立方根比例距离的关系,但是忽略了高程引起的放大效应。长江科学院以及其他学者提出的考虑高程影响的改进萨道夫斯基公式也在复杂地形条件下得到了应用。
将收集到的爆破振动数据与爆破设计参数一起分组,对不同经验模型下的常数进行了统计分析。建立萨道夫斯基回归预测和改进的回归预测的回归图如图4所示。采用多元统计分析方法对预测公式的系数进行了计算并得到了相应的回归系数,所得经验公式如表3所示。三个经验模型的拟合度分别为0.582、0.592和0.592,均较低,用于预测爆破振动速度的可靠性较低,现有经验模型不适用于预测地形起伏较大的爆破振动速度。
对爆破振动速度的影响指标众多,综合分析所采集的数据,选取孔深、孔数、最大单响药量、总装药量、水平距离、高程差这6个因素作为分析因素。根据马氏距离判别原理,得到如图5图6所示的马氏距离图,图5为原始数据的马氏距离结果,图6为根据判别指标剔除后的马氏距离结果,剔除后的马氏距离结果更加集中。
根据马氏距离剔除离群值后的数据进行标准化处理,对标准化处理后的结果做主成分分析,得到影响因素间的相关系数矩阵,如表4所示。
表4可知,水平距离与高程距离、孔深与最大单响、孔深与总装药量、孔数与总装药量的相关系数绝对值均大于0.5,因素间具有较强的相关性。为进一步进行探究影响因素对原始数据的表征程度,求解相关系数矩阵的特征值,得到如图7所示的碎石图,并计算各因素的贡献率和累积贡献率,如图8所示。
图7可知,前三个成分的特征值均大于1且衰减趋势比较陡,后3个主成分特征值较小且衰减趋势平缓,并且图8所示前三个因子的累计贡献率达到了94.610%,表明这3个主成分包含着原始数据的大部分信息,可作为主成分抽取,模型的特征数由原来的6维降为3维,这将利于模型计算速度的提升和收敛,根据累积贡献率和特征值结果最终提取前三个主成分进行分析。
对模型进行旋转变换,得到旋转后的空间因子图9,并得到表5旋转后的载荷系数值。图9显示了影响爆破振动速度的参数之间的区别,从图9中可以得出,爆破设计参数之间存在的相互关系,反映了影响爆破振动速度的大小的关联性,这种相互依赖关系的分类是准确预测爆破振动速度的必要条件。如表6所示,主成分1受孔深和最大单响药量的影响,即主药量因子;主成分2主要受水平距离和高程距离的影响,即距离因子;主成分3主要受孔数和总药量的影响,即次药量因子。根据特征值和方差贡献率计算各主成分的综合得分,如表6所示。
将PCA所确定的3个主成分的得分矩阵作为BP神经网络的输入层,振动速度峰值作为输出层,构建三层BP神经网络预测模型,将表6中的数据分为2部分,其中前39组为训练样本,后15组为测试样本。本次模型训练的输入层、隐含层和输出层的节点个数分别设置为3个、8个、1个。得到网络输出与实际输出对比如图10所示。预测值与实测值较为接近,残差较小,并将爆破振动速度预测结果与实测值的关系拟合成线性函数如图11所示,计算得到二者的相关系数达到0.94,说明预测结果的可信度和精度均较高。
分别将MD-PCA-BP模型、其他BP模型以及3个经验公式的预测结果与实测数据进行对比,对比曲线如图12所示。经验公式和未经MD-PCA改进的BP模型的预测值与实测值的偏离普遍较大,且BP模型的偏离最大,而MD-PCA-BP模型的预测值与实测值的趋势基本一致,数值更接近。
不同预测方法的误差对比如图13所示,3个经验公式的预测结果的平均相对误差均较大,预测精度较低;而未经优化的BP模型出现了误差远远高于其他预测方法的现象,最大误差高达3000%,预测结果出现明显错误,经过改进的MD-BP神经网络模型和PCA-BP神经网络模型的误差均大大减小,预测能力优于未经优化的BP神经网络模型,MD-PCA-BP模型的平均误差数值较小,在直线y=0附近小幅度波动,由此可知MD-PCA-BP神经网络模型的预测结果更准确,与实测值的拟合度更好。
对比结果说明,当用经验模型进行预测时,由于涉及影响因素较少,在复杂地形的预测精度较低。而当爆破振动数据中存在离群数据时,运用BP神经网络模型会导致预测结果出现错误,MD-PCA-BP神经网络拥有较好的学习和映射能力,并且利用马氏距离判别法剔除了离群值,同时利用主成分分析法去除参数间的相关性,提高了模型的预测精度,使得MD-PCA-BP神经网络预测结果更准确,MD-PCA-BP神经网络模型的预测所得到的预测结果具有更理想的水平。
由于露天矿形貌复杂、地形起伏大,导致经验公式预测的爆破振动速度误差大,本文将马氏距离判别法(MD)、主成分分析法(PCA)和BP模型结合,构建了MD-PCA-BP预测模型进行爆破振动速度峰值预测,并将其与经验公式和其他BP预测模型进行了对比,得到以下结论:
(1)通过马氏距离剔除离群值,并采用主成分分析法对爆破振动影响因素实现降维处理,不仅去除了随机性和不确定性带来的错误值,还保留了原始数据信息的主要特征,使得BP模型的计算得到简化,增加了预测准确度。
(2)基于露天矿台阶爆破工程开展爆破振动监测,结合爆破振动现场实测数据,采用MD-PCA-BP神经网络预测模型进行爆破振动预测,预测值与实测值的拟合度达到0.94,表明该模型具有一定的可靠性和较高的准确度。
(3)将MD-PCA-BP预测模型与经验公式和其他BP预测模型的爆破振动速度预测结果进行对比,BP预测模型最大误差高达3000%,预测结果明显错误。经过MD-BP预测模型和PCA-BP预测模型与经验公式的预测误差相当,最大误差超过50%,预测结果可靠性和精确度都较低,而MD-PCA-BP预测模型的误差基本在10%以内,在预测爆破振动速度方面表现出了更好的预测能力,将其用于研究爆破振动速度的预测和控制是比较科学和可行的。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(41972286)
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2024年第41卷第2期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.025
  • 接收时间:2023-11-06
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-06
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41972286)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(41972286)
作者信息
    1.中国地质大学(武汉) 工程学院,武汉 430070
    2.内蒙古生力中伟爆破有限责任公司,鄂尔多斯 010300
    3.内蒙古自治区公安厅 治安管理总队,呼和浩特 010051

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周传波(1963-),男,安徽人,教授,主要从事岩土工程和工程爆破方面的研究,(E-mail)
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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